1
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Hasparyk UG, Vigil FMB, Bartolomei VS, Nunes VM, Simões e Silva AC. Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral Bone Disease biomarkers in kidney transplant patients. Curr Med Chem 2022; 29:5230-5253. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220318105856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Chronic Kidney Disease associated with Mineral Bone Disease (CKD-MBD) is frequent in kidney transplant patients. Post-transplantation bone disease is complex, especially in patients with pre-existing metabolic bone disorders that are further affected by immunosuppressive medications and changes in renal allograft function. Main biochemical abnormalities of mineral metabolism in kidney transplantation (KTx) include hypophosphatemia, hyperparathyroidism (HPTH), insufficiency or deficiency of vitamin D, and hypercalcemia.
Objective:
This review aimed to summarize the pathophysiology and main biomarkers of CKD-MBD in KTx.
Methods:
A comprehensive and non-systematic search in PubMed was independently made with an emphasis on biomarkers in mineral bone disease in KTx.
Results:
CKD-MBD can be associated with numerous factors including secondary HPTH, metabolic dysregulations before KTx, and glucocorticoids therapy in post-transplant subjects. Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) reaches normal levels after KTx with good allograft function, while calcium, vitamin D and phosphorus, ultimately, result in hypercalcemia, persistent vitamin D insufficiency, and hypophosphatemia respectively. As for PTH levels, there is an initial tendency of a significant decrease, followed by a raise due to secondary or tertiary HPTH. In regard to sclerostin levels, there is no consensus in the literature.
Conclusion:
KTx patients should be continuously evaluated for mineral homeostasis and bone status, both cases with successful kidney transplantation and those with reduced functionality. Additional research on CKD-MBD pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management is essential to guarantee long-term graft function, better prognosis, good quality of life, and reduced mortality for KTx patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Gramiscelli Hasparyk
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Flávia Maria Borges Vigil
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Victória Soares Bartolomei
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Vitor Moreira Nunes
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Simões e Silva
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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2
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Sullivan LC, Shaw EM, Stankovic S, Snell GI, Brooks AG, Westall GP. The complex existence of γδ T cells following transplantation: the good, the bad and the simply confusing. Clin Transl Immunology 2019; 8:e1078. [PMID: 31548887 PMCID: PMC6748302 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma delta (γδ) T cells are a highly heterogeneous population of lymphocytes that exhibit innate and adaptive immune properties. Despite comprising the majority of residing lymphocytes in many organs, the role of γδ T cells in transplantation outcomes is under‐researched. γδ T cells can recognise a diverse array of ligands and exert disparate effector functions. As such, they may potentially contribute to both allograft acceptance and rejection, as well as impacting on infection and post‐transplant malignancy. Here, we review the current literature on the role and function of γδ T cells following solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy C Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne VIC Australia.,Lung Transplant Service The Alfred Hospital Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Evangeline M Shaw
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Sanda Stankovic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Gregory I Snell
- Lung Transplant Service The Alfred Hospital Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Andrew G Brooks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Glen P Westall
- Lung Transplant Service The Alfred Hospital Melbourne VIC Australia
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3
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Omrani H, Jasemi SV, Sadeghi M, Golmohamadi S. Evaluation of Serum Interleukin-6 Levels in the Renal Transplant Recipients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Case-Control Studies. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2019; 7:174-178. [PMID: 30740184 PMCID: PMC6352471 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2018.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM: The purpose of this meta-analysis was the assessment of the serum IL-6 levels in the renal transplant recipients compared to the healthy controls. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Four databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane Library were searched up to July 2018 without language restriction. The quality of studies was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS). A continuous random-effects meta-analysis was used by RevMan 5.3 using the mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Also, a regression model was done by Comprehensive Meta-Analysis version 2 (CMA v2). RESULTS: Out of 615 studies identified in the databases, 15 studies included and analysed in the meta-analysis. The studies were reported from 1994 to 2018. The meta-analysis included 1035 renal transplant recipients and 682 healthy controls. The pooled MD of the serum IL-6 levels in the transplant recipients compared to the healthy controls was 3.25 pg/mL [95%CI: 2.17, 4.32; P < 0.00001; I2 = 98% (P < 0.00001)]. Meta-regression analysis showed that one of the reasons of heterogeneity is the year of publication (Correlation coefficient (r) = 0.208, p-value = 0.00002). CONCLUSION: An elevated serum IL-6 level in the renal transplant recipients compared to the healthy controls showed that the serum level of this marker could be used for the evaluation of inflammation in ESRD patients undergoing renal transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Omrani
