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Hussein HA, Ibrahim A. B-mode and color Doppler ultrasonography of normal external jugular vein in donkeys (Equus asinus). BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:345. [PMID: 36104788 PMCID: PMC9472444 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03441-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although the jugular vein is a major important blood vessel in equine, the literature lacks this vessel's normal B-mode and Doppler ultrasonographic examinations in donkeys. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the reference ranges of B-mode and Doppler ultrasonographic indices of jugular veins in healthy adult donkeys (Equus asinus) and the possible effect of examination side (left and right), gender, and body condition on the ultrasonographic measurements of this vessel. B-mode and Doppler ultrasound imaging of the external jugular vein was conducted on 20 adult healthy donkeys of both sexes. Results In all donkeys, the jugular vein was 4.01 to 8.1 mm from the body surface. The longitudinal and transverse venous diameters ranged from 3.94 to 10.5 mm and from 0.88 to 1.9 cm, respectively. Moreover, the vein areas varied from 0.61 to 2.83 cm2. The reference values of superficial and deep wall thickness (SWT and DWT) were 0.56 ± 0.2 and 0.6 ± 0.13 mm, respectively. The blood velocity, blood follow rate, and congestion index of the external jugular vein can be expected in adult healthy donkeys as a range value from 8.4 to 13.5 cm/sec, from 0.33 to 1.78 ml/min, and from 0.06 to 0.27 cm.sec, respectively. Generally, the vein showed laminar monophasic waveforms. The examination side and gender have no significant effect on the ultrasound measurements of the vein (P > 0.05). Donkeys with a body condition score (BCS) ≥ 3 revealed increases in the depth of the vein (P < 0.05). Conclusions The results of this study can be used as reference values and provide a basis for comparison when evaluating donkeys with diseases that affect blood flow in the external jugular vein.
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Doerffel A, Reinert A, Böttcher D, Winter K, Brehm W, Gittel C. [Venous catheters in horses - early ultrasonographic venous abnormalities and evidence of biofilms]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2022; 50:101-114. [PMID: 35523187 DOI: 10.1055/a-1809-6477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Complications associated with indwelling intravenous catheters vary from minor to severe. Changes in tissue architecture and vein structure may be detectable prior to clinical alterations. The aim of the study was to characterize and compare changes in a catheterized vein and surrounding tissue by clinical and ultrasonographic examination. Microbiological infestation of catheter specimens was assessed. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this prospective, observational, clinical study 55 horses with an indwelling intravenous catheter have been included. Subsequent to catheter placement, vein and surrounding tissue were daily examined clinically and by ultrasonographic examination at predetermined localizations. After sterile removal of the catheters, specimens underwent microbiological testing and scanning electron microscopy. Obtained data were analyzed via descriptive statistics. Thickness of the venous wall was compared at predetermined localizations and time points for several parameters with the help of non-parametric tests (level of significance at p < 0.05, post-hoc Bonferroni correction). RESULTS Overall, in 41.8 % of the horses transient alterations (swelling) of the surrounding tissue occurred during catheterization. Median catheterization was 69.5 hours (19 hour-10 days). With ultrasonography, venous valves and collateral vessels could be detected reliably. Significant alterations in wall thickness during catheterization were associated with various factors (location site [p ≤ 0.001], season [p = 0.006], anesthesia [p ≤ 0.001]).Microbiological analysis revealed a positive result in 23.5 %, 12 of the 51 samples; raster electron microscopy showed presence of bacteria in 25.0 %, 4 of the 16 investigated catheter samples. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Local tissue changes at the insertion site of the catheter are commonly associated with catheterization, and are easily detectable with ultrasonography. Despite the easy performance in a clinical setting, the benefit of routine ultrasonographic monitoring of catheterized veins might be questionable with regard to early identification and prediction of catheter-associated venous disease. Bacteria might be detectable morphologically on the catheter but frequently lack a positive result from standard bacterial cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Doerffel
- Klinik für Pferde, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät, Universität Leipzig
| | - Anja Reinert
- Veterinär-Anatomisches Institut, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät, Universität Leipzig
| | - Denny Böttcher
- Institut für Veterinär-Pathologie, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät, Universität Leipzig
| | - Karsten Winter
- Institut für Anatomie, Medizinische Fakultät, Universität Leipzig
| | - Walter Brehm
- Klinik für Pferde, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät, Universität Leipzig
| | - Claudia Gittel
- Klinik für Pferde, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät, Universität Leipzig.,The Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, Universität Cambridge, Vereinigtes Königreich
