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Storm M, Sheng X, Arnoldussen YJ, Saatcioglu F. Prostate cancer and the unfolded protein response. Oncotarget 2016; 7:54051-54066. [PMID: 27303918 PMCID: PMC5288241 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an essential organelle that contributes to several key cellular functions, including lipogenesis, gluconeogenesis, calcium storage, and organelle biogenesis. The ER also serves as the major site for protein folding and trafficking, especially in specialized secretory cells. Accumulation of misfolded proteins and failure of ER adaptive capacity activates the unfolded protein response (UPR) which has been implicated in several chronic diseases, including cancer. A number of recent studies have implicated UPR in prostate cancer (PCa) and greatly expanded our understanding of this key stress signaling pathway and its regulation in PCa. Here we summarize these developments and discuss their potential therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xia Sheng
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yke Jildouw Arnoldussen
- Department of Biological and Chemical Work Environment, National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Fahri Saatcioglu
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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2
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Palmieri C, Mancini M, Benazzi C, Della Salda L. Heat shock protein 90 is associated with hyperplasia and neoplastic transformation of canine prostatic epithelial cells. J Comp Pathol 2014; 150:393-8. [PMID: 24679854 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) is a molecular chaperone that regulates critical signalling proteins of cancer development and progression. Abnormal levels of HSP90 have been observed in human prostatic carcinoma (PC), with prognostic and therapeutic implications. Since spontaneously arising canine PC is a valuable model for the human disease, the aim of this study was to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of HSP90 in two normal canine prostates, 17 canine prostates with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and five canine prostates with PC. HSP90 was expressed in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells in all samples, with a significant increase in labelled cells in PCs. Nuclear labelling was observed occasionally in normal tissue, but was increased in BPH and PC. HSP90 immunoreactivity in preneoplastic lesions (proliferative inflammatory atrophy and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia) was similar to that in PCs. Increased HSP90 expression in canine PCs suggests the involvement of this molecule in carcinogenesis and tumour progression, supporting HSP90 as a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Palmieri
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Gatton 4343, Queensland, Australia
| | - M Mancini
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Teramo University, Piazza Aldo Moro 45, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - C Benazzi
- DIMEVET, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, School of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - L Della Salda
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Teramo University, Piazza Aldo Moro 45, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
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Lee SW, Lee JW, Chung JH, Jo JK. Expression of heat shock protein 27 in prostate cancer cell lines according to the extent of malignancy and doxazosin treatment. World J Mens Health 2013; 31:247-53. [PMID: 24459659 PMCID: PMC3888895 DOI: 10.5534/wjmh.2013.31.3.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) is known as the material that plays a role in apoptosis control in tumor and cell protection including the immune response, drug tolerance, and so on. In this study, HSP27 expression according to the prostate cancer malignancy level was evaluated, and HSP27 expression was also analyzed after inducing apoptosis by doxazosin treatment of the prostate cancer cell lines. Materials and Methods Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunofluorescence staining of the HSP27 was implemented by the culture of RWPE-1, LNCaP, androgen-independent human prostate cancer cells (PC-3), and TSU-Pr1 cell lines. Analysis was separately conducted in the control group, control vector group treated by dimethyl sulfoxide, and groups treated with 10 µM or 25 µM doxazosin. The expression of HSP27 in RT-PCR and immunofluorescence staining was observed and evaluated after conversion to numerical values. Results In the RT-PCR results, depending on the cell type, LNCaP, TSU-Pr1 showed the highest HSP27 expression followed by PC-3, LNCaP and RWPE-1 in sequence. After doxazosin treatment, the expression detected by RT-PCR was stronger at a 25-µM doxazosin concentration compared to that at a 10-µM concentration, and the result was similar by immunofluorescence staining. Conclusions HSP27 expression increased depending on the prostate cancer cell line. This meant that HSP27 expression was related to the prostate cancer malignancy level. Additionally, the higher the treatment concentration in PC-3 was, the higher the HSP27 expression was. This result showed that doxazosin induced apoptosis of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Wook Lee
- Department of Urology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. ; Department of Urology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Guri, Korea
| | - Jeong Woo Lee
- Department of Urology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. ; Department of Urology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Guri, Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Chung
- Department of Urology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Ki Jo
- Department of Urology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Inhibition of androgen receptor expression with small interfering RNA enhances cancer cell apoptosis by suppressing survival factors in androgen insensitive, late stage LNCaP cells. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:519397. [PMID: 23476140 PMCID: PMC3580912 DOI: 10.1155/2013/519397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction.The aim was to evaluate the changes of androgen receptor (AR) expression quantitatively and to identify influence of AR on cancer related survival markers in LNCap cell line. Materials and Methods. We compared expressions of AR, heat shock protein 27 (HSP27), clusterin (CLU), glucose-related protein 78 (GRP78), and cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) and their genes between es-LNCaP (less than 33 times subcultured, L-33), ls-LNCaP (over 81 times subcultured, H-81), and si-LNCaP (AR siRNA transfected ls-LNCaP) by Western blotting and RT-PCR. Results. The expressions of AR, HSP27, CLU, GRP78, and c-FLIP were increased in ls-LNCaP compared with es-LNCaP (AR, 157%; HSP27, 132%; CLU, 146%; GRP78, 138%; c-FLIP, 152%). However, in si-LNCaP cell line, protein expressions were reversed to the level of es-LNCaP cell lines (25, 102, 109, 98, and 101%), and gene expressions on real-time PCR were also reversed to the expression level of es-LNCaP (ls-LNCaP: 179, 156, 133, 123, and 167%; si-LNCaP: 22, 93, 103, 112, and 107%). Conclusions. This finding suggests that androgen receptor can be related to the increased expression of cancer related survival markers such as HSP27, GRP78, CLU, and c-FLIP in late stage prostate cancer, and also inhibition of AR gene can be a therapeutic target in this stage of cancer.
