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Rossi G, Gavazza A, Vincenzetti S, Mangiaterra S, Galosi L, Marchegiani A, Pengo G, Sagratini G, Ricciutelli M, Cerquetella M. Clinicopathological and Fecal Proteome Evaluations in 16 Dogs Presenting Chronic Diarrhea Associated with Lymphangiectasia. Vet Sci 2021; 8:242. [PMID: 34679072 PMCID: PMC8537460 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8100242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine intestinal lymphangiectasia (IL) is a condition characterized by variably severe gastrointestinal signs, frequently associated with laboratory abnormalities; the research for markers allowing a better understanding of the severity degree and/or obtaining an early diagnosis and/or monitoring is continuously progressing. In the present study, we investigated possible new diagnostic/follow-up markers in IL dogs, namely, serum C-reactive protein, serum bacterial lipopolysaccharide, serum cleaved cytokeratin 18, serum citrulline, and zonulin (in both serum and feces). A fecal proteomic study looking for possible confirmation and/or new marker candidates was also performed. All markers in both substrates, with the exception of serum citrulline, significantly differed between diseased and control dogs. Fecal proteomics allowed the retrieval of three proteins in IL dogs (Fc fragment of IgG-binding protein; transthyretin; proproteinase E) that were not previously found in clinically healthy subjects. Although further studies are needed, C-reactive protein, bacterial lipopolysaccharide, cleaved cytokeratin 18, and zonulin (in both serum and feces) resulted as promising markers for canine IL; similarly, fecal proteomics represents a road worthy of being pursued in the search for candidate biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Rossi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024 Matelica, Italy; (G.R.); (A.G.); (S.V.); (L.G.); (A.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Alessandra Gavazza
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024 Matelica, Italy; (G.R.); (A.G.); (S.V.); (L.G.); (A.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Silvia Vincenzetti
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024 Matelica, Italy; (G.R.); (A.G.); (S.V.); (L.G.); (A.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Sara Mangiaterra
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024 Matelica, Italy; (G.R.); (A.G.); (S.V.); (L.G.); (A.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Livio Galosi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024 Matelica, Italy; (G.R.); (A.G.); (S.V.); (L.G.); (A.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Andrea Marchegiani
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024 Matelica, Italy; (G.R.); (A.G.); (S.V.); (L.G.); (A.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Graziano Pengo
- St. Antonio Veterinary Clinic, S.S. 415 Paullese 6, 26020 Madignano, Italy;
| | - Gianni Sagratini
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Sant’Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (G.S.); (M.R.)
| | - Massimo Ricciutelli
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Sant’Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (G.S.); (M.R.)
| | - Matteo Cerquetella
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024 Matelica, Italy; (G.R.); (A.G.); (S.V.); (L.G.); (A.M.); (M.C.)
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Tóth AZ, Szabó A, Hegyi E, Hegyi P, Sahin-Tóth M. Detection of human elastase isoforms by the ScheBo Pancreatic Elastase 1 Test. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 312:G606-G614. [PMID: 28360028 PMCID: PMC5495912 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00060.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Determination of fecal pancreatic elastase content by ELISA is a reliable, noninvasive clinical test for assessing exocrine pancreatic function. Despite the widespread use of commercial tests, their exact molecular targets remain poorly characterized. This study was undertaken to clarify which human pancreatic elastase isoforms are detected by the ScheBo Pancreatic Elastase 1 Stool Test and whether naturally occurring genetic variants influence the performance of this test. Using recombinantly expressed and purified human pancreatic proteinases, we found that the test specifically measured chymotrypsin-like elastases (CELA) 3A and 3B (CELA3A and CELA3B), while CELA2A was not detected. Inactive proelastases, active elastases, and autolyzed forms were detected with identical efficiency. CELA3B elicited approximately four times higher ELISA signal than CELA3A, and we identified Glu154 in CELA3B as the critical determinant of detection. Common genetic variants of CELA3A and CELA3B had no effect on test performance, with the exception of the CELA3B variant W79R, which increased detection by 1.4-fold. Finally, none of the human trypsin and chymotrypsin isoforms were detected. We conclude that the ScheBo Pancreatic Elastase 1 Stool Test is specific for human CELA3A and CELA3B, with most of the ELISA signal attributable to CELA3B.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The ScheBo Pancreatic Elastase 1 Stool Test is widely used to assess pancreatic exocrine function, yet its molecular targets have been poorly defined. We demonstrate that, among the human pancreatic proteinases, the test measures the elastase isoform CELA3B and, to a lesser extent, CELA3A. Genetic variants of the human CELA3 isoforms have no significant effect on test performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zsófia Tóth
