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Gonçalves AN, Meschiari CA, Stetler-Stevenson WG, Nonato MC, Alves CP, Espreafico EM, Gerlach RF. Expression of soluble and functional full-length human matrix metalloproteinase-2 in Escherichia coli. J Biotechnol 2012; 157:20-4. [PMID: 22001844 PMCID: PMC3462441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of the matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) substrates and understanding of its function remain difficult because up to date preparations containing minor amounts of other eukaryotic proteins that are co-purified with MMP-2 are still used. In this work, the expression of a soluble and functional full-length recombinant human MMP-2 (rhMMP-2) in the cytoplasm of Escherichia coli is reported, and the purification of this metalloproteinase is described. Culture of this bacterium at 18°C culminated in maintenance of the soluble and functional rhMMP-2 in the soluble fraction of the E. coli lysate and its purification by affinity with gelatin-sepharose yielded approximately 0.12mg/L of medium. Western Blotting and zymographic analysis revealed that the most abundant form was the 72-kDa MMP-2, but some gelatinolytic bands corresponding to proteins with lower molecular weight were also detected. The obtained rhMMP-2 was demonstrated to be functional in a gelatinolytic fluorimetric assay, suggesting that the purified rhMMP-2 was correctly folded. The method described here involves fewer steps, is less expensive, and is less prone to contamination with other proteinases and MMP inhibitors as compared to expression of rhMMP-2 in eukaryotic tissue culture. This protocol will facilitate the use of the full-length rhMMP-2 expressed in bacteria and will certainly help researchers to acquire new knowledge about the substrates and biological activities of this important proteinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrezza N. Gonçalves
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Cesar A. Meschiari
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - M. Cristina Nonato
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Cleidson P. Alves
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Enilza M. Espreafico
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Raquel F. Gerlach
- Department of Morphology, Stomatology and Physiology, Dental School of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
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Hassan SS, Romero R, Pineles B, Tarca AL, Montenegro D, Erez O, Mittal P, Kusanovic JP, Mazaki-Tovi S, Espinoza J, Nhan-Chang CL, Draghici S, Kim CJ. MicroRNA expression profiling of the human uterine cervix after term labor and delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010; 202:80.e1-8. [PMID: 19889381 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2009.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Revised: 07/09/2009] [Accepted: 08/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are noncoding RNAs involved in posttranscriptional regulation of target genes. The objective of this study was to determine the miRNA expression profile of the human uterine cervix after spontaneous term labor (TL). STUDY DESIGN The miRNA expression pattern of cervical tissue was characterized using microarrays. Samples were collected at term from patients with (n = 8) and without (n = 9) TL. Moderated t tests and false discovery rate correction were applied. Results were confirmed using quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS A total of 226 miRNAs were expressed in human cervical tissue. miR-223, miR-34b, and miR-34c were overexpressed in cervical tissue of patients with TL compared to those without. Quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assays confirmed these findings (miR-223 [fold change {FC} = 5.7], miR-34b [FC = 4.5], miR-34c [FC = 6.2]; P < .001). CONCLUSION This is the first report of miRNA expression in the human uterine cervix in pregnancy. Cervical remodeling after TL and delivery was associated with changes in miR-223, miR-34b, and miR-34c.
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Wilson MJ, Jiang A, Wiehr C, Wang X, Sinha AA, Pei D. Limited processing of pro-matrix metalloprotease-2 (gelatinase A) overexpressed by transfection in PC-3 human prostate tumor cells: association with restricted cell surface localization of membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase-1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 25:274-85. [PMID: 14760014 DOI: 10.1002/j.1939-4640.2004.tb02788.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The expression and activation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) by tumor cells is correlated with progression to invasive and metastatic status. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of increased MMP-2 (gelatinase A) expression in prostate cancer progression utilizing human prostate PC-3 cancer cells that overexpress MMP-2 using gene transfection. PC-3 cells were transfected with pCR-3 vector only and pCR-3 MMP-2 plasmids employing the LipofectAMINE method, and stable transfectants were selected with G418. The expression of MMP-2, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2), and membrane-type MMP 1 (MT1-MMP) in PC-3 parental and transfected cells under serum-free conditions was determined by zymography, immunoblotting, immunofluorescent microscopy, Northern blotting, and/or reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). MMP-2 transfected cells produced primarily the proenzyme form of MMP-2; the parental and vector control transfected PC-3 cells did not express any MMP-2 that was detectable by the methods we employed. Treatment of PC-3 MMP-2 transfected cells with Concanavalin A (Con A), in contrast to HT-1080 cells, processed only a small amount of the secreted 72-kd proenzyme to a 62-kd intermediate and a cell-associated 59-kd active form. The low level of secreted pro-MMP-2 processing induced by Con A was inhibited by serine protease inhibitors and was unaffected by cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Immunoblotting showed that these cells produced abundant TIMP-2 and lower amounts of MT1-MMP in comparison with Con A-responding HT-1080 cells. HT-1080 cells respond to Con A by translocating MT1-MMP from intracellular localization sites to the plasma membrane, an effect not observed in PC-3 cells. The molecular basis for the low level of processing of pro-MMP-2 by PC-3 cells may be due to an overabundance of TIMP-2 and/or a low level of cell surface active MT1-MMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Wilson
- Minneapolis VA Medical Center, and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and Minnesoata Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.
