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Chekol Abebe E, Asmamaw Dejenie T, Mengie Ayele T, Dagnew Baye N, Agegnehu Teshome A, Tilahun Muche Z. The Role of Regulatory B Cells in Health and Diseases: A Systemic Review. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:75-84. [PMID: 33469337 PMCID: PMC7811483 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s286426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Equivalent to regulatory T cells, a novel B cell populace, called regulatory B cells (Bregs), has been found to exert a negative immune regulatory role. These subsets of cells account for 0.5% of human B cells from the periphery that expand after activation upon certain stimuli depending on the nature of the microenvironment and provide a variety of Breg cell phenotypes. The increasing number of suppressive mechanisms attributed to Bregs suggests that these immune cells play many roles in immune regulation. Bregs have been confirmed to play a role in host defense mechanisms of healthy individuals as well as they play pathologic and protective roles in diseases or other conditions. Accumulating evidence reported that Bregs have a role in autoimmune and infectious diseases to lower inflammation, and in cancer to attenuate antitumor immune responses, thereby to promote cancer growth and metastasis. More recently, Bregs are also found to be involved in conditions like transplantation for transplant tolerance, during pregnancy to create an immune-privileged uterine environment and during early neonate life. Herein, the review summarizes recent findings aimed to provide understanding on the Breg cells, in the hope to gain insight on the general overview, development, mechanism of activation, and action of Bregs as well as their potential roles in health and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endeshaw Chekol Abebe
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Tadesse Asmamaw Dejenie
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Teklie Mengie Ayele
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Nega Dagnew Baye
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Assefa Agegnehu Teshome
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Zelalem Tilahun Muche
- Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
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Yüksel S, Pekcan M, Puralı N, Esendağlı G, Tavukçuoğlu E, Rivero-Arredondo V, Ontiveros-Padilla L, López-Macías C, Şenel S. Development and in vitro evaluation of a new adjuvant system containing Salmonella Typhi porins and chitosan. Int J Pharm 2020; 578:119129. [PMID: 32045689 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In order to improve the immunogenicity of the highly purified vaccine antigens, addition of an adjuvant to formulation, without affecting the safety of the vaccine, has been the key aim of the vaccine formulators. In recent years, adjuvants which are composed of a delivery system and immunopotentiators have been preferred to induce potent immune responses. In this study, we have combined Salmonella Typhi porins and chitosan to develop a new adjuvant system to enhance the immunogenicity of the highly purified antigens. Cationic gels, microparticle (1.69 ± 0.01 μm) and nanoparticles (337.7 ± 1.7 nm) based on chitosan were prepared with high loading efficiency of porins. Cellular uptake was examined by confocal laser scanning microscopy, and the macrophage activation was investigated by measuring the surface marker as well as the cytokine release in vitro in J774A.1 macrophage murine cells. Porins alone were not taken up by the macrophage cells whereas in combination with chitosan a significant uptake was obtained. Porins-chitosan combination systems were found to induce CD80, CD86 and MHC-II expressions at different levels by different formulations depending on the particle size. Similarly, TNF-α and IL-6 levels were found to increase with porins-chitosan combination. Our results demonstrated that combination of porins with chitosan as a particulate system exerts enhanced adjuvant effect, suggesting a promising adjuvant system for subunit vaccines with combined immunostimulating activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selin Yüksel
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Hacettepe University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mert Pekcan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Ankara University, Dışkapı, 06110 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nuhan Puralı
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biophysics, Hacettepe University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Güneş Esendağlı
- Department of Basic Oncology, Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ece Tavukçuoğlu
- Department of Basic Oncology, Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Vanessa Rivero-Arredondo
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, Hospital de Especialidades Centro Médico Nacional 'Siglo XXI', Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Ontiveros-Padilla
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, Hospital de Especialidades Centro Médico Nacional 'Siglo XXI', Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Constantino López-Macías
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, Hospital de Especialidades Centro Médico Nacional 'Siglo XXI', Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Sevda Şenel
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Hacettepe University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey.
