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Moso MA, Taiaroa G, Steinig E, Zhanduisenov M, Butel-Simoes G, Savic I, Taouk ML, Chea S, Moselen J, O'Keefe J, Prestedge J, Pollock GL, Khan M, Soloczynskyj K, Fernando J, Martin GE, Caly L, Barr IG, Tran T, Druce J, Lim CK, Williamson DA. Non-SARS-CoV-2 respiratory viral detection and whole genome sequencing from COVID-19 rapid antigen test devices: a laboratory evaluation study. THE LANCET. MICROBE 2024; 5:e317-e325. [PMID: 38359857 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(23)00375-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been high uptake of rapid antigen test device use for point-of-care COVID-19 diagnosis. Individuals who are symptomatic but test negative on COVID-19 rapid antigen test devices might have a different respiratory viral infection. We aimed to detect and sequence non-SARS-CoV-2 respiratory viruses from rapid antigen test devices, which could assist in the characterisation and surveillance of circulating respiratory viruses in the community. METHODS We applied archival clinical nose and throat swabs collected between Jan 1, 2015, and Dec 31, 2022, that previously tested positive for a common respiratory virus (adenovirus, influenza, metapneumovirus, parainfluenza, rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus [RSV], or seasonal coronavirus; 132 swabs and 140 viral targets) on PCR to two commercially available COVID-19 rapid antigen test devices, the Panbio COVID-19 Ag Rapid Test Device and Roche SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Self-Test. In addition, we collected 31 COVID-19 rapid antigen test devices used to test patients who were symptomatic at The Royal Melbourne Hospital emergency department in Melbourne, Australia. We extracted total nucleic acid from the device paper test strips and assessed viral recovery using multiplex real-time PCR (rtPCR) and capture-based whole genome sequencing. Sequence and genome data were analysed through custom computational pipelines, including subtyping. FINDINGS Of the 140 respiratory viral targets from archival samples, 89 (64%) and 88 (63%) were positive on rtPCR for the relevant taxa following extraction from Panbio or Roche rapid antigen test devices, respectively. Recovery was variable across taxa: we detected influenza A in nine of 18 samples from Panbio and seven of 18 from Roche devices; parainfluenza in 11 of 20 samples from Panbio and 12 of 20 from Roche devices; human metapneumovirus in 11 of 16 from Panbio and 14 of 16 from Roche devices; seasonal coronavirus in eight of 19 from Panbio and two of 19 from Roche devices; rhinovirus in 24 of 28 from Panbio and 27 of 28 from Roche devices; influenza B in four of 15 in both devices; and RSV in 16 of 18 in both devices. Of the 31 COVID-19 devices collected from The Royal Melbourne Hospital emergency department, 11 tested positive for a respiratory virus on rtPCR, including one device positive for influenza A virus, one positive for RSV, four positive for rhinovirus, and five positive for SARS-CoV-2. Sequences of target respiratory viruses from archival samples were detected in 55 (98·2%) of 56 samples from Panbio and 48 (85·7%) of 56 from Roche rapid antigen test devices. 98 (87·5%) of 112 viral genomes were completely assembled from these data, enabling subtyping for RSV and influenza viruses. All 11 samples collected from the emergency department had viral sequences detected, with near-complete genomes assembled for influenza A and RSV. INTERPRETATION Non-SARS-CoV-2 respiratory viruses can be detected and sequenced from COVID-19 rapid antigen devices. Recovery of near full-length viral sequences from these devices provides a valuable opportunity to expand genomic surveillance programmes for public health monitoring of circulating respiratory viruses. FUNDING Australian Government Medical Research Future Fund and Australian National Health and Medical Research Council.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Moso
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - George Taiaroa
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Eike Steinig
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Madiyar Zhanduisenov
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Grace Butel-Simoes
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ivana Savic
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mona L Taouk
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Socheata Chea
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jean Moselen
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jacinta O'Keefe
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Prestedge
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Georgina L Pollock
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mohammad Khan
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Katherine Soloczynskyj
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Janath Fernando
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Genevieve E Martin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Leon Caly
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ian G Barr
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Thomas Tran
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Julian Druce
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Chuan K Lim
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Deborah A Williamson
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Quantification of bovine viral diarrhoea virus ribonucleic acid in serum of infected animals by one-step reverse transcriptase quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. ACTA VET BRNO 2020. [DOI: 10.2754/avb201988040361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) can cause either acute transient or persistent infection. Identification and removal of persistently infected animals from infected herds is a crucial component to control BVDV infection. Only limited data on serum virus concentration in infected animals are available to date. Using one-step reverse transcriptase quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, we quantified the serum viral load in 40 BVDV infected animals. To control nucleic acid extraction, complementary DNA synthesis and polymerase chain reaction amplification, each serum sample was spiked with a known small amount of reference canine coronavirus. Detected ribonucleic acid copy number ranged from 2.2 × 106to 7.4 × 108per 1 ml of serum of persistently infected animals and from 6.6 × 104to 3.3 × 107of transiently infected animals. These findings support the idea that it is impossible to accurately distinguish between transiently and persistently infected animals just from a single blood sample. To use this testing as a means of declining costs of BVDV control programmes cannot be recommended and paired serum samples have to be investigated to confirm persistent infection.