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Annabi B, Pilorget A, Bousquet-Gagnon N, Gingras D, Béliveau R. Calmodulin inhibitors trigger the proteolytic processing of membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase, but not its shedding in glioblastoma cells. Biochem J 2001; 359:325-33. [PMID: 11583578 PMCID: PMC1222150 DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3590325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Most transmembrane proteins are subjected to limited proteolysis by cellular proteases, and stimulation of cleavage of membrane proteins by calmodulin (CaM) inhibitors was recently shown. The present study investigated the ability of several CaM inhibitors to induce the proteolytic cleavage of the membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) from the cell surface of highly invasive U-87 glioblastoma cells. Although no shedding of a soluble MT1-MMP form was induced by CaM inhibitors in the conditioned media, we showed that these inhibitors induced MT1-MMP proteolytic processing to the 43 kDa membrane-bound inactive form that was not correlated with an increase in proMMP-2 activation but rather with an increase in tissue inhibitor of MMPs (TIMP)-2 expression levels. Moreover, this proteolytic processing was sensitive to marimastat suggesting the involvement of MMPs. Interestingly, CaM inhibitors antagonized concanavalin A- and cytochalasin D-induced proMMP-2 activation, and affected the cytoskeletal actin organization resulting in the loss of migratory potential of U-87 glioblastoma cells. Cytoplasmic tail-truncated MT1-MMP constructs expressed in COS-7 cells were also affected by CaM inhibitors suggesting that these inhibitors stimulated MT1-MMP proteolytic processing by mechanisms independent of the CaM-substrate interaction. We also propose that TIMP-2 acts as a negative regulator of MT1-MMP-dependent activities promoted by the action of CaM inhibitors in U-87 glioblastoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Annabi
- Centre de Cancérologie Charles-Bruneau, Hôpital Sainte-Justine, 3175 Côte Ste-Catherine, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3T 1C5
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Matala E, Alexander SR, Kishimoto TK, Walcheck B. The cytoplasmic domain of L-selectin participates in regulating L-selectin endoproteolysis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:1617-23. [PMID: 11466384 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.3.1617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil recruitment at sites of inflammation is regulated by a series of adhesion and activation events. L-selectin (CD62L) is a leukocyte expressed adhesion protein that is important for neutrophil accumulation and rolling along the vascular endothelium. L-selectin is unique from other adhesion molecules involved in leukocyte transmigration in that its adhesiveness appears to be regulated partly by rapid endoproteolysis. Cleavage of L-selectin occurs within a membrane-proximal region that results in ectodomain shedding and retention of a 6-kDa transmembrane fragment. The cleavage domain of L-selectin has been well characterized through mutational analysis. Whether the cytoplasmic domain of L-selectin also plays a role in regulating shedding is controversial. We have previously shown that the Ca(2+)-sensing protein calmodulin (CaM) constitutively associates with the cytoplasmic domain of L-selectin in transfected cell lines. However, in the absence of mapping and mutational analysis of the CaM-binding region of L-selectin, there remains no direct evidence that this interaction affects shedding. Using synthesized peptides and expressed L-selectin constructs, we demonstrate that CaM binding activity occurs in the membrane-proximal region of the cytoplasmic domain. Mutations engineered in this region that prevent CaM binding increase the proteolytic turnover of L-selectin. Moreover, we demonstrate that CaM binding to the 6-kDa transmembrane fragment is greatly reduced compared with intact L-selectin in neutrophils, suggesting that CaM binding is regulated. These data imply that the cytoplasmic domain of L-selectin can regulate shedding by a mechanism in which bound CaM may operate as a negative effector.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Matala
