1
|
Lyu L, Fang K, Zhu Z, Li J, Chen Y, Wang L, Mai Z, Li Q, Zhang S. Bioaccumulation of emerging persistent organic pollutants in the deep-sea cold seep ecosystems: Evidence from chlorinated paraffin. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 445:130472. [PMID: 36455324 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are highly toxic and can accumulate in marine organisms, causing nonnegligible harm to the global marine ecosystem. The Cold seep is an essential marine ecosystem with the critical ecological function of maintaining the deep-sea carbon cycle and buffering global climate change. However, the environmental impact of emerging POPs in the deep-sea cold seep ecosystem is unknown. Here, we investigated the potential pollution of chlorinated paraffins (CPs) and their bioaccumulation in the cold seep ecosystem. High concentrations of CPs were detected in the cold seep ecosystems, where CPs bioaccumulated by the keystone species of deep-sea mussels can be released into the surface sediment and vertically migrate into the deeper sediment. Furthermore, more toxic CPs were accumulated from transforming other CPs in the cold seep ecosystem. Our study provides the first evidence that high concentrations of POPs are bioaccumulated by deep-sea mussels in the cold seep ecosystem, causing adverse ecological effects. The discovery of CPs bioaccumulation in the deep-sea cold seep ecosystem is a crucial mechanism affecting deep-sea carbon transport and cycling. This study has important guiding significance for revealing the deep-sea carbon cycle process, addressing global climate change, and making deep-sea ecological and environmental protection policies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Lyu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, Guangdong, China
| | - Kejing Fang
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhenchang Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jie Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, Guangdong, China
| | - Lin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhimao Mai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiqi Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, Guangdong, China
| | - Si Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, Guangdong, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Du L, Cai S, Liu J, Liu R, Zhang H. The complete mitochondrial genome of a cold seep gastropod Phymorhynchus buccinoides (Neogastropoda: Conoidea: Raphitomidae). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242541. [PMID: 33253261 PMCID: PMC7703994 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phymorhynchus is a genus of deep-sea snails that are most distributed in hydrothermal vent or cold seep environments. In this study, we presented the complete mitochondrial genome of P. buccinoides, a cold seep snail from the South China Sea. It is the first mitochondrial genome of a cold seep member of the superfamily Conoidea. The mitochondrial genome is 15,764 bp in length, and contains 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 rRNA genes, and 22 tRNA genes. These genes are encoded on the positive strand, except for 8 tRNA genes that are encoded on the negative strand. The start codon ATG and 3 types of stop codons, TAA, TAG and the truncated termination codon T, are used in the 13 PCGs. All 13 PCGs in the 26 species of Conoidea share the same gene order, while several tRNA genes have been translocated. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that P. buccinoides clustered with Typhlosyrinx sp., Eubela sp., and Phymorhynchus sp., forming the Raphitomidae clade, with high support values. Positive selection analysis showed that a residue located in atp6 (18 S) was identified as the positively selected site with high posterior probabilities, suggesting potential adaption to the cold seep environment. Overall, our data will provide a useful resource on the evolutionary adaptation of cold seep snails for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lvpei Du
- Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shanya Cai
- Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, China
| | - Ruoyu Liu
- Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haibin Zhang
- Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
van der Schyff V, Kwet Yive NSC, Bouwman H. Metal concentrations in corals from South Africa and the Mascarene Basin: A first assessment for the Western Indian Ocean. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 239:124784. [PMID: 31520976 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Little knowledge exists on the state of metal contamination in corals from the Western Indian Ocean (WIO). Fragments of four soft and five hard coral genera were collected from five sites in the WIO- Sodwana Bay and Aliwal Shoal from South Africa, and Agalega, Rodrigues, and St. Brandon's Rock from the Mascarene Basin. Fragments were analysed for 31 metallic elements using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Corals from the WIO contained lower concentrations of most metals than corals from the Red Sea. South African corals contained higher concentrations of most of the metallic elements than the Mascarene corals. Sinularia was the coral with the most elements at the highest mean concentrations. A very high concentration of Ni was found in Sinularia (1300 mg/kg dm) from Sodwana Bay. Corals from the Mascarene Islands, especially Agalega, had comparatively low concentrations and could serve as a benchmark for corals from other regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica van der Schyff
- Research Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
| | | | - Hindrik Bouwman
- Research Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rossi GS, Tunnah L, Martin KE, Turko AJ, Taylor DS, Currie S, Wright PA. Mangrove Fishes Rely on Emersion Behavior and Physiological Tolerance to Persist in Sulfidic Environments. Physiol Biochem Zool 2019; 92:316-325. [PMID: 30973289 DOI: 10.1086/703117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H
2
S) is a potent respiratory toxin that makes sulfidic environments tolerable to only a few organisms. We report the presence of fishes (
Kryptolebias marmoratus
,
Poecilia orri
,
Gambusia
sp., and
Dormitator maculatus
) in Belizean mangrove pools with extremely high H
2
S concentrations (up to 1,166 μM) that would be lethal for most fishes. Thus, we asked whether the three most prevalent species (
