1
|
O'Mara B, Singh NK, Menendez A, Tipton B, Vail A, Voloshin A, Buechler Y, Anderson SM. Single-stage chromatographic clarification of Chinese Hamster Ovary cell harvest reduces cost of protein production. Biotechnol Prog 2023; 39:e3323. [PMID: 36598038 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A single-stage clarification was developed using a single-use chromatographic clarification device (CCD) to recover a recombinant protein from Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) harvest cell culture fluid (HCCF). Clarification of a CHO HCCF is a complex and costly process, involving multiple stages of centrifugation and/or depth filtration to remove cells and debris and to reduce process-related impurities such as host cell protein (HCP), nucleic acids, and lipids. When using depth filtration, the filter train consists of multiple filters of varying ratios, layers, pore sizes, and adsorptive properties. The depth filters, in combination with a 0.2-micron membrane filter, clarify the HCCF based on size-exclusion, adsorptive, and charge-based mechanisms, and provide robust bioburden control. Each stage of the clarification process requires time, labor, and utilities, with product loss at each step. Here, use of the 3M™ Harvest RC Chromatographic Clarifier, a single-stage CCD, is identified as an alternative strategy to a three-stage filtration train. The CCD results in less overall filter area, less volume for flushing, and higher yield. Using bioprocess cost modeling, the single-stage clarification process was compared to a three-stage filtration process. By compressing the CHO HCCF clarification to a single chromatographic stage, the overall cost of the clarification process was reduced by 17%-30%, depending on bioreactor scale. The main drivers for the cost reduction were reduced total filtration area, labor, time, and utilities. The benefits of the single-stage harvest process extended throughout the downstream process, resulting in a 25% relative increase in cumulative yield with comparable impurity clearance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian O'Mara
- Process Development, Ambrx, Inc., La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | | | - Barbara Tipton
- Process Development, Ambrx, Inc., La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Andrew Vail
- Separation and Purification Sciences, 3M, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Alexei Voloshin
- Separation and Purification Sciences, 3M, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ying Buechler
- Process Development, Ambrx, Inc., La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sean M Anderson
- Separation and Purification Sciences, 3M, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Khanal O, Singh N, Traylor SJ, Xu X, Ghose S, Li ZJ, Lenhoff AM. Contributions of depth filter components to protein adsorption in bioprocessing. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:1938-1948. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ohnmar Khanal
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of Delaware; Newark Delaware
| | - Nripen Singh
- Biologics Process Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Devens Massachusetts
| | - Steven J. Traylor
- Biologics Process Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Devens Massachusetts
| | - Xuankuo Xu
- Biologics Process Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Devens Massachusetts
| | - Sanchayita Ghose
- Biologics Process Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Devens Massachusetts
| | - Zheng J. Li
- Biologics Process Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Devens Massachusetts
| | - Abraham M. Lenhoff
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of Delaware; Newark Delaware
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bett C, Grgac K, Long D, Karfunkle M, Keire DA, Asher DM, Gregori L. A Heparin Purification Process Removes Spiked Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Agent. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 19:765-771. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0047-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
4
|
Chou ML, Bailey A, Avory T, Tanimoto J, Burnouf T. Removal of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy prion from large volumes of cell culture media supplemented with fetal bovine serum by using hollow fiber anion-exchange membrane chromatography. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122300. [PMID: 25874629 PMCID: PMC4395333 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cases of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in people who had consumed contaminated meat products from cattle with bovine spongiform encephalopathy emphasize the need for measures aimed at preventing the transmission of the pathogenic prion protein (PrPSc) from materials derived from cattle. Highly stringent scrutiny is required for fetal bovine serum (FBS), a growth-medium supplement used in the production of parenteral vaccines and therapeutic recombinant proteins and in the ex vivo expansion of stem cells for transplantation. One such approach is the implementation of manufacturing steps dedicated to removing PrPSc from materials containing FBS. We evaluated the use of the QyuSpeed D (QSD) adsorbent hollow-fiber anion-exchange chromatographic column (Asahi Kasei Medical, Tokyo, Japan) for the removal of PrPSc from cell culture media supplemented with FBS. We first established that QSD filtration had no adverse effect on the chemical composition of various types of culture media supplemented with 10% FBS or the growth and viability characteristics of human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells, baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cells, African green monkey kidney (Vero) cells, and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-k1) cells propagated in the various culture-medium filtrates. We used a 0.6-mL QSD column for removing PrPSc from up to 1000 mL of Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium containing 10% FBS previously spiked with the 263K strain of hamster-adapted scrapie. The Western blot analysis, validated alongside an infectivity assay, revealed that the level of PrPSc in the initial 200mL flow-through was reduced by 2.5 to > 3 log10, compared with that of the starting material. These results indicate that QSD filtration removes PrPSc from cell culture media containing 10% FBS, and demonstrate the ease with which QSD filtration can be implemented in at industrial-scale to improve the safety of vaccines, therapeutic recombinant proteins, and ex vivo expanded stem cells produced using growth media supplemented with FBS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li Chou
- Graduate Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Andy Bailey
- ViruSure, Tech Gate Science and Technology Park, Donau City Strasse 1, A-1220, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tiffany Avory
- ViruSure, Tech Gate Science and Technology Park, Donau City Strasse 1, A-1220, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Thierry Burnouf
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cai K, Gröner A, Dichtelmüller HO, Fabbrizzi F, Flechsig E, Gajardo R, von Hoegen I, Jorquera JI, Kempf C, Kreil TR, Lee DC, Moscardini M, Pölsler G, Roth NJ. Prion removal capacity of plasma protein manufacturing processes. Transfusion 2012; 53:1894-905. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.12050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
6
|
Roberts PL, Dalton J, Evans D, Harrison P, Li Z, Ternouth K, Thirunavukkarasu V, Bulmer M, Fernando S, McLeod N. Removal of TSE agent from plasma products manufactured in the United Kingdom. Vox Sang 2012; 104:299-308. [PMID: 23170907 DOI: 10.1111/vox.12004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The outbreak of vCJD in the UK leads to concern regarding the potential for human-to-human transmission of this agent. Plasma-derived products such as albumin, immunoglobulin and coagulation factors were manufactured by BPL from UK plasma up until 1999 when a switch to US plasma was made. In the current study, the capacity of various manufacturing processes that were in use both prior to and after this time to remove the TSE agent was tested. MATERIALS AND METHODS Small-scale models of the various product manufacturing steps were developed. Intermediates were spiked with scrapie brain extract and then further processed. Samples were assayed for the abnormal form of prion protein (PrP(SC) ) by Western blotting, and the reduction in the amount of scrapie agent determined. RESULTS Many of the manufacturing process steps produced significant reduction in the scrapie agent. Particularly effective were steps such as ethanol fractionation, depth filtration, ion-exchange and copper chelate affinity chromatography. Virus retentive filters, of nominal pore size 15 or 20 nm, removed >3 log. The total cumulative reduction capacity for individual products was estimated to range from 7 to 14 log. In the case of factor VIII (8Y), the total removal was limited to 3 log. CONCLUSION All the processes showed a substantial capacity to remove the TSE agent. However, this was more limited for the intermediate purity factor VIII 8Y which included fewer manufacturing steps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P L Roberts
- Bio Products Laboratory Ltd, Elstree, Herts, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bannach O, Birkmann E, Reinartz E, Jaeger KE, Langeveld JPM, Rohwer RG, Gregori L, Terry LA, Willbold D, Riesner D. Detection of prion protein particles in blood plasma of scrapie infected sheep. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36620. [PMID: 22567169 PMCID: PMC3342177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are transmissible neurodegenerative diseases affecting humans and animals. The agent of the disease is the prion consisting mainly, if not solely, of a misfolded and aggregated isoform of the host-encoded prion protein (PrP). Transmission of prions can occur naturally but also accidentally, e.g. by blood transfusion, which has raised serious concerns about blood product safety and emphasized the need for a reliable diagnostic test. In this report we present a method based on surface-FIDA (fluorescence intensity distribution analysis), that exploits the high state of molecular aggregation of PrP as an unequivocal diagnostic marker of the disease, and show that it can detect infection in blood. To prepare PrP aggregates from blood plasma we introduced a detergent and lipase treatment to separate PrP from blood lipophilic components. Prion protein aggregates were subsequently precipitated by phosphotungstic acid, immobilized on a glass surface by covalently bound capture antibodies, and finally labeled with fluorescent antibody probes. Individual PrP aggregates were visualized by laser scanning microscopy where signal intensity was proportional to aggregate size. After signal processing to remove the background from low fluorescence particles, fluorescence intensities of all remaining PrP particles were summed. We detected PrP aggregates in plasma samples from six out of ten scrapie-positive sheep with no false positives from uninfected sheep. Applying simultaneous intensity and size discrimination, ten out of ten samples from scrapie sheep could be differentiated from uninfected sheep. The implications for ante mortem diagnosis of prion diseases are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Bannach
- Institute of Physical Biology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Diez JM, Caballero S, Belda F, Otegui M, Gajardo R, Jorquera JI. Capacity of the manufacturing process of Flebogamma® DIF, a new human high purity intravenous immunoglobulin, to remove a TSE model-agent. Biologicals 2010; 38:670-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2010.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Revised: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
9
|
Liu HF, Ma J, Winter C, Bayer R. Recovery and purification process development for monoclonal antibody production. MAbs 2010; 2:480-99. [PMID: 20647768 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.2.5.12645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hundreds of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are currently in development, and many companies have multiple antibodies in their pipelines. Current methodology used in recovery processes for these molecules are reviewed here. Basic unit operations such as harvest, Protein A affinity chromatography, and additional polishing steps are surveyed. Alternative processes such as flocculation, precipitation, and membrane chromatography are discussed. We also cover platform approaches to purification methods development, use of high throughput screening methods, and offer a view on future developments in purification methodology as applied to mAbs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui F Liu
- Oceanside Process Research & Development, Genentech, Inc., Oceanside, CA, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Removal of TSE agents by depth or membrane filtration from plasma products. Biologicals 2010; 38:158-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2009.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2009] [Revised: 08/27/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
11
|
Seeger H, Julius C, Cozzari C, Calella AM, Dattilo M, Aguzzi A. Prion depletion and preservation of biological activity by preparative chaotrope ultracentrifugation. Biologicals 2008; 36:403-11. [PMID: 18760936 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2008.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2007] [Revised: 06/26/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prions are characterized by unusual physicochemical properties, such as insolubility and resistance to proteases, and maintain infectivity after contact with disinfectants and decontamination procedures active against conventional pathogens. To date, most methods for prion inactivation are either incomplete or unacceptably harsh for the purification of fragile biotherapeutics. Here we describe a simple prion removal procedure that takes advantage of differential sedimentation and denaturation of prions. Prion-spiked fluids were layered onto an intermediate sucrose cushion and an 8M urea solution, and subjected to single-step ultracentrifugation. Due to their insolubility, prions rapidly traveled through the sucrose cushion into the urea solution. Prion infectivity in the upper phase was reduced by at least 3.2 logs, or up to 6 logs or more. Very little soluble protein was lost from the input sample and a proof-of-principle experiment demonstrated only marginally reduced biological activity of spiked enzyme after ultracentrifugation. This procedure is likely to synergize with nanofiltration and other prion removal steps in the treatment of batches of raw and semifinal biopharmaceutical materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harald Seeger
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 12, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Svae TE, Neisser-Svae A, Bailey A, Reichl H, Biesert L, Schmidt T, Heger A, Römisch J. Prion safety of transfusion plasma and plasma-derivatives typically used for prophylactic treatment. Transfus Apher Sci 2008; 39:59-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2008.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
13
|