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Zimmermann M, Nickl S, Lambers C, Hacker S, Mitterbauer A, Hoetzenecker K, Rozsas A, Ostoros G, Laszlo V, Hofbauer H, Renyi-Vamos F, Klepetko W, Dome B, Ankersmit HJ. Discrimination of clinical stages in non-small cell lung cancer patients by serum HSP27 and HSP70: a multi-institutional case-control study. Clin Chim Acta 2012; 413:1115-20. [PMID: 22465083 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2012.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lung cancer represents a major healthcare problem. Accordingly, there is an urgent need to identify serum biomarkers for early diagnosis of lung pathology. We have recently described that patients with manifest COPD evidence elevated levels of heat shock proteins (HSPs). Based on these data, we speculated whether HSPs are also increased in patients with diagnosed lung cancer. METHODS Serum levels of HSP27, phospho-HSP27 (pHSP27) and HSP70 in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) diagnosed at an early (stages I-II, n=37) or advanced (stages IIIA-IV, n=72) stage were determined by using ELISA. Healthy smokers (n=24), healthy never-smoker volunteers (n=33) and COPD patients (n=34) according to GOLD classification served as control population. RESULTS Serum levels of HSP27 were elevated in patients with NSCLC diagnosed at an early or advanced stage when compared with both healthy control groups (P<0.005 and P<0.0001 respectively). Statistically significant differences were furthermore found between the groups of patients with early vs. advanced stage NSCLC (P=0.0021). Serum levels of HSP70 were also significantly elevated in patients with NSCLC diagnosed at an early or at an advanced stage when compared with either healthy control groups (P=0.0028 and P<0.0001 respectively). In univariate logistic regression models including healthy subjects and patients with NSCLC, HSP70 had an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.779 (P<0.0001) and HSP27 showed an AUC of 0.870 (P<0.0001). CONCLUSION Our data suggest that serum HSP27 levels might serve as a possible tool to discriminate between early and advanced stages NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Zimmermann
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis and Regeneration, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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6
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So A, Hadaschik B, Sowery R, Gleave M. The role of stress proteins in prostate cancer. Curr Genomics 2011; 8:252-61. [PMID: 18645594 DOI: 10.2174/138920207781386951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2007] [Revised: 04/25/2007] [Accepted: 05/04/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of therapeutic resistance, after hormone or chemotherapy for example, is the underlying basis for most cancer deaths. Exposure to anticancer therapies induces expression of many stress related proteins, including small heat shock proteins (HSPs). HSPs interact with various client proteins to assist in their folding and enhance the cellular recovery from stress, thus restoring protein homeostasis and promoting cell survival. The vents of cell stress and cell death are linked, as the induction of molecular chaperones appears to function at key regulatory points in the control of apoptosis. On the basis of these observations and on the role of molecular chaperones in the regulation of steroid receptors, kinases, caspases, and other protein remodelling events involved in chromosome replication and changes in cell structure, it is not surprising that molecular chaperones have been implicated in the control of cell growth and in resistance to various anticancer treatments that induce apoptosis. Recently, several molecular chaperones such as Clusterin and HSP27 have been reported to be involved in development and progression of hormone-refractory prostate cancer. In this review, we address some of the molecular and cellular events initiated by treatment induced stress, and discuss the potential role of chaperone proteins as targets for prostate cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan So
- The Prostate Centre at Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, V6H3Z6, Canada
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7
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Roth A, Boess F, Landes C, Steiner G, Freichel C, Plancher JM, Raab S, de Vera Mudry C, Weiser T, Suter L. Gene expression-based in vivo and in vitro prediction of liver toxicity allows compound selection at an early stage of drug development. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2010; 25:183-94. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Suzuki Y, Kondo Y, Hara S, Kimata R, Nishimura T. Effect of the hsp90 inhibitor geldanamycin on androgen response of prostate cancer under hypoxic conditions. Int J Urol 2010; 17:281-5. [PMID: 20409220 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2010.02450.