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Munsterman AS, Gillen AM, Coleridge MOD, Hanson RR. Evaluation of the effects of medial saphenous venous pressures as an indirect method of measurement of intra-abdominal pressures in the horse. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2020; 30:660-669. [PMID: 33030803 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of changes in intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) on medial saphenous venous pressure (MSVP) and hemodynamics in normal horses. DESIGN Experimental, in-vivo study. SETTING University Teaching Hospital. ANIMALS Convenience sample of 7 mixed breed horses; 5 geldings, and 2 mares. INTERVENTIONS Pneumoperitoneum was induced in horses under standing sedation with carbon dioxide gas using a laparoscopic insufflator for a total of 60 minutes to simulate clinical elevation in IAP. Pressure was increased stepwise to 20 mm Hg over 30 minutes, and maintained at that pressure for 30 minutes to evaluate the effect of sustained intra-abdominal hypertension. The MSVP and vital parameters were recorded, along with direct arterial blood pressure from the transverse facial artery. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS As IAP increased, MSVP increased in a stepwise manner, in concert with changes in IAP. The consistency in measurement between MSVP and IAP was high (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.92; P < 0.001) and repeated measures correlation was excellent (r = 0.98; P < 0.001). Heart rate was unchanged over the course of the experiment (P = 0.09), however, respiratory rate increased with increasing IAP (P < 0.001). Arterial blood pressure also increased with insufflation (P < 0.001), with a significant difference at an IAP of 15 mm Hg (P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS This report provides preliminary data demonstrating a strong correlation between equine MSVP and changes in IAP, similar to that observed in other species. Further investigations are needed to evaluate this relationship, and to confirm these results in clinical patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia S Munsterman
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Alexandra M Gillen
- The Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital, University of Liverpool, Chester High Road, Neston, Cheshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - R Reid Hanson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
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Kopper JJ, Bolger ME, Kogan CJ, Schott HC. Outcome and complications in horses administered sterile or non-sterile fluids intravenously. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:2739-2745. [PMID: 31609037 PMCID: PMC6872628 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Obtaining commercial fluids for intravenous administration (IVF) was challenging during a recent shortage. This necessitated use of custom‐made non‐sterile fluids for intravenous administration (JUGs) in some hospitals. There are no studies comparing outcome of horses treated with JUG versus IVF and limited information is available about adverse effects of JUGs. Hypothesis/Objectives To evaluate death, complications, blood pH, and plasma electrolyte concentrations of horses that received JUG versus IVFs. Animals One hundred eighty‐six horses that received IVFs and 37 that received JUGs. Methods A retrospective review of medical records was performed to identify horses that received IVFs or JUGs during hospitalization. Information including survival to discharge, complications (fever [>38.5°C], jugular vein phlebitis/thrombosis, arrhythmia, or laminitis), blood pH, and plasma electrolyte concentrations were obtained. Results There was no difference (P = .67) in survival to discharge for horses that received JUGs (78%) compared to horses that received IVFs (87%). Horses that received JUGs were more likely to develop a jugular vein complication (3 of 37 versus 1 of 186, odds ratio 17.2 [95% CI 1.9‐389.8], P = .04). Horses that received JUGs were more likely to have electrolyte abnormalities consistent with hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis. Conclusion and Clinical Importance Veterinarians using JUGs should obtain informed client consent because of a potential increased risk of jugular vein complications. Chloride content of JUGs should be considered to limit development of hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie J Kopper
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Megan E Bolger
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Clark J Kogan
- Center for Interdisciplinary Statistical Education and Research, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Harold C Schott
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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Rieger J, Hopperdietzel C, Kaessmeyer S, Slosarek I, Diecke S, Richardson K, Plendl J. Human and equine endothelial cells in a live cell imaging scratch assay in vitro. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2019; 70:495-509. [DOI: 10.3233/ch-189316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Rieger
- Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Germany
| | - Carsten Hopperdietzel
- Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Germany
| | - Sabine Kaessmeyer
- Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Germany
| | - Ilka Slosarek
- Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Germany
| | - Sebastian Diecke
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany
| | - Ken Richardson
- Murdoch University, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Johanna Plendl
- Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Germany
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Borghesan AC, Barbosa RG, Cerqueira NF, Takahira RK, Vulcano LC, Alves ALG, Watanabe MJ, Alonso JM, Rollo HA, Hussni CA. Evaluation of Experimental Jugular Thrombophlebitis in Horses Treated With Heparin. J Equine Vet Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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8
