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Sulistiawati S, Kristina Enggi C, Wiyulanda Iskandar I, Rachmad Saputra R, Sartini S, Rifai Y, Rahman L, Aswad M, Dian Permana A. Bioavailability enhancement of sildenafil citrate via hydrogel-forming microneedle strategy in combination with cyclodextrin complexation. Int J Pharm 2024; 655:124053. [PMID: 38537922 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Sildenafil citrate (SIL) as a first-line treatment for erectile dysfunction is currently reported to have poor solubility and bioavailability. Moreover, SIL undergoes first-pass metabolism when taken orally and its injection can lead to discomfort. In this study, we introduce a novel transdermal delivery system that integrates hydrogel-forming microneedles with the inclusion complex tablet reservoir. The hydrogel-forming microneedle was prepared from a mixture of polymers and crosslinkers through a crosslinking process. Importantly, the formulations showed high swelling capacity (>400 %) and exhibited adequate mechanical and penetration properties (needle height reduction < 10 %), penetrating up to five layers of Parafilm® M (assessed to reach the dermis layer). Furthermore, to improve the solubility of SIL in the reservoir, the SIL was pre-complexed with β-cyclodextrin. Molecular docking analysis showed that SIL was successfully encapsulated into the β-cyclodextrin cavity and was the most suitable conformation compared to other CD derivatives. Moreover, to maximize SIL delivery, sodium starch glycolate was also added to the reservoir formulation. As a proof of concept, in vivo studies demonstrated the effectiveness of this concept, resulting in a significant increase in AUC (area under the curve) compared to that obtained after administration of pure SIL oral suspension, inclusion complex, and Viagra® with relative bioavailability > 100 %. Therefore, the approach developed in this study could potentially increase the efficacy of SIL in treating erectile dysfunction by being non-invasive, safe, avoiding first-pass metabolism, and increasing drug bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rizki Rachmad Saputra
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan 73111, Indonesia
| | - Sartini Sartini
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Yusnita Rifai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Latifah Rahman
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Aswad
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Andi Dian Permana
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia.
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Hwang JH, Lee S, Lee HG, Choi D, Lim KM. Evaluation of Skin Irritation of Acids Commonly Used in Cleaners in 3D-Reconstructed Human Epidermis Model, KeraSkin TM. TOXICS 2022; 10:558. [PMID: 36287839 PMCID: PMC9610857 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10100558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cleaners such as dishwashing liquids contain various chemicals that cause skin damage. Alkaline agents used in cleaners alter the lipid composition of the skin and damage the skin barrier. However, little is known about the effects of acids used in cleaners on the skin. Here, we investigated the effects of acidic pH on the skin and evaluated the skin irritation of acids commonly used in cleaners with a 3D-reconstructed human epidermis model, KeraSkinTM, according to OECD TG439. First, to examine the effects of acidic pH, we evaluated the skin irritation of citrate buffers (0.1 M, McIlvaine buffer) prepared in a wide pH range (pH 1.5-6.0). Surprisingly, cell viability was not significantly affected even at pH 1.5, reflecting that the acidity alone may not be sufficient to induce skin irritation. Even after longer exposure (180 min), the cell viability was not reduced below 50%, a cutoff to determine an irritant. To examine the effect of the anionic part, several organic acids used in cleaners (citric acid, glycolic acid, lactic acid, malic acid, and succinic acid) were examined. These organic acids also failed to reduce viability at 0.1 M. However, at 1 M, most of the acids tested, except lactic acid, were determined to be skin irritants. Histology further supported the skin irritancy of acids at 1 M. Similarly, inorganic acids (hydrogen bromide, hydrogen chloride, nitric acid, and sulfuric acid) were determined to be irritants only at 1 M. In the case of alkaline agents, pH and concentrations were also important factors to determine the skin irritancy, although the epidermal structure and lipids were more damaged than acids. Collectively, we demonstrated that both the pH and concentration are important factors for the skin irritancy of acids, shedding an important insight into the mechanism of skin irritation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee-hyun Hwang
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Seungmi Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Ho Geon Lee
- Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Department of Health and Safety Convergence Science, Korea University, Seoul 02481, Korea
| | - Dalwoong Choi
- Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Department of Health and Safety Convergence Science, Korea University, Seoul 02481, Korea
| | - Kyung-Min Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