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3
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Zambenedetti MR, Pavoni DP, Dallabona AC, Dominguez AC, Poersch CDO, Fragoso SP, Krieger MA. Internal control for real-time polymerase chain reaction based on MS2 bacteriophage for RNA viruses diagnostics. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2017; 112:339-347. [PMID: 28403327 PMCID: PMC5398160 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760160380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is routinely used to detect viral infections. In Brazil, it is mandatory the use of nucleic acid tests to detect hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus and human immunodeficiency virus in blood banks because of the immunological window. The use of an internal control (IC) is necessary to differentiate the true negative results from those consequent from a failure in some step of the nucleic acid test. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was the construction of virus-modified particles, based on MS2 bacteriophage, to be used as IC for the diagnosis of RNA viruses. METHODS The MS2 genome was cloned into the pET47b(+) plasmid, generating pET47b(+)-MS2. MS2-like particles were produced through the synthesis of MS2 RNA genome by T7 RNA polymerase. These particles were used as non-competitive IC in assays for RNA virus diagnostics. In addition, a competitive control for HCV diagnosis was developed by cloning a mutated HCV sequence into the MS2 replicase gene of pET47b(+)-MS2, which produces a non-propagating MS2 particle. The utility of MS2-like particles as IC was evaluated in a one-step format multiplex real-time RT-PCR for HCV detection. FINDINGS We demonstrated that both competitive and non-competitive IC could be successfully used to monitor the HCV amplification performance, including the extraction, reverse transcription, amplification and detection steps, without compromising the detection of samples with low target concentrations. In conclusion, MS2-like particles generated by this strategy proved to be useful IC for RNA virus diagnosis, with advantage that they are produced by a low cost protocol. An attractive feature of this system is that it allows the construction of a multicontrol by the insertion of sequences from more than one pathogen, increasing its applicability for diagnosing different RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Ribas Zambenedetti
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Laboratório de Genômica, Curitiba, PR, Brasil.,Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - Daniela Parada Pavoni
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Laboratório de Genômica, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Stenio Perdigão Fragoso
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Laboratório de Genômica, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - Marco Aurélio Krieger
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Laboratório de Genômica, Curitiba, PR, Brasil.,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto de Biologia Molecular do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
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4
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Mikel P, Vasickova P, Kralik P. Methods for Preparation of MS2 Phage-Like Particles and Their Utilization as Process Control Viruses in RT-PCR and qRT-PCR Detection of RNA Viruses From Food Matrices and Clinical Specimens. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2015; 7:96-111. [PMID: 25711389 PMCID: PMC7090958 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-015-9188-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
RNA viruses are pathogenic agents of many serious infectious diseases affecting humans and animals. The detection of pathogenic RNA viruses is based on modern molecular methods, of which the most widely used methods are the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and the real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). All steps of RT-PCR and qRT-PCR should be strictly controlled to ensure the validity of obtained results. False-negative results may be caused not only by inhibition of RT or/and PCR steps but also by failure of the nucleic acid extraction step, particularly in the case of viral RNA extraction. The control of nucleic acid extraction generally involves the utilization of a non-pathogenic virus (process control virus) of similar structural properties to those of the target virus. Although in clinical samples the use of such process control virus is only recommended, in other kinds of settings such as food matrices its use is necessary. Currently, several different process control viruses are used for these purposes. Process control viruses can also be constructed artificially using technology for production of MS2 phage-like particles, which have many advantages in comparison with other used controls and are especially suited for controlling the detection and quantification of certain types of RNA viruses. The technology for production of MS2 phage-like particles is theoretically well established, uses the knowledge gained from the study of the familiar bacteriophage MS2 and utilizes many different approaches for the construction of the various process control viruses. Nevertheless, the practical use of MS2 phage-like particles in routine diagnostics is relatively uncommon. The current situation with regard to the use of MS2 phage-like particles as process control viruses in detection of RNA viruses and different methods of their construction, purification and use are summarized and discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mikel
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 621 00, Brno, Czech Republic,
