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The Antimicrobial Effect of Various Single-Strain and Multi-Strain Probiotics, Dietary Supplements or Other Beneficial Microbes against Common Clinical Wound Pathogens. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10122518. [PMID: 36557771 PMCID: PMC9781324 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is the largest organ in the human body and is colonized by a diverse microbiota that works in harmony to protect the skin. However, when skin damage occurs, the skin microbiota is also disrupted, and pathogens can invade the wound and cause infection. Probiotics or other beneficial microbes and their metabolites are one possible alternative treatment for combating skin pathogens via their antimicrobial effectiveness. The objective of our study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of seven multi-strain dietary supplements and eleven single-strain microbes that contain probiotics against 15 clinical wound pathogens using the agar spot assay, co-culturing assay, and agar well diffusion assay. We also conducted genera-specific and species-specific molecular methods to detect the DNA in the dietary supplements and single-strain beneficial microbes. We found that the multi-strain dietary supplements exhibited a statistically significant higher antagonistic effect against the challenge wound pathogens than the single-strain microbes and that lactobacilli-containing dietary supplements and single-strain microbes were significantly more efficient than the selected propionibacteria and bacilli. Differences in results between methods were also observed, possibly due to different mechanisms of action. Individual pathogens were susceptible to different dietary supplements or single-strain microbes. Perhaps an individual approach such as a 'probiogram' could be a possibility in the future as a method to find the most efficient targeted probiotic strains, cell-free supernatants, or neutralized cell-free supernatants that have the highest antagonistic effect against individual clinical wound pathogens.
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Mu Z, Yang Y, Xia Y, Wang F, Sun Y, Yang Y, Ai L. Probiotic yeast BR14 ameliorates DSS-induced colitis by restoring the gut barrier and adjusting the intestinal microbiota. Food Funct 2021; 12:8386-8398. [PMID: 34355721 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo01314a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii has been widely used in colitis treatment; however, the beneficial effects of other yeast species are rarely studied. Saccharomyces cerevisiae with great stress tolerance and potential in colitis treatment was investigated in this study. Among 16 yeast strains, BR14, BR54, and BR174 strains showed good stress-resistant capacity, anti-inflammatory activity, and little toxicity to macrophages. As for the colitis mice, BR14 inhibited weight loss the most, as well as the disease activity index and colon shortening. After treatment with BR14, the expression levels of genes related to histological damage were all upregulated. BR14 significantly attenuated the expression levels of TNF-α and IL-6, while the expression of IL-10 was upregulated. Additionally, BR14 rebalanced the intestinal microbial composition of colitis mice by increasing the abundance of Muribaculaceae, Lactobacillus and Rikenellaceae and decreasing the abundance of Turicibacter, Escherichia-Shigella, Desulfovibrio, and Lachnospiraceae. In summary, BR14 exhibited great potential in alleviating colitis through restoring the gut barrier and adjusting the intestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Mu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, PR China.
| | - Yijin Yang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, PR China. and School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, PR China
| | - Yongjun Xia
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, PR China.
| | - Fukang Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, PR China.
| | - Yiwei Sun
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, PR China.
| | - Ying Yang
- Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, PR China
| | - Lianzhong Ai
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, PR China.
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3
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Ansari F, Alian Samakkhah S, Bahadori A, Jafari SM, Ziaee M, Khodayari MT, Pourjafar H. Health-promoting properties of Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii as a probiotic; characteristics, isolation, and applications in dairy products. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:457-485. [PMID: 34254862 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1949577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii (S. boulardii) has been isolated from lychee (Litchi chinensis), mangosteen fruit, kombucha, and dairy products like kefir. Dairy products containing S. boulardii have been revealed to possess potential probiotic activities owing to their ability to produce organic acids, essential enzymes, vitamins, and other important metabolites such as vanillic acid, phenyl ethyl alcohol, and erythromycin. S. boulardii has a wide spectrum of anti-carcinogenic, antibacterial antiviral, and antioxidant activity, and is known to reduce serum cholesterol levels. However, this yeast has mainly been prescribed for prophylaxis treatment of gastrointestinal infectious diseases, and stimulating the immune system in a number of commercially available products. The present comprehensive review article reviews the properties of S. boulardii related to their use in fermented dairy foods as a probiotic microorganism or starter culture. Technical aspects regarding the integration of this yeast into the dairy foods matrix its health advantages, therapeutic functions, microencapsulation, and viability in harsh conditions, and safety aspects are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Ansari
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Health Management and Safety Promotion Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Iranian EBM Centre: A Joanna Briggs Institute Affiliated Group
| | - Shohre Alian Samakkhah
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary of Medicine, Amol University of Special Modern Technology, Amol, Iran
| | - Ali Bahadori
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Sarab Faculty of Medical Sciences, Sarab, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Maedeh Jafari
- Department of Comparative Bioscience, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Ziaee
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | | | - Hadi Pourjafar
- Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Dietary Supplements and Probiotic Research Center, Karaj, Iran.,Department of Food Sciences, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
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Staniszewski A, Kordowska-Wiater M. Probiotic and Potentially Probiotic Yeasts-Characteristics and Food Application. Foods 2021; 10:1306. [PMID: 34200217 PMCID: PMC8228341 DOI: 10.3390/foods10061306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics are live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host. Besides the well-known and tested lactic acid bacteria, yeasts may also be probiotics. The subject of probiotic and potentially probiotic yeasts has been developing and arising potential for new probiotic products with novel properties, which are not offered by bacteria-based probiotics available on the current market. The paper reviews the first probiotic yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii, its characteristics, pro-healthy activities and application in functional food production. This species offers such abilities as improving digestion of certain food ingredients, antimicrobial activities and even therapeutic properties. Besides Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii, on this background, novel yeasts with potentially probiotic features are presented. They have been intensively investigated for the last decade and some species have been observed to possess probiotic characteristics and abilities. There are yeasts from the genera Debaryomyces, Hanseniaspora, Pichia, Meyerozyma, Torulaspora, etc. isolated from food and environmental habitats. These potentially probiotic yeasts can be used for production of various fermented foods, enhancing its nutritional and sensory properties. Because of the intensively developing research on probiotic yeasts in the coming years, we can expect many discoveries and possibly even evolution in the segment of probiotics available on the market.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monika Kordowska-Wiater
- Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Human Nutrition, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Skromna 8, 20-704 Lublin, Poland;
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Saccharomyces boulardii: What Makes It Tick as Successful Probiotic? J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6020078. [PMID: 32512834 PMCID: PMC7344949 DOI: 10.3390/jof6020078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Saccharomyces boulardii is a probiotic yeast often used for the treatment of GI tract disorders such as diarrhea symptoms. It is genetically close to the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its classification as a distinct species or a S. cerevisiae variant has long been discussed. Here, we review the main genetic divergencies between S. boulardii and S. cerevisiae as a strategy to uncover the ability to adapt to the host physiological conditions by the probiotic. S. boulardii does possess discernible phenotypic traits and physiological properties that underlie its success as probiotic, such as optimal growth temperature, resistance to the gastric environment and viability at low pH. Its probiotic activity has been elucidated as a conjunction of multiple pathways, ranging from improvement of gut barrier function, pathogen competitive exclusion, production of antimicrobial peptides, immune modulation, and trophic effects. This review summarizes the participation of S. boulardii in these mechanisms and the multifactorial nature by which this yeast modulates the host microbiome and intestinal function.