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Sonoki Y, Dat Pham Q, Sparr E. Beyond Additivity: A mixture of glucose and NaCl can influence skin hydration more than the individual compounds. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 613:554-562. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.12.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Khosrowpour Z, Ahmad Nasrollahi S, Samadi A, Ayatollahi A, Shamsipour M, Rajabi-Esterabadi A, Yadangi S, Firooz A. Skin biophysical assessments of four types of soaps by forearm in-use test. J Cosmet Dermatol 2021; 21:3127-3132. [PMID: 34741581 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While soaps are the most commonly used cleansing agents for human skin, they also damage the epidermal barrier and potentially increase the risk of disorders such as contact dermatitis. AIMS This study set out to compare the potential skin irritancy of four types of soaps and their effects on the skin barrier function and biophysical parameters. METHODS In a nonblinded comparative study, three types of soaps (alkaline, creamy, and glycerin soaps), and a syndet were applied to four different groups of 15 healthy subjects. Subjects washed their left forearm with the respective soap at home at least four times a day for seven days. Biophysical skin parameters, including transepidermal water loss (TEWL), erythema, friction, and pH, were measured at various time points using the Cutometer® MPA 580. RESULTS After the first wash, a significant increase in TEWL was observed for all groups compared to the pre-intervention period. For the alkaline soap, a substantial increase in pH was observed at all time points compared to the baseline. Syndet, the only acidic soap in this study, showed a significant decrease in pH at the last time compared to all time points. The mean value of erythema was significantly higher in alkaline soap users than glycerin and creamy soap users. CONCLUSION Our study showed that alkaline-based soaps could cause erythema and increase TEWL and skin pH due to their strong cleansing action, and the addition of compounds such as glycerin can modify these effects. A newer generation of soap containing a mild surfactant such as syndets causes less skin damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynab Khosrowpour
- Traditional Medicine and Materia Medica Research Center and Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Traditional Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saman Ahmad Nasrollahi
- Pharmaceutical, Cosmeceutical and Hygienic Evaluation Lab (DermaLab), Center for Research & Training in Skin Diseases & Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aniseh Samadi
- Pharmaceutical, Cosmeceutical and Hygienic Evaluation Lab (DermaLab), Center for Research & Training in Skin Diseases & Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azin Ayatollahi
- Pharmaceutical, Cosmeceutical and Hygienic Evaluation Lab (DermaLab), Center for Research & Training in Skin Diseases & Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mansour Shamsipour
- Department of Research Methodology and Data Analysis Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.,Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Rajabi-Esterabadi
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Somayeh Yadangi
- Pharmaceutical, Cosmeceutical and Hygienic Evaluation Lab (DermaLab), Center for Research & Training in Skin Diseases & Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Firooz
- Pharmaceutical, Cosmeceutical and Hygienic Evaluation Lab (DermaLab), Center for Research & Training in Skin Diseases & Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Mojumdar EH, Sparr E. The effect of pH and salt on the molecular structure and dynamics of the skin. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 198:111476. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Jiang Y, Murnane KS, Blough BE, Banga AK. Transdermal Delivery of the Free Base of 3-Fluoroamphetamine: In Vitro Skin Permeation and Irritation Potential. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:109. [PMID: 32215773 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01649-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This work aimed to continue our effort in establishing the feasibility of 3-fluoroamphetamine (also known as PAL-353) to be a transdermal drug candidate by studying the delivery of the base form through the human cadaver skin in lieu of the previously investigated salt form, and for the first time using an EPIDERM™-reconstructed human epidermal model to predict the skin irritation potential of PAL-353, in support of development for a matrix-type transdermal delivery system. Passive and enhanced (with chemical permeation enhancers) transdermal delivery were investigated via in vitro permeation studies that were performed on Franz diffusion cells with dermatomed human cadaver skin. After 24 h, PAL-353 free base revealed high passive permeation of 417.49 ± 30.12, 1577.68 ± 165.41, and 4295.16 ± 264.36 μg/cm2, with applied formulation concentrations of 5.5 (F1), 20 (F2), and 40 (F3) mg/mL, respectively. Oleyl alcohol produced an approximately threefold steady-state flux enhancement at 5% or 10% w/w but may not be needed as the free base alone provided therapeutically relevant permeation. Further, it was predicted that therapeutically relevant delivery would be unlikely to cause skin irritation using the EPIDERM™-reconstructed human epidermal model. In conclusion, the present study further supported the development of PAL-353 transdermal delivery systems.