Poelsler G, Berting A, Kindermann J, Spruth M, Hämmerle T, Teschner W, Schwarz HP, Kreil TR. A new liquid intravenous immunoglobulin with three dedicated virus reduction steps: virus and prion reduction capacity. Vox Sang 2008; 94:184-192. [PMID: 18167162 DOI: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2007.01016.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES A new 10% liquid human intravenous immunoglobulin (US trade name: Gammagard Liquid; European trade name: KIOVIG) manufactured by a process with three dedicated pathogen inactivation/removal steps (solvent/detergent treatment, 35-nm nanofiltration and low pH/elevated temperature incubation) was developed. The ability of the manufacturing process to inactivate/remove viruses and prions was investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Virus and prion removal capacities were assessed with down-scale spiking experiments, validated for equivalence to the large-scale process. RESULTS Lipid-enveloped viruses were completely inactivated/removed by each of the three dedicated virus clearance steps, and for human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) and pseudorabies virus (PRV), also by the upstream cold ethanol fractionation step. Relevant non-enveloped viruses [i.e. hepatitis A virus (HAV) and parvovirus B19 (B19V)] were effectively removed by nanofiltration and the cold ethanol fractionation step, and partial inactivation of non-enveloped viruses was achieved by low pH incubation. Overall log reduction factors were > 20.0 for HIV-1, > 18.1 for bovine viral diarrhoea virus, > 16.3 for West Nile virus, > 10.0 for influenza A virus subtype H5N1, > 21.8 for PRV, 12.0 for HAV, > 12.1 for encephalomyocarditis virus, 10.6 for B19V and 10.3 for mice minute virus. Prions (Western blot assay) were completely removed (> or = 3.2 mean log reduction) by a step of the cold ethanol fractionation process. CONCLUSIONS Introducing three dedicated virus-clearance steps in the manufacturing process of immunoglobulins from human plasma provides high margins of safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - W Teschner
- and Pre-clinical R&D, Baxter Bioscience, Vienna, Austria
| | - H P Schwarz
- and Pre-clinical R&D, Baxter Bioscience, Vienna, Austria
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Seitz R, von Auer F, Blümel J, Burger R, Buschmann A, Dietz K, Heiden M, Hitzler WE, Klamm H, Kreil T, Kretzschmar H, Nübling M, Offergeld R, Pauli G, Schottstedt V, Volkers P, Zerr I. Impact of vCJD on blood supply. Biologicals 2007; 35:79-97. [PMID: 17320412 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2007.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2006] [Revised: 01/09/2007] [Accepted: 01/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) is an at present inevitably lethal neurodegenerative disease which can only be diagnosed definitely post mortem. The majority of the approximately 200 victims to date have resided in the UK where most contaminated beef materials entered the food chain. Three cases in the UK demonstrated that vCJD can be transmitted by blood transfusion. Since BSE and vCJD have spread to several countries outside the UK, it appears advisable that specific risk assessments be carried out in different countries and geographic areas. This review explains the approach adopted by Germany in assessing the risk and considering precautionary measures. A fundamental premise is that the feeding chain of cattle and the food chain have been successfully and permanently cleared from contaminated material. This raises the question of whether transmissions via blood transfusions could have the potential to perpetuate vCJD in mankind. A model calculation based on actual population data showed, however, that this would not be the case. Moreover, an exclusion of transfusion recipients from blood donation would add very little to the safety of blood transfusions, but would have a considerable impact on blood supply. Therefore, an exclusion of transfusion recipients was not recommended in Germany.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Seitz
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 51-59, D-63225 Langen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kempf C, Stucki M, Boschetti N. Pathogen inactivation and removal procedures used in the production of intravenous immunoglobulins. Biologicals 2007; 35:35-42. [PMID: 16581263 PMCID: PMC7129354 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2006.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2005] [Revised: 11/11/2005] [Accepted: 01/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with immunodeficiencies or some types of autoimmune diseases rely on a safe therapy with intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIGs) manufactured from human plasma, the only available source for this therapeutic. Since plasma is predisposed to contamination by a variety of blood-borne pathogens, ascertaining and ensuring the pathogen safety of plasma-derived therapeutics is a priority among manufacturers. State-of-the-art manufacturing processes provide a high safety standard by incorporating virus elimination procedures into the manufacturing process. Based on their mechanism these procedures are grouped into three classes: partitioning, inactivation, and virusfiltration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Kempf