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Unique genetic basis of the distinct antibiotic potency of high acetic acid production in the probiotic yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii. Genome Res 2020; 29:1478-1494. [PMID: 31467028 PMCID: PMC6724677 DOI: 10.1101/gr.243147.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The yeast Saccharomyces boulardii has been used worldwide as a popular, commercial probiotic, but the basis of its probiotic action remains obscure. It is considered conspecific with budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is generally used in classical food applications. They have an almost identical genome sequence, making the genetic basis of probiotic potency in S. boulardii puzzling. We now show that S. boulardii produces at 37°C unusually high levels of acetic acid, which is strongly inhibitory to bacterial growth in agar-well diffusion assays and could be vital for its unique application as a probiotic among yeasts. Using pooled-segregant whole-genome sequence analysis with S. boulardii and S. cerevisiae parent strains, we succeeded in mapping the underlying QTLs and identified mutant alleles of SDH1 and WHI2 as the causative alleles. Both genes contain a SNP unique to S. boulardii (sdh1F317Y and whi2S287*) and are fully responsible for its high acetic acid production. S. boulardii strains show different levels of acetic acid production, depending on the copy number of the whi2S287* allele. Our results offer the first molecular explanation as to why S. boulardii could exert probiotic action as opposed to S. cerevisiae. They reveal for the first time the molecular-genetic basis of a probiotic action-related trait in S. boulardii and show that antibacterial potency of a probiotic microorganism can be due to strain-specific mutations within the same species. We suggest that acquisition of antibacterial activity through medium acidification offered a selective advantage to S. boulardii in its ecological niche and for its application as a probiotic.
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A Mutation in PGM2 Causing Inefficient Galactose Metabolism in the Probiotic Yeast Saccharomyces boulardii. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018. [PMID: 29523547 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02858-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The probiotic yeast Saccharomyces boulardii has been extensively studied for the prevention and treatment of diarrheal diseases, and it is now commercially available in some countries. S. boulardii displays notable phenotypic characteristics, such as a high optimal growth temperature, high tolerance against acidic conditions, and the inability to form ascospores, which differentiate S. boulardii from Saccharomyces cerevisiae The majority of prior studies stated that S. boulardii exhibits sluggish or halted galactose utilization. Nonetheless, the molecular mechanisms underlying inefficient galactose uptake have yet to be elucidated. When the galactose utilization of a widely used S. boulardii strain, ATCC MYA-796, was examined under various culture conditions, the S. boulardii strain could consume galactose, but at a much lower rate than that of S. cerevisiae While all GAL genes were present in the S. boulardii genome, according to analysis of genomic sequencing data in a previous study, a point mutation (G1278A) in PGM2, which codes for phosphoglucomutase, was identified in the genome of the S. boulardii strain. As the point mutation resulted in the truncation of the Pgm2 protein, which is known to play a pivotal role in galactose utilization, we hypothesized that the truncated Pgm2 might be associated with inefficient galactose metabolism. Indeed, complementation of S. cerevisiaePGM2 in S. boulardii restored galactose utilization. After reverting the point mutation to a full-length PGM2 in S. boulardii by Cas9-based genome editing, the growth rates of wild-type (with a truncated PGM2 gene) and mutant (with a full-length PGM2) strains with glucose or galactose as the carbon source were examined. As expected, the mutant (with a full-length PGM2) was able to ferment galactose faster than the wild-type strain. Interestingly, the mutant showed a lower growth rate than that of the wild-type strain on glucose at 37°C. Also, the wild-type strain was enriched in the mixed culture of wild-type and mutant strains on glucose at 37°C, suggesting that the truncated PGM2 might offer better growth on glucose at a higher temperature in return for inefficient galactose utilization. Our results suggest that the point mutation in PGM2 might be involved in multiple phenotypes with different effects.IMPORTANCESaccharomyces boulardii is a probiotic yeast strain capable of preventing and treating diarrheal diseases. However, the genetics and metabolism of this yeast are largely unexplored. In particular, molecular mechanisms underlying the inefficient galactose metabolism of S. boulardii remain unknown. Our study reports that a point mutation in PGM2, which codes for phosphoglucomutase, is responsible for inferior galactose utilization by S. boulardii After correction of the mutated PGM2 via genome editing, the resulting strain was able to use galactose faster than a parental strain. While the PGM2 mutation made the yeast use galactose slowly, investigation of the genomic sequencing data of other S. boulardii strains revealed that the PGM2 mutation is evolutionarily conserved. Interestingly, the PGM2 mutation was beneficial for growth at a higher temperature on glucose. We speculate that the PGM2 mutation was enriched due to selection of S. boulardii in the natural habitat (sugar-rich fruits in tropical areas).