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Abrar S, Naqvi KR, Javed S, Kiran S, Qaiser I, Gulzar T, Abbas Q. Investigation of the Physiochemical Properties of Beauty Soaps Available in Pakistan. TENSIDE SURFACT DET 2020. [DOI: 10.3139/113.110675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This study is aimed to examine the quality of beauty soap bars available to the consumers in Pakistan. A range of soap bars manufactured by local small-scale manufacturers from Pakistan were analyzed for their physiochemical properties such as pH, foaming, total fatty substances, matter insoluble in alcohol, free fatty acids, total alkali and moisture contents. The quality of the Pakistani local soap brands was compared to that of imported soaps or those made by multi-national conglomerates. The products were examined following the national standards set by Pakistan standards and quality control authority (PSQCA). The results showed that pH and total alkali level in the local beauty soaps was ((9,40–9,75) ± 0,03) and ((0,100–0,120) ± 0,02). The values of other physiochemical properties were: total fat matter ((62–71) % ± 0,50) %), matter insoluble in alcohol ((15–21) % ± 0,32 %), free fatty acid ((0,05–0,275) % ± 0,01 %) and moisture content ((10–16) % ± 0,50 %). The results demonstrate that Pakistani locally made soap products showed a relatively low amount of total fatty matter as defined by PSQCA and are required to improve their quality in terms of total fat matter. The products made by multi-national companies were superior for most of the examined features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shazia Abrar
- Department of Applied Chemistry , Government College University Faisalabad , Pakistan
| | | | - Sadia Javed
- Department of Biochemistry , Government College University Faisalabad , Pakistan
| | - Shumaila Kiran
- Department of Applied Chemistry , Government College University Faisalabad , Pakistan
| | - Imtiaz Qaiser
- Department of Applied Chemistry , Government College University Faisalabad , Pakistan
| | - Tahsin Gulzar
- Department of Applied Chemistry , Government College University Faisalabad , Pakistan
| | - Qamar Abbas
- Department of Applied Chemistry , Government College University Faisalabad , Pakistan
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Araviiskaia E, Lopez Estebaranz JL, Pincelli C. Dermocosmetics: beneficial adjuncts in the treatment of acne vulgaris. J DERMATOL TREAT 2019; 32:3-10. [DOI: 10.1080/09546634.2019.1628173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Araviiskaia
- First Pavlov State Medical Univeristy of St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Carlo Pincelli
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Biology, Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Morris SAV, Thompson RT, Glenn RW, Ananthapadmanabhan KP, Kasting GB. Mechanisms of anionic surfactant penetration into human skin: Investigating monomer, micelle and submicellar aggregate penetration theories. Int J Cosmet Sci 2019; 41:55-66. [DOI: 10.1111/ics.12511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A. V. Morris
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy; University of Cincinnati; Cincinnati Ohio 45267-0004 USA
| | - Ryan T. Thompson
- Research & Development Department; The Procter & Gamble Company; Cincinnati Ohio USA
| | - Robert W. Glenn
- Research & Development Department; The Procter & Gamble Company; Cincinnati Ohio USA
| | | | - Gerald B. Kasting
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy; University of Cincinnati; Cincinnati Ohio 45267-0004 USA
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Czajkowska-Kośnik A, Szekalska M, Winnicka K. Nanostructured lipid carriers: A potential use for skin drug delivery systems. Pharmacol Rep 2018; 71:156-166. [PMID: 30550996 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Skin application of pharmaceutical products is one of the methods used for drug administration. The problem of limited drug penetration via topical application makes searching for safe drug carriers that will provide an expected therapeutic effect of utmost importance. Research into safe drug carriers began with liposome structures, paving the way for work with nanocarriers, which currently play a large role as drug vehicles. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) consist of blended solid and liquid lipids (oils) dispersed in an aqueous solution containing a surfactant. These carriers have many advantages: good biocompatibility, low cytotoxicity, high drug content; they enhance a drug's stability and have many possibilities of application (oral, intravenous, pulmonary, ocular, dermal). The following article presents properties, methods of preparation and tests to assess the quality and toxicity of NLC. This analysis indicates the possibility of using NLC for dermal and transdermal drug application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Czajkowska-Kośnik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland.
| | - Marta Szekalska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Winnicka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland.
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DeFrates K, Markiewicz T, Gallo P, Rack A, Weyhmiller A, Jarmusik B, Hu X. Protein Polymer-Based Nanoparticles: Fabrication and Medical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1717. [PMID: 29890756 PMCID: PMC6032199 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles are particles that range in size from about 1⁻1000 nanometers in diameter, about one thousand times smaller than the average cell in a human body. Their small size, flexible fabrication, and high surface-area-to-volume ratio make them ideal systems for drug delivery. Nanoparticles can be made from a variety of materials including metals, polysaccharides, and proteins. Biological protein-based nanoparticles such as silk, keratin, collagen, elastin, corn zein, and soy protein-based nanoparticles are advantageous in having biodegradability, bioavailability, and relatively low cost. Many protein nanoparticles are easy to process and can be modified to achieve desired specifications such as size, morphology, and weight. Protein nanoparticles are used in a variety of settings and are replacing many materials that are not biocompatible and have a negative impact on the environment. Here we attempt to review the literature pertaining to protein-based nanoparticles with a focus on their application in drug delivery and biomedical fields. Additional detail on governing nanoparticle parameters, specific protein nanoparticle applications, and fabrication methods are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey DeFrates
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA.
| | - Theodore Markiewicz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA.
| | - Pamela Gallo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA.
| | - Aaron Rack
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA.
| | - Aubrie Weyhmiller
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA.
| | - Brandon Jarmusik
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA.
| | - Xiao Hu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA.