- ZLB Behring AG, Wankdorfstr. 10, CH-3000 Bern 22, Switzerland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Burnouf T, Padilla A. Current strategies to prevent transmission of prions by human plasma derivatives. Transfus Clin Biol 2007; 13:320-8. [PMID: 17254822 DOI: 10.1016/j.tracli.2006.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Protein products prepared from pooled human plasma are an essential class of therapeutics used mostly to control bleeding and/or immunological disorders. Because of the human origin of the starting material, there is a risk that these products may possibly transmit prions causing variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD). No case of transmission of prions by plasma products has been observed. Case-by-case measures implemented in various countries, and several technical factors may contribute, to various degrees, to the prevention of the risk of transmission of prions by plasma products. Those measures include (a) the epidemiological surveillance of population in countries with cases of vCJD and/or bovine spongiform encephalopathies (BSE), (b) the deferral of blood donors who traveled or resided, for specific periods of time, to countries with BSE, or who received transfusion or tissue transplant, (c) the removal of leucocytes in plasma used for fractionation, and, last but not least, (d) the removal of the prion agents during the complex industrial fractionation process used to prepare plasma products. Numerous experimental infectivity studies, involving the spiking of brain-derived infectious materials, have demonstrated that several fractionation steps, in particular ethanol fractionation, depth filtration, and chromatography, can remove several logs of prions. Removal is explained by the distinct hydrophobic and aggregative properties of the prion proteins. In addition, nanofiltration using multi-layer membranes of 75 nm or smaller, which is commonly used for removing viruses from coagulation factors and immunoglobulins products, can remove more than 3-5 logs of spiked prions, presumably by size-exclusion and trapping mechanisms. Therefore, the risk of transmission of vCJD by human plasma products appears remote, but caution should prevail since the biochemical nature of the infectious agent in human blood is still unknown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Burnouf
- Human Plasma Product Services (HPPS), 18, rue Saint-Jacques, 59000 Lille, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Thyer J, Unal A, Thomas P, Eaton B, Bhashyam R, Ortenburg J, Uren E, Middleton D, Selleck P, Maher D. Prion-removal capacity of chromatographic and ethanol precipitation steps used in the production of albumin and immunoglobulins. Vox Sang 2006; 91:292-300. [PMID: 17105604 DOI: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2006.00829.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Although there is no epidemiological evidence to suggest that classical Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is transmitted through blood or blood products, the variant form (vCJD) has been implicated in transmission via packed red blood cells. The potential threat of the infectious agent contaminating plasma pools has led to manufacturing processes being examined for capacity to remove prions. The objective of these studies was to examine the prion-removal potential of the chromatographic purification and ethanol precipitation steps used to fractionate immunoglobulins and albumin from human plasma. MATERIALS AND METHODS Western blot assay was used to examine the partitioning of proteinase K-resistant scrapie prion protein (PrPsc) over DEAE Sepharose, CM Sepharose and Macro-Prep High Q chromatographic columns, utilizing microsomal scrapie 263K spiked into each scaled down feedstream and assayed after each chromatographic step. In further studies, bioassay in C57 black mice was used and spikes of 10 000 g clarified brain homogenate of scrapie ME7 were added to feedstreams before sequences of scaled down chromatographic or Cohn fractionation process steps. RESULTS The microsomal spiking study with Western blot detection demonstrated substantial partitioning of PrPsc away from the target proteins in all ion exchange chromatographic steps examined. The log10 reduction factors (LRF) across DEAE Sepharose and CM Sepharose columns for albumin were > or = 4.0 and > or = 3.0 respectively. The reductions across DEAE Sepharose and Macro-Prep High Q for intravenous immunoglobulin were 3.3 and > or = 4.1 respectively. Bioassay demonstrated LRFs of >or = 5.6 across the combination of DEAE Sepharose and CM Sepharose columns in the albumin process and > or = 5.4 across the combination of DEAE Sepharose and Macro-Prep High Q columns in the intravenous immunoglobulin process. Bioassay studies also demonstrated a LRF of > or = 5.6 for immunoglobulin produced by Cohn fractionation. CONCLUSIONS Using rodent-adapted scrapie as a model, the studies indicated that ion exchange chromatography, as well as Cohn immunoglobulin fractionation have the potential to effectively reduce the load of TSE agents should they be present in plasma pools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Thyer