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5
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Cleland A, Smith L, Crossan C, Blatchford O, Dalton HR, Scobie L, Petrik J. Hepatitis E virus in Scottish blood donors. Vox Sang 2013; 105:283-9. [PMID: 23763589 DOI: 10.1111/vox.12056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Published prevalence figures for hepatitis E virus (HEV) reveal significant regional differences. Several studies have reported virus transmission via blood transfusion. The aim of this study was to establish HEV seroprevalence and investigate a potential HEV RNA presence in Scottish blood donors. MATERIALS AND METHODS IgG and IgM were determined in individual serum samples. HEV RNA was investigated in plasma mini-pools corresponding to 43 560 individual donations using nested PCR. Samples amenable to reamplification with primers from a different region were considered confirmed positives, sequenced and analysed. RESULTS A total of 73 of 1559 tested individual sera (4·7%) were IgG positive, none tested positive for IgM. Plasma mini-pool testing revealed an HEV RNA frequency of 1 in 14 520 donations. Three confirmed positives belonged, as expected to genotype 3. CONCLUSIONS HEV IgG and RNA figures in Scottish blood donors are lower than those published for the rest of the UK, but sufficiently high to prompt further studies on potential transmission rates and effects of HEV infection, especially for immunosuppressed individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cleland
- Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Edinburgh, UK
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6
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Hepatitis B escape mutants in Scottish blood donors. Med Microbiol Immunol 2012; 202:207-14. [PMID: 23274404 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-012-0283-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/01/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains as the viral infection with the highest risk of transmission by transfusion. This risk is associated with window period donations, occult HBV infection (OBI) and the emergence of escape mutants, which render blood donations false negative for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) serological testing. A retrospective study was conducted to gain insights into the molecular epidemiology of HBV escape mutants in Scottish blood donors. The criterion for selection was HBV positivity either by serology or nucleic acid testing (NAT). HBsAg detection was compared across several commercial immunoassays. The full length S gene from plasma samples was PCR amplified, cloned and expressed in HepG2 cells. Eight samples showed HBsAg discordant results, while 5 OBI samples were found. Four escape mutants, containing missense mutations in the S gene, are described here. These mutations impaired HBsAg detection both from HBV infected plasma samples and from recombinant proteins derived from its infected donors. Phylogenetic analysis showed that most of the mutants were clustered in the genotype D and were closely related to strains from Asia and the Middle East. We report here a proline substitution, outside the major hydrophilic region, that impaired HBsAg detection in vivo and in vitro, warning about the risk for the emergence of vaccine escape mutants with mutations outside the major neutralisation site.
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Jarvis LM, Mulligan K, Dunsford TH, McGowan K, Petrik J. Suitability of an automated nucleic acid extractor (easyMAG) for use with hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nucleic acid amplification testing. J Virol Methods 2010; 171:364-8. [PMID: 21126541 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Serological screening assays have greatly reduced, but not eliminated, the risk of transmission of viral infections by transfusion of blood and blood products. In addition, the 1999 regulation of the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products requiring all plasma for fractionation to have tested negative for hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA (CPMP/BWP/390/97, 1998) led many blood transfusion services to introduce nucleic acid amplification technology (NAT) to screen blood donations for HCV, and in some services for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV). BioMérieux's second-generation system, the NucliSENS easyMAG, was evaluated as a suitable platform for the automated extraction of nucleic acids for use with the existing SNBTS NAT assays. Two nucleic acid extraction protocols were examined, either lysis on the easyMAG (on board) or a 30-min pre-incubation of the sample with lysis buffer at 37 °C (off board). Off board lysis was found to extract nucleic acid more efficiently for both HCV and HIV NAT assays although the improvement was more marked with HIV. The 95% limit of detections (LODs) were 10.11 IU/ml (on board) and 7.21 IU/ml (off board) for HCV and 55.11 IU/ml (on board) and 34.13 (off board) for HIV. Using the more sensitive off board lysis, nucleic acid extraction specificity, robustness and reliability of the easyMAG were examined and over 10,000 Scottish blood donations (in 107 pools of 95 donations) were tested for HCV and HIV in parallel with the existing assay. The results indicate that the easyMAG is a suitable and flexible nucleic acid extraction system, providing high quality nucleic acids and a rapid response alternative to commercial, fully automated, approved blood screening platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Jarvis
- Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service Transfusion Transmissible Infections Group, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, 21 Ellen's Glen Road, Edinburgh EH177QT, United Kingdom.