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Yanase K, Hatta I. Disruption of human stratum corneum lipid structure by sodium dodecyl sulphate. Int J Cosmet Sci 2017; 40:44-49. [DOI: 10.1111/ics.12430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Yanase
- Kracie Home Products; 134 Goudocho, Hodogaya-ku Yokohama 240-0005 Japan
| | - I. Hatta
- Nagoya Industrial Science Research Institute; 1-13 Yotsuyadori Chikusa-ku Nagoya Aichi 464-0819 Japan
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Okamoto N, Umehara K, Sonoda J, Hotta M, Mizushima H, Takagi Y, Matsuo K, Baba N. Efficacy of the combined use of a mild foaming cleanser and moisturizer for the care of infant skin. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2017; 10:393-401. [PMID: 29042805 PMCID: PMC5633290 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s140716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Objective Despite the application of skin care treatments, many infants have skin problems such as dryness and erythema. We proposed a new combination skin care for infants which consisted of a foaming cleanser with lower surfactant activity and moisturizers that contained pseudo-ceramide. Subjects and methods A total of 50 infants (age: 3–24 months) with insignificant levels of dry skin were enrolled in this usage trial. The parents washed the infants with the test cleanser while bathing and then applied the moisturizer (lotion or cream) containing pseudo-ceramide. Prior to and following the 4-week usage period, visual evaluation of the skin condition was conducted by a dermatologist, in addition to instrumental analysis. Results Erythema and papule, accompanied by dryness, were commonly observed at week 0. However, by week 4, these symptoms significantly improved; the condition of none of the subjects deteriorated. The number of infants with lower cutaneous barrier function and higher skin pH decreased. The parents of the infants recognized improvements in the skin symptoms and were appreciative of the test materials. Conclusion The combined usage of the foaming cleanser with lower surfactant activity and a moisturizer containing pseudo-ceramide may be effective in maintaining healthy infant skin and ameliorating the skin symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Okamoto
- Skin Care Products Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tokyo
| | - Kaori Umehara
- Skin Care Products Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tokyo
| | - Junko Sonoda
- Skin Care Products Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tokyo
| | - Mitsuyuki Hotta
- Biological Science Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tochigi
| | - Hiroki Mizushima
- Skin Care Products Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tokyo
| | - Yutaka Takagi
- Skin Care Products Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tokyo
| | | | - Naoko Baba
- Department of Dermatology, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
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Zhang Q, Song Y, Page SW, Garg S. Evaluation of Transdermal Drug Permeation as Modulated by Lipoderm and Pluronic Lecithin Organogel. J Pharm Sci 2017; 107:587-594. [PMID: 28935590 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The transdermal delivery of 2 fluorescent probes with similar molecular weight but different lipophilicity, into and through the skin from 2 commercially available transdermal bases, pluronic lecithin organogel, and Lipoderm® has been evaluated. First, in vitro penetration of fluorescein sodium and fluorescein (free acid) through porcine skin was evaluated. Retention and depth distribution profiles in skin were obtained by tape stripping and then followed by optical sectioning using multiphoton microscopy. The results showed that Lipoderm® led to an enhanced penetration of the hydrophilic compound, fluorescein sodium. For the lipophilic compound fluorescein (free acid), Lipoderm® performed similar to pluronic lecithin organogel base, where minimal drug was detected in either receptor phase. The skin retention and depth distribution results also showed that the hydrophilic fluorescein sodium had high skin retention with Lipoderm®, whereas fluorescein (free acid) had very low penetration and retention with increasing skin depth. Moreover, optical sectioning by multiphoton microscopy revealed an uneven distribution of probes across the skin in the x-y plane for both transdermal bases. This work showed that a hydrophilic compound has significantly increased skin penetration and retention when formulated with Lipoderm®, and the skin retention of the probe was the main determinant of its skin flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation and Development, School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia
| | - Yunmei Song
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation and Development, School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia
| | - Stephen W Page
- Luoda Pharma, Caringbah 2229, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sanjay Garg
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation and Development, School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia.
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Control of human skin wettability using the pH of anionic surfactant solution treatments. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Wolfrum S, Marcus J, Touraud D, Kunz W. A renaissance of soaps? - How to make clear and stable solutions at neutral pH and room temperature. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 236:28-42. [PMID: 27476328 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Soaps are the oldest and perhaps most natural surfactants. However, they lost much of their importance since "technical surfactants", usually based on sulfates or sulfonates, have been developed over the last fifty years. Indeed, soaps are pH- and salt-sensitive and they are irritant, especially to the eyes. In food emulsions, although authorized, they have a bad taste, and long-chain saturated soaps have a high Krafft temperature. We believe that most or perhaps all of these problems can be solved with modern formulation approaches. We start this paper with a short overview of our present knowledge of soaps and soap formulations. Then we focus on the problem of the lacking soap solubility at neutral pH values. For example, it is well known that with the food emulsifier sodium oleate (NaOl), clear and stable aqueous solutions can only be obtained at pH values higher than 10. A decrease in the pH value leads to turbid and unstable solutions. This effect is not compatible with the formulation of aqueous stable and drinkable formulations with neutral or even acidic pH values. However, the pH value/phase behavior of aqueous soap solutions can be altered by the addition of other surfactants. Such a surfactant can be Rebaudioside A (RebA), a steviol glycoside from the plant Stevia rebaudiana which is used as a natural food sweetener. In a recent paper, we showed the influence of RebA on the apKa value of sodium oleate in a beverage microemulsion and on its clearing temperature. In the present paper, we report on the effect of the edible bio-surfactant RebA, on the macroscopic and microscopic phase behavior of simple aqueous sodium oleate solutions at varying pH values. The macroscopic phase behavior is investigated by visual observation and turbidity measurements. The microscopic phase behavior is analyzed by acid-base titration curves, phase-contrast and electron microscopy. It turned out that even at neutral pH, aqueous NaOl/RebA solutions can be completely clear and stable for more than 50days at room temperature. This is for the first time that a long chain soap could be really solubilized in water at neutral pH at room temperature. At last, these findings were applied to prepare stable, highly translucent and drinkable aqueous solutions of omega-3-fatty acids at a pH value of 7.5.
