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Huang A, Maier MT, Vagena E, Xu AW. Modulation of foraging-like behaviors by cholesterol-FGF19 axis. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:20. [PMID: 36732847 PMCID: PMC9893607 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-00955-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foraging for food precedes food consumption and is an important component of the overall metabolic programming that regulates feeding. Foraging is governed by central nervous system neuronal circuits but how it is influenced by diet and hormonal signals is still not well understood. RESULTS In this study, we show that dietary cholesterol exerted suppressive effects on locomotor activity and that these effects were partially mediated by the neuropeptide Agouti-related protein (AgRP). High dietary cholesterol stimulated intestinal expression of fibroblast growth factor 15 (Fgf15), an ortholog of the human fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19). Intracerebroventricular infusion of FGF19 peptide reduced exploratory activity in the open field test paradigm. On the other hand, the lack of dietary cholesterol enhanced exploratory activity in the open field test, but this effect was abolished by central administration of FGF19. CONCLUSIONS Experiments in this study show that dietary cholesterol suppresses locomotor activity and foraging-like behaviors, and this regulation is in part mediated by AgRP neurons. Dietary cholesterol or the central action of FGF19 suppresses exploratory behaviors, and the anxiogenic effects of dietary cholesterol may be mediated by the effect of FGF19 in the mouse brain. This study suggests that dietary cholesterol and intestinal hormone FGF15/19 signal a satiating state to the brain, thereby suppressing foraging-like behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Huang
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Matthew T Maier
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Eirini Vagena
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Allison W Xu
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA. .,Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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2
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Chamberlain SR, Harries M, Redden SA, Keuthen NJ, Stein DJ, Lochner C, Grant JE. Cortical thickness abnormalities in trichotillomania: international multi-site analysis. Brain Imaging Behav 2018; 12:823-828. [PMID: 28664230 PMCID: PMC5640149 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-017-9746-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Trichotillomania is a prevalent but often hidden psychiatric condition, characterized by repetitive hair pulling. The aim of this study was to confirm or refute structural brain abnormalities in trichotillomania by pooling all available global data. De-identified MRI scans were pooled by contacting authors of previous studies. Cortical thickness and sub-cortical volumes were compared between patients and controls. Patients (n = 76) and controls (n = 41) were well-matched in terms of demographic characteristics. Trichotillomania patients showed excess cortical thickness in a cluster maximal at right inferior frontal gyrus, unrelated to symptom severity. No significant sub-cortical volume differences were detected in the regions of interest. Morphometric changes in the right inferior frontal gyrus appear to play a central role in the pathophysiology of trichotillomania, and to be trait in nature. The findings are distinct from other impulsive-compulsive disorders (OCD, ADHD, gambling disorder), which have typically been associated with reduced, rather than increased, cortical thickness. Future work should examine sub-cortical and cerebellar morphology using analytic approaches designed for this purpose, and should also characterize grey matter densities/volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel R Chamberlain
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Box 189 Level E4, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
- Cambridge and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Michael Harries
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sarah A Redden
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nancy J Keuthen
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dan J Stein
- MRC Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Christine Lochner
- MRC Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Jon E Grant
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Abstract
In 1836 Charles Dickens published the first installment of The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club. In this novel he introduces the reader to a character, Joe, the Fat Boy who is obese, sleepy, difficult to arouse, snores, and has peripheral edema. This description so intrigued the medical field that many hypotheses about the symptoms were examined, but it was not until 120 years after the novel was published that physicians started to interrelate these features and a new field of medicine emerged. Although he is best known for this description, Dickens impacted medicine and medical care in many ways. Besides his brilliant clinical descriptions (many of which were unrecognized in his day) and his activities as a social reformer, he was instrumental in facilitating the development of homeless shelters for women, the first pediatric hospital in the United Kingdom, and the development of orthopedics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meir Kryger
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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4
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Gallo A, Locatelli F. ADARs: allies or enemies? The importance of A-to-I RNA editing in human disease: from cancer to HIV-1. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2011; 87:95-110. [PMID: 21682836 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2011.00186.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs) are enzymes that convert adenosine (A) to inosine (I) in nuclear-encoded RNAs and viral RNAs. The activity of ADARs has been demonstrated to be essential in mammals and serves to fine-tune different proteins and modulate many molecular pathways. Recent findings have shown that ADAR activity is altered in many pathological tissues. Moreover, it has been shown that modulation of RNA editing is important for cell proliferation and migration, and has a protective effect on ischaemic insults. This review summarises available recent knowledge on A-to-I RNA editing and ADAR enzymes, with particular attention given to the emerging role played by these enzymes in cancer, some infectious diseases and immune-mediated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Gallo
- RNA Editing Laboratory, Oncohaematology Department, IRCCS, Ospedale Pediatrico "Bambino Gesù", Rome, Italy.