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Villanova GV, Gardiol D, Taborda MA, Reggiardo V, Tanno H, Rivadeneira ED, Perez GR, Giri AA. Strategic approach to produce low-cost, efficient, and stable competitive internal controls for detection of RNA viruses by use of reverse transcription-PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45:3555-63. [PMID: 17699653 PMCID: PMC2168486 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02601-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular diagnostics based on reverse transcription (RT)-PCR are routinely complicated by the lack of stable internal controls, leading to falsely negative results. We describe a strategy to produce a stable competitive internal control (CIC) based on a Qbeta phage derivative (recombinant Qbeta [rQbeta]) bearing primers KY78 and KY80, which are widely used in the detection of hepatitis C virus (HCV). rQbeta was RNase resistant and stable at 4 degrees C for 452 days in SM medium (0.1 M NaCl, 8 mM MgSO(4).7H(2)O, 50 mM Tris HCl [pH 7.5], 2% gelatin) and for 125 days after lyophilization and reconstitution. rQbeta performance as a CIC was evaluated. rQbeta was added to HCV-positive samples, followed by RNA extraction and a CIC-HCV RT-PCR assay. This method combines RT-PCR, liquid hybridization with nonradioactive probes, and enzyme immunoanalysis. No influence of the CIC on qualitative HCV detection was observed independently of viral load, and results had high concordance with those of commercial kits. In conclusion, we describe a versatile, low-cost alternative strategy to armored RNA technology that can be adapted for detection or real-time applications of any RNA target. Moreover, the CIC reported here is an essential reagent for HCV screening in blood banks in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela V Villanova
- Area Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
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Dreier J, Störmer M, Mäde D, Burkhardt S, Kleesiek K. Enhanced reverse transcription-PCR assay for detection of norovirus genogroup I. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:2714-20. [PMID: 16891482 PMCID: PMC1594635 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00443-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a one-tube reverse transcription (RT)-PCR method using the real-time TaqMan PCR system for the detection of norovirus genogroup I (NV GGI). By introduction of a novel probe based on locked nucleic acid technology, we enhanced the sensitivity of the assay compared to those of conventional TaqMan probes. The sensitivity of the NV GGI RT-PCR was determined by probit analysis with defined RNA standards and quantified norovirus isolates to 711 copies/ml (95% detection limit). In order to detect PCR inhibition, we included a heterologous internal control (IC) system based on phage MS2. This internally controlled RT-PCR was tested on different real-time PCR platforms, LightCycler, Rotorgene, Mastercycler EP realplex, and ABI Prism. Compared to the assay without an IC, the duplex RT-PCR exhibited no reduction in sensitivity in clinical samples. In combination with an established NV GGII real-time RT-PCR, we used the novel assay in a routine assay for diagnosis of clinical and food-borne norovirus infection. We applied this novel assay to analyze outbreaks of nonbacterial acute gastroenteritis. Norovirus of GGI was detected in these outbreaks. Sequence and similarity plot analysis of open reading frame 1 (ORF1) and ORF2 showed two genotypes, GGI/2 and GGI/4, in semiclosed communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Dreier
- Institut für Laboratoriums und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, D-32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany.
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Young NJ, Thomas CJ, Collins ME, Brownlie J. Real-time RT-PCR detection of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea virus in whole blood using an external RNA reference. J Virol Methods 2006; 138:218-22. [PMID: 17030066 PMCID: PMC7112878 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2006.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2006] [Revised: 08/03/2006] [Accepted: 08/29/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A novel two-step real-time RT-PCR assay using SYBR® Green I was developed for the detection of acute Bovine Viral Diarrhoea virus (BVDV) infection in whole blood from cattle. During infection animals experience a characteristic transient leucopenia and the number of cells per volume of blood changes over time; so quantitation of viral load by reference to a cellular housekeeping gene is not ideal as this may hide significant animal to animal variation. Therefore, to facilitate comparison of different samples, an external RNA reference was used for normalisation whereby each sample was spiked with the RNA virus, Canine Enteric Coronavirus (CECov), prior to RNA extraction, for comparative purposes. Real-time RT-PCR was carried out with two primer sets designed to amplify either a 156 bp region of the BVDV 5′-UTR or a 280 bp region of the CECov nucleocapsid protein gene. Linearity and efficiency of the assay was established and the method assessed using samples from BVDV-challenged calves. Viral RNA was quantified on days 6 and 14 post-challenge by real-time RT-PCR. Infectious virus isolation by traditional cell culture was negative after day 7. This study demonstrates encouraging results for rapid, sensitive and reliable detection of acute BVDV infection and provides an alternative real-time RT-PCR method for use on whole blood samples or samples where suitable housekeeping genes are not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Young
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK.