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the androgen response of hormone-dependent prostate cancer cells under hypoxia and to examine the effect of geldanamycin (GA), a heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90)-specific inhibitor, on the androgen response. METHODS LNCaP cells were cultured with or without GA under normoxic or hypoxic conditions. Cell viability was examined in response to dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Luciferase reporter gene assay was used to measure androgen response element (ARE)- and hypoxia response element (HRE)-mediated transcriptional activities. Western blot was used to analyze the protein levels of androgen receptor (AR), hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) and Hsp90. RESULTS The DHT-dependent growth and ARE-mediated transcriptional activities of LNCaP cells were depressed under hypoxic conditions. However, these effects were recovered after incubation with GA. In contrast, hypoxia-induced HRE-mediated transcriptional activity, which was dose-dependently increased by DHT, was suppressed by GA. The expression of AR, HIF-1alpha and Hsp90 proteins were decreased under hypoxic conditions by adding GA. CONCLUSIONS Geldanamycin increases the androgen response regardless of AR protein in hormone-dependent prostate cancer cells under hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutomo Suzuki
- Department of Urology, Nippon Medical School, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan.
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GLAESSGEN AXEL, JONMARKER SARA, LINDBERG ANNA, NILSSON BO, LEWENSOHN ROLF, EKMAN PETER, VALDMAN ALEXANDER, EGEVAD LARS. Heat shock proteins 27, 60 and 70 as prognostic markers of prostate cancer. APMIS 2008; 116:888-95. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2008.01051.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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10
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Daneshmand S, Quek ML, Lin E, Lee C, Cote RJ, Hawes D, Cai J, Groshen S, Lieskovsky G, Skinner DG, Lee AS, Pinski J. Glucose-regulated protein GRP78 is up-regulated in prostate cancer and correlates with recurrence and survival. Hum Pathol 2007; 38:1547-52. [PMID: 17640713 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2007.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2006] [Revised: 03/08/2007] [Accepted: 03/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy resistance is a significant contributor to treatment failure and death in men with hormone-refractory prostate cancer. One unexplored mechanism for drug resistance is the induction of stress response proteins referred to as the glucose-regulated proteins (GRPs). We sought to determine the level of expression of GRP78, the best characterized GRP in lymph node-positive prostate cancer. Archived, paraffin-embedded, radical prostatectomy specimens were obtained from 153 patients with lymph node-positive prostate cancer (stage D1). The level of GRP78 expression was determined by immunohistochemistry. We assessed the expression and specificity of GRP78 immunoreactivity in benign prostatic tissue, prostate cancer, and lymph node metastasis. We correlated the intensity of immunopositivity with prostate cancer recurrence and survival. Whereas immunohistochemical staining demonstrated that all prostate tissue was immunoreactive for GRP78, the intensity of expression was markedly higher in the primary tumor compared with areas of benign epithelium. GRP78 expression was also evident in lymph node metastases although less intensely than in the primary tumor. Patients with strong GRP78 immunoreactivity in the primary tumor are at higher risk for clinical recurrence (relative risk = 2.0, P = .019) and death (relative risk = 1.8, P = .024) than patients with weak GRP78 expression. This finding confirms that GRP78 protein expression is significantly higher in prostate cancer than in benign prostatic tissue. The intensity of expression is significantly associated with survival and clinical recurrence. GRP78 has considerable potential not only as a prognostic indicator but also as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siamak Daneshmand
- Section of Urologic Oncology, Division of Urology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Kurahashi T, Miyake H, Hara I, Fujisawa M. Expression of major heat shock proteins in prostate cancer: correlation with clinicopathological outcomes in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy. J Urol 2007; 177:757-61. [PMID: 17222676 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2006.09.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2005] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We evaluated expression levels of major heat shock proteins in radical prostatectomy specimens to clarify the significance of heat shock protein expression in prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Expression levels of heat shock proteins 27, 70 and 90 in radical prostatectomy specimens from 172 patients with clinically organ confined prostate cancer who had not received neoadjuvant hormonal therapy were measured by immunohistochemical staining. Cell proliferative activities and apoptotic features in these specimens were investigated using Ki-67 immunostaining and TUNEL assay, respectively. These findings were analyzed with respect to several clinicopathological factors. RESULTS Various levels of heat shock protein 27 expression were noted in all prostate cancer specimens. Expression levels of heat shock protein 27 in prostate cancer tissues was significantly associated with pathological stage, Gleason score, surgical margin status, lymph node metastasis and tumor volume but not with other parameters, including patient age, serum prostate specific antigen and perineural invasion. Similarly most prostate