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Pusz ER, Rotenstein D. Treatment of precocious puberty in a female with Prader-Willi syndrome. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2008; 21:495-500. [PMID: 18655533 DOI: 10.1515/jpem.2008.21.5.495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is characterized by neonatal hypotonia, hyperphagia, childhood obesity at an early age, short stature, varying degrees of mental deficiency, and hypogonadism. In PWS, puberty is usually delayed and fails to complete, with most females never having regular menstrual cycles. We report a female patient with uniparental disomy, who experienced precocious puberty with menarche at age 8 years. The patient was treated with luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) analog, which suppressed pubertal development. From our search of the literature this is the first application of LHRH analog to a female PWS patient for precocious puberty. Use of LHRH analog along with recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) permitted stature closer to target height. The clinical course of this patient with PWS underscores the need for individualized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Rose Pusz
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, PA, USA
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6
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Genomic imprinting and human psychology: cognition, behavior and pathology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2008; 626:71-88. [PMID: 18372792 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-77576-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Imprinted genes expressed in the brain are numerous and it has become clear that they play an important role in nervous system development and function. The significant influence of genomic imprinting during development sets the stage for structural and physiological variations affecting psychological function and behaviour, as well as other physiological systems mediating health and well-being. However, our understanding of the role of imprinted genes in behaviour lags far behind our understanding of their roles in perinatal growth and development. Knowledge of genomic imprinting remains limited among behavioral scientists and clinicians and research regarding the influence of imprinted genes on normal cognitive processes and the most common forms of neuropathology has been limited to date. In this chapter, we will explore how knowledge of genomic imprinting can be used to inform our study of normal human cognitive and behavioral processes as well as their disruption. Behavioural analyses of rare imprinted disorders, such as Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes, provide insight regarding the phenotypic impact of imprinted genes in the brain, and can be used to guide the study of normal behaviour as well as more common but etiologically complex disorders such as ADHD and autism. Furthermore, hypotheses regarding the evolutionary development of imprinted genes can be used to derive predictions about their role in normal behavioural variation, such as that observed in food-related and social interactions.
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7
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Atkin K, Lorch MP. Language development in a 3-year-old boy with Prader-Willi syndrome. CLINICAL LINGUISTICS & PHONETICS 2007; 21:261-76. [PMID: 17453868 DOI: 10.1080/02699200701243865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a genetic disorder which has widespread developmental consequences including motor, cognitive and language delay. Previous research on PWS children has focused primarily on phonological development and dysfluency. In the present study, the lexical development of a boy with PWS was investigated in a series of 18 play sessions recorded over a 4 month period from the ages 3;7 to 3;11. In comparison to the language development of children with Down syndrome this child with PWS appears to display a distinct developmental pattern. The possibility of detailing a behavioural phenotype of genetic disorders affecting language development is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Atkin
- School of Languages, Linguistics and Culture, Birkbeck College, University of London, 43 Gordon Square, London, UK
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Abstract
The constellation of neonatal hypotonia, developmental delay, hypogonadism and obesity caused by hyperphagia was first reported in 1956 and subsequently termed Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS). Genetic analysis has demonstrated abnormalities of chromosome 15. Anesthesia concerns of PWS include morbid obesity, the potential for difficulties with airway management, risk for perioperative respiratory failure, abnormalities in the central control of ventilation and temperature, rare reports of primary myocardial involvement, aggressive and at times violent behavior and glucose intolerance. For the first time, we report the use of regional anesthesia in four patients with PWS. A lumbar plexus catheter was used to provide postoperative analgesia in one patient while regional anesthesia (fasica iliaca block, spinal anesthesia, and lateral vertical infraclavicular block) was used to provide primary intraoperative anesthesia in three other patients while avoiding the need for general anesthesia. Previous reports of the anesthesia care of patients with PWS are reviewed and the potential perioperative implications of the sequelae of PWS are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Legrand
- University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
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9