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Datta S, Timson DJ, Annapure US. Antioxidant properties and global metabolite screening of the probiotic yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:3039-3049. [PMID: 27868205 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii is the only yeast species with probiotic properties. It is considered to have therapeutic significance in gastrointestinal disorders. In the present study, a comparative physiological study between this yeast and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (BY4742) was performed by evaluating two prominent traits of probiotic species, responses to different stress conditions and antioxidant capacity. A global metabolite profile was also developed aiming to identify which therapeutically important secondary metabolites are produced. RESULTS Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii showed no significant difference in growth patterns but greater stress tolerance compared to S. cerevisiae. It also demonstrated a six- to 10-fold greater antioxidant potential (judged by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl assay), with a 70-fold higher total phenolic content and a 20-fold higher total flavonoid content in the extracellular fraction. These features were clearly differentiated by principal component analysis and further indicated by metabolite profiling. The extracellular fraction of the S. cerevisiae var. boulardii cultures was found to be rich in polyphenolic metabolites: vanillic acid, cinnamic acid, phenyl ethyl alcohol (rose oil), erythromycin, amphetamine and vitamin B6 , which results in the antioxidant capacity of this strain. CONCLUSION The present study presents a new perspective for differentiating the two genetically related strains of yeast, S. cerevisiae and S. cerevisiae var. boulardii by assessing their metabolome fingerprints. In addition to the correlation of the phenotypic properties with the secretory metabolites of these two yeasts, the present study also emphasizes the potential to exploit S. cerevisiae var. boulardii in the industrial production of these metabolites. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suprama Datta
- Food Engineering and Technology Department, Institute of Chemical Technology (ICT), Matunga, Mumbai, 400 019, India
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - David J Timson
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Huxley Building, Lewes Road, Brighton, Sussex, BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Uday S Annapure
- Food Engineering and Technology Department, Institute of Chemical Technology (ICT), Matunga, Mumbai, 400 019, India
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9
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Khatri I, Tomar R, Ganesan K, Prasad GS, Subramanian S. Complete genome sequence and comparative genomics of the probiotic yeast Saccharomyces boulardii. Sci Rep 2017; 7:371. [PMID: 28336969 PMCID: PMC5428479 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00414-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The probiotic yeast, Saccharomyces boulardii (Sb) is known to be effective against many gastrointestinal disorders and antibiotic-associated diarrhea. To understand molecular basis of probiotic-properties ascribed to Sb we determined the complete genomes of two strains of Sb i.e. Biocodex and unique28 and the draft genomes for three other Sb strains that are marketed as probiotics in India. We compared these genomes with 145 strains of S. cerevisiae (Sc) to understand genome-level similarities and differences between these yeasts. A distinctive feature of Sb from other Sc is absence of Ty elements Ty1, Ty3, Ty4 and associated LTR. However, we could identify complete Ty2 and Ty5 elements in Sb. The genes for hexose transporters HXT11 and HXT9, and asparagine-utilization are absent in all Sb strains. We find differences in repeat periods and copy numbers of repeats in flocculin genes that are likely related to the differential adhesion of Sb as compared to Sc. Core-proteome based taxonomy places Sb strains along with wine strains of Sc. We find the introgression of five genes from Z. bailii into the chromosome IV of Sb and wine strains of Sc. Intriguingly, genes involved in conferring known probiotic properties to Sb are conserved in most Sc strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indu Khatri
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rajul Tomar
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - K Ganesan
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - G S Prasad
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
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Atıcı S, Soysal A, Karadeniz Cerit K, Yılmaz Ş, Aksu B, Kıyan G, Bakır M. Catheter-related Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fungemia Following Saccharomyces boulardii Probiotic Treatment: In a child in intensive care unit and review of the literature. Med Mycol Case Rep 2017; 15:33-35. [PMID: 28280685 PMCID: PMC5333505 DOI: 10.1016/j.mmcr.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Saccharomyces boulardii is usually a non-pathogenic fungus, in rare occasions it can cause invasive infection in children. We present the case of an 8-year-old patient in pediatric surgical intensive care unit who developed S. cerevisiae fungemia following probiotic treatment containing S. boulardii. Caspofungin was not effective in this case and he was treated with amphotericin B. We want to emphasize that physicians should be careful about probiotic usage in critically ill patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serkan Atıcı
- Department of Pediatrics and Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Medical School, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Soysal
- Department of Pediatrics and Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Medical School, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Şerife Yılmaz
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Burak Aksu
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gürsu Kıyan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Medical School, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Bakır
- Department of Pediatrics and Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Medical School, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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11
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Popiel KY, Wong P, Lee MJ, Langelier M, Sheppard DC, Vinh DC. Invasive Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a liver transplant patient: case report and review of infection in transplant recipients. Transpl Infect Dis 2015; 17:435-41. [PMID: 25827213 DOI: 10.1111/tid.12384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, an ascosporogenous yeast commonly used in the production of food, is an emerging infection in immunocompromised patients. We report the case of a 60-year-old man whose orthotopic liver transplant was complicated by S. cerevisiae fungemia and peritoneal abscess, successfully treated with caspofungin and drainage. We also review the literature of invasive saccharomycoses in recipients of hematologic and solid organ transplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Y Popiel
- Division of Infectious Diseases, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - P Wong
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - M J Lee
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - M Langelier
- Division of Infectious Diseases (Infectious Disease Susceptibility Program), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - D C Sheppard
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - D C Vinh
- Division of Infectious Diseases (Infectious Disease Susceptibility Program), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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12
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Rajkowska K, Kunicka-Styczyńska A. Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Probiotic Yeasts. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2009.10818511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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13