cancer tissues showed heat shock protein 70 and 90 expression. However, there was no significant correlation between expression levels of these 2 heat shock proteins and several clinicopathological factors examined. Cell proliferative activity in prostate cancer specimens was significantly associated with heat shock protein 27 expression but not with that of heat shock proteins 70 and 90, while there was no significant correlation between the apoptotic index and the expression of these 3 heat shock proteins. Furthermore, despite the lack of prognostic significance in heat shock proteins 70 and 90 expression, biochemical recurrence-free survival in patients with strong heat shock protein 27 expression in radical prostatectomy specimens was significantly lower than that in those with weak heat shock protein 27 expression. However, multivariate analysis showed that strong heat shock protein 27 expression could not be an independent predictor of biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that, despite the limited significance of heat shock proteins 70 and 90 expression, heat shock protein 27 may be involved in the progression of prostate cancer. The expression level of heat shock protein 27 in prostate cancer tissue could be used as a useful predictor of biochemical recurrence in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshifumi Kurahashi
- Department of Urology, Kobe University School of Medicine, Hara Genitourinary Hospital, Kobe, Japan
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12
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Lattouf JB, Srinivasan R, Pinto PA, Linehan WM, Neckers L. Mechanisms of disease: the role of heat-shock protein 90 in genitourinary malignancy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 3:590-601. [PMID: 17088927 DOI: 10.1038/ncpuro0604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2006] [Accepted: 08/14/2006] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Insight into the molecular biology of cancer has allowed the development of novel therapeutic strategies that target specific oncogenic pathways. Molecular therapeutic strategies are now part of the armamentarium available against urologic malignancy. Among the many targets of interest in urologic cancer, heat-shock protein 90 (HSP90) shows great promise. This molecule has a major role in prostate as well as in renal malignancy. In contrast to other targets, where cancer might escape inhibition via alternative pathways, HSP90 operates at multiple checkpoints in a cancer cell. Its inhibition could, therefore, prove more difficult for neoplastic cells to overcome. Inhibitors of HSP90, such as geldanamycin and its derivatives (17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin and 17-dimethylaminoethylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin, known as 17AAG and 17DMAG, respectively) are available and have shown activity both in vivo and in vitro. 17AAG is currently being tested for efficacy in humans after having completed phase I trials, while 17DMAG is still in phase I evaluation. Phase II trials of HSP90 inhibitors in urologic malignancy are being conducted in kidney and advanced prostate cancer. Beyond monotherapy, HSP90 inhibitors might also prove to be beneficial in combination therapy with other chemotherapeutic agents in advanced disease. Studies being conducted in prostate cancer will hopefully help to define this potential application better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Lattouf
- Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Room 1-5942, Building 10 CRC, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Rocchi P, Jugpal P, So A, Sinneman S, Ettinger S, Fazli L, Nelson C, Gleave M. Small interference RNA targeting heat-shock protein 27 inhibits the growth of prostatic cell lines and induces apoptosis via caspase-3 activation in vitro. BJU Int 2006; 98:1082-9. [PMID: 16879439 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2006.06425.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate synthetic small interference RNA (siRNA) compounds targeting heat-shock protein 27 (Hsp27) as an alternative approach to Hsp27 'knockdown' in prostate cancer cells, as Hsp27 expression is highly up-regulated in prostate cancer cells after androgen withdrawal or chemotherapy, to become uniformly highly expressed in androgen-independent (AI) prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS We recently showed that targeting Hsp27 by a 2'-methoxyethyl modified phosphorothioate antisense oligonucleotide, OGX-427, inhibits Hsp27 expression and enhances hormone- and chemotherapy in prostate cancer xenograft models. In the present study, a 'gene walk' screening different siRNAs was initially used in PC-3 and LNCaP cells to determine the most potent sequence to down-regulate Hsp27 mRNA and protein levels. The effects of Hsp27 silencing on in vitro growth rates were studied by tetrazolium-blue and crystal violet assays. Apoptosis was determined by single-stranded DNA nuclear and cleaved caspase-3 immunostaining, as well as flow cytometry. Spotted microarrays with 14,000 human oligonucleotides were used to examine changes in gene expression. RESULTS Low concentrations of 1 nm siRNA decreased Hsp27 mRNA levels by 19-fold and suppressed protein expression to undetectable levels. Silencing of Hsp27 in prostate cancer cells by siRNA # 2 increased apoptotic rates 2.4-4 fold and caused 40-76% inhibition of cell growth in LNCaP and PC-3 cells. Characteristic cleavage of caspase-3 occurred after treatment with Hsp27 siRNA (1 nm). cDNA microarray analysis from LNCaP and PC-3 cell lines revealed differential gene expression profiles after Hsp27 down-regulation that could be used to identify various survival pathways involved in androgen-dependent and AI growth. CONCLUSIONS These findings illustrate the potential utility of Hsp27-silencing therapy and highlight Hsp27 siRNA strategies as a novel and highly effective tool, with the potential for future targeted therapy in enhancing the efficacy of chemotherapy in advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palma Rocchi