Kryptolebias
,
Poecilia
, and
Gambusia
) persist in sulfidic pools because they are exceptionally H
2
S tolerant and/or because they can leave water (emerse) and completely avoid H
2
S. We show that both physiological tolerance and emersion behavior are important.
Kryptolebias
demonstrated high H
2
S tolerance, as they lost equilibrium significantly later than
Poecilia
and
Gambusia
during H
2
S exposure (
1,188
±
21
μM H
2
S). However, the fact that all species lost equilibrium at an ecologically relevant [H
2
S] suggests that physiological tolerance may suffice at moderate H
2
S concentrations but that another strategy is required to endure higher concentrations. In support of the avoidance behavior hypothesis, H
2
S elicited an emersion response in all species.
Kryptolebias
was most sensitive to H
2
S and emersed at H
2
S concentrations 52% and 34% lower than
Poecilia
and
Gambusia
, respectively. Moreover, H
2
S exposure caused
Kryptolebias
to emerse more frequently and spend more time out of water compared to control conditions. We suggest that physiological H
2
S tolerance and emersion behavior are complementary strategies. The superior H
2
S tolerance and amphibious capability of
Kryptolebias
may explain why this species was more prevalent in H
2
S-rich environments than other local fishes.
Collapse
|
5
|
Mapping the resilience of chemosynthetic communities in hydrothermal vent fields. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9364. [PMID: 29921902 PMCID: PMC6008444 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27596-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrothermal vent fields are vulnerable to natural disturbances, such as volcanic activity, and are currently being considered as targets for mineral mining. Local vent communities are linked by pelagic larval dispersal and form regional metacommunities, nested within a number of biogeographic provinces. Larval supply depends on the connectivity of the dispersal networks, and affects recoverability of communities from disturbances. However, it is unclear how the dispersal networks contribute to recoverability of local communities. Here, we integrated a population dynamics model and estimation of large scale dispersal networks. By simulating disturbances to vent fields, we mapped recoverability of communities in 131 hydrothermal vent fields in the western Pacific Ocean. Our analysis showed substantial variation in recovery time due to variation in regional connectivity between known vent fields, and was not qualitatively affected by potential larval recruitment from unknown vent fields. In certain cases, simultaneous disturbance of a series of vent fields either delayed or wholly prevented recovery. Our approach is applicable to a dispersal network estimated from genetic diversity. Our method not only reveals distribution of recoverability of chemosynthetic communities in hydrothermal vent fields, but is also a practical tool for planning conservation strategies.