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11
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Hoffmann B, Depner K, Schirrmeier H, Beer M. A universal heterologous internal control system for duplex real-time RT-PCR assays used in a detection system for pestiviruses. J Virol Methods 2006; 136:200-9. [PMID: 16806503 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2006.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2006] [Revised: 05/10/2006] [Accepted: 05/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A heterologous in vitro transcript based on a specific primer-probe HEX system was generated as a universal internal control (IC) to improve virus-specific real-time reverse-transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) assays. By using a set of different primers, several PCR fragments of desired sizes of an in vitro transcript of the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) gene were generated, and the fragments were detected using a HEX-labelled probe. For long-term storage of the in vitro transcript a special RNA-safe buffer (RSB) was developed. Freezing and thawing of the IC diluted in RSB did not result in any substantial loss of detectable IC copy numbers. The new IC system was used for the first time in a duplex real-time RT-PCR assay for the detection of pestivirus-derived RNA, in particular from bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). Primers and TaqMan probes for the 'panpesti' assay were selected by analysing the consensus sequence of the 5' non-translated region (5' NTR) of more than 600 different pestiviruses. Finally, the optimised primer probe combination showed an analytical sensitivity of less than 10 copies/reaction. In the duplex set-up, the analytical sensitivity of the validated real-time RT-PCR was identical to the sensitivity of the single assay without IC, and the diagnostic sensitivity of the duplex assay was equal or higher if compared to virus isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Boddenblick 5a, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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12
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Thom K, Petrik J. Progression towards AIDS leads to increased torque teno virus and torque teno minivirus titers in tissues of HIV infected individuals. J Med Virol 2006; 79:1-7. [PMID: 17133553 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Torque teno virus (TTV) and Torque teno minivirus (TTMV) are highly prevalent in the general population and although no disease has been associated with these viruses yet, co-infections with other pathological viruses are frequent. Both viruses are extremely heterogeneous, especially for DNA viruses, and the role of the immune system in controlling the infections has yet to be established. In this study the TTV/TTMV viral loads in HIV positive tissues have been investigated for the first time. The titers of both TTV and TTMV were compared in the bone marrow and spleen tissues from three groups: HIV negative individuals, HIV positive individuals and HIV positive individuals who had progressed to AIDS, leading to immunosuppression. Limiting dilution PCR using primers situated in the UTR region of the genome were used to semi-quantitate the virus, and TTV and TTMV were differentiated using melting curve analysis of the PCR product. The AIDS group had significantly higher titers compared with both the HIV positive and negative groups for both bone marrow (AIDS vs. HIV positive P = 0.006, AIDS vs. HIV negative P < 0.001) and spleen (AIDS vs. HIV positive P = 0.022, AIDS vs. HIV negative P < 0.001). Analysis of TTV/TTMV titer with CD4 T lymphocyte count showed a significant inverse correlation however neither HCV co-infection or type of Anellovirus infection (single TTV or TTMV, or mixed TTV/TTMV) showed any significant correlation with virus titer. The results show a link between deterioration of the immune system and increased the viral loads in studied tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Thom
- Transfusion Transmitted Infection Group, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service and University of Edinburgh, Royal Dick Vet School, Summerhall, Edinburgh, UK
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13
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Dreier J, Störmer M, Kleesiek K. Use of bacteriophage MS2 as an internal control in viral reverse transcription-PCR assays. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:4551-7. [PMID: 16145106 PMCID: PMC1234060 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.9.4551-4557.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnostic systems based on reverse transcription (RT)-PCR are widely used for the detection of viral genomes in different human specimens. The application of internal controls (IC) to monitor each step of nucleic acid amplification is necessary to prevent false-negative results due to inhibition or human error. In this study, we designed various real-time RT-PCRs utilizing the coliphage MS2 replicase gene, which differ in detection format, amplicon size, and efficiency of amplification. These noncompetitive IC assays, using TaqMan, hybridization probe, or duplex scorpion probe techniques, were tested on the LightCycler and Rotorgene systems. In our approach, clinical specimens were spiked with the control virus to monitor the efficiency of extraction, reverse transcription, and amplification steps. The MS2 RT-PCR assays were applied for internal control when using a second target hepatitis C virus RNA in duplex PCR in blood donor screening. The 95% detection limit was calculated by probit analysis to 44.9 copies per PCR (range, 38.4 to 73.4). As demonstrated routinely, application of MS2 IC assays exhibits low variability and can be applied in various RT-PCR assays. MS2 phage lysates were obtained under standard laboratory conditions. The quantification of phage and template RNA was performed by plating assays to determine PFU or via real-time RT-PCR. High stability of the MS2 phage preparations stored at -20 degrees C, 4 degrees C, and room temperature was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Dreier
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany.