- 1Center for Exocrine Disorders, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; ,2Hungarian Academy of Sciences Momentum Gastroenterology Multidisciplinary Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; and
| | - András Szabó
- 1Center for Exocrine Disorders, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - Eszter Hegyi
- 1Center for Exocrine Disorders, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - Péter Hegyi
- 2Hungarian Academy of Sciences Momentum Gastroenterology Multidisciplinary Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; and ,3Institute for Translational Medicine and First Department of Medicine, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Miklós Sahin-Tóth
- Center for Exocrine Disorders, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts;
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Boros E, Szabó A, Zboray K, Héja D, Pál G, Sahin-Tóth M. Overlapping Specificity of Duplicated Human Pancreatic Elastase 3 Isoforms and Archetypal Porcine Elastase 1 Provides Clues to Evolution of Digestive Enzymes. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:2690-2702. [PMID: 28062577 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.770560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Chymotrypsin-like elastases (CELAs) are pancreatic serine proteinases that digest dietary proteins. CELAs are typically expressed in multiple isoforms that can vary among different species. The human pancreas does not express CELA1 but secretes two CELA3 isoforms, CELA3A and CELA3B. The reasons for the CELA3 duplication and the substrate preferences of the duplicated isoforms are unclear. Here, we tested whether CELA3A and CELA3B evolved unique substrate specificities to compensate for the loss of CELA1. We constructed a phage library displaying variants of the substrate-like Schistocerca gregaria proteinase inhibitor 2 (SGPI-2) to select reversible high affinity inhibitors of human CELA3A, CELA3B, and porcine CELA1. Based on the reactive loop sequences of the phage display-selected inhibitors, we recombinantly expressed and purified 12 SGPI-2 variants and determined their binding affinities. We found that the primary specificity of CELA3A, CELA3B, and CELA1 was similar; all preferred aliphatic side chains at the so-called P1 position, the amino acid residue located directly N-terminal to the scissile peptide bond. P1 Met was an interesting exception that was preferred by CELA1 but weakly recognized by the CELA3 isoforms. The extended substrate specificity of CELA3A and CELA3B was comparable, whereas CELA1 exhibited unique interactions at several subsites. These observations indicated that the CELA1 and CELA3 paralogs have some different but also overlapping specificities and that the duplicated CELA3A and CELA3B isoforms did not evolve distinct substrate preferences. Thus, increased gene dosage rather than specificity divergence of the CELA3 isoforms may compensate for the loss of CELA1 digestive activity in the human pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Boros
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest 1117, Hungary and.,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - András Szabó
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Katalin Zboray
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest 1117, Hungary and
| | - Dávid Héja
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest 1117, Hungary and
| | - Gábor Pál
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest 1117, Hungary and
| | - Miklós Sahin-Tóth
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118 .,the Center for Exocrine Disorders
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Szabó A, Pilsak C, Bence M, Witt H, Sahin-Tóth M. Complex Formation of Human Proelastases with Procarboxypeptidases A1 and A2. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:17706-16. [PMID: 27358403 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.743237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The pancreas secretes digestive proenzymes typically in their monomeric form. A notable exception is the ternary complex formed by proproteinase E, chymotrypsinogen C, and procarboxypeptidase A (proCPA) in cattle and other ruminants. In the human and pig pancreas binary complexes of proCPA with proelastases were found. To characterize complex formation among human pancreatic protease zymogens in a systematic manner, we performed binding experiments using recombinant proelastases CELA2A, CELA3A, and CELA3B; chymotrypsinogens CTRB1, CTRB2, CTRC, and CTRL1; and procarboxypeptidases CPA1, CPA2, and CPB1. We found that proCELA3B bound not only to proCPA1 (KD 43 nm) but even more tightly to proCPA2 (KD 18 nm), whereas proCELA2A bound weakly to proCPA1 only (KD 152 nm). Surprisingly, proCELA3A, which shares 92% identity with proCELA3B, did not form stable complexes due to the evolutionary replacement of Ala(241) with Gly. The polymorphic nature of position 241 in both CELA3A (∼4% Ala(241) alleles) and CELA3B (∼2% Gly(241) alleles) points to individual variations in complex formation. The functional effect of complex formation was delayed procarboxypeptidase activation due to increased affinity of the inhibitory activation peptide, whereas proelastase activation was unchanged. We conclude that complex formation among human pancreatic protease zymogens is limited to a subset of proelastases and procarboxypeptidases. Complex formation stabilizes the inhibitory activation peptide of procarboxypeptidases and thereby increases zymogen stability and controls activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Szabó