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Shi W, Krella A, Orth A, Yu Y, Fundele R. Widespread disruption of genomic imprinting in adult interspecies mouse (Mus) hybrids. Genesis 2006; 43:100-8. [PMID: 16145677 DOI: 10.1002/gene.20161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian interspecies hybrids exhibit parent-of-origin effects in that offspring of reciprocal matings, even though genetically identical, frequently exhibit opposite phenotypes, especially in growth. This was also observed in hybridization with the genus Mus. These parent-of-origin effects suggested that imbalance in the expression of imprinted genes, which are expressed differentially, depending on their transmission through the maternal or paternal germline, and/or differential loss-of-imprinting (LOI) could underlie these opposite growth phenotypes in reciprocal mammalian hybrids. Here we report that tissue-specific LOI occurs in adult Mus hybrids. Contrary to expectations, LOI patterns were not consistent with a direct influence of altered expression levels of imprinted genes on growth. Bisulfite sequencing revealed that reactivation of maternal alleles of Peg3 and Snrpn in specific tissues was accompanied by partial demethylation at their potential imprinting control regions. We propose that abnormal reprogramming after fertilization and during preimplantation development is in part responsible for hybrid dysgenesis, for which a strong epigenetic basis has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shi
- Department of Development and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Center, Uppsala University, Sweden
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10
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Amin R, Bernstein S. Case 2: I don't like your tone. Paediatr Child Health 2005; 10:221-3. [DOI: 10.1093/pch/10.4.221a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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11
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Kim JW, Yoo HJ, Cho SC, Hong KEM, Kim BN. Behavioral characteristics of Prader-Willi syndrome in Korea: comparison with children with mental retardation and normal controls. J Child Neurol 2005; 20:134-8. [PMID: 15794180 DOI: 10.1177/08830738050200021001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the psychiatric characteristics of children with Prader-Willi syndrome in Korea, focusing particularly on their behavioral problems and obsessive-compulsive spectrum symptoms. Fourteen patients with Prader-Willi syndrome, together with their parents, underwent a psychiatric interview and parent questionnaire consisting of a Child Behavior Checklist. Twenty-four patients with mental retardation and 45 normal students were selected as control groups. Compared with the normal control group, the rates of inclusion in the clinical range and the mean scores with regard to social problems, thought problems, attention problems, delinquent behavior, aggressive behavior, externalizing problems, and total problems profiles were significantly higher (P < .01) in the Prader-Willi syndrome group according to the results of the Child Behavior Checklist. Compared with the mental retardation group, there was a statistically significant (P < .05) difference in the delinquent behavior profile. Comparing selected Child Behavior Checklist items related to obsessive-compulsive spectrum symptoms, the Prader-Willi syndrome group showed significantly more (P < .05) compulsion, skin picking, and stealing than the mental retardation or normal control groups. These findings suggest that children with Prader-Willi syndrome in Korea have many behavioral problems, including obsessive-compulsive spectrum symptoms, needing proper psychiatric attention and treatment. This is the first study in Korea to evaluate the psychiatric and behavioral characteristics of children with Prader-Willi syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-won Kim
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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12
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Denizot S, Boscher C, Le Vaillant C, Rozé JC, Gras Le Guen C. Distal arthrogryposis and neonatal hypotonia: an unusual presentation of Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS). J Perinatol 2004; 24:733-4. [PMID: 15510104 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jp.7211185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The clinical features of Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) in the neonate are marked by hypotonia, absence of crying, and feeding difficulties, but the clinical nature of PWS in utero remains unclear. We report a case of PWS with fetal immobility and distal arthrogryposis in a girl admitted the first day of life to the neonatal intensive care unit for severe hypotonia and respiratory distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Denizot
- Département de périnatologie, CHU de Nantes, France
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13
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Abstract
Neurologic disorders may present or masquerade as pediatric sleep problems and fool the pediatrician, which may delay diagnosis and treatment. Many of the sleep problems in children with neurologic disorders arise directly from primary dysfunction or delayed maturation of their sleep-wake regulation systems. It is important to realize that nocturnal frontal lobe seizures or cluster headaches can be mistaken for night terrors, and craniopharyngiomas or myotonic dystrophy may present as narcolepsy-cataplexy. Hypothalamic dysfunction may explain not only the impaired circadian rhythm disorders in children with profound mental retardation but also excessive sleepiness and hyperphagia in Prader-Willi and Kleine-Levin syndromes. Intellectually challenged children perform better, learn more, and are better behaved with sufficient restorative sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Grigg-Damberger
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, MSC10 5620, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA.