Collapse
|
6
|
Tobler M, Passow CN, Greenway R, Kelley JL, Shaw JH. The Evolutionary Ecology of Animals Inhabiting Hydrogen Sulfide–Rich Environments. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2016. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-121415-032418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a respiratory toxicant that creates extreme environments tolerated by few organisms. H2S is also produced endogenously by metazoans and plays a role in cell signaling. The mechanisms of H2S toxicity and its physiological functions serve as a basis to discuss the multifarious strategies that allow animals to survive in H2S-rich environments. Despite their toxicity, H2S-rich environments also provide ecological opportunities, and complex selective regimes of covarying abiotic and biotic factors drive trait evolution in organisms inhabiting H2S-rich environments. Furthermore, adaptation to H2S-rich environments can drive speciation, giving rise to biodiversity hot spots with high levels of endemism in deep-sea hydrothermal vents, cold seeps, and freshwater sulfide springs. The diversity of H2S-rich environments and their inhabitants provides ideal systems for comparative studies of the effects of a clear-cut source of selection across vast geographic and phylogenetic scales, ultimately informing our understanding of how environmental stressors affect ecological and evolutionary processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Tobler
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
| | | | - Ryan Greenway
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
| | - Joanna L. Kelley
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
| | - Jennifer H. Shaw
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Portail M, Olu K, Dubois SF, Escobar-Briones E, Gelinas Y, Menot L, Sarrazin J. Food-Web Complexity in Guaymas Basin Hydrothermal Vents and Cold Seeps. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162263. [PMID: 27683216 PMCID: PMC5040445 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Guaymas Basin, the presence of cold seeps and hydrothermal vents in close proximity, similar sedimentary settings and comparable depths offers a unique opportunity to assess and compare the functioning of these deep-sea chemosynthetic ecosystems. The food webs of five seep and four vent assemblages were studied using stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses. Although the two ecosystems shared similar potential basal sources, their food webs differed: seeps relied predominantly on methanotrophy and thiotrophy via the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle and vents on petroleum-derived organic matter and thiotrophy via the CBB and reductive tricarboxylic acid (rTCA) cycles. In contrast to symbiotic species, the heterotrophic fauna exhibited high trophic flexibility among assemblages, suggesting weak trophic links to the metabolic diversity of chemosynthetic primary producers. At both ecosystems, food webs did not appear to be organised through predator-prey links but rather through weak trophic relationships among co-occurring species. Examples of trophic or spatial niche differentiation highlighted the importance of species-sorting processes within chemosynthetic ecosystems. Variability in food web structure, addressed through Bayesian metrics, revealed consistent trends across ecosystems. Food-web complexity significantly decreased with increasing methane concentrations, a common proxy for the intensity of seep and vent fluid fluxes. Although high fluid-fluxes have the potential to enhance primary productivity, they generate environmental constraints that may limit microbial diversity, colonisation of consumers and the structuring role of competitive interactions, leading to an overall reduction of food-web complexity and an increase in trophic redundancy. Heterogeneity provided by foundation species was identified as an additional structuring factor. According to their biological activities, foundation species may have the potential to partly release the competitive pressure within communities of low fluid-flux habitats. Finally, ecosystem functioning in vents and seeps was highly similar despite environmental differences (e.g. physico-chemistry, dominant basal sources) suggesting that ecological niches are not specifically linked to the nature of fluids. This comparison of seep and vent functioning in the Guaymas basin thus provides further supports to the hypothesis of continuity among deep-sea chemosynthetic ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Portail
- Laboratoire Environnement Profond, REM/EEP, Institut Carnot Ifremer EDROME, Centre de Bretagne, Plouzané, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Karine Olu
- Laboratoire Environnement Profond, REM/EEP, Institut Carnot Ifremer EDROME, Centre de Bretagne, Plouzané, France
| | - Stanislas F. Dubois
- Laboratoire Ecologie Benthique, DYNECO, Ifremer, Centre de Bretagne, Plouzané, France
| | - Elva Escobar-Briones
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City D.F., Mexico
| | - Yves Gelinas
- GEOTOP and Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Lénaick Menot
- Laboratoire Environnement Profond, REM/EEP, Institut Carnot Ifremer EDROME, Centre de Bretagne, Plouzané, France
| | - Jozée Sarrazin