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Khatri I, Akhtar A, Kaur K, Tomar R, Prasad GS, Ramya TNC, Subramanian S. Gleaning evolutionary insights from the genome sequence of a probiotic yeast Saccharomyces boulardii. Gut Pathog 2013; 5:30. [PMID: 24148866 PMCID: PMC3843575 DOI: 10.1186/1757-4749-5-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The yeast Saccharomyces boulardii is used worldwide as a probiotic to alleviate the effects of several gastrointestinal diseases and control antibiotics-associated diarrhea. While many studies report the probiotic effects of S. boulardii, no genome information for this yeast is currently available in the public domain. Results We report the 11.4 Mbp draft genome of this probiotic yeast. The draft genome was obtained by assembling Roche 454 FLX + shotgun data into 194 contigs with an N50 of 251 Kbp. We compare our draft genome with all other Saccharomyces cerevisiae genomes. Conclusions Our analysis confirms the close similarity of S. boulardii to S. cerevisiae strains and provides a framework to understand the probiotic effects of this yeast, which exhibits unique physiological and metabolic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indu Khatri
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Akil Akhtar
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kamaldeep Kaur
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rajul Tomar
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
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14
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Huys G, Botteldoorn N, Delvigne F, De Vuyst L, Heyndrickx M, Pot B, Dubois JJ, Daube G. Microbial characterization of probiotics--advisory report of the Working Group "8651 Probiotics" of the Belgian Superior Health Council (SHC). Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 57:1479-504. [PMID: 23801655 PMCID: PMC3910143 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
When ingested in sufficient numbers, probiotics are expected to confer one or more proven health benefits on the consumer. Theoretically, the effectiveness of a probiotic food product is the sum of its microbial quality and its functional potential. Whereas the latter may vary much with the body (target) site, delivery mode, human target population, and health benefit envisaged microbial assessment of the probiotic product quality is more straightforward. The range of stakeholders that need to be informed on probiotic quality assessments is extremely broad, including academics, food and biotherapeutic industries, healthcare professionals, competent authorities, consumers, and professional press. In view of the rapidly expanding knowledge on this subject, the Belgian Superior Health Council installed Working Group "8651 Probiotics" to review the state of knowledge regarding the methodologies that make it possible to characterize strains and products with purported probiotic activity. This advisory report covers three main steps in the microbial quality assessment process, i.e. (i) correct species identification and strain-specific typing of bacterial and yeast strains used in probiotic applications, (ii) safety assessment of probiotic strains used for human consumption, and (iii) quality of the final probiotic product in terms of its microbial composition, concentration, stability, authenticity, and labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert Huys
- Laboratory for Microbiology & BCCM/LMG Bacteria Collection, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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15
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Cascio V, Gittings D, Merloni K, Hurton M, Laprade D, Austriaco N. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine protects the probiotic yeast, Saccharomyces boulardii, from acid-induced cell death. BMC Microbiol 2013; 13:35. [PMID: 23402325 PMCID: PMC3639806 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-13-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Saccharomyces boulardii is a probiotic yeast routinely used to prevent and to treat gastrointestinal disorders, including the antibiotic-associated diarrhea caused by Clostridium difficile infections. However, only 1-3% of the yeast administered orally is recovered alive in the feces suggesting that this yeast is unable to survive the acidic environment of the gastrointestinal tract. Results We provide evidence that suggests that S. boulardii undergoes programmed cell death (PCD) in acidic environments, which is accompanied by the generation of reactive oxygen species and the appearance of caspase-like activity. To better understand the mechanism of cell death at the molecular level, we generated microarray gene expression profiles of S. boulardii cells cultured in an acidic environment. Significantly, functional annotation revealed that the up-regulated genes were significantly over-represented in cell death pathways Finally, we show that S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet), a commercially available, FDA-approved dietary supplement, enhances the viability of S. boulardii in acidic environments, most likely by preventing programmed cell death. Conclusions In toto, given the observation that many of the proven health benefits of S. boulardii are dependent on cell viability, our data suggests that taking S. boulardii and AdoMet together may be a more effective treatment for gastrointestinal disorders than taking the probiotic yeast alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Cascio
- Department of Biology, Providence College, 1 Cunningham Square, Providence, Rhode Island 02918, USA
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Electrophoretic Techniques. FOOD PROTECTED DESIGNATION OF ORIGIN - METHODOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-59562-1.00010-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Hutzler M, Geiger E, Jacob F. Use of PCR-DHPLC (Polymerase Chain Reaction-Denaturing High Performance Liquid Chromatography) for the Rapid Differentiation of IndustrialSaccharomyces pastorianusandSaccharomyces cerevisiaeStrains. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.2010.tb00798.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Trotta F, Caldini G, Dominici L, Federici E, Tofalo R, Schirone M, Corsetti A, Suzzi G, Cenci G. Food borne yeasts as DNA-bioprotective agents against model genotoxins. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 153:275-80. [PMID: 22177230 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Yeasts isolated from Italian beverages and foods (wine and cheeses) were identified as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Debaryomyces hansenii by sequencing the D1/D2 domain of the 26S rRNA gene and differentiated, at strain level, by microsatellite PCR fingerprinting and RAPD-PCR. All the strains showed antioxidant activity, as demonstrated by their ability to scavenge the free radical diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Furthermore, tested strains revealed high in vitro inhibitory activity against two model genotoxins, 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4-NQO) and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), as showed by short-term methods with different target cells: SOS-Chromotest with Escherichia coli PQ37 and Comet assay with HT-29 enterocytes. High inhibitory activity towards 4-NQO was associated with cell viability, while heat-inactivated cells showed a reduced antigenotoxic capability. Surprisingly, high inhibition of MNNG genotoxicity was observed even with heat-treated cells. Moreover, the strains able to inhibit the genotoxins induced some changes in the spectroscopic properties of the original compound. This result perfectly agrees with the information obtained by the two bioassays. Interestingly, strains characterized for antioxidant and antigenotoxic properties, also presented acid-bile tolerance, indicating that food autochthonous yeasts could be expected to reach gut in viable form and thus prevent genotoxin DNA damage in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Trotta
- Dipartimento Biologia Cellulare e Ambientale, Università di Perugia, Via del Giochetto, I-06122 Perugia, Italy
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Comparative evaluation of three commercial identification systems using common and rare bloodstream yeast isolates. J Clin Microbiol 2011; 49:2722-7. [PMID: 21543578 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01253-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The commercial yeast identification systems API ID32C, Auxacolor, and Vitek were evaluated using 251 molecularly identified bloodstream isolates and 2 reference strains, representing a total of 35 species (6 common and 29 rare). Correct identification rates were higher for common species (Auxacolor, 95%; API ID32C, 94%; Vitek, 92%) than for rare species (Auxacolor, 43%; API ID32C, 56%; Vitek, 64%). All systems performed equally among the former, and Vitek performed best among the latter.