- The Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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14
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Rocchi P, Beraldi E, Ettinger S, Fazli L, Vessella RL, Nelson C, Gleave M. Increased Hsp27 after androgen ablation facilitates androgen-independent progression in prostate cancer via signal transducers and activators of transcription 3-mediated suppression of apoptosis. Cancer Res 2005; 65:11083-93. [PMID: 16322258 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-1840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
One strategy to improve therapies in prostate cancer involves targeting cytoprotective genes activated by androgen withdrawal to delay the emergence of the androgen-independent (AI) phenotype. The objectives of this study were to define changes in Hsp27 levels after androgen ablation and to evaluate the functional relevance of these changes in AI progression. Using a tissue microarray of 232 specimens of hormone-naïve and post-hormone ablation-treated prostate cancer, we found that Hsp27 levels increase after androgen ablation to become highly expressed (>4-fold, P < or = 0.01) in AI tumors. Hsp27 overexpression rendered LNCaP cells highly resistant to androgen withdrawal both in vitro and in vivo. Tumor volume and serum prostate-specific antigen levels increased 4.3- and 10-fold faster after castration when Hsp27 was overexpressed. Treatment of LNCaP tumor cells in vitro with Hsp27 antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) or short-interfering RNA suppressed Hsp27 levels in a dose-dependent and sequence-specific manner increased the apoptotic sub-G0-G1 fraction and caspase-3 cleavage >2-fold, as well as decreased signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (Stat3) levels and its downstream genes, c-fos and sPLA-2. The cytoprotection afforded by Hsp27 overexpression was attenuated by Stat3 knockdown using specific Stat3 ASO. Coimmunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence confirmed that Hsp27 interacts with Stat3 and that Stat3 levels correlated directly with Hsp27 levels. Hsp27 ASO treatment in athymic mice bearing LNCaP tumors significantly delayed LNCaP tumor growth after castration, decreasing mean tumor volume and serum prostate-specific antigen levels by 57% and 69%, respectively. These findings identify Hsp27 as a modulator of Stat3-regulated apoptosis after androgen ablation and as a potential therapeutic target in advanced prostate cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Caspase 3
- Caspases/metabolism
- Cell Growth Processes/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Disease Progression
- HSP27 Heat-Shock Proteins
- Heat-Shock Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Heat-Shock Proteins/biosynthesis
- Heat-Shock Proteins/genetics
- Heat-Shock Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Molecular Chaperones
- Neoplasm Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/pathology
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/surgery
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/genetics
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology
- Orchiectomy
- Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/surgery
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacology
- STAT3 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Palma Rocchi
- The Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, British Columbia, Canada
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15
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Rocchi P, So A, Kojima S, Signaevsky M, Beraldi E, Fazli L, Hurtado-Coll A, Yamanaka K, Gleave M. Heat shock protein 27 increases after androgen ablation and plays a cytoprotective role in hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2004; 64:6595-602. [PMID: 15374973 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-3998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) is a chaperone implicated as an independent predictor of clinical outcome in prostate cancer. Our aim was to characterize changes in Hsp27 after androgen withdrawal and during androgen-independent progression in prostate xenografts and human prostate cancer to assess the functional significance of these changes using antisense inhibition of Hsp27. A tissue microarray was used to measure changes in Hsp27 protein expression in 232 specimens from hormone naive and posthormone-treated cancers. Hsp27 expression was low or absent in untreated human prostate cancers but increased beginning 4 weeks after androgen-ablation to become uniformly highly expressed in androgen-independent tumors. Androgen-independent human prostate cancer PC-3 cells express higher levels of Hsp27 mRNA in vitro and in vivo, compared with androgen-sensitive LNCaP cells. Phosphorothioate Hsp27 antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) and small interference RNA potently inhibit Hsp27 expression, with increased caspase-3 cleavage and PC3 cell apoptosis and 87% decreased PC3 cell growth. Hsp27 ASO and small interference RNA also enhanced paclitaxel chemosensitivity in vitro, whereas in vivo, systemic administration of Hsp27 ASO in athymic mice decreased PC-3 tumor progression and also significantly enhanced paclitaxel chemosensitivity. These findings suggest that increased levels of Hsp27 after androgen withdrawal provide a cytoprotective role during development of androgen independence and that ASO-induced silencing can enhance apoptosis and delay tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palma Rocchi