- Laboratoire Environnement Profond, REM/EEP, Institut Carnot Ifremer EDROME, Centre de Bretagne, Plouzané, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Levin LA, Mendoza GF, Grupe BM, Gonzalez JP, Jellison B, Rouse G, Thurber AR, Waren A. Biodiversity on the Rocks: Macrofauna Inhabiting Authigenic Carbonate at Costa Rica Methane Seeps. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131080. [PMID: 26158723 PMCID: PMC4497642 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonate communities: The activity of anaerobic methane oxidizing microbes facilitates precipitation of vast quantities of authigenic carbonate at methane seeps. Here we demonstrate the significant role of carbonate rocks in promoting diversity by providing unique habitat and food resources for macrofaunal assemblages at seeps on the Costa Rica margin (400–1850 m). The attendant fauna is surprisingly similar to that in rocky intertidal shores, with numerous grazing gastropods (limpets and snails) as dominant taxa. However, the community feeds upon seep-associated microbes. Macrofaunal density, composition, and diversity on carbonates vary as a function of seepage activity, biogenic habitat and location. The macrofaunal community of carbonates at non-seeping (inactive) sites is strongly related to the hydrography (depth, temperature, O2) of overlying water, whereas the fauna at sites of active seepage is not. Densities are highest on active rocks from tubeworm bushes and mussel beds, particularly at the Mound 12 location (1000 m). Species diversity is higher on rocks exposed to active seepage, with multiple species of gastropods and polychaetes dominant, while crustaceans, cnidarians, and ophiuroids were better represented on rocks at inactive sites. Macro-infauna (larger than 0.3 mm) from tube cores taken in nearby seep sediments at comparable depths exhibited densities similar to those on carbonate rocks, but had lower diversity and different taxonomic composition. Seep sediments had higher densities of ampharetid, dorvilleid, hesionid, cirratulid and lacydoniid polychaetes, whereas carbonates had more gastropods, as well as syllid, chrysopetalid and polynoid polychaetes. Stable isotope signatures and metrics: The stable isotope signatures of carbonates were heterogeneous, as were the food sources and nutrition used by the animals. Carbonate δ13Cinorg values (mean = -26.98‰) ranged from -53.3‰ to +10.0‰, and were significantly heavier than carbonate δ13Corg (mean = -33.83‰), which ranged from -74.4‰ to -20.6‰. Invertebrates on carbonates had average δ13C (per rock) = -31.0‰ (range -18.5‰ to -46.5‰) and δ15N = 5.7‰ (range -4.5‰ to +13.4‰). Average δ13C values did not differ between active and inactive sites; carbonate fauna from both settings depend on chemosynthesis-based nutrition. Community metrics reflecting trophic diversity (SEAc, total Hull Area, ranges of δ13C and δ15N) and species packing (mean distance to centroid, nearest neighbor distance) also did not vary as a function of seepage activity or site. However, distinct isotopic signatures were observed among related, co-occurring species of gastropods and polychaetes, reflecting intense microbial resource partitioning. Overall, the substrate and nutritional heterogeneity introduced by authigenic seep carbonates act to promote diverse, uniquely adapted assemblages, even after seepage ceases. The macrofauna in these ecosystems remain largely overlooked in most surveys, but are major contributors to biodiversity of chemosynthetic ecosystems and the deep sea in general.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A. Levin
- Integrative Oceanography Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Guillermo F. Mendoza
- Integrative Oceanography Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Benjamin M. Grupe
- Integrative Oceanography Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jennifer P. Gonzalez
- Integrative Oceanography Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Brittany Jellison
- Integrative Oceanography Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Greg Rouse
- Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Andrew R. Thurber
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, 04 CEOAS Administration Building, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Anders Waren
- Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Patterns of Macroinvertebrate and Fish Diversity in Freshwater Sulphide Springs. DIVERSITY-BASEL 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/d6030597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Extreme environments are characterised by the presence of physicochemical stressors and provide unique study systems to address problems in evolutionary ecology research. Sulphide springs provide an example of extreme freshwater environments; because hydrogen sulphide’s adverse physiological effects induce mortality in metazoans even at micromolar concentrations. Sulphide springs occur worldwide, but while microbial communities in sulphide springs have received broad attention, little is known about macroinvertebrates and fish inhabiting these toxic environments. We reviewed qualitative occurrence records of sulphide spring faunas on a global scale and present a quantitative case study comparing diversity patterns in sulphidic and adjacent non-sulphidic habitats across replicated river drainages in Southern Mexico. While detailed studies in most regions of the world remain scarce, available data suggests that sulphide spring faunas are characterised by low species richness. Dipterans (among macroinvertebrates) and cyprinodontiforms (among fishes) appear to dominate the communities in these habitats. At least in fish, there is evidence for the presence of highly endemic species and populations exclusively inhabiting sulphide springs. We provide a detailed discussion of traits that might predispose certain taxonomic groups to colonize sulphide springs, how colonizers subsequently adapt to cope with sulphide toxicity, and how adaptation may be linked to speciation processes.