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Tang Y, Liu Z, Zhu L, Han Y, Wang Y. Aggregation behavior of sodium lauryl ether sulfate with a positively bicharged organic salt and effects of the mixture on fluorescent properties of conjugated polyelectrolytes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:2104-2111. [PMID: 25641198 DOI: 10.1021/la504733q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aggregation behavior of anionic single-chain surfactant sodium lauryl ether sulfate containing three ether groups (SLE3S) with positively bicharged organic salt 1,2-bis(2-benzylammoniumethoxy)ethane dichloride (BEO) has been investigated in aqueous solution, and the effects of the BEO/SLE3S aggregate transitions on the fluorescent properties of anionic conjugated polyelectrolyte MPS-PPV with a larger molecular weight and cationic conjugated oligoelectrolyte DAB have been evaluated. Without BEO, SLE3S does not affect the fluorescent properties of MPS-PPV and only affects the fluorescent properties of DAB at a higher SLE3S concentration. With the addition of BEO, SLE3S and BEO form gemini-like surfactant (SLE3S)2-BEO. When the BEO/SLE3S molar ratio is fixed at 0.25, with increasing the BEO/SLE3S concentration, the BEO/SLE3S mixture forms large, loosely arranged aggregates and then transforms to closely packed spherical aggregates and finally to long thread-like micelles. The photoluminescence (PL) intensity of MPS-PPV varies with the morphologies of the BEO/SLE3S aggregates, while the PL intensity of DAB is almost independent of the aggregate morphologies. The results demonstrate that gemini-like surfactants formed through intermolecular interactions can effectively adjust the fluorescent properties of conjugated polyelectrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Tang
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Science, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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Tunku Mahmud TH, Abdul-Aziz A, Muda R. A Review on the Potential Use of Chitosan-Based Delivery System in Mild Facial Cleansing Formulation. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2014.958832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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19
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Draelos Z, Hornby S, Walters RM, Appa Y. Hydrophobically modified polymers can minimize skin irritation potential caused by surfactant-based cleansers. J Cosmet Dermatol 2014; 12:314-21. [PMID: 24305430 PMCID: PMC4285286 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.12061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The addition of hydrophobically modified polymers (HMPs) to cleansers that contain surfactants can create polymer–surfactant complexes that are less irritating to the skin than commercially available mild cleansers. Our objective was to compare the tolerability and efficacy of a test foaming liquid facial cleanser containing HMPs with a commercial liquid nonfoaming facial cleanser in women with sensitive skin. Methods In this randomized, prospective, double-blind, comparative study, women (n = 20 per group) with mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis (AD), eczema, acne, or rosacea used a test gentle foaming liquid facial cleanser containing HMPs or a commercial gentle liquid nonfoaming facial cleanser daily for 3 weeks. Investigators assessed irritation and skin condition. Study subjects also assessed their skin properties and the performance of each cleanser. Results Clinicians as well as study subjects consistently rated the test cleanser as effective or slightly more effective at improving symptoms than the commercial cleanser, although no significant differences between groups were observed. At weeks 1 and 3, respectively, more users of the commercial cleanser reported irritation (20% and 10%) than users of the test cleanser (5% and 5%). In addition, subject self-assessments of skin condition and cleansing properties were slightly more improved with the test cleanser than with the commercial cleanser. Conclusions Both the test foaming cleanser containing HMPs and the commercial nonfoaming cleanser were effective and well accepted by most women in the study. Improvements were observed by both clinicians and subjects in the group using the test cleanser containing HMPs in all evaluated skin categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Draelos
- Dermatology Consulting Services, High Point, NC, USA
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20
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Purohit P, Chandar P, Vilinska A, Ananthapadmanabhan KP, Somasundaran P. Effect of mixed surfactants on stratum corneum: a drying stress and Raman spectroscopy study. Int J Cosmet Sci 2014; 36:379-85. [DOI: 10.1111/ics.12139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Purohit
- NSF Industry/University Cooperative Research Center for Advanced Studies in Novel Surfactants; Columbia University; New York NY 10027 U.S.A
| | - P. Chandar
- Unilever, Research and Development; 40 Merritt Boulevard; Trumbull CT 06611 U.S.A
| | - A. Vilinska
- NSF Industry/University Cooperative Research Center for Advanced Studies in Novel Surfactants; Columbia University; New York NY 10027 U.S.A
| | | | - P. Somasundaran
- NSF Industry/University Cooperative Research Center for Advanced Studies in Novel Surfactants; Columbia University; New York NY 10027 U.S.A
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Ananthapadmanabhan K, Mukherjee S, Chandar P. Stratum corneum fatty acids: their critical role in preserving barrier integrity during cleansing. Int J Cosmet Sci 2013; 35:337-45. [DOI: 10.1111/ics.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - S. Mukherjee
- Unilever Research and Development; 40 Merritt Blvd Trumbull CT U.S.A
| | - P. Chandar
- Unilever Research and Development; 40 Merritt Blvd Trumbull CT U.S.A
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22