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Büchl N, Hutzler M, Mietke-Hofmann H, Wenning M, Scherer S. Differentiation of probiotic and environmental Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains in animal feed. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 109:783-91. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04705.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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21
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Vanhee L, Goemé F, Nelis H, Coenye T. Quality control of fifteen probiotic products containing Saccharomyces boulardii. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 109:1745-52. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04805.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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McFarland LV. Systematic review and meta-analysis of Saccharomyces boulardii in adult patients. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16:2202-22. [PMID: 20458757 PMCID: PMC2868213 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i18.2202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Revised: 02/13/2010] [Accepted: 02/20/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This article reviews the evidence for efficacy and safety of Saccharomyces boulardii (S. boulardii) for various disease indications in adults based on the peer-reviewed, randomized clinical trials and pre-clinical studies from the published medical literature (Medline, Clinical Trial websites and meeting abstracts) between 1976 and 2009. For meta-analysis, only randomized, blinded controlled trials unrestricted by language were included. Pre-clinical studies, volunteer studies and uncontrolled studies were excluded from the review of efficacy and meta-analysis, but included in the systematic review. Of 31 randomized, placebo-controlled treatment arms in 27 trials (encompassing 5029 study patients), S. boulardii was found to be significantly efficacious and safe in 84% of those treatment arms. A meta-analysis found a significant therapeutic efficacy for S. boulardii in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) (RR = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.35-0.63, P < 0.001). In adults, S. boulardii can be strongly recommended for the prevention of AAD and the traveler's diarrhea. Randomized trials also support the use of this yeast probiotic for prevention of enteral nutrition-related diarrhea and reduction of Helicobacter pylori treatment-related symptoms. S. boulardii shows promise for the prevention of C. difficile disease recurrences; treatment of irritable bowel syndrome, acute adult diarrhea, Crohn's disease, giardiasis, human immunodeficiency virus-related diarrhea; but more supporting evidence is recommended for these indications. The use of S. boulardii as a therapeutic probiotic is evidence-based for both efficacy and safety for several types of diarrhea.
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Application of different molecular techniques for deciphering genetic diversity among yeast isolates of traditional fermented food products of Western Himalayas. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-010-0329-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to non characterised bacteria and yeasts pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA J 2010. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Sant'Ana GDS, Paes LDS, Paiva AFV, Fietto LG, Totola AH, Trópia MJM, Silveira-Lemos D, Lucas C, Fietto JLR, Brandão RL, Castro IDM. Protective effect of ions against cell death induced by acid stress in Saccharomyces. FEMS Yeast Res 2009; 9:701-12. [PMID: 19473262 DOI: 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2009.00523.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Saccharomyces boulardii is a probiotic used to prevent or treat antibiotic-induced gastrointestinal disorders and acute enteritis. For probiotics to be effective they must first be able to survive the harsh gastrointestinal environment. In this work, we show that S. boulardii displayed the greatest tolerance to simulated gastric environments compared with several Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains tested. Under these conditions, a pH 2.0 was the main factor responsible for decreased cell viability. Importantly, the addition of low concentrations of sodium chloride (NaCl) protected cells in acidic conditions more effectively than other salts. In the absence of S. boulardii mutants, the protective effects of Na(+) in yeast viability in acidic conditions was tested using S. cerevisiae Na(+)-ATPases (ena1-4), Na(+)/H(+) antiporter (nha1Delta) and Na(+)/H(+) antiporter prevacuolar (nhx1Delta) null mutants, respectively. Moreover, we provide evidence suggesting that this protection is determined by the plasma membrane potential, once altered by low pH and low NaCl concentrations. Additionally, the absence or low expression/activity of Ena proteins seems to be closely related to the basal membrane potential of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilzeane dos Santos Sant'Ana
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Molecular (LBCM), Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Farmácia, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
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Thomas S, Przesdzing I, Metzke D, Schmitz J, Radbruch A, Baumgart DC. Saccharomyces boulardii inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced activation of human dendritic cells and T cell proliferation. Clin Exp Immunol 2009; 156:78-87. [PMID: 19161443 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.03878.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Saccharomyces boulardii (Sb) is a probiotic yeast preparation that has demonstrated efficacy in inflammatory and infectious disorders of the gastrointestinal tract in controlled clinical trials. Although patients clearly benefit from treatment with Sb, little is known on how Sb unfolds its anti-inflammatory properties in humans. Dendritic cells (DC) balance tolerance and immunity and are involved critically in the control of T cell activation. Thus, they are believed to have a pivotal role in the initiation and perpetuation of chronic inflammatory disorders, not only in the gut. We therefore decided to investigate if Sb modulates DC function. Culture of primary (native, non-monocyte-derived) human myeloid CD1c+CD11c+CD123(-) DC (mDC) in the presence of Sb culture supernatant (active component molecular weight < 3 kDa, as evaluated by membrane partition chromatography) reduced significantly expression of the co-stimulatory molecules CD40 and CD80 (P < 0.01) and the DC mobilization marker CC-chemokine receptor CCR7 (CD197) (P < 0.001) induced by the prototypical microbial antigen lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Moreover, secretion of key proinflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin (IL)-6 were notably reduced, while the secretion of anti-inflammatory IL-10 increased. Finally, Sb supernatant inhibited the proliferation of naive T cells in a mixed lymphocyte reaction with mDC. In summary, our data suggest that Sb may exhibit part of its anti-inflammatory potential through modulation of DC phenotype, function and migration by inhibition of their immune response to bacterial microbial surrogate antigens such as LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Thomas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Charité Medical Center-Virchow Hospital, Medical School of the Humboldt-University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Buts JP. Twenty-five years of research on Saccharomyces boulardii trophic effects: updates and perspectives. Dig Dis Sci 2009; 54:15-8. [PMID: 18528758 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-008-0322-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2008] [Accepted: 05/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Buts
- Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Tour Pasteur +3, 53, Avenue Mounier, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
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Pham M, Lemberg DA, Day AS. Probiotics: sorting the evidence from the myths. Med J Aust 2008; 188:304-308. [PMID: 18312197 DOI: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.2008.tb01627.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2007] [Accepted: 09/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Probiotics consist of yeast or bacteria, especially lactic acid bacteria. They are available as capsules, powder, fermented milks or yoghurts. Probiotics exhibit strain-specific differences in their resistance to acid and bile, ability to colonise the gastrointestinal tract, clinical efficacy, and benefits to the health of the host. There is level I evidence for the use of probiotics in treating acute infectious diarrhoea and preventing antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Saccharomyces boulardii having the most evidence to support their use for these conditions. There is level II evidence that S. boulardii combined with high-dose vancomycin is more effective than the antibiotic alone in preventing recurrent Clostridium difficile diarrhoea. There is level I evidence that probiotics prevent traveller's diarrhoea. There is level I evidence for use of the high-potency probiotic VSL#3 in preventing pouchitis, and level II evidence for this agent in preventing relapse in patients with ulcerative colitis. Probiotics are generally regarded as safe and well tolerated. Some probiotics may be contraindicated in patients who are immunocompromised or have severe underlying illness, as they have been reported to cause fungaemia and bacteraemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimi Pham
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sydney Children's Hospital, and School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Martins FS, Miranda IC, Rosa CA, Nicoli JR, Neves MJ. Effect of the trehalose levels on the screening of yeast as probiotic by in vivo and in vitro assays. Braz J Microbiol 2008; 39:50-5. [PMID: 24031177 PMCID: PMC3768352 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838220080001000012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2007] [Revised: 11/04/2007] [Accepted: 01/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics are viable defined microorganisms (bacteria or yeasts) that exert a beneficial effect on the health of the host when ingested in adequate amounts. Screening for such biotherapeutic agents is commonly performed by in vitro assays simulating gastrointestinal environment to determine the ability to survive in the digestive tract. In the present study, the possibility of extrapolation of data obtained in in vitro assays to in vivo conditions was studied using five Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains isolated from Brazilian Atlantic rain forest. Trehalose contents and survival after exposure to a combination of physiological stresses generally found in the gastrointestinal tract of humans were determined for the five yeasts and compared to the behavior of Saccharomyces boulardii, a well-known probiotic. The results were completed with the colonization capacity of the gastrointestinal tract of gnotobiotic mice by these yeast strains. Some results obtained by in vitro assays are not confirmed by in vivo experiments, indicating that the extrapolation cannot be always done.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flaviano S Martins
- Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear/Comissão Nacional da Energia Nuclear , Belo Horizonte, MG , Brasil ; Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte, MG , Brasil ; Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte, MG , Brasil
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Schaffer T, Müller S, Flogerzi B, Seibold-Schmid B, Schoepfer AM, Seibold F. Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae mannan antibodies (ASCA) of Crohn's patients crossreact with mannan from other yeast strains, and murine ASCA IgM can be experimentally induced with Candida albicans. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2007; 13:1339-46. [PMID: 17636567 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.20228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) present in a subgroup of Crohn's disease (CD) patients indicate loss of tolerance against commensal antigens. ASCA can be induced in Candida albicans-infected rabbits, suggesting their potential crossreactive nature. The present study aimed to determine crossreactivities of ASCA with cell wall mannans from other yeasts, including the opportunistic pathogen C. albicans, and to define the requirements for (crossreactive) ASCA in experimental mice. METHODS ASCA were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). ASCA were neutralized by preincubating sera with purified mannans. Binding of ASCA was visualized by Western blot. Mice were immunized with live yeasts and experimental colitis was induced with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). RESULTS Seroreactivity of ASCA-positive CD patients against S. cerevisiae mannan significantly correlates with that against mannans from 5 other yeast species, including C. albicans. This correlation is due to crossreactive IgG, demonstrated by the loss of reactivity after preincubation of sera with mannans from the other yeasts. Immunization of mice with S. cerevisiae or C. albicans fails to induce (crossreactive) ASCA IgM or IgG antibodies. Subsequent chronic experimental colitis concomitant with feeding live yeasts promotes ASCA IgM but not IgG generation, while titers remain modest compared to those in ASCA-positive CD patients. CONCLUSIONS Correlations of ASCA reactivities against mannans from different yeasts are due to crossreactive IgGs. The inability of mice to readily generate ASCA is in line with the current opinion that genetic predisposition is a prerequisite for the development of this and other unusual immune reactivities in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schaffer
- Department of Clinical Research, Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Probiotics are defined as live micro-organisms which confer a health benefit on the host. Although most probiotics are bacteria, one strain of yeast, Saccharomyces boulardii, has been found to be an effective probiotic in double-blind clinical studies. AIMS To compare the main properties that differentiates yeast from bacteria and to review the properties of S. boulardii explaining its potential benefits as a probiotic. METHODS The PubMed and Medline databases were searched using the keywords 'probiotics', 'yeast', 'antibiotic associated diarrhea', 'Saccharomyces boulardii','bacterial diarrhea' and 'inflammatory bowel disease' in various combinations. RESULTS Several clinical studies have been conducted with S. boulardii in the treatment and prevention of various forms of diarrhoea. Promising research perspectives have been opened in terms of maintenance treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases. The mechanism of S. boulardii's action has been partially elucidated. CONCLUSION Saccharomyces boulardii is a strain of yeast which has been extensively studied for its probiotic effects. The clinical activity of S. boulardii is especially relevant to antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and recurrent Clostridium difficile intestinal infections. Experimental studies clearly demonstrate that S. boulardii has specific probiotic properties, and recent data has opened the door for new therapeutic uses of this yeast as an 'immunobiotic'.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Czerucka
- INSERM U 526, Faculté de Médecine, Université Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice Cedex 2, France.