- The Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, and Division of Urology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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16
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Curtin JF, Cotter TG. Defects in death-inducing signalling complex formation prevent JNK activation and Fas-mediated apoptosis in DU 145 prostate carcinoma cells. Br J Cancer 2004; 89:1950-7. [PMID: 14612908 PMCID: PMC2394450 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgen-independent prostate carcinomas are resistant to chemotherapy and cell lines derived from androgen-independent prostate carcinomas such as DU 145 cells are highly resistant to Fas-mediated apoptosis. The incubation of DU 145 cells with anti-Fas IgM agonistic antibody of Fas receptor fails to activate JNK, a stress kinase involved in regulating apoptosis. We have previously shown that JNK activation is sufficient and necessary to promote Fas-mediated apoptosis in DU 145 cells. We investigate the mechanisms by which JNK activation and apoptosis are abrogated. HSP27 is overexpressed in DU 145 cells and has previously been reported to sequester DAXX and prevent JNK activation in cells treated with anti-Fas IgM. However, we find no evidence that HSP27 interacts with DAXX in DU 145 cells. Instead, we find that FADD does not interact with caspase-8 and this results in defective death-inducing signalling complex formation following Fas receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Curtin
- Tumour Biology Lab, Department of Biochemistry, University College Cork, Lee Maltings, Prospect Row, Cork, Ireland
| | - T G Cotter
- Tumour Biology Lab, Department of Biochemistry, University College Cork, Lee Maltings, Prospect Row, Cork, Ireland
- Tumour Biology Lab, Department of Biochemistry, University College Cork, Lee Maltings, Prospect Row, Cork, Ireland. E-mail:
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17
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Mintz PJ, Kim J, Do KA, Wang X, Zinner RG, Cristofanilli M, Arap MA, Hong WK, Troncoso P, Logothetis CJ, Pasqualini R, Arap W. Fingerprinting the circulating repertoire of antibodies from cancer patients. Nat Biotechnol 2003; 21:57-63. [PMID: 12496764 DOI: 10.1038/nbt774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2002] [Accepted: 11/15/2002] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Recognition of molecular diversity in disease is required for the development of targeted therapies. We have developed a screening method based on phage display to select peptides recognized by the repertoire of circulating tumor-associated antibodies. Here we isolated peptides recognized by antibodies purified from the serum of prostate cancer patients. We identified a consensus motif, NX(S/T)DK(S/T), that bound selectively to circulating antibodies from cancer patients over control antibodies from blood donors. We validated this motif by showing that positive serum reactivity to the peptide was specifically linked to disease progression and to shorter survival in a large patient population. Moreover, we identified the corresponding protein eliciting the immune response. Finally, we showed a strong and specific positive correlation between serum reactivity to the tumor antigen, development of metastatic androgen-independent disease, and shorter overall survival. Exploiting the differential humoral response to cancer through such an approach may identify molecular markers and targets for diagnostic and therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Mintz
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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18
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Abstract
PURPOSE Heat shock proteins are ubiquitous molecules that are expressed in response to stress in all living organisms. The 3 important roles in regard to cancer development that have also been described are the regulation of apoptosis, modulation of the immune response and drug resistance. MATERIALS AND METHODS Recent studies have dramatically increased our current knowledge and understanding of the role of heat shock protein in cancer. We used a MEDLINE approach to examine the past and current literature. RESULTS The roles of heat shock protein in relation to urological tumors, namely those of the prostate, bladder, kidney and testis, are diverse. There are possible sites for heat shock protein modifications that may lead to new therapeutic approaches to urological cancer. CONCLUSIONS The possibility of treating patients with vaccines earlier in the disease course may stimulate research.