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Levy LL, Jiang N, Smouha E, Richards-Kortum R, Sikora AG. Optical imaging with a high-resolution microendoscope to identify cholesteatoma of the middle ear. Laryngoscope 2013; 123:1016-20. [PMID: 23299781 DOI: 10.1002/lary.23710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS High-resolution optical imaging is an imaging modality that allows visualization of structural changes in epithelial tissue in real time. Our prior studies using contrast-enhanced microendoscopy to image squamous cell carcinoma in the head and neck demonstrated that the contrast agent, proflavine, has high affinity for keratinized tissue. Thus, high-resolution microendoscopy with proflavine provides a potential mechanism to identify ectopic keratin production, such as that associated with cholesteatoma formation, and distinguish between uninvolved mucosa and residual keratin at the time of surgery. STUDY DESIGN Ex vivo imaging of histopathologically confirmed samples of cholesteatoma and uninvolved middle ear epithelium. METHODS Seven separate specimens collected from patients who underwent surgical treatment for cholesteatoma were imaged ex vivo with the fiberoptic endoscope after surface staining with proflavine. Following imaging, the specimens were submitted for hematoxylin and eosin staining to allow histopathological correlation. RESULTS Cholesteatoma and surrounding middle ear epithelium have distinct imaging characteristics. Keratin-bearing areas of cholesteatoma lack nuclei and appear as confluent hyperfluorescence, whereas nuclei are easily visualized in specimens containing normal middle ear epithelium. Hyperfluorescence and loss of cellular detail is the imaging hallmark of keratin, allowing for discrimination of cholesteatoma from normal middle ear epithelium. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the feasibility of high-resolution optical imaging to discriminate cholesteatoma from uninvolved middle ear mucosa based on the unique staining properties of keratin. Use of real-time imaging may facilitate more complete extirpation of cholesteatoma by identifying areas of residual disease. Laryngoscope, 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren L Levy
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
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23
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Ananthapadmanabhan K, Subramanyan K, Nole G. A global perspective on caring for healthy stratum corneum by mitigating the effects of daily cleansing: report from an expert dermatology symposium. Br J Dermatol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.12087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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25
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Saad P, Flach CR, Walters RM, Mendelsohn R. Infrared spectroscopic studies of sodium dodecyl sulphate permeation and interaction with stratum corneum lipids in skin. Int J Cosmet Sci 2011; 34:36-43. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2011.00678.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Yao L, Li Y, Gohel MDI, Chung WJ. The effects of pajama fabrics' water absorption properties on the stratum corneum under mildly cold conditions. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010; 64:e29-36. [PMID: 21075479 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2009.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Revised: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interaction of textiles with the skin is a fertile area for research. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of clothing fabric on the stratum corneum (SC) under mildly cold conditions. METHODS A longitudinal controlled parallel study was designed to investigate the effects of the liquid/moisture absorption properties of pajama fabrics on the SC water content, transepidermal water loss, skin surface acidity (pH), and sebum. RESULTS The hygroscopicity of pajama fabrics had significant associations with the SC water content and transepidermal water loss on the skin of the volunteers' backs. Sebum in the hydrophilic cotton group was slightly lower than in the polyester groups and hydrophobic cotton groups. Subjects felt warmer in the hydrophobic groups than in the hydrophilic groups. The hydrophilicity of the fabric also showed an association with overnight urinary free catecholamines. LIMITATIONS In this study, detailed components of sebum were not analyzed. CONCLUSIONS The hygroscopicity of the fabric may be a key factor influencing SC hydration during daily wear under mildly cold conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yao
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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27
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James-Smith MA, Hellner B, Annunziato N, Mitragotri S. Effect of surfactant mixtures on skin structure and barrier properties. Ann Biomed Eng 2010; 39:1215-23. [PMID: 21063778 PMCID: PMC3069307 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-010-0190-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of two commonly studied surfactants, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and dodecyl trimethylammonium bromide (C(12)TAB), on skin barrier properties. Using skin conductivity, FT-IR of stratum corneum samples, and penetration of radiolabelled SDS, we determined that addition of C(12)TAB lowers the ability of SDS to perturb skin's barrier properties. Ultrafiltration experiments revealed that addition of C(12)TAB serves to decrease the concentration of monomers and sub-micellar aggregates. None of the measured skin properties including enhancement of skin conductivity, perturbation of lipid structure and skin concentration of SDS correlated with the total SDS concentration in the donor compartment (i.e., the total SDS concentration). However, all these parameters correlated well against the concentration of monomers and sub-micellar aggregates. These findings provide the evidence of the importance of monomer and sub-micellar components in altering skin barrier properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica A. James-Smith
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA
| | - Brittney Hellner
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA
| | - Nancy Annunziato
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA
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28