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Edwards-Ingram L, Gitsham P, Burton N, Warhurst G, Clarke I, Hoyle D, Oliver SG, Stateva L. Genotypic and physiological characterization of Saccharomyces boulardii, the probiotic strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:2458-67. [PMID: 17293506 PMCID: PMC1855594 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02201-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Saccharomyces boulardii, a yeast that was isolated from fruit in Indochina, has been used as a remedy for diarrhea since 1950 and is now a commercially available treatment throughout Europe, Africa, and South America. Though initially classified as a separate species of Saccharomyces, recent publications have shown that the genome of S. boulardii is so similar to Saccharomyces cerevisiae that the two should be classified as conspecific. This raises the question of the distinguishing molecular and phenotypic characteristics present in S. boulardii that make it perform more effectively as a probiotic organism compared to other strains of S. cerevisiae. This investigation reports some of these distinguishing characteristics including enhanced ability for pseudohyphal switching upon nitrogen limitation and increased resistance to acidic pH. However, these differences did not correlate with increased adherence to epithelial cells or transit through mouse gut. Pertinent characteristics of the S. boulardii genome such as trisomy of chromosome IX, altered copy number of a number of individual genes, and sporulation deficiency have been revealed by comparative genome hybridization using oligonucleotide-based microarrays coupled with a rigorous statistical analysis. The contributions of the different genomic and phenotypic features of S. boulardii to its probiotic nature are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Edwards-Ingram
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK
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Posteraro B, Sanguinetti M, Romano L, Torelli R, Novarese L, Fadda G. Molecular tools for differentiating probiotic and clinical strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Int J Food Microbiol 2005; 103:295-304. [PMID: 16099314 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2004] [Revised: 12/09/2004] [Accepted: 12/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The subtype of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast species known as S. cerevisiae Hansen CBS 5926 was formerly believed to be a separate species, Saccharomyces boulardii. It is widely considered non-pathogenic and is used as a probiotic agent for treatment and prevention of diarrhea. The biological properties of Saccharomyces spp. show considerable intraspecies variability and the beneficial properties of probiotic yeasts are considered strain-specific. Septicemia and fungemia caused by S. boulardii have recently been described in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients receiving biotherapy with this yeast. It cannot be distinguished from other S. cerevisiae strains by phenotypic criteria, so identification of these infections requires molecular typing. To identify the most effective approach for distinguishing S. boulardii, we typed 35 isolates of S. cerevisiae, of which 27 were from various clinical specimens and 8 were isolates of S. boulardii (6 obtained from probiotic preparations and 2 from clinical specimens) using four different molecular methods, two based on PCR-restriction enzyme analysis or sequencing of rDNA spacer regions, the third based on microsatellite polymorphism analysis of the S. cerevisiae genes YKL139w and YLR177w, and the last based on hybridization analysis with retrotransposon Ty917. Several clinical isolates appeared to be identical to one or more other isolates with the first three methods used, whereas with the Ty917 hybridization method all of the isolates tested appeared to be very heterogeneous. The eight S. boulardii isolates were clearly distinguishable from the clinical S. cerevisiae isolates only with Ty917 hybridization and microsatellite DNA analyses. In the latter method, the eight S. boulardii isolates exhibited an allelic variant at one of loci tested that was not shared with any other strain. Our results suggest that microsatellite polymorphism analysis of the YKL139w and YLR177w genes, as well as the analysis by Ty917 hybridization, are the most useful tools for a correct identification of S. boulardii strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brunella Posteraro
- Istituto di Microbiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito, 1-00168 Rome, Italy
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Yeung PSM, Kitts CL, Cano R, Tong PS, Sanders ME. Application of genotypic and phenotypic analyses to commercial probiotic strain identity and relatedness. J Appl Microbiol 2005; 97:1095-104. [PMID: 15479427 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02400.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The objective of this study was to generate strain-specific genomic patterns of a bank of 67 commercial and reference probiotic strains, with a focus on probiotic lactobacilli. METHODS AND RESULTS Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used as the primary method for strain differentiation. This method was compared with carbohydrate fermentation analysis. To supplement visual comparison, PFGE patterns were analysed quantitatively by cluster analysis using unweighted pair group method with arithmetic averages. SmaI, NotI and XbaI were found to effectively generate clear and easy-to-interpret PFGE patterns of a range of probiotic strains. Some probiotic strains from different sources shared highly similar PFGE patterns. CONCLUSIONS Results document the value of genotypic strain identification methods, combined with phenotypic methods, for determining probiotic strain identity and relatedness. No correlation was found between relatedness determined by carbohydrate fermentation profiles alone compared with PFGE analysis alone. Some commercial strains are probably derived from similar sources. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This approach is valuable to the probiotic industry to develop commercial strain identification patterns, to provide quality control of strain manufacturing production runs, to track use of protected strains and to determine the relatedness among different research and commercial probiotic strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S M Yeung
- Dairy Products Technology Center, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, USA
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van der Aa Kühle A, Skovgaard K, Jespersen L. In vitro screening of probiotic properties of Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii and food-borne Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains. Int J Food Microbiol 2004; 101:29-39. [PMID: 15878404 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2004] [Revised: 10/15/2004] [Accepted: 10/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The probiotic potential of 18 Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains used for production of foods or beverages or isolated from such, and eight strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii, was investigated. All strains included were able to withstand pH 2.5 and 0.3% Oxgall. Adhesion to the nontumorigenic porcine jejunal epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2) was investigated by incorporation of 3H-methionine into the yeast cells and use of liquid scintillation counting. Only few of the food-borne S. cerevisiae strains exhibited noteworthy adhesiveness with the strongest levels of adhesion (13.6-16.8%) recorded for two isolates from blue veined cheeses. Merely 25% of the S. cerevisiae var. boulardii strains displayed good adhesive properties (16.2-28.0%). The expression of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1alpha decreased strikingly in IPEC-J2 cells exposed to a Shiga-like toxin 2e producing Escherichia coli strain when the cells were pre- and coincubated with S. cerevisiae var. boulardii even though this yeast strain was low adhesive (5.4%), suggesting that adhesion is not a mandatory prerequisite for such a probiotic effect. A strain of S. cerevisiae isolated from West African sorghum beer exerted similar effects hence indicating that food-borne strains of S. cerevisiae may possess probiotic properties in spite of low adhesiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alis van der Aa Kühle