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Edwards RA, Frellstedt L. Pulmonary embolism as a complication after abdominal surgery and colitis in a foal. EQUINE VET EDUC 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. A. Edwards
- Massey Equine Hospital; Massey University; Palmerston North New Zealand
| | - L. Frellstedt
- Massey Equine Hospital; Massey University; Palmerston North New Zealand
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9
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Lores M, Cantos J, De Rijck M, O'Shea C. Polyarthritis secondary to septic thrombophlebitis in an Arabian mare. EQUINE VET EDUC 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Lores
- Sharjah Equine Hospital; Sharjah United Arab Emirates
| | - J. Cantos
- Sharjah Equine Hospital; Sharjah United Arab Emirates
| | - M. De Rijck
- Sharjah Equine Hospital; Sharjah United Arab Emirates
| | - C. O'Shea
- Sharjah Equine Hospital; Sharjah United Arab Emirates
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Borland KJ, Shaw DJ, Clutton RE. Time-related changes in post-operative equine morbidity: A single-centre study. EQUINE VET EDUC 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. J. Borland
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute; University of Edinburgh; Roslin UK
| | - D. J. Shaw
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute; University of Edinburgh; Roslin UK
| | - R. E. Clutton
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute; University of Edinburgh; Roslin UK
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Müller C, Gehlen H. [Catheter-associated complications in the horse - diagnosis and treatment in practice]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2016; 44:187-94. [PMID: 27224936 DOI: 10.15653/tpg-140417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Venous diseases due to venous catheters have variable symptoms and clinical progress. They comprise perivenous hematoma, periphlebitis, endophlebitis, phlebothrombosis or septic thrombophlebitis. To diagnose venous disease, a clinical examination (possibillity to distend the vein, swelling, pain, increased skin temperature, and any exudation around the injection site) and an ultrasonographic examination (perivenous tissue, venous wall, venous content) of the vein are performed. Treatment of venous diseases depends on the etiology and pathogenesis and combines the use of anticoagulants (heparin, phenprocoumon), anti-inflammatory and analgesic substances (non-steroidal inflammatory drugs) as well as the application of antibiotics depending on the case. For prevention of venous diseases a careful catheter management is important. This includes in particular the adequate selection of the catheter system (long-term catheter made of polyurethane), catheter care and intensive monitoring. This article reviews the different venous diseases, diagnosis and therapeutic measures in a practical manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Müller
- Mag. med. vet. Carolin Müller, Klinik für Pferde, Allgemeine Chirurgie und Radiologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, E-Mail:
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12
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Salem SE, Proudman CJ, Archer DC. Prevention of post operative complications following surgical treatment of equine colic: Current evidence. Equine Vet J 2015; 48:143-51. [PMID: 26440916 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Changes in management of the surgical colic patient over the last 30 years have resulted in considerable improvement in post operative survival rates. However, post operative complications remain common and these impact negatively on horse welfare, probability of survival, return to previous use and the costs of treatment. Multiple studies have investigated risk factors for post operative complications following surgical management of colic and interventions that might be effective in reducing the likelihood of these occurring. The findings from these studies are frequently contradictory and the evidence for many interventions is lacking or inconclusive. This review discusses the current available evidence and identifies areas where further studies are necessary and factors that should be taken into consideration in study design.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Salem
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - C J Proudman
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - D C Archer
- Institute of Infection and Global Health and School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, UK
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Estell KE, Young A, Kozikowski T, Swain EA, Byrne BA, Reilly CM, Kass PH, Aleman M. Pneumonia Caused by Klebsiella spp. in 46 Horses. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 30:314-21. [PMID: 26492860 PMCID: PMC4913652 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Revised: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Klebsiella spp. are implicated as a common cause of bacterial pneumonia in horses, but few reports describe clinical presentation and disease progression. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To describe the signalment, clinicopathologic data, radiographic and ultrasonographic findings, antimicrobial susceptibility, outcome, and pathologic lesions associated with Klebsiella spp. pneumonia in horses. ANIMALS Forty-six horses from which Klebsiella spp. was isolated from the lower respiratory tract. METHODS Retrospective study. Medical records from 1993 to 2013 at the William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis were reviewed. Exact logistic regression was performed to determine if any variables were associated with survival to hospital discharge. RESULTS Survival in horses <1 year old was 73%. Overall survival in adults was 63%. For adults in which Klebsiella pneumoniae was the primary isolate, survival was 52%. Mechanical ventilation preceded development of pneumonia in 11 horses. Complications occurred in 25/46 horses, with thrombophlebitis and laminitis occurring most frequently. Multi-drug resistance was found in 47% of bacterial isolates. Variables that significantly impacted survival included hemorrhagic nasal discharge, laminitis, and thoracic radiographs with a sharp demarcation between marked caudal pulmonary alveolar infiltration and more normal-appearing caudodorsal lung. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Klebsiella spp. should be considered as a differential diagnosis for horses presenting with hemorrhagic pneumonia and for horses developing pneumonia after mechanical ventilation. Multi-drug resistance is common. Prognosis for survival generally is fair, but is guarded for adult horses in which K. pneumoniae is isolated as the primary organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Estell
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - A Young
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - T Kozikowski
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - E A Swain
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - B A Byrne
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - C M Reilly
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - P H Kass
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - M Aleman
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
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Burgess BA, Morley PS. Infection control in equine critical care settings. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2014; 30:467-74, ix-x. [PMID: 25016503 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a recognizable standard of practice for infection control in veterinary medicine. Effort must be given to control and prevention of infectious disease transmission within a facility and among animal populations. In the critical care setting, patients typically have a high degree of systemic illness and immune compromise, are commonly subjected to invasive procedures and placement of indwelling devices, and frequently receive antimicrobials and gastric protectants. Every equine critical care unit is distinctive in its physical and operational features and the types of patients that are managed. Infection control programs must therefore be tailored to each facility's needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandy A Burgess
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, 100 Sandy Hall, MC 0395, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0395, USA
| | - Paul S Morley
- Department of Clinical Sciences, James L. Voss Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Colorado State University, 1678 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA.
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Abstract
Although primary coagulopathies are rare in horses, changes in coagulation and fibrinolysis are commonly associated with inflammatory diseases. A clear understanding of the pathophysiology of normal and abnormal hemostasis is required to be able to choose and interpret diagnostic tests evaluating coagulation and fibrinolysis. After diagnosis, treatment of the underlying disease must occur regardless of whether clinical manifestations (excessive bleeding or thrombosis) of the coagulopathy are present or not. Specific treatment may be initiated if there are clinical signs of coagulopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira L Epstein
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 DW Brooks Dr, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Dias DPM, da Silva MAG, Albernaz RM, Gomide LMW, Martins CB, Bernardi NS, Barbosa JC, Queiroz Neto AD, de Lacerda Neto JC. Effects of Jugular Vein Occlusion on Cardiovascular Parameters in Horses During Exercise on a Treadmill. J Equine Vet Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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Rippingale M, Fisk N. Factors causing thrombophlebitis in horses: methods of prevention 2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.12968/vetn.2013.4.5.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Rippingale
- Scarsdale Vets, Derby, and Veterinary Nursing Diploma course at Bottle Green Training, Melbourne
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18
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Graubner C, Gerber V, Doherr M, Spadavecchia C. Clinical application and reliability of a post abdominal surgery pain assessment scale (PASPAS) in horses. Vet J 2011; 188:178-83. [PMID: 20627635 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Revised: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to refine a multi-dimensional scale based on physiological and behavioural parameters, known as the post abdominal surgery pain assessment scale (PASPAS), to quantify pain after laparotomy in horses. After a short introduction, eight observers used the scale to assess eight horses at multiple time points after laparotomy. In addition, a single observer was used to test the correlation of each parameter with the total pain index in 34 patients, and the effect of general anaesthesia on PASPAS was investigated in a control group of eight horses. Inter-observer variability was low (coefficient of variation 0.3), which indicated good reliability of PASPAS. The correlation of individual parameters with the total pain index differed between parameters. PASPAS, which was not influenced by general anaesthesia, was a useful tool to evaluate pain in horses after abdominal surgery and may also be useful to investigate analgesic protocols or for teaching purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Graubner
- Equine Clinic, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Switzerland.