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Sawaji Y, Sato T, Seiki M, Ito A. Heat shock-mediated transient increase in intracellular 3',5'-cyclic AMP results in tumor specific suppression of membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase production and progelatinase A activation. Clin Exp Metastasis 2001; 18:131-8. [PMID: 11235988 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006760021997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that heat shock suppresses the production and gene expression of membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) and thereby inhibits the activation of progelatinase A/proMMP-2 in human fibrosarcoma HT-1080 cells and human squamous carcinoma A431 cells and SAS cells (Sato et al. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 265: 189-93). In an effort to clarify the heat shock-mediated signal transduction pathways, an intracellular cAMP level was found to be transiently augmented in the heat shocked HT-1080 cells. When HT-1080 cells were pretreated with cAMP elevating reagents, forskolin and dibutyryl cAMP for 4 h instead of heat shock and then maintained in a fresh medium, the production and gene expression of MT1-MMP were similarly suppressed. The MT1-MMP-mediated activation of proMMP-2 was also inhibited in the forskolin- and dibutyryl cAMP-treated HT-1080 cells. Furthermore, the transiently augmented cAMP by forskolin as well as heat shock interfered with in vitro invasive activity of HT-1080 cells. In contrast, in normal human fibroblasts neither heat shock nor cAMP elevating reagents altered the concanavalin A-augmented MT1-MMP production and proMMP-2 activation. These results suggest that a transient increase in intracellular cAMP is a critical signal for heat shock to induce tumor specific-suppression of MT1-MMP production and proMMP-2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sawaji
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Hachioji, Japan
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Takeda M, Imada K, Sato T, Ito A. Activation of human progelatinase A/promatrix metalloproteinase 2 by Escherichia coli-derived serine proteinase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 268:128-32. [PMID: 10652225 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.2077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of human uterine cervical fibroblasts with commercial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) preparations from different serotypes of Escherichia coli effectively augmented the processing of mammalian progelatinase A/promatrix metalloproteinase (proMMP)-2 to a 62-kDa form of MMP-2. When purified proMMP-2 was incubated with LPS preparations, the proenzyme was similarly processed into the 62-kDa active MMP-2 in a time- and dose-dependent manner. By contrast, progelatinase B/proMMP-9 and prostromelysin 1/proMMP-3 were not activated. A serine proteinase inhibitor, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, completely interfered with this LPS-mediated activation of proMMP-2. This is novel evidence that E. coli serine proteinase is a specific activator of proMMP-2. Thus, it is very likely that E. coli infection plays a crucial role in the degradation of connective tissues via the activation of proMMP-2, and the resultant active MMP-2 participates in the dysfunction of connective tissues such as in the preterm rupture of fetal membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Takeda
- Department of Pharmacy, Tsukuba University Hospital, Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8756, Japan
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Sato T, Kondo T, Fujisawa T, Seiki M, Ito A. Furin-independent pathway of membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase activation in rabbit dermal fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:37280-4. [PMID: 10601293 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.52.37280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the gene expression and intracellular activity of processing protease furin and its involvement in the process of membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) activation in rabbit dermal fibroblasts. When the rabbit fibroblasts were treated with concanavalin A (ConA), pro-MMP-2 was converted to an active 62-kDa MMP-2 through the appearance of a 64-kDa intermediate MMP-2. The ConA-induced pro-MMP-2 activation resulted from increasing the gene expression and production of MT1-MMP in the rabbit fibroblasts. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that in rabbit dermal fibroblasts furin mRNA was detected and, unlike MT1-MMP, was not increased by ConA. These findings are further supported by the fact that the intracellular furin activity also was constitutively detected and was unchanged by the ConA treatment. Very similar phenomena were also observed in human uterine cervical fibroblasts, which are known to produce MT1-MMP by ConA stimulation. These results suggest that the expression of the furin gene and the intracellular activity are not regulated by ConA. On the other hand, neither a synthetic furin inhibitor, decanoyl-RVKR-CH(2)Cl (25-100 microM) nor a furin antisense oligonucleotide (40 microM) inhibited the MT1-MMP-mediated pro-MMP-2 activation in ConA-treated rabbit dermal fibroblasts, whereas these compounds interfered with pro-MMP-2 activation in ConA-treated human uterine cervical fibroblasts. Nonetheless, the furin antisense oligonucleotide completely suppressed furin gene expression in both rabbit and human fibroblasts. These results suggest that furin does not participate in the process of MT1-MMP activation induced by ConA in rabbit dermal fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sato
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan.