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14
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Jarvis LM, Dow BC, Cleland A, Davidson F, Lycett C, Morris K, Webb B, Jordan A, Petrik J. Detection of HCV and HIV-1 antibody negative infections in Scottish and Northern Ireland blood donations by nucleic acid amplification testing. Vox Sang 2005; 89:128-34. [PMID: 16146504 DOI: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2005.00686.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES To reduce the risk of transfusion-transmissible viruses entering the blood supply, the nucleic acid amplification testing (NAT) was implemented to screen Scottish and Northern Irish blood donations in minipools. After 5 years of NAT for hepatitis C virus (HCV) and 2 years for human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), the yield of serologically negative, nucleic acid positive 'window donations' and cost-benefit of NAT is under review. MATERIALS AND METHODS When the Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service (SNBTS) implemented NAT in 1999, a fully automated 'black box' system was not available. Therefore, an 'in-house' assimilated NAT assay was developed, validated and implemented. The system is flexible and allows testing for additional viral markers to be introduced with relative ease. RESULTS The HCV and HIV NAT assays have 95% detection levels of 7.25 IU/ml and 39.8 IU/ml, respectively, as determined by probit analysis. One HCV (1 in 1.9 million) and one HIV (1 in 0.77 million) window donation have been detected in 5 and 2 years, respectively, of NAT. CONCLUSION The SNBTS NAT assays are robust and have performed consistently over the last 5 years. The design of the in-house system allowed HIV NAT to be added in 2003 at a relatively small additional cost per sample, although for both assays, the royalty fee far exceeds the cost of the test itself. Clearly NAT has a benefit in improving the safety of the blood supply although the risks of transfusion-transmitted viral infections, as reported in the Serious Hazards of Transfusion (SHOT) report, are extremely low. Also, in UK the yield of HCV antibody negative, NAT positive donations is far lower than predicted although the early detection of an HIV window period donation and the increase of HIV in the blood donor and general populations may provide a stronger case for HIV NAT. SUMMARY SENTENCE: The yield of HCV and HIV NAT in UK is significantly less than that anticipated from statistical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Jarvis
- Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Transfusion Transmissible Infections Group, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
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Druce J, Tran T, Kelly H, Kaye M, Chibo D, Kostecki R, Amiri A, Catton M, Birch C. Laboratory diagnosis and surveillance of human respiratory viruses by PCR in Victoria, Australia, 2002-2003. J Med Virol 2005; 75:122-9. [PMID: 15543580 PMCID: PMC7166941 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory viruses were identified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in more than 4,200 specimens collected during 2002 and 2003 in Victoria, Australia from patients admitted to hospitals or participating in an influenza surveillance program. Influenza viruses and picornaviruses were important causes of morbidity in both years. Additional testing of picornavirus‐positive samples suggested that rhinoviruses but not enteroviruses were more likely to be associated with respiratory symptoms, irrespective of the season in which they circulated. Detection of influenza viruses was strongly associated with the clinical symptoms of cough, fever, and fatigue; but each of the other respiratory viruses occasionally caused these symptoms or was responsible for symptoms severe enough to require hospitalization. Human coronaviruses HCoV‐OC43 and HCoV‐229E circulated at low levels throughout the study period with peak activity in winter, but overall did not circulate as widely as has often been reported for these agents. Evidence for the human metapneumovirus (hMPV) was only sought in the second year of the study and revealed low‐level circulation of this virus, mainly in the cooler months among the very young and adult populations. The detection rate of all viruses declined with increasing age of the patient, particularly in hospital patients. Infection with more than one respiratory virus occurred in a small number of patients; picornaviruses were most commonly implicated in these dual infections. J. Med. Virol. 75:122–129, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Druce
- Virology Department, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, North Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas Tran
- Virology Department, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, North Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Heath Kelly
- Virology Department, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, North Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew Kaye
- Virology Department, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, North Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Doris Chibo
- Virology Department, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, North Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Renata Kostecki
- Virology Department, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, North Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Abdul Amiri
- Virology Department, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, North Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mike Catton
- Virology Department, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, North Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chris Birch
- Virology Department, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, North Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Al-Masoudi NA, Al-Masoudi IA, Ali IAI, Saeed B, Colla PL. Amino acid derivatives, part 3: New peptide and glycopeptide derivatives conjugated naphthalene. Synthesis, antitumor, anti-HIV, and BVDV evaluation. HETEROATOM CHEMISTRY 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/hc.20149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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17
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Candotti D, Temple J, Owusu-Ofori S, Allain JP. Multiplex real-time quantitative RT-PCR assay for hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Virol Methods 2004; 118:39-47. [PMID: 15158067 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2004.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2003] [Revised: 12/22/2003] [Accepted: 01/06/2004] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A multiplex real-time quantitative reverse transcription (RT)-PCR assay was developed for simultaneous detection, identification and quantification of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in plasma or serum samples. Genomic amplification of one virus was unaffected by the simultaneous amplification of the other two. Competition between HCV and HIV-1 amplifications slightly affected the yield of HIV-1 amplification. However, quantitation was possible when a single virus was present. The 95% detection limits were 30, 167 and 680IU/ml for HBV DNA, HCV RNA and HIV-1 RNA, respectively. The multiplex assay detected with similar efficiency strains of HBV genotypes A-F, HCV genotypes 1-6, and HIV-1 subtypes A-G. Applied to 267 pools of 10 plasmas from blood donors, multiplex screening indicated that the assay was reproducible, sensitive, and specific. This assay has the potential to be used for large-scale nucleic acid testing (NAT) of blood donations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Candotti
- National Blood Service Cambridge, Long Road, Cambridge CB2 2PT, UK.