- CSL Bioplasma, Broadmeadows, Victoria, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yunoki M, Urayama T, Ikuta K. Possible removal of prion agents from blood products during the manufacturing process. Future Virol 2006. [DOI: 10.2217/17460794.1.5.659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Blood products prepared from human blood theoretically risk contamination with infectious pathogens. Since recent reports now confirm the likely transmission of pathogenic prions through blood transfusion, effective measures to prevent transmission are required globally, although the prevalence of variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease outside of the UK is extremely low. Many studies evaluating the manufacturing process have been conducted for the potential removal of the prion protein from plasma derivatives. In this review, we discuss the possibility of removing prions via several processing steps, especially depth and virus-removal filtration. Through a discussion of the limitations and issues associated with such studies, we hope our review will be of help for better study design in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikihiro Yunoki
- Infectious Pathogen Research Group, Hirakata Research Laboratory, Research & Development Division, Benesis Corporation, 2-25-1, Shodai-ohtani, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1153, Japan
| | - Takeru Urayama
- Infectious Pathogen Research Group, Hirakata Research Laboratory, Research & Development Division, Benesis Corporation, 2-25-1, Shodai-ohtani, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1153, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Ikuta
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Department of Virology, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Burdick MD, Pifat DY, Petteway SR, Cai K. Clearance of prions during plasma protein manufacture. Transfus Med Rev 2006; 20:57-62. [PMID: 16373188 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2005.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Protein products isolated from human plasma are an important class of therapeutics that are used to treat patients afflicted with hereditary deficiencies, trauma, and severe infections. Because of the human origin of the starting material for the production of these biological products, there is a risk of transmitting infectious agents, including viruses and the infectious agents that cause transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). The agent that is thought to cause TSEs is a disease-associated, misfolded form of the prion protein or PrP(Sc). Unlike viruses, there are no donor screening tests for TSEs available, and PrP(Sc) is resistant to traditional viral inactivation methods. Therefore, manufacturers of plasma products are faced with special challenges to ensure product safety with respect to TSEs. Fortunately, a growing body of evidence supports the capacity of manufacturing processes to remove infectious prions from the product stream during the purification of plasma products. This can be attributed in part to the unusual physicochemical nature of PrP(Sc), which is distinct from that of soluble therapeutic proteins. Although there is no reported TSE transmission through the use of plasma products to date, many unknowns remain to be addressed through long-term epidemiologic monitoring and further experimental studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Burdick
- Preclinical Research and Pathogen Safety, Talecris Biotherapeutics, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wang K, Johnson A, Obradovic M, Anderson G, Maclean C, Nair H. TSE clearance during plasma products separation process by Gradiflow™. Biologicals 2005; 33:87-94. [PMID: 15939286 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2005.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2004] [Revised: 01/13/2005] [Accepted: 01/19/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Recent experimental evidence from rodent models suggests a potential risk for transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) transmission by blood. The emergence of a new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) has raised increased concerns about the safety of blood components and plasma products derived from vCJD-infected donors. Recent risk-minimisation strategies have included a ban on the use of UK-sourced plasma for the preparation of licensed blood products and leukodepletion of blood donations for fear of possible transmission of the human TSE via blood or blood components. The aim of this study was to investigate the capability and efficacy of a preparative electrophoresis system (Gradiflow) in the removal of TSE contaminants during the separation of plasma products. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using hamster adapted scrapie 263 K as a model for TSE agent, albumin and IgG separation from human plasma by Gradiflow were performed separately by spiking a 263 K scrapie microsomal fraction to the feed material at each process step. Samples from pre- and post-Gradiflow separation process were titrated to the end-point for the detection of the disease-associated, proteinase K resistant form of the pathogenic prion protein (PrP(Sc)) by Western blot. RESULTS Under all conditions tested, a greater than 3 log(10) reduction was achieved with no PrP(Sc) detected in any of the pooled products for either of the IgG or albumin separations. These data show that Gradiflow processing has clear advantages for concurrent purification of plasma products and in-process TSE removal. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that Gradiflow process is a viable alternative to remove causative TSE agents during plasma products separation, potentially eliminating the risk of TSE agents transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kailing Wang