- From the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and
| | - Claudia Pilsak
- From the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and the Paediatric Nutritional Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar (MRI), Else Kröner-Fresenius-Zentrum für Ernährungsmedizin (EKFZ), Technische Universität München (TUM), 85354 Freising, Germany, and
| | - Melinda Bence
- From the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and
| | - Heiko Witt
- the Paediatric Nutritional Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar (MRI), Else Kröner-Fresenius-Zentrum für Ernährungsmedizin (EKFZ), Technische Universität München (TUM), 85354 Freising, Germany, and the ZIEL-Institute for Food and Health, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Miklós Sahin-Tóth
- From the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Center for Exocrine Disorders, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118,
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Bayés A, Tsetsenis T, Ventura S, Vendrell J, Aviles FX, Sotiropoulou G. Human kallikrein 6 activity is regulated via an autoproteolytic mechanism of activation/inactivation. Biol Chem 2004; 385:517-24. [PMID: 15255184 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2004.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Human kallikrein 6 (protease M/zyme/neurosin) is a serine protease that has been suggested to be a serum biomarker for ovarian cancer and may also be involved in pathologies of the CNS. The precursor form of human kallikrein 6 (pro-hK6) was overexpressed in Pichia pastoris and found to be autoprocessed to an active but unstable mature enzyme that subsequently yielded the inactive, self-cleavage product, hK6 (D81-K244). Site-directed mutagenesis was used to investigate the basis for the intrinsic catalytic activity and the activation mechanism of pro-hK6. A single substitution R80 --> Q stabilized the activity of the mature enzyme, while substitution of the active site serine (S197 --> A) resulted in complete loss of hK6 proteolytic activity and facilitated protein production. Our data suggest that the enzymatic activity of hK6 is regulated by an autoactivation/autoinactivation mechanism. Mature hK6 displayed a trypsin-like activity against synthetic substrates and human plasminogen was identified as a putative physiological substrate for hK6, as specific cleavage at the plasminogen internal bond S460-V461 resulted in the generation of angiostatin, an endogenous inhibitor of angiogenesis and metastatic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Bayés
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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Gomis-Rüth FX, Bayés A, Sotiropoulou G, Pampalakis G, Tsetsenis T, Villegas V, Avilés FX, Coll M. The structure of human prokallikrein 6 reveals a novel activation mechanism for the kallikrein family. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:27273-81. [PMID: 12016211 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m201534200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Zyme/protease M/neurosin/human kallikrein 6 (hK6) is a member of the human kallikrein family of trypsin-like serine proteinases and was originally identified as being down-regulated in metastatic breast and ovarian tumors when compared with corresponding primary tumors. Recent evidence suggests that hK6 may serve as a circulating tumor marker in ovarian cancers. In addition, it was described in the brain of Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease patients, where it is implicated in amyloid precursor protein processing. It is thus a biomarker for these diseases. To examine the mechanism of activation of hK6, we have solved the structure of its proform, the first of a human kallikrein family member. The proenzyme displays a fold that exhibits chimeric features between those of trypsinogen and other family members. It lacks the characteristic "kallikrein loop" and forms the six disulfide bridges of trypsin. Pro-hK6 displays a completely closed specificity pocket and a unique conformation of the regions involved in structural rearrangements upon proteolytic cleavage activation. This points to a novel activation mechanism, which could be extrapolated to other human kallikreins.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Xavier Gomis-Rüth
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, c/Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain.
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