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20
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Ciocca DR, Vargas-Roig LM. Hsp27 as a prognostic and predictive factor in cancer. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2002; 28:205-18. [PMID: 11908061 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-56348-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Ciocca
- Laboratory of Reproduction and Lactation (LARLAC), Regional Center for Scientific and Technological Research (CRICYT), Casilla de Correo 855, Parque General San Martín, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina
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21
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Jia Y, Ransom RF, Shibanuma M, Liu C, Welsh MJ, Smoyer WE. Identification and characterization of hic-5/ARA55 as an hsp27 binding protein. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:39911-8. [PMID: 11546764 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m103510200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
hsp27 has been reported to participate in a wide variety of activities, including resistance to thermal and metabolic stress, regulation of growth and differentiation, and acting as a molecular chaperone or a regulator of actin polymerization. We hypothesized that these diverse functions are regulated in a cell- or tissue-specific manner via interaction with various binding proteins. To investigate this hypothesis, we used hsp27 as a "bait" to screen a yeast two-hybrid cDNA library from rat kidney glomeruli and identified a novel hsp27 binding protein, hic-5 (also known as ARA55), a focal adhesion protein and steroid receptor co-activator. Biochemical interaction between hsp27 and hic-5 was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation, and critical protein.protein interaction regions were mapped to the hic-5 LIM domains and the hsp27 C-terminal domain. Initial analysis of the functional role of hsp27.hic-5 interaction revealed that hic-5 significantly inhibited the protection against heat-induced cell death conferred by hsp27 overexpression in co-transfected 293T cells. In contrast, when a non-hsp27-interacting hic-5 truncation mutant (hic-5/DeltaLIM4) was co-expressed with hsp27, the hic-5 inhibition of hsp27 protection was absent. We conclude that hic-5 is a true hsp27 binding protein and inhibits the ability of hsp27 to provide protection against heat shock in an interaction-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Jia
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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22
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance to apoptosis remains a significant problem in the treatment of prostate cancer. Heat-shock proteins (HSP) have been correlated with tumor progression. The role of HSP in prostate cancer resistance to apoptosis is unknown. METHODS PC-3 and LNCaP prostate cancer cells were heat-shocked and then treated with or without diethyl-maleate, etoposide, cycloheximide, or 3 Gray irradiation. Percent apoptosis was assessed by propidium iodide DNA incorporation. Protein was also extracted for analysis by SDS-PAGE Western blotting. RESULTS Western blotting confirmed an increase in HSP 27 and 72. These cells were resistant to both chemical- and radiation-induced apoptosis. Cycloheximide and specific oligonucleotides to HSP 72 blocked the increased expression of HSP 72 and the resistance to apoptosis. Mcl-1, Bcl-2, Bcl-X(L), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) expression were increased in a time-dependent manner after heat shock. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that HSP expression, specifically HSP 72, inhibits apoptosis in prostate tumor cell lines, which may be mediated by the production of survival factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- N B Gibbons
- Department of Surgery, Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Conway Institute of Biomedicine and Biomolecular Research, University College Dublin, Ireland
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23
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Bonkhoff H, Fixemer T, Hunsicker I, Remberger K. Estrogen receptor gene expression and its relation to the estrogen-inducible HSP27 heat shock protein in hormone refractory prostate cancer. Prostate 2000; 45:36-41. [PMID: 10960840 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0045(20000915)45:1<36::aid-pros4>3.0.co;2-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recent discovery of the classical estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) in androgen-insensitive prostate cancer has shed new light on the role of estrogens in endocrine therapy failure. To get more information on downstream events of estrogen signaling in these tumors, we investigated the relation between ERalpha gene expression, and the estrogen-inducible heat shock protein HSP27 in recurrent prostatic adenocarcinomas. METHODS Palliative transurethral resection specimens from 50 patients with androgen-insensitive disease were submitted for study. Messenger RNA in situ hybridization for the ERalpha and immunohistochemistry of the HSP27 protein were performed on adjacent sections of an equal number of prostate cancer tissue with and without ERalpha protein expression. RESULTS Cancerous lesions lacking the nuclear ERalpha at the protein level revealed ERalpha mRNA expression in 15 of 25 cases (60%). A coordinate expression of ERalpha mRNA and HSP27 was observed in 33 of 40 cases (83%), although a significant correlation between ERalpha protein and HSP27 expression was not obtained. Conversely, 90% of neoplastic lesions without detectable levels of ERalpha mRNA and protein also lacked HSP27 immunoreactivity. CONCLUSIONS ERalpha gene expression at the mRNA level significantly correlated with the immunoprofile of the estrogen-inducible HSP27 protein in androgen-insensitive prostatic adenocarcinomas. This may indicate that these tumors harbor functional active estrogen receptors promoting transcriptional activity of the HSP27 gene. Determination of the receptor status by immunohistochemistry is unable to identify neoplastic lesions with established ERalpha mRNA expression in a substantial number of cases. HSP27 may be an additional surrogate biomarker for estrogen-regulated growth in androgen-insensitive prostate cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma/surgery
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Androgens/physiology
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Estrogen Receptor alpha
- Estrogens/physiology
- Gene Expression
- HSP27 Heat-Shock Proteins
- Heat-Shock Proteins
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- In Situ Hybridization
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Molecular Chaperones
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/immunology
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/genetics
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/genetics
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/surgery
- Orchiectomy
- Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms/surgery
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, Estrogen/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Estrogen/genetics
- Receptors, Estrogen/physiology
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Stromal Cells/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- H Bonkhoff
- Institute of Pathology, University of the Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
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24
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Burton JL, Oakley N, Anderson JB. Recent advances in the histopathology and molecular biology of prostate cancer. BJU Int 2000; 85:87-94. [PMID: 10619953 DOI: 10.1046/j.1464-410x.2000.00422.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J L Burton
- Department of Pathology, Division of Oncology and Cellular Pathology, University of Sheffield Medical School, UK.