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19
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Moreau P, Lavoie JP. Evaluation of athletic performance in horses with jugular vein thrombophlebitis: 91 cases (1988-2005). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2009; 235:1073-8. [PMID: 19878008 DOI: 10.2460/javma.235.9.1073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate effects of thrombophlebitis of 1 or both jugular veins on athletic performance of horses. DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS 91 horses with jugular vein thrombophlebitis. PROCEDURES Medical records of horses with jugular vein thrombophlebitis examined between 1988 and 2005 were reviewed for signalment, history, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment. Performance was evaluated in 2 ways. A questionnaire was used to obtain a subjective assessment from the owner or trainer of the horse's performance after thrombophlebitis, compared with the performance before thrombophlebitis. Racing records from before and after thrombophlebitis were also evaluated. RESULTS Thrombophlebitis was diagnosed in 37 horses at the time of admission (group 1), and 54 horses developed thrombophlebitis during hospitalization for an unrelated medical condition (group 2). Twenty-seven of 81 (33%) owners answered the questionnaire, and racing records were available for 31 horses. Performance data were available for 48 horses. Owners reported that all nonracing horses, except 1, had equivalent or better performances after discharge. Twenty-six of 31 (84%) Standardbreds resumed racing; in these horses, there was no significant difference between racing times before and after thrombophlebitis. No significant difference in performance was detected regardless of the primary disease, whether a horse had unilateral or bilateral thrombophlebitis, or the treatment administered. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that the athletic performance of horses used for nonracing events was not affected by thrombophlebitis. Thrombophlebitis in racing Standardbreds was associated with a decreased chance of return to racing; however, performance was not impaired in those that resumed racing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy Moreau
- Département de Sciences Cliniques, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
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Milne M, Bradbury L. The Use of Ultrasound to Assess the Thrombogenic Properties of Teflon and Polyurethane Catheters for Short-Term Use in Systemically Healthy Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2009.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Geraghty TE, Love S, Taylor DJ, Heller J, Mellor DJ, Hughes KJ. Assessment of subclinical venous catheter-related diseases in horses and associated risk factors. Vet Rec 2009; 164:227-31. [PMID: 19234323 DOI: 10.1136/vr.164.8.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A total of 102 horses that had a catheter introduced intravenously to facilitate treatment had the catheterised jugular vein and contralateral vein examined by ultrasound every 48 hours. Subclinical complications were defined by thrombus formation or thickening of the venous wall, and the data were analysed to establish risk factors for the development of these complications. The horses with a rectal temperature above 38.5 degrees C when the catheter was introduced were four times more likely to develop complications, than the horses with a lower temperature. The administration of a NSAID while the catheter was in place reduced the risk of complications developing.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Geraghty
- Division of Companion Animal Science, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH
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Dallap Schaer BL, Epstein K. Coagulopathy of the critically ill equine patient. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2009; 19:53-65. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2009.00390.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hackett ES, Hassel DM. Colic: Nonsurgical Complications. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2008; 24:535-55, viii. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2008.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Dolente BA, Beech J, Lindborg S, Smith G. Evaluation of risk factors for development of catheter-associated jugular thrombophlebitis in horses: 50 cases (1993-1998). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005; 227:1134-41. [PMID: 16220676 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2005.227.1134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate risk factors associated with development of catheter-associated jugular thrombophlebitis in hospitalized horses. DESIGN Retrospective case-control study. ANIMALS 50 horses with thrombophlebitis and 100 control horses. PROCEDURE Medical records from 1993 through 1998 were searched for horses with thrombophlebitis. Horses that were hospitalized for at least 5 days, had an i.v. catheter placed in a jugular vein (other than for solely anesthetic purposes), and had no evidence of thrombophlebitis during admission or hospitalization were chosen as controls. Signalment, history, clinicopathologic findings, primary illness, and treatment were obtained from the medical records. Data were analyzed by use of logistic regression to perform univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS For a horse with endotoxemia, the odds of developing thrombophlebitis were 18 times those for a similar horse without endotoxemia. For a horse with salmonellosis, the odds of developing thrombophlebitis were 68 times those for a similar horse without salmonellosis. For a horse with hypoproteinemia, the odds of developing thrombophlebitis were almost 5 times those for a similar horse without hypoproteinemia. For a horse in the medicine section, the odds of developing thrombophlebitis were 16 times those for a similar horse in the surgery section. For a horse with large intestinal dise, the odds of developing thrombophlebitis were 4 times those for a similar horse without large intestinal disease. For a horse receiving antidiarrheal or antiulcerative medications, the odds of developing thrombophlebitis were 31 times those for a similar horse not receiving these medications. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that patient factors, including large intestinal disease, hypoproteinemia, salmonellosis, and endotoxemia, were associated with development of catheter-associated thrombophlebitis in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett A Dolente
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA
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Abstract
Blood coagulation is a basic physiological defense mechanism that occurs in all vertebrates to prevent blood loss following vascular injury. In all species the basic mechanism of clot formation is similar; when endothelium is damaged a complex sequence of enzymatic reactions occurs that is localized to the site of trauma and involves both activated cells and plasma proteins. The reaction sequence is initiated by the expression of tissue factor on the surface of activated cells and results in the generation of thrombin, the most important enzyme in blood clot formation. Thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen, via soluble fibrin monomers, into the insoluble fibrin that forms the matrix of a blood clot as well as exerting positive-feedback regulation that effectively promotes additional thrombin generation that facilitates the rapid development of a thrombus. Both spontaneous and trauma-induced haemorrhagic episodes can develop in all mammals with inherited or acquired abnormalities in one or more of the coagulant proteins. Experimental studies with plasma from a wide range of species have led to the conclusion that there are extensive differences in the rates of thrombin generation and fibrin formation among species. However, current evidence suggests that at least some of these quantitative differences are likely due to the use of non-species specific laboratory reagents. Although the individual proteins involved in the procoagulant pathways exhibit similar functions in all animals, differences in amino acid sequence cause incomplete homology and varying degrees of immunological cross-reactivity for the same protein across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Gentry
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1E 3X1.
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Divers TJ. Prevention and treatment of thrombosis, phlebitis, and laminitis in horses with gastrointestinal diseases. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2004; 19:779-90. [PMID: 14740769 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2003.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ thrombosis and laminitis are life-threatening complications in horses with acute gastrointestinal disease, especially those diseases that cause disruption of the protective mucosal barrier. Prevention of these complications should be a high priority when treating horses with gastrointestinal diseases because even with proper and intensive treatments, laminitis or organ thrombosis may not be curative. Preventative therapy should include expedient and appropriate treatment of the primary disease, normalization of tissue perfusion and oxygenation, and inhibition of gut-derived toxins or their systemically activated biologic products along with i.v. replacement of depleted anticoagulant proteins. Additionally, several risk factors for thrombophlebitis in horses with intestinal disease have been identified, and those risk factors should be minimized during the illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Divers
- Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Abstract
Horses with large colon volvulus (LCV) often require intensive postoperative medical management. Although early referral and surgical intervention are critical for minimal postoperative complications and a successful outcome, this is often not possible for many reasons. Endotoxemia, extensive mucosal damage with subsequent severe hypoproteinemia, and focal ischemic necrosis are the major causes of postoperative morbidity and mortality. Although fluid therapy, flunixin meglumine, and antimicrobials are still the mainstay of perioperative management, synthetic colloids are being used to maintain plasma oncotic pressure, hyperimmune antiendotoxic plasma and polymixin B are being used for management of endotoxemia, and lidocaine and constant rate infusion of butorphanol can be used for postoperative analgesia. The use of heparin, dimethyl sulfoxide, and corticosteroids for management of LCV are still controversial. Future studies are required to investigate nutritional improvement and methods to manage cases after surgery to prevent recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise L Southwood
- University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA.
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