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Berthaud F, Boncheva M. Correlation between the properties of the lipid matrix and the degrees of integrity and cohesion in healthy human Stratum corneum. Exp Dermatol 2010; 20:255-62. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2010.01164.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Paudel KS, Milewski M, Swadley CL, Brogden NK, Ghosh P, Stinchcomb AL. Challenges and opportunities in dermal/transdermal delivery. Ther Deliv 2010; 1:109-31. [PMID: 21132122 PMCID: PMC2995530 DOI: 10.4155/tde.10.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transdermal drug delivery is an exciting and challenging area. There are numerous transdermal delivery systems currently available on the market. However, the transdermal market still remains limited to a narrow range of drugs. Further advances in transdermal delivery depend on the ability to overcome the challenges faced regarding the permeation and skin irritation of the drug molecules. Emergence of novel techniques for skin permeation enhancement and development of methods to lessen skin irritation would widen the transdermal market for hydrophilic compounds, macromolecules and conventional drugs for new therapeutic indications. As evident from the ongoing clinical trials of a wide variety of drugs for various clinical conditions, there is a great future for transdermal delivery of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana S Paudel
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0200, USA
| | - Mikolaj Milewski
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0200, USA
| | - Courtney L Swadley
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0200, USA
| | - Nicole K Brogden
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0200, USA
| | - Priyanka Ghosh
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0200, USA
| | - Audra L Stinchcomb
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0200, USA
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Levi K, Weber RJ, Do JQ, Dauskardt RH. Drying stress and damage processes in human stratum corneum. Int J Cosmet Sci 2009; 32:276-93. [PMID: 19889042 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2009.00557.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
SYNOPSIS The drying stresses that develop in stratum corneum (SC) are crucial for its mechanical and biophysical function, its cosmetic feel and appearance, and play a central role in processes of dry skin damage. However, quantitative methods to characterize these stresses are lacking and little understanding exists regarding the effects of drying environment, chemical exposures and moisturizing treatments. We describe the application of a substrate curvature technique adapted for biological tissue to accurately characterize SC drying stresses as a function of time following environmental pre-conditioning and chemical treatment in a range of drying environments. SC stresses were observed to increase to stress levels of up to approximately 3 MPa over periods of 8 h depending on pretreatment and drying environment. A unique relationship between the SC stress and water in the drying environment was established. The effect of glycerol on lowering SC stresses and damaging surfactants on elevating SC stresses were quantified. Extensions of the method to continuous monitoring of SC stresses in response to changes in environmental moisture content and temperature are reported. Finally, a biomechanics framework to account for the SC drying stress as a mechanical driving force for dry skin damage is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Levi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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31
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Kim E, Kim S, Nam GW, Lee H, Moon S, Chang I. The alkaline pH-adapted skin barrier is disrupted severely by SLS-induced irritation. Int J Cosmet Sci 2009; 31:263-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2009.00491.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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32
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Norlén L, Plasencia I, Bagatolli L. Stratum corneum lipid organization as observed by atomic force, confocal and two-photon excitation fluorescence microscopy. Int J Cosmet Sci 2008; 30:391-411. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2008.00458.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Plasencia I, Norlén L, Bagatolli LA. Direct visualization of lipid domains in human skin stratum corneum's lipid membranes: effect of pH and temperature. Biophys J 2007; 93:3142-55. [PMID: 17631535 PMCID: PMC2025644 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.106.096164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The main function of skin is to serve as a physical barrier between the body and the environment. This barrier capacity is in turn a function of the physical state and structural organization of the stratum corneum extracellular lipid matrix. This lipid matrix is essentially composed of very long chain saturated ceramides, cholesterol, and free fatty acids. Three unsolved key questions are i), whether the stratum corneum extracellular lipid matrix is constituted by a single gel phase or by coexisting crystalline (solid) domains; ii), whether a separate liquid crystalline phase is present; and iii), whether pH has a direct effect on the lipid matrix phase behavior. In this work the lateral structure of membranes composed of lipids extracted from human skin stratum corneum was studied in a broad temperature range (10 degrees C-90 degrees C) using different techniques such as differential scanning calorimetry, fluorescence spectroscopy, and two-photon excitation and laser scanning confocal fluorescence microscopy. Here we show that hydrated bilayers of human skin stratum corneum lipids express a giant sponge-like morphology with dimensions corresponding to the global three-dimensional morphology of the stratum corneum extracellular space. These structures can be directly visualized using the aforementioned fluorescence microscopy techniques. At skin physiological temperatures (28 degrees C-32 degrees C), the phase state of these hydrated bilayers correspond microscopically (radial resolution limit 300 nm) to a single gel phase at pH 7, coexistence of different gel phases between pH 5 and 6, and no fluid phase at any pH. This observation suggests that the local pH in the stratum corneum may control the physical properties of the extracellular lipid matrix by regulating membrane lateral structure and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Plasencia
- Membrane Biophysics and Biophotonics Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology/MEMPHYS Center, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