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18
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Dow BC, Munro H, Buchanan I, Ferguson K, Davidson F, Lycett C, Jarvis M, Cleland A, Petrik J, Lumley S, MacLean A. Acute hepatitis C virus seroconversion in a Scottish blood donor: HCV antigen is not comparable with HCV nucleic acid amplification technology screening. Vox Sang 2004; 86:15-20. [PMID: 14984555 DOI: 10.1111/j.0042-9007.2004.00387.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES This study was conducted to analyse the usefulness of hepatitis C virus (HCV) core antigen tests for the confirmation of HCV infection in a donor presenting as nucleic acid amplification technology (NAT) positive but negative for antibodies to HCV (anti-HCV). MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood donations were screened, in parallel, for anti-HCV using the Abbott PRISM HCV Chemiluminescent immunoassay (ChLIA) and an 'in-house' HCV NAT (pools of up to 95 donations). An HCV NAT-positive antibody-negative donor was identified. Twelve follow-up samples were obtained and tested with various HCV antigen (including the recently marketed Trak-C second-generation assay) and HCV antibody assays. RESULTS The single HCV NAT-positive, antibody-negative donation was identified from 1 117 681 donations screened in the 4-year period, July 1999 to June 2003. The index donation was positive by Ortho HCV core antigen enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and Ortho Trak-C (second-generation HCV core antigen EIA). An archive sample, taken 127 days prior to the index donation, was negative for all HCV markers. Subsequent samples demonstrated a loss of reactivity in the Ortho HCV core antigen EIA and reduced activity in the Ortho Trak-C until day 69. Immunoblot (Ortho RIBA-3) and HCV PRISM became positive on day 62, whilst Ortho HCV ELISA was not positive until day 132 or Biorad HCV ELISA until day 160. An alternative immunoblot (Innogenetics Innolia III) was positive from day 55. RNA levels fluctuated considerably during the follow-up period, being completely undetectable by routine screening methods at the time-point around seroconversion; subsequently, antibody was detected using all assays investigated. CONCLUSIONS This HCV-converting blood donor provided a unique panel of samples for using to assess current (and future) HCV assay systems. The overall test results led to the conclusion that individual HCV antigen testing should not be considered as equivalent to HCV NAT minipool screening. Trak-C antigen testing may be considered as a suitable confirmatory assay for isolated HCV NAT reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Dow
- Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service Microbiology Reference Unit, West Scotland Blood Transfusion Centre, Glasgow, UK.
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Welch J, Maclaran K, Jordan T, Simmonds P. Frequency, viral loads, and serotype identification of enterovirus infections in Scottish blood donors. Transfusion 2003; 43:1060-6. [PMID: 12869111 DOI: 10.1046/j.1537-2995.2003.00463.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enteroviruses are non-enveloped, frequently pathogenic RNA viruses infecting humans. Infection is potentially transmissible through blood or blood component transfusion from donor in the viremic phase before seroconversion for antibody. To investigate the threat to blood safety from enteroviruses, a large-scale survey of frequency and levels of viremia in blood donors was conducted. STUDY DESIGNS AND METHODS Blood donations from Scotland over a period of 22 calendar months were screened for enterovirus RNA sequences by PCR. Positive samples were quantified, and serotypes were identified by nucleotide sequencing of VP1. RESULTS From a total of 3658 pools of 95 donations tested, 73 samples that were enterovirus-positive were identified (corrected annual frequency 0.024% or 1 in 4000). The highest rates of viremia were in late summer months (e.g., 0.055%, 1 in 1800 in July) and lowest from January to May (0.009 and 0.012%). Viral loads ranged from 500 (the lower cutoff of the assay) to greater than 100,000 amplifiable enterovirus template copies per mL. Coxsackievirus A16, echoviruses 11 and 30, and enterovirus 71 were most often identified. CONCLUSIONS The detection of enterovirus-positive blood units indicates the potential for enteroviral transmission by blood components. Although the infrastructure established for PCR-based screening for HCV RNA would allow parallel screening for enteroviruses, any decision concerning donor testing would require further information on the outcome of transfusion-acquired enterovirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Welch
- Laboratory for Clinical and Molecular Virology, University of Edinburgh, Summerhall, Edinburgh, UK