- Commercial Separations Division, Gradipore, NSW 2086, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hartwell RC, Nelson MS, Kislan MM, Stenland CJ, Miller JLC, Pifat DY, Petteway SR, Cai K. An improved Western blot assay to assess the clearance of prion protein from plasma-derived therapeutic proteins. J Virol Methods 2005; 125:187-93. [PMID: 15794989 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2004] [Revised: 01/17/2005] [Accepted: 01/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Specific detection of the pathogenic prion protein, PrP(Sc), is essential for determining the prion clearance capacity of purification processes for therapeutic proteins. Use of a previously described indirect (two-antibody) Western blot assay sometimes resulted in the appearance of non-specific protein bands that interfered with the detection of small amounts of PrP(Sc)-specific signal, limiting the amount of clearance that could be determined for steps so affected. It is shown that these non-specific signals are due to the interaction between immunoglobulin fragments in the sample and the secondary antibody used in the assay. To circumvent this problem, a direct Western blot assay using a prion-specific primary antibody conjugated to the reporter enzyme alkaline phosphatase was developed. Application of the direct Western blot assay resulted in a significant reduction of non-specific signal while retaining the detection sensitivity for PrP(Sc)-specific signal. Therefore, the direct Western blot assay format is an improved tool for determining prion clearance capacity, particularly for immunoglobulin-rich samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Randal C Hartwell
- Department of Pre-Clinical Research and Pathogen Safety, Bayer HealthCare, Division of Biological Products, 85 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Foster PR, Griffin BD, Bienek C, McIntosh RV, MacGregor IR, Somerville RA, Steele PJ, Reichl HE. Distribution of a bovine spongiform encephalopathy-derived agent over ion-exchange chromatography used in the preparation of concentrates of fibrinogen and factor VIII. Vox Sang 2004; 86:92-9. [PMID: 15023177 DOI: 10.1111/j.0042-9007.2004.00403.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The risk of haemophiliacs contracting variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) via treatment with factor VIII concentrates is not known. Therefore, in order to determine the extent to which the vCJD agent might be removed during the preparation of factor VIII concentrate, the partitioning of a bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)-derived agent was measured over the main purification step used to prepare the Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service high-purity factor VIII concentrate (Liberate). MATERIALS AND METHODS Murine-passaged BSE (strain 301V), in the form of a microsomal fraction prepared from infected brain, was used to 'spike' a solution of factor VIII of intermediate purity. The 'spiked' starting material was subjected to solvent-detergent treatment and then to anion-exchange chromatography with Toyopearl DEAE-650M. All fractions were tested for 301V infectivity using a murine bioassay, including the procedures used to clean the ion-exchange media after use. RESULTS BSE 301V infectivity was reduced by 2.9 log(10) in the fibrinogen fraction and by 2.7 log(10) in the factor VIII fraction. Over 99% of the added 301V infectivity remained bound to the ion-exchange column after elution of factor VIII. A large quantity of infectivity was subsequently removed by washing the ion-exchange media with 2 m NaCl. No further BSE 301V infectivity was detected in column eluates after treatment with 0.1 m NaOH or a second wash with 2 m NaCl. CONCLUSIONS Results using a BSE-derived agent suggest that vCJD infectivity would be substantially removed by the ion-exchange process used in the preparation of fibrinogen and factor VIII concentrate. Although 301V infectivity remained bound to the ion-exchange matrix following elution of factor VIII, this appeared to be eliminated by the procedure used for cleaning the ion-exchange media after each use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P R Foster
- Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Edinburgh, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Affiliation(s)
- P R Foster
- Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Protein Fractionation Centre, Edinburgh, UK.
| |
Collapse
|