- Department of Food Science, Food Microbiology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Fietto JLR, Araújo RS, Valadão FN, Fietto LG, Brandão RL, Neves MJ, Gomes FCO, Nicoli JR, Castro IM. Molecular and physiological comparisons betweenSaccharomyces cerevisiaeandSaccharomyces boulardii. Can J Microbiol 2004; 50:615-21. [PMID: 15467787 DOI: 10.1139/w04-050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, comparative molecular studies between authentic Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains, related species, and the strain described as Saccharomyces boulardii were performed. The response of a S. boulardii strain and a S. cerevisiae strain (W303) to different stress conditions was also evaluated. The results obtained in this study show that S. boulardii is genetically very close or nearly identical to S. cerevisiae. Metabolically and physiologically, however, it shows a very different behavior, particularly in relation to growth yield and resistance to temperature and acidic stresses, which are important characteristics for a microorganism to be used as a probiotic.Key words: Saccharomyces boulardii, probiotic, stress response, rDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana L R Fietto
- Núcleo de pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Edwards-Ingram LC, Gent ME, Hoyle DC, Hayes A, Stateva LI, Oliver SG. Comparative genomic hybridization provides new insights into the molecular taxonomy of the Saccharomyces sensu stricto complex. Genome Res 2004; 14:1043-51. [PMID: 15173111 PMCID: PMC419782 DOI: 10.1101/gr.2114704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The science of taxonomy is constantly improving as new techniques are developed. Current practice is to construct phylogenetic trees based on the analysis of the DNA sequence of single genes, or parts of single genes. However, this approach has recently been brought into question as several tree topologies may be produced for the same clade when the sequences for various different genes are used. The availability of complete genome sequences for several organisms has seen the adoption of microarray technology to construct molecular phylogenies of bacteria, based on all of the genes. Similar techniques have been used to reveal the relationships between different strains of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We have exploited microarray technology to construct a molecular phylogeny for the Saccharomyces sensu stricto complex of yeast species, which is based on all of the protein-encoding genes revealed by the complete genome sequence of the paradigmatic species, S. cerevisiae. We also analyze different strains of S. cerevisiae itself, as well as the putative species S. boulardii. We show that in addition to the phylogeny produced, we can identify and analyze individual ORF traits and interpret the results to give a detailed explanation of evolutionary events underlying the phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Edwards-Ingram
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST), Manchester M60 1QD, United Kingdom
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Cherifi S, Robberecht J, Miendje Y. Saccharomyces cerevisiae fungemia in an elderly patient with Clostridium difficile colitis. Acta Clin Belg 2004; 59:223-4. [PMID: 15597730 DOI: 10.1179/acb.2004.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Saccharomyces boulardii is widely used as a probiotic compound and is generally thought to be safe. We report one case of fungemia caused by Saccharomyces cerevisiae occurring in an elderly patient treated orally with S. boulardii in association with vancomycin for Clostridium difficile colitis. We do not recommend administering this viable yeast particularly in debilited patient with active colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cherifi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brugmann Hospital, Free Brussels University, Belgium.
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van der Aa Kühle A, Jespersen L. The taxonomic position of Saccharomyces boulardii as evaluated by sequence analysis of the D1/D2 domain of 26S rDNA, the ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2 region and the mitochondrial cytochrome-c oxidase II gene. Syst Appl Microbiol 2004; 26:564-71. [PMID: 14666985 DOI: 10.1078/072320203770865873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A taxonomic study was carried out on eight strains of Saccharomyces boulardii. Morphological and physiological characteristics were consistent with those of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Sequences of the D1/D2 domain of the 26S rDNA were identical for all strains examined and had a similarity value of 100% compared to sequences of the type strain of S. cerevisiae (CBS 1171T) and strain S288c. For all S. boulardii isolates was found the exact same ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2 sequence, which displayed a close resemblance with the sequences published for S288c (99.9%), CBS 1171(T) (99.3%) and other S. cerevisiae strains. Sequence analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome-c oxidase II gene (COX2) also resulted in identical sequences for the S. boulardii isolates and comparisons with available nucleotide sequences revealed close relatedness to strains of S. cerevisiae including S288c (99.5%) and CBS 1171(T) (96.6%). The electrophoretic karyotypes of the S. boulardii strains appeared quite uniform and although very typical of S. cerevisiae, they formed a cluster separate from strains of this species. The results of the present study strongly indicate a close relatedness of S. boulardii to S. cerevisiae and thereby support the recognition of S. boulardii as a member of S. cerevisiae and not as a separate species.
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MESH Headings
- DNA, Fungal/chemistry
- DNA, Fungal/genetics
- DNA, Fungal/isolation & purification
- DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry
- DNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal/isolation & purification
- DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/chemistry
- DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/isolation & purification
- Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics
- Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field
- Karyotyping/methods
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phylogeny
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Saccharomyces/classification
- Saccharomyces/cytology
- Saccharomyces/growth & development
- Saccharomyces/metabolism
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Alis van der Aa Kühle
- Department of Dairy and Food Science, Food Microbiology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Surawicz CM. Probiotics, antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and Clostridium difficile diarrhoea in humans. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2003; 17:775-83. [PMID: 14507587 DOI: 10.1016/s1521-6918(03)00054-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Probiotics are living organisms which, when ingested, have a beneficial therapeutic effect. Examples are bacteria, especially Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, and the yeast Saccharomyces boulardii. Controlled trials indicate a benefit of both of these in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. Other less effective probiotics are Lactinex, Enterococcus faecium and bifidobacteria. In the difficult clinical problem of recurrent Clostridium difficile disease, S. boulardii as an adjunct to antibiotics has shown benefit in controlled trials. There is, however, less convincing evidence for the efficacy of Lactobacillus GG in this disease. Additional controlled trials and safety studies are needed before there can be a widespread endorsement of probiotics for these two conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Surawicz
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, USA.
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Bibliography. Yeast 2003; 20:185-92. [PMID: 12568102 DOI: 10.1002/yea.941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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