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Vegh GL, Fulop V, Liu Y, Ng SW, Tuncer ZS, Genest DR, Paldi-Haris P, Foldi J, Mok SC, Berkowitz RS. Differential gene expression pattern between normal human trophoblast and choriocarcinoma cell lines: downregulation of heat shock protein-27 in choriocarcinoma in vitro and in vivo. Gynecol Oncol 1999; 75:391-6. [PMID: 10600295 DOI: 10.1006/gyno.1999.5599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our purpose was to identify potential differences in gene expression between normal trophoblast and choriocarcinoma cells. METHODS The Atlas human cDNA expression array hybridization technique was used to study the gene expression pattern in normal trophoblast and choriocarcinoma cell lines. Furthermore, to confirm heat shock protein-27 (Hsp-27) expression data, reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR), Western blot, and immunohistochemical analyses were used in vitro with cell lines and in vivo with paraffin sections. RESULTS The expression of nine genes was strongly different comparing a normal trophoblast cell line with choriocarcinoma cells on the Atlas membranes. Compared to normal trophoblast cells, six genes were upregulated and three were downregulated in choriocarcinoma cells. Furthermore, the downregulation of Hsp-27 in choriocarcinoma cells was confirmed both in vitro with cell lines and in vivo with paraffin sections using RT-PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemical techniques. CONCLUSION cDNA expression array is a useful technique for identifying differentially expressed gene patterns in normal trophoblast and choriocarcinoma cells. The strong expression of Hsp-27 in placental villous trophoblast cells may play a role in trophoblast differentiation. The downregulation of Hsp-27 in choriocarcinoma may contribute to the extreme sensitivity of trophoblastic tumors to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Vegh
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Madersbacher S, Gröbl M, Kramer G, Dirnhofer S, Steiner GE, Marberger M. Regulation of heat shock protein 27 expression of prostatic cells in response to heat treatment. Prostate 1998; 37:174-81. [PMID: 9792134 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0045(19981101)37:3<174::aid-pros6>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical value of heat-induced coagulation of prostatic tissue is evaluated as a minimally invasive treatment for patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and, more recently, localized prostate cancer (PC). To obtain a more detailed insight on the effect of heat on prostatic cells, heat shock protein (HSP) 27 expression of normal and malignant prostatic cells was studied. METHODS In vitro, HSP27 expression of prostatic stromal cells and the human prostate cancer cell line LNCaP was studied by Western blotting when cultured at 37 degrees C. Subsequently, the effect of a sublethal heat shock from 43-49 degrees C for 60 min on HSP27 expression of LNCaP was determined. In vivo, HSP27 expression pattern of nine human prostates, which were treated in vivo by thermoablation with transrectal high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) 3 hr-8 days prior to surgical removal, was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Untreated BPH (n = 10) and PC (n = 7) specimens served as controls. RESULTS Under physiologic conditions (37 degrees C), LNCaP and prostatic stromal cells expressed a 27-kD and 56-kD anti-HSP27 reactive molecule. Following sublethal cell heating, HSP27 (27 kD) expression of LNCaP increased by 3-4-fold in a temperature-dependent manner. In untreated BPH specimens (n = 10), muscle cells stained HSP27-positive in all samples, while epithelial cells (EC) were negative in 6 out of 10 specimens. At the border of the high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) necrosis, increased HSP27 expression was consistently demonstrable (n = 9). HSP27 upregulation was strongest 2-3 hr after HIFU but still demonstrable after 5-8 days. In this border zone, basal and secretory EC as well as muscle cells stained strongly for HSP27. CONCLUSIONS Benign and malignant human prostatic cells respond to heat by increased expression of HSP27 in vitro and in vivo. Transrectal HIFU therapy induces intraprostatic thermonecrosis surrounded by a zone characterized by a massive upregulation of HSP27 expression.
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