- Nephrology and Urology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Sayed Vahid Jasemi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Masoud Sadeghi
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Sima Golmohamadi
- Nephrology and Urology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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4
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McCallion O, Hester J, Issa F. Deciphering the Contribution of γδ T Cells to Outcomes in Transplantation. Transplantation 2018; 102:1983-1993. [PMID: 29994977 PMCID: PMC6215479 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000002335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
γδ T cells are a subpopulation of lymphocytes expressing heterodimeric T-cell receptors composed of γ and δ chains. They are morphologically and functionally heterogeneous, innate yet also adaptive in behavior, and exhibit diverse activities spanning immunosurveillance, immunomodulation, and direct cytotoxicity. The specific responses of γδ T cells to allografts are yet to be fully elucidated with evidence of both detrimental and tolerogenic roles in different settings. Here we present an overview of γδ T-cell literature, consider ways in which their functional heterogeneity contributes to the outcomes after transplantation, and reflect on methods to harness their beneficial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver McCallion
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Hester
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Fadi Issa
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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5
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Bank I, Marcu-Malina V. Quantitative peripheral blood perturbations of γδ T cells in human disease and their clinical implications. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2015; 47:311-33. [PMID: 24126758 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-013-8391-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Human γδ T cells, which play innate and adaptive, protective as well as destructive, roles in the immune response, were discovered in 1986, but the clinical significance of alterations of the levels of these cells in the peripheral blood in human diseases has not been comprehensively reviewed. Here, we review patterns of easily measurable changes of this subset of T cells in peripheral blood from relevant publications in PubMed and their correlations with specific disease categories, specific diagnoses within disease categories, and prognostic outcomes. These collective data suggest that enumeration of γδ T cells and their subsets in the peripheral blood of patients could be a useful tool to evaluate diagnosis and prognosis in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilan Bank
- Department of Medicine F, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, 52621, Israel,
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6
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Rajoriya N, Fergusson JR, Leithead JA, Klenerman P. Gamma Delta T-lymphocytes in Hepatitis C and Chronic Liver Disease. Front Immunol 2014; 5:400. [PMID: 25206355 PMCID: PMC4143964 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovered 30 years ago, gamma delta (γδ) T-lymphocytes remain an intriguing and enigmatic T-cell subset. Although in humans they comprise a small fraction of the total circulating T-lymphocyte pool, they represent an important T-cell subset in tissues such as the liver, with roles bridging the innate and adaptive immune systems. The associations of γδ T-lymphocytes with chronic liver disease have been explored – however, there remain conflicting data as to whether these T-cells are pathogenic or protective. In patients with some forms of liver disease, their expansion in the periphery and especially in the liver may indeed help pathogen clearance, while in other conditions their presence may, in contrast, contribute to disease progression. γδ T-cells can also express CD161, a C-type lectin, and such cells have been found to be involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory disease. CD161+ T-cells of diverse subsets are known to be enriched in the livers of patients with chronic hepatitis C. This article serves to provide a review of the γδ T-cell population and its role in hepatitis C and other chronic liver diseases, and also explores a potential role of the CD161+ γδ T-cells in liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Rajoriya
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research , Oxford , UK
| | | | - Joanna A Leithead
- Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital , Birmingham , UK ; NIHR Biomedical Research Unit and Centre for Liver Research, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research , Oxford , UK ; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford Radcliffe Hospital , Oxford , UK
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7