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Wu KS, Stefik MM, Ananthapadmanabhan KP, Dauskardt RH. Graded delamination behavior of human stratum corneum. Biomaterials 2006; 27:5861-70. [PMID: 16934326 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2006] [Accepted: 08/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An in vitro adhesion test method has been adapted to quantify the through-thickness intercellular delamination energy of isolated human stratum corneum (SC). Both untreated and delipidized tissues were tested. Measured delamination energies were found to increase from approximately 3 J/m(2) near the surface to approximately 15 J/m(2) for the inner layers of the tissue. For delipidized SC, the location of the initial debond was located closer to the center of the tissue. Delamination energy values were elevated compared to untreated specimens, increasing from approximately 7 J/m(2) near the surface to approximately 18 J/m(2) for the inner layers of the SC. Further tests were run to measure delamination energies of SC as a function of hydration (15-100% relative humidity (RH)) at approximately 25 degrees C and as a function of temperature (10-90 degrees C) at several hydrations (15, 45, 100% RH). Delamination energies were observed to decrease with increasing hydration and increasing temperature with the most significant changes occurring for 100% RH conditioned SC. Additional SC was treated with pH-buffered solutions (pH 4.2, 6.7, 9.9) and selected surfactant solutions (1%, 10% wt/wt sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)) for comparison to untreated controls. While statistically significant differences were observed, the SC was found to be resistant to large changes in delamination energy with pH and 1% wt/wt SDS treatments with values in the range 4.2-5.1J/m(2) compared to control values of 4.4 J/m(2). More substantially elevated values were observed for SC treated with a 10%wt/wt SDS solution (6.6J/m(2)) and a chloroform-methanol extraction (11.2J/m(2)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth S Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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35
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36
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Hawkins SS, Subramanyan K, Liu D, Bryk M. Cleansing, moisturizing, and sun-protection regimens for normal skin, self-perceived sensitive skin, and dermatologist-assessed sensitive skin. Dermatol Ther 2004; 17 Suppl 1:63-8. [PMID: 14728701 DOI: 10.1111/j.1396-0296.2004.04s1008.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Acquiring or maintaining healthy skin requires a multifunctional approach: mild cleansing, moisturizing, and sun protection. The clinical benefits of a daily, healthy facial skin-care regimen comprising a mild cleanser and moisturizer were evaluated on normal skin, self-perceived sensitive skin, and dermatologist-assessed sensitive skin for a period of up to 4 weeks. Subjects with normal, healthy skin were photographed with a calibrated, high-resolution digital camera, and the average improvement in overall health was calculated using image morphing and facial averaging techniques, following a 2-week period of product application. In a second study that included subjects with self-assessed sensitive facial skin, changes in skin hydration, skin dryness, and skin sensitivity (determined by means of a lactic acid sting test and subject self-assessment) were monitored during a 3-week regimen of mild cleansing and moisturizing with products designed for sensitive skin. The third study involved dermatologist-assessed highly sensitive skin patients (mostly rosacea with an atopic background in some cases). These patients underwent a 4-week skin-care regimen involving mild cleansing and moisturizing. In all three studies, significant improvements in skin health/quality were observed by means of expert assessments, instrumental evaluations, and subjective self-assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy S Hawkins
- Unilever Research and Development, 45 River Road, Edgewater, NJ 07020, USA.
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37
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Ananthapadmanabhan KP, Moore DJ, Subramanyan K, Misra M, Meyer F. Cleansing without compromise: the impact of cleansers on the skin barrier and the technology of mild cleansing. Dermatol Ther 2004; 17 Suppl 1:16-25. [PMID: 14728695 DOI: 10.1111/j.1396-0296.2004.04s1002.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cleanser technology has come a long way from merely cleansing to providing mildness and moisturizing benefits as well. It is known that harsh surfactants in cleansers can cause damage to skin proteins and lipids, leading to after-wash tightness, dryness, barrier damage, irritation, and even itch. In order for cleansers to provide skin-care benefits, they first must minimize surfactant damage to skin proteins and lipids. Secondly, they must deposit and deliver beneficial agents such as occlusives, skin lipids, and humectants under wash conditions to improve skin hydration, as well as mechanical and visual properties. While all surfactants tend to interact to some degree with lipids, their interaction with proteins can vary significantly, depending upon the nature of their functional head group. In vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo studies have shown that surfactants that cause significant skin irritation interact strongly with skin proteins. Based on this understanding, several surfactants and surfactant mixtures have been identified as "less irritating" mild surfactants because of their diminished interactions with skin proteins. Surfactants that interact minimally with both skin lipids and proteins are especially mild. Another factor that can aggravate surfactant-induced dryness and irritation is the pH of the cleanser. The present authors' recent studies demonstrate that high pH (pH 10) solutions, even in the absence of surfactants, can increase stratum corneum (SC) swelling and alter lipid rigidity, thereby suggesting that cleansers with neutral or acidic pH, close to SC-normal pH 5.5, may be potentially less damaging to the skin. Mildness enhancers and moisturizing agents such as lipids, occlusives, and humectants minimize damaging interactions between surfactants, and skin proteins and lipids, and thereby, reduce skin damage. In addition, these agents play an ameliorative role, replenishing the skin lipids lost during the wash period. The present review discusses the benefits of such agents and their respective roles in improving the overall health of the skin barrier.
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