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Cleland A, Davis C, Adams N, Lycett C, Jarvis LM, Holmes H, Simmonds P. Development of multiplexed nucleic acid testing for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and hepatitis C virus. Vox Sang 2002; 81:93-101. [PMID: 11555468 DOI: 10.1046/j.1423-0410.2001.00093.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES In most Western countries, blood donations are routinely screened for hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or other nucleic acid tests. We describe the development of a multiplexed assay for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and HCV in an internally controlled PCR suitable for large-scale blood donor screening. MATERIALS AND METHODS The HIV/HCV multiplexed PCR used primers from highly conserved regions in the long terminal repeat region. The National Institute for Biological Standards and Controls (NIBSC) International HIV-1 RNA standard, run control and HIV-1 subtype panel were used for assay evaluation. RESULTS The HIV-1 PCR showed a sensitivity of 24 IU/ml for HIV-1 RNA (a dilution where 95% of replicate reactions were positive), which was at least five times more sensitive than the Roche Monitor version 1.5 (using the ultrasensitive extraction protocol) and Organon NASBA assays. The assay was capable of detecting all subtypes of HIV-1 (A to H), as well as the more divergent group N and O variants. The sensitivity of the PCR was unaffected by multiplexing with HCV primers and by the presence of a bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) internal control. CONCLUSION We have developed a highly sensitive multiplexed PCR for HIV-1 and HCV RNA screening that can be introduced into current PCR-based blood donor screening at minimal cost and without significant operational changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cleland
- PCR Reference Unit, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Summerhall Place, Edinburgh, UK
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Jarvis LM. Response 12. Vox Sang 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.0042-9007.2001.00147_20.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Sattar SA, Tetro J, Springthorpe VS, Giulivi A. Preventing the spread of hepatitis B and C viruses: where are germicides relevant? Am J Infect Control 2001; 29:187-97. [PMID: 11391281 DOI: 10.1067/mic.2001.114233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are the most prevalent bloodborne pathogens. Infections caused by these organisms can become chronic and may lead to liver cirrhosis and carcinoma. Limited chemotherapy is now available, but only HBV can be prevented through vaccination. Both viruses are enveloped and relatively sensitive to many physical and chemical agents; their ability to survive in the environment may not be as high as often believed. As a result, their spread occurs mainly through direct parenteral or percutaneous exposure to tainted body fluids and tissues. Careful screening of and avoiding contact with such materials remain the most effective means of protection. Nevertheless, the indirect spread of these viruses, although much less common, can occur when objects that are freshly contaminated with tainted blood enter the body or contact damaged skin. Germicidal chemicals are important in the prevention of HBV and HCV spread through shared injection devices, sharps used in personal services (such as tattooing and body piercing), and heat-sensitive medical/dental devices (such as flexible endoscopes) and in the cleanup of blood spills. Microbicides in vaginal gels may also interrupt their transmission. General-purpose environmental disinfection is unlikely to play a significant role in the prevention of the transmission of these viruses. Testing of low-level disinfectants and label claims for such products against HBV and HCV should be discouraged. Both viruses remain difficult to work with in the laboratory, but closely related animal viruses (such as the duck HBV) and the bovine viral diarrhea virus show considerable promise as surrogates for HBV and HCV, respectively. Although progress in the culturing of HBV and HCV is still underway, critical issues on virus survival and inactivation should be addressed with the use of these surrogates.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Sattar
- Centre for Research on Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Welch JB, McGowan K, Searle B, Gillon J, Jarvis LM, Simmonds P. Detection of enterovirus viraemia in blood donors. Vox Sang 2001; 80:211-5. [PMID: 11438028 DOI: 10.1046/j.1423-0410.2001.00035.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The infrastructure established for screening blood donations for hepatitis C virus has enabled large-scale population testing for other viruses which are potentially transmissible by transfusion of blood components and plasma-derived blood products. We have measured the frequency of viraemia of enteroviruses and parechoviruses in 83 600 Scottish blood donors to allow an initial assessment of their risk to blood safety. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plasma samples collected from blood donors over 7 calendar months were tested anonymously in mini-pools of 95 donations, by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for human enterovirus and parechovirus sequences. RESULTS A total of 19 mini-pools, from the 880 that were tested, were PCR-positive for enterovirus RNA, predicting a donor prevalence of 0.023%. Enterovirus sequences were not detected in factor VIII or IX clotting factor concentrates. None of the 230 mini-pools or concentrates contained detectable parechovirus RNA. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of enterovirus viraemia detected in this study predicts that at least 1000 enterovirus-contaminated blood components are transfused per year in the UK. The frequency of transmission and clinical outcome after exposure to enterovirus-contaminated blood components in recipients is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Welch
- Laboratory for Clinical and Molecular Virology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Jarvis L, Cleland A, Simmonds P, Dow B, Munro M, Jordan A, Prowse C, Yap P. Screening Blood Donations for Hepatitis C Virus by Polymerase Chain Reaction. Vox Sang 2000. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1423-0410.2000.7810057.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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