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Sonkar GK, Singh S, Sonkar SK, Singh U, Singh RG. Evaluation of serum interleukin 6 and tumour necrosis factor alpha levels, and their association with various non-immunological parameters in renal transplant recipients. Singapore Med J 2013; 54:511-5. [DOI: 10.11622/smedj.2013174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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8
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Zhu H, Li J, Wang S, Liu K, Wang L, Huang L. γδ T Cell Receptor Deficiency Attenuated Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy and Promoted Regulatory T cell Expansion. Scand J Immunol 2013; 78:44-9. [PMID: 23659436 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology and The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education; School & Hospital of Stomatology; Wuhan University; Wuhan; China
| | - J. Li
- Department of Oncology; Wuhan Central Hospital; Wuhan; China
| | - S. Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery; Union Hospital; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan; China
| | - K. Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education; School & Hospital of Stomatology; Wuhan University; Wuhan; China
| | - L. Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education; School & Hospital of Stomatology; Wuhan University; Wuhan; China
| | - L. Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology and The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education; School & Hospital of Stomatology; Wuhan University; Wuhan; China
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9
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Kimura N, Nakae S, Itoh S, Merk DR, Wang X, Gong Y, Okamura H, Chang PA, Adachi H, Robbins RC, Fischbein MP. Potential role of γδ T cell-derived IL-17 in acute cardiac allograft rejection. Ann Thorac Surg 2012; 94:542-8. [PMID: 22560321 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2012.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although αβ T cells are known to participate in the development of acute cardiac allograft rejection, the role of γδ T cells remains poorly understood. We hypothesized that γδ T cells contribute to acute allograft rejection thru interleukin (IL)-17 production. METHODS Donor hearts from FVB mice (H-2q) were heterotopically transplanted into C57BL/6-wild type (WT) and γδ T cell-deficient (TCRδ-/-) recipient mice (H-2b). Overall graft survival was monitored. Graft infiltrating cell profile, including γδ T cell subtype, cytokine expression, and myeloperoxidase activity were measured by flow cytometry, TaqMan (Applied Biosystems, Carlsbad, CA) polymerase chain reaction, and myeloperoxidase assay, respectively, on postoperative days 3 and 6. RESULTS Graft survival was prolonged in TCRδ-/- recipients compared with WT controls. Graft infiltrating cells, including CD45+, CD4+, CD8+, and Gr1+ cells were significantly decreased in TCRδ-/- recipients compared with WT. Donor hearts transplanted into TCRδ-/- recipients had reduced IL-17 and IL-6 messenger RNA expression. Corroborating the gene expression, intracellular cytokine staining showed decreased IL-17 producing cells in TCRδ-/- recipients. Finally, Vγ1+ and Vγ4+ T cells did not produce IL-17, although both represent 20% to 30% total graft infiltrating γδ T cells. CONCLUSIONS The γδ T cells promote acute cardiac allograft rejection, presumably by producing IL-17. The γδ T cell depletion may prove beneficial in prolonging allograft survival by suppressing IL-17 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Kimura
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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10
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Wang H, Guan Q, Lan Z, Li S, Ge W, Chen H, Nguan CYC, Du C. Prolonged renal allograft survival by donor interleukin-6 deficiency: association with decreased alloantibodies and increased intragraft T regulatory cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2012; 302:F276-83. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00258.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Both humoral and cellular immune responses are involved in renal allograft rejection. Interleukin (IL)-6 is a regulatory cytokine for both B and Foxp3 (forkhead box P3)-expressing regulatory T (Treg) cells. This study was designed to investigate the impact of donor IL-6 production on renal allograft survival. Donor kidneys from IL-6 knockout (KO) vs. wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice (H-2b) were orthotopically transplanted to nephrotomized BALB/c mice (H-2d). Alloantibodies and Treg cells were examined by fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis. Graft survival was determined by the time to graft failure. Here, we showed that a deficiency in IL-6 expression in donor kidneys significantly prolonged renal allograft survival compared with WT controls. IL-6 protein was upregulated in renal tubules and endothelium of renal allografts following rejection, which correlated with an increase in serum IL-6 compared with that in those receiving KO grafts or naive controls. The absence of graft-producing IL-6 or lower levels of serum IL-6 in the recipients receiving IL-6 KO allografts was associated with decreased circulating anti-graft alloantibodies and increased the percentage of intragraft CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg cells compared with those with WT allografts. In conclusion, the lack of graft-producing IL-6 significantly prolongs renal allograft survival, which is associated with reduced alloantibody production and/or increased intragraft Treg cell population, implying that targeting donor IL-6 may effectively prevent both humoral and cellular rejection of kidney transplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of Surgery, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario
| | - Qiunong Guan
- Department of Urologic Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
- Immunity and Infection Research Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia; and
| | - Zhu Lan
- Department of Surgery, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario
| | - Shuyuan Li
- Department of Urologic Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
- Immunity and Infection Research Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia; and
| | - Wei Ge
- Department of Surgery, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario
| | - Huifang Chen
- Department of Surgery, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christopher Y. C. Nguan
- Department of Urologic Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
- Immunity and Infection Research Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia; and
| | - Caigan Du
- Department of Urologic Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
- Immunity and Infection Research Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia; and
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11
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Puig-Pey I, Bohne F, Benítez C, López M, Martínez-Llordella M, Oppenheimer F, Lozano JJ, González-Abraldes J, Tisone G, Rimola A, Sánchez-Fueyo A. Characterization of γδ T cell subsets in organ transplantation. Transpl Int 2011; 23:1045-55. [PMID: 20477999 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2010.01095.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells are innate-type lymphocytes that preferentially act as regulators of local effector immune responses. Recent reports found an altered distribution of the two main subpopulations of blood γδ T cells (Vδ1 and Vδ2) in operationally tolerant liver transplant recipients. Based on this, γδ T cells subset quantification was proposed as a biomarker of immunologic risk in liver transplantation. The specific characteristics of γδ T cell subsets in transplantation remain however unknown. We have investigated here the phenotype, repertoire and functional properties of γδ T cell subsets in a large population of allograft recipients. Our results indicate that alterations in the γδ T cell compartment are not restricted to tolerant liver recipients. In fact, most immunosuppressed liver and kidney recipients also display an enlarged peripheral blood γδ T cell pool mainly resulting from an expansion of Vδ1 T cells exhibiting an oligoclonal repertoire and different phenotypic and cytokine production traits than Vδ2 T cells. We propose that persistent viral infections are likely to contribute to these alterations. Our data provide novel insight in the biology of γδ T cells and a rationale for exploring these lymphocytes in more depth into the pathogenesis of viral infections in transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Puig-Pey
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
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12
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Silverstein DM. Inflammation after renal transplantation: Role in the development of graft dysfunction and potential therapies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/17471060802302339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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13
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Association of Pretransplant Soluble Glycoprotein 130 (sgp130) Plasma Levels and Posttransplant Acute Tubular Necrosis in Renal Transplant Recipients. Transplantation 2009; 88:266-71. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3181ac8d81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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gammadeltaT cells are involved in liver transplant tolerance. Transplant Proc 2009; 41:233-5. [PMID: 19249522 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2008.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2008] [Revised: 10/15/2008] [Accepted: 10/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The role of nonconventional T cells in innate and adaptive immunity is just emerging; gammadeltaT cells play important roles in anti-tumor and anti-infectious diseases. The involvement of gammadeltaT cells in immunologic responses to hematopoietic cell transplantation remains controversial; divergent results have been reported depending on the murine strains and model systems. Whether gammadeltaT cells are involved in solid organ transplantation is understudied. We have characterized the gammadeltaT cells in mouse livers and spleens to evaluate their contributions to liver transplant tolerance posttransplantation using a murine allogeneic liver transplant model which induces spontaneous T regulatory cell (Treg)-dependent tolerance. Our studies revealed that gammadeltaT cells comprised about 20% of the population of liver nonparenchymal cells (NPCs). In naïve C3H mice they were CD4, CD8, and NK1.1 negative. The percentage of gammadeltaT cells decreased in spontaneously tolerated liver grafts posttransplantation from 20% in naïve C3H livers to <10% in allografts throughout the time course. In contrast, they increased in liver grafts with rejection induced by anti-CTLA4 plus anti-CD25 mAb administration. CD4 and CD8 expression on gammadeltaT cells dramatically increased in the tolerated but not rejected livers posttransplantation to >20% of CD4(+) and 30% of CD8(+). Our results suggested that gammadeltaT cells are involved in allogeneic immune responses. Whether gammadeltaT cells function as the causal or the effector cells in allograft tolerance rejection warrants further investigation.