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Sato T, Sawaji Y, Matsui N, Sato H, Seiki M, Mori Y, Ito A. Heat shock suppresses membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase production and progelatinase A activation in human fibrosarcoma HT-1080 cells and thereby inhibits cellular invasion. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 265:189-93. [PMID: 10548512 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.1637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Expression of membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) is closely correlated with tumor invasiveness. We investigated the effect of hyperthermia on the production of MT1-MMP in human fibrosarcoma HT-1080 cells. Heat shock at 42 degrees C suppressed the production and gene expression of MT1-MMP in HT-1080 cells. Heat shock-induced suppression of MT1-MMP production resulted in the inhibition of progelatinase A (proMMP-2) activation and the increased release of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 2 from cell surface. In addition, in vitro tumor invasion assay in a Matrigel model indicated that heat shock inhibited the invasive activity of HT-1080 cells. These results suggest that heat shock preferentially suppresses the production of MT1-MMP and thereby inhibits proMMP-2 activation, events which subsequently inhibit tumor invasion. Therefore, heat shock shows an anti-invasive effect along with the known mechanism of inhibiting tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sato
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
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Abstract
Hematogenous metastasis is postulated to involve tumor cell-initiated degradation of basement membrane barriers and underlying connective tissue matrices. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) are zinc-dependent endopeptidases that have been implicated in the proteolytic events of tumor cell invasion. Research has revealed a class of membrane-anchored metalloproteinases (MT-MMPs) and has provided convincing evidence that these enzymes activate latent MMP-2 (72 kDa gelatinase A) on the cell surface. The activation of plasma membrane associated MMP is a potential mechanism for facilitation of cellular metastasis and requires consideration when addressing potential roles of MMPs in tumor progression. This review focuses on potential in vivo regulatory mechanisms of membrane-associated MMP activity in the context of tumor cell interaction with matrix macromolecules. BioEssays 1999;21:940-949.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Ellerbroek
- Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Cell & Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Sato T, Iwai M, Sakai T, Sato H, Seiki M, Mori Y, Ito A. Enhancement of membrane-type 1-matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) production and sequential activation of progelatinase A on human squamous carcinoma cells co-cultured with human dermal fibroblasts. Br J Cancer 1999; 80:1137-43. [PMID: 10376963 PMCID: PMC2362364 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6690477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2)/gelatinase A plays an important role in tumour invasion and metastasis. Since MMP-2 is secreted as an inactive form (proMMP-2) from tumour and neighbouring stroma cells, the activation process is necessary to express the enzymic activity for degradation of extracellular matrix components. We herein reported that the activation of proMMP-2 was induced in human squamous carcinoma cells co-cultured with normal human dermal fibroblasts. When A431 cells were co-cultured with human fibroblasts at various cell ratios, 72-kDa proMMP-2 was converted to a 62-kDa active form through the appearance of a 64-kDa intermediate. The activation of proMMP-2 by co-culture was also observed in other carcinoma cell lines, HSC-4 and SAS, but not in normal human keratinocytes. We characterized by in vitro invasion assay that A431 cells in co-culture preferentially invaded through Matrigel and the increased invasive activity was inhibited by exogenously adding tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 2. The augmented proMMP-2 activation by co-culture was achieved by the increase in membrane type 1-MMP (MT1-MMP) production along with that of its mRNA level. The predominant appearance of MT1-MMP was immunologically observed in A431 cells, but not human fibroblasts of the co-culture. Furthermore, epidermal growth factor (EGF) enhanced the co-culture-mediated proMMP-2 activation by increasing the production and gene expression of MT1-MMP, and thereby tumour invasive activity was further augmented. These results suggest that the cell-cell contact between carcinoma cells and normal fibroblasts enhances the production of MT1-MMP followed by sequential activation of proMMP-2 on the tumour cell surface, which may be closely implicated in tumour invasion in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sato
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Hachioji, Japan
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