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14
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Abstract
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a genetic disorder, with hypotonia being the predominant feature in infancy, and developmental delay, obesity, and behavioral problems becoming more prominent in childhood and adolescence. Children with this disorder frequently suffer from excessive daytime sleepiness and have a primary abnormality of the circadian rhythm of rapid eye movement sleep. They also have primary abnormal ventilatory responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia, and these abnormalities may be exacerbated by obesity. Children with PWS are at risk of a variety of abnormalities of breathing during sleep, including obstructive sleep apnea and sleep-related alveolar hypoventilation. Clinical evaluation should include a careful history of sleep-related symptoms and assessment of the upper airway and lung function. Polysomnography should be considered for those with symptoms suggestive of sleep-disordered breathing. Treatment options depend on the underlying problem, but may include behavioral interventions, weight control, adenotonsillectomy, and nocturnal ventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian M Nixon
- Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Goldberg DL, Garrett CL, Van Riper C, Warzak WJ. Coping with Prader-Willi syndrome. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION 2002; 102:537-42. [PMID: 11985412 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-8223(02)90123-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Weight- and behavior-control issues are major concerns for parents of a child with Prader-Willi syndrome. However, limited information is available on how families implement the necessary dietary restrictions and the effects of the strategies. This study identified the advice a group of families received regarding weight management, the nutrition concerns they faced and how they coped with these concerns, and the effectiveness of their coping strategies. A 2-step survey methodology was used. Survey 1 identified the strategies parents used to cope with the feeding issues typically presented by children with Prader-Willi syndrome. Survey 2 evaluated the frequency with which these coping strategies were used and their effectiveness. Respondents also provided information on why strategies were not effective. Surveys were mailed to 496 parents/guardians of children (aged 25 years or younger) with Prader-Willi syndrome. A total of 293 (64%) responded. Advice given to families centered on general weight management and dietary guidance. Difficulties centered around coping with food-related behaviors. Coping strategies varied; what worked for 1 family did not necessarly work for another. Participants indicated a desire to share experiences and a need for specific strategies to cope with feeding-behavior difficulties. A few basic behavior-management strategies, including successful use of incentives, responding to misbehavior, rewarding compliance with an exercise program, and modifying the behavior management when indicated, are briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dena L Goldberg
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, College of Agriculture, University of Wyoming, Laramie 82071-2354, USA
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Wassink TH, Piven J, Patil SR. Chromosomal abnormalities in a clinic sample of individuals with autistic disorder. Psychiatr Genet 2001; 11:57-63. [PMID: 11525418 DOI: 10.1097/00041444-200106000-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We examined data from the largest reported sample of autistic individuals who have been karyotyped with the aim of providing additional information in the search for autism disease genes. Individuals seen in the University of Iowa's Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Clinic since 1980 who had been diagnosed with autism were cross-referenced with the University of Iowa's Cytogenetics Laboratory database. We determined the number of individuals referred for cytogenetic testing and, of these, the number found to have gross cytological abnormalities. Medical records were reviewed for all cases with such abnormalities. Between 1980 and 1998, 898 subjects seen in the clinic were diagnosed with autism. Of these, 278 (30.1%) were referred for cytological studies; 25 (9.0%) of these were found to have chromosomal abnormalities. The most common chromosomal abnormalities were Fragile X, other sex chromosome anomalies, and chromosome 15 abnormalities. These data support the contribution of chromosomal abnormalities to a small but significant number of cases of autism, and highlight the involvement of chromosome 15 and the sex chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Wassink
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Couper
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Adelaide, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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