Collapse
|
10
|
Teixeira S, Olu K, Decker C, Cunha RL, Fuchs S, Hourdez S, Serrão EA, Arnaud-Haond S. High connectivity across the fragmented chemosynthetic ecosystems of the deep Atlantic Equatorial Belt: efficient dispersal mechanisms or questionable endemism? Mol Ecol 2013; 22:4663-80. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Karine Olu
- Ifremer, Laboratoire “Environment Profond” (EEP-LEP); CS10070; 2980; Plouzané; France
| | - Carole Decker
- Ifremer, Laboratoire “Environment Profond” (EEP-LEP); CS10070; 2980; Plouzané; France
| | - Regina L. Cunha
- Centre of Marine Sciences; CIMAR, University of Algarve; Campus of Gambelas; 8005-139; Faro; Portugal
| | - Sandra Fuchs
- Ifremer, Laboratoire “Environment Profond” (EEP-LEP); CS10070; 2980; Plouzané; France
| | - Stéphane Hourdez
- Station Biologique de Roscoff; Equipe Ecophysiologie Adaptation et Evolution Moleculaires; 29680; Roscoff; France
| | - Ester A. Serrão
- Centre of Marine Sciences; CIMAR, University of Algarve; Campus of Gambelas; 8005-139; Faro; Portugal
| | - Sophie Arnaud-Haond
- Ifremer, Laboratoire “Environment Profond” (EEP-LEP); CS10070; 2980; Plouzané; France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cooke SJ, Sack L, Franklin CE, Farrell AP, Beardall J, Wikelski M, Chown SL. What is conservation physiology? Perspectives on an increasingly integrated and essential science(†). CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 1:cot001. [PMID: 27293585 PMCID: PMC4732437 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cot001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Globally, ecosystems and their constituent flora and fauna face the localized and broad-scale influence of human activities. Conservation practitioners and environmental managers struggle to identify and mitigate threats, reverse species declines, restore degraded ecosystems, and manage natural resources sustainably. Scientific research and evidence are increasingly regarded as the foundation for new regulations, conservation actions, and management interventions. Conservation biologists and managers have traditionally focused on the characteristics (e.g. abundance, structure, trends) of populations, species, communities, and ecosystems, and simple indicators of the responses to environmental perturbations and other human activities. However, an understanding of the specific mechanisms underlying conservation problems is becoming increasingly important for decision-making, in part because physiological tools and knowledge are especially useful for developing cause-and-effect relationships, and for identifying the optimal range of habitats and stressor thresholds for different organisms. When physiological knowledge is incorporated into ecological models, it can improve predictions of organism responses to environmental change and provide tools to support management decisions. Without such knowledge, we may be left with simple associations. 'Conservation physiology' has been defined previously with a focus on vertebrates, but here we redefine the concept universally, for application to the diversity of taxa from microbes to plants, to animals, and to natural resources. We also consider 'physiology' in the broadest possible terms; i.e. how an organism functions, and any associated mechanisms, from development to bioenergetics, to environmental interactions, through to fitness. Moreover, we consider conservation physiology to include a wide range of applications beyond assisting imperiled populations, and include, for example, the eradication of invasive species, refinement of resource management strategies to minimize impacts, and evaluation of restoration plans. This concept of conservation physiology emphasizes the basis, importance, and ecological relevance of physiological diversity at a variety of scales. Real advances in conservation and resource management require integration and inter-disciplinarity. Conservation physiology and its suite of tools and concepts is a key part of the evidence base needed to address pressing environmental challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven J. Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1S 5B6
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Craig E. Franklin
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Anthony P. Farrell
- Department of Zoology and Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - John Beardall
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Martin Wikelski
- Max Plank Institute of Ornithology, D-78315 Radolfzell, Germany
| | - Steven L. Chown
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Levin LA, Orphan VJ, Rouse GW, Rathburn AE, Ussler W, Cook GS, Goffredi SK, Perez EM, Waren A, Grupe BM, Chadwick G, Strickrott B. A hydrothermal seep on the Costa Rica margin: middle ground in a continuum of reducing ecosystems. Proc Biol Sci 2012; 279:2580-8. [PMID: 22398162 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon their initial discovery, hydrothermal vents and methane seeps were considered to be related but distinct ecosystems, with different distributions, geomorphology, temperatures, geochemical properties and mostly different species. However, subsequently discovered vents and seep systems have blurred this distinction. Here, we report on a composite, hydrothermal seep ecosystem at a subducting seamount on the convergent Costa Rica margin that represents an intermediate between vent and seep ecosystems. Diffuse flow of shimmering, warm fluids with high methane concentrations supports a mixture of microbes, animal species, assemblages and trophic pathways with vent and seep affinities. Their coexistence reinforces the continuity of reducing environments and exemplifies a setting conducive to interactive evolution of vent and seep biota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Levin
- Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA 92093-0218, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Levin LA, Sibuet M. Understanding continental margin biodiversity: a new imperative. ANNUAL REVIEW OF MARINE SCIENCE 2012; 4:79-112. [PMID: 22457970 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-120709-142714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Until recently, the deep continental margins (200-4,000 m) were perceived as monotonous mud slopes of limited ecological or environmental concern. Progress in seafloor mapping and direct observation now reveals unexpected heterogeneity, with a mosaic of habitats and ecosystems linked to geomorphological, geochemical, and hydrographic features that influence biotic diversity. Interactions among water masses, terrestrial inputs, sediment diagenesis, and tectonic activity create a multitude of ecological settings supporting distinct communities that populate canyons and seamounts, high-stress oxygen minimum zones, and methane seeps, as well as vast reefs of cold corals and sponges. This high regional biodiversity is fundamental to the production of valuable fisheries, energy, and mineral resources, and performs critical ecological services (nutrient cycling, carbon sequestration, nursery and habitat support). It is under significant threat from climate change and human resource extraction activities. Serious actions are required to preserve the functions and services provided by the deep-sea settings we are just now getting to know.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Levin
- Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation and Integrative Oceanography Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California 92093-0218, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Metaxas A, Kelly NE. Do larval supply and recruitment vary among chemosynthetic environments of the deep sea? PLoS One 2010; 5:e11646. [PMID: 20657831 PMCID: PMC2906503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The biological communities that inhabit chemosynthetic environments exist in an ephemeral and patchily distributed habitat with unique physicochemical properties that lead to high endemicity. Consequently, the maintenance and recovery from perturbation of the populations in these habitats is, arguably, mainly regulated by larval supply and recruitment. Methodology/Principal Findings We use data from the published scientific literature to: (1) compare the magnitudes of and variability in larval supply and settlement and recruitment at hydrothermal vents, seeps, and whale, wood and kelp falls; (2) explore factors that affect these life history processes, when information is available; and (3) explore taxonomic affinities in the recruit assemblages of the different chemosynthetic habitats, using multivariate statistical techniques. Larval supply at vents can vary across segments by several orders of magnitude for gastropods; for bivalves, supply is similar at vents on different segments, and at cold seeps. The limited information on larval development suggests that dispersal potential may be highest for molluscs from cold seeps, intermediate for siboglinids at vents and lowest for the whale-bone siboglinid Osedax. Settlement is poorly studied and only at vents and seeps, but tends to be highest near an active source of emanating fluid in both habitats. Rate of recruitment at vents is more variable among studies within a segment than among segments. Across different chemosynthetic habitats, recruitment rate of bivalves is much more variable than that of gastropods and polychaetes. Total recruitment rate ranges only between 0.1 and 1 ind dm−2 d−1 across all chemosynthetic habitats, falling above rates in the non-reducing deep sea. The recruit assemblages at vents, seeps and kelp falls have lower taxonomic breadth, and include more families and genera that have many species more closely related to each other than those at whale and wood falls. Vents also have the most uneven taxonomic structure, with fewer recruits represented by higher taxonomic levels (phyla, orders, classes) compared to seeps and wood and kelp falls, whereas the opposite is true at whale falls. Conclusions/Significance Based on our evaluation of the literature, the patterns and regulatory factors of the early history processes in chemosynthetic environments in the deep sea remain poorly understood. More research focused on these early life history stages will allow us to make inferences about the ecological and biogeographic linkages among the reducing habitats in the deep sea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Metaxas
- Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Govenar B. Shaping Vent and Seep Communities: Habitat Provision and Modification by Foundation Species. TOPICS IN GEOBIOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-9572-5_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
|
16
|
MARTIN JOELW, HANEY TODDA. Decapod crustaceans from hydrothermal vents and cold seeps: a review through 2005. Zool J Linn Soc 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00178.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|