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15
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Quan J, Tan PH, MacDonald A, Friend PJ. Manipulation of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) for clinical transplantation: promises and challenges. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2009; 8:1705-19. [PMID: 18847306 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.8.11.1705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the discovery that indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is a modulator for maintenance of fetomaternal immuno-privilege state, it has been implicated in tumour tolerance, autoimmune diseases and asthma. IDO is an IFN-gamma-inducible, intracellular enzyme that catalyzes the initial and rate-limiting step in the degradation of tryptophan. It has been suggested that IDO can regulate the immune system either through deprivation of tryptophan that is essential for T cell proliferation or via cytotoxic effects of kynurenine pathway metabolites on T cell survival. METHODS The sources of information used were obtained through Pubmed/Medline. RESULTS/CONCLUSION While IDO emerges as a regulator of immunity, its role in controlling allo-response is unfolding. IDO can control T cell responses to allo-antigens and induce generation of allo-specific regulatory T cells. Exploiting IDO as a modulator of transplant rejection, many groups have manipulated its activity to prolong allograft survival in transplantation models. Despite the initial promise, its application to clinical transplantation may be limited. We therefore examine the potentials and limitations associated with clinical translation of IDO into a therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchao Quan
- Oxford University, John Radcliffe Hospital, Nuffield Department of Surgery, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
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16
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Zhou J, Appleton SE, Stadnyk A, Lee TDG, Nashan BAP. CD8+γδ T regulatory cells mediate kidney allograft prolongation after oral exposure to alloantigen. Transpl Int 2008; 21:679-87. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2008.00669.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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17
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Wang S, Jiang J, Guan Q, Lan Z, Wang H, Nguan CY, Jevnikar AM, Du C. Reduction of Foxp3-expressing regulatory T cell infiltrates during the progression of renal allograft rejection in a mouse model. Transpl Immunol 2008; 19:93-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2008.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2007] [Revised: 03/26/2008] [Accepted: 03/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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18
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Bradley BA. Prognostic assays for rejection and tolerance in organ transplantation. Transpl Immunol 2005; 14:193-201. [PMID: 15982563 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2005.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this review, I have summarised our understanding of acute rejection of organ transplants, and for convenience I have identified three processes, recognition, rejection and regulation. In stark contrast to this text-book picture of acute rejection, I have drawn attention to some of the clinical realities, where processes are altered by powerful immunosuppressive drugs, and where many transplant recipients are pre-sensitised to transplantation antigens prior to engraftment. The ultimate goal is to encourage the emergence of a utopian immunological state, wherein patients tolerate organ transplants for life after being weaned from all immunosuppressive drugs. Assays that may be used in the future to reliably monitor this process are still at a very exciting stage of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Bradley
- The East Barn, The Pound, Lower Almondsbury, Bristol BS32 4EF, England, United Kingdom.
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19
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Racca A, Bailat A, García MI, Soutullo A, Gaite L, Malan Borel I. Participation of RANTES and T-Cell Apoptosis in Human Renal Allograft. Scand J Immunol 2005; 61:157-64. [PMID: 15683452 DOI: 10.1111/j.0300-9475.2005.01539.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the serum RANTES (Regulated upon Activation of Normal T cell Expressed and Secreted) levels and the expression of CCR5, as well as the percentage of apoptotic cells, in peripheral T lymphocytes from renal transplanted patients with acute rejection (AR), chronic rejection (CR) or stable evolution (SE). RANTES serum levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay and CCR5 expression, as well as the percentage of apoptotic lymphocytes, on a FACScan flow cytometer. After staining with different antibodies, the cells were subjected to three-colour flow cytometric analysis. Data analysis was performed using winmdi 2.5 software. The serum RANTES level and percentages of CCR5/CD4 and CCR5/CD8 T lymphocytes in CR, AR and SE were lower than that in the control group (P <0.05). The level of CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes in early apoptosis was higher in AR patients than in CR, SE or C groups (P <0.05). In the case of late apoptosis, the percentage of apoptotic/necrotic cells was higher in the CR than AR, SE or C groups (P <0.05). The RANTES serum levels and the percentage of peripheral CCR5 T lymphocytes would not indicate the renal allograft state. The increase of early apoptotic T lymphocytes could be a marker of AR process and could also indicate the initial step in reducing the cytotoxic T lymphocytes, thus favouring the graft evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Racca
- Cátedra de Inmunología Básica, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas de la Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina
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