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Pérez-Toledo M, Valero-Pacheco N, Pastelin-Palacios R, Gil-Cruz C, Perez-Shibayama C, Moreno-Eutimio MA, Becker I, Pérez-Tapia SM, Arriaga-Pizano L, Cunningham AF, Isibasi A, Bonifaz LC, López-Macías C. Salmonella Typhi Porins OmpC and OmpF Are Potent Adjuvants for T-Dependent and T-Independent Antigens. Front Immunol 2017; 8:230. [PMID: 28337196 PMCID: PMC5344031 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Several microbial components, such as bacterial DNA and flagellin, have been used as experimental vaccine adjuvants because of their inherent capacity to efficiently activate innate immune responses. Likewise, our previous work has shown that the major Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi) outer membrane proteins OmpC and OmpF (porins) are highly immunogenic protective antigens that efficiently stimulate innate and adaptive immune responses in the absence of exogenous adjuvants. Moreover, S. Typhi porins induce the expression of costimulatory molecules on antigen-presenting cells through toll-like receptor canonical signaling pathways. However, the potential of major S. Typhi porins to be used as vaccine adjuvants remains unknown. Here, we evaluated the adjuvant properties of S. Typhi porins against a range of experimental and clinically relevant antigens. Co-immunization of S. Typhi porins with ovalbumin (OVA), an otherwise poorly immunogenic antigen, enhanced anti-OVA IgG titers, antibody class switching, and affinity maturation. This adjuvant effect was dependent on CD4+ T-cell cooperation and was associated with an increase in IFN-γ, IL-17A, and IL-2 production by OVA-specific CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, co-immunization of S. Typhi porins with an inactivated H1N1 2009 pandemic influenza virus experimental vaccine elicited higher hemagglutinating anti-influenza IgG titers, antibody class switching, and affinity maturation. Unexpectedly, co-administration of S. Typhi porins with purified, unconjugated Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine (Vi CPS)—a T-independent antigen—induced higher IgG antibody titers and class switching. Together, our results suggest that S. Typhi porins OmpC and OmpF are versatile vaccine adjuvants, which could be used to enhance T-cell immune responses toward a Th1/Th17 profile, while improving antibody responses to otherwise poorly immunogenic T-dependent and T-independent antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisol Pérez-Toledo
- Medical Research Unit on Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Centre "Siglo XXI", Mexican Social Security Institute, Mexico City, Mexico; Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nuriban Valero-Pacheco
- Medical Research Unit on Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Centre "Siglo XXI", Mexican Social Security Institute, Mexico City, Mexico; Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Cristina Gil-Cruz
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen , St. Gallen , Switzerland
| | | | - Mario A Moreno-Eutimio
- Immunity and Inflammation Research Unit, Hospital Juárez de México, Ministry of Health , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Ingeborg Becker
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina Experimental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Sonia Mayra Pérez-Tapia
- Unit of R&D in Bioprocesses (UDIBI), Department of Immunology, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Lourdes Arriaga-Pizano
- Medical Research Unit on Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Centre "Siglo XXI", Mexican Social Security Institute , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Adam F Cunningham
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Armando Isibasi
- Medical Research Unit on Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Centre "Siglo XXI", Mexican Social Security Institute , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Laura C Bonifaz
- Medical Research Unit on Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Centre "Siglo XXI", Mexican Social Security Institute , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Constantino López-Macías
- Medical Research Unit on Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Centre "Siglo XXI", Mexican Social Security Institute, Mexico City, Mexico; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Lopez-Medina M, Perez-Lopez A, Alpuche-Aranda C, Ortiz-Navarrete V. Salmonella induces PD-L1 expression in B cells. Immunol Lett 2015; 167:131-40. [PMID: 26292028 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella persists for a long time in B cells; however, the mechanism(s) through which infected B cells avoid effector CD8 T cell responses has not been characterized. In this study, we show that Salmonella infects and survives within all B1 and B2 cell subpopulations. B cells are infected with a Salmonella typhimurium strain expressing an ovalbumin (OVA) peptide (SIINFEKL) to evaluate whether B cells process and present Salmonella antigens in the context of MHC-I molecules. Our data showed that OVA peptides are presented by MHC class I K(b)-restricted molecules and the presented antigen is generated through proteasomal degradation and vacuolar processing. In addition, Salmonella-infected B cells express co-stimulatory molecules such as CD40, CD80, and CD86 as well as inhibitory molecules such as PD-L1. Thus, the cross-presentation of Salmonella antigens and the expression of activation molecules suggest that infected B cells are able to prime and activate specific CD8(+) T cells. However, the Salmonella infection-stimulated expression of PD-L1 suggests that the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway may be involved in turning off the cytotoxic effector response during Salmonella persistent infection, thereby allowing B cells to become a reservoir for the bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Lopez-Medina
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México City CP 07360, Mexico
| | - Araceli Perez-Lopez
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Celia Alpuche-Aranda
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Secretaría de Salud y Asistencia, Cuernavaca, Morelos CP 62100, Mexico
| | - Vianney Ortiz-Navarrete
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México City CP 07360, Mexico.
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López-Medina M, Carrillo-Martín I, Leyva-Rangel J, Alpuche-Aranda C, Ortiz-Navarrete V. Salmonella impairs CD8 T cell response through PD-1: PD-L axis. Immunobiology 2015. [PMID: 26210046 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We have shown that Salmonella remains for a long period of time within B cells, plasma cells, and bone marrow B cell precursors, which might allow persistence and dissemination of infection. Nonetheless, how infected cells evade CD8 T cell response has not been characterized. Evidence indicates that some pathogens exploit the PD-1: PD-L (PD-L1 and PD-L2) interaction to inhibit CD8 T cells response to contribute the chronicity of the infection. To determine whether the PD-1: PD-L axis plays a role during Salmonella infection; we evaluated PD-1 expression in antigen-specific CD8 T cells and PD-1 ligands in Salmonella-infected cells. Our results show that infected B cells and macrophages express continuously co-stimulatory (CD40, CD80, and CD86) and inhibitory molecules (PD-L1 and PD-L2) in early and late stages of chronic Salmonella infection, while antigen-specific CD8 T cells express in a sustained manner PD-1 in the late stages of infection. Blocking this axis restores the ability of the CD8 T cells to proliferate and eliminate primary infected APCs. Therefore, a continuous PD-1: PDL interaction might be a mechanism employed by Salmonella to negatively regulate Salmonella-specific CD8 T cell cytotoxic response in order to remain within the host for a long period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela López-Medina
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México City CP 07360, Mexico
| | - Ismael Carrillo-Martín
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México City CP 07360, Mexico
| | - Jessica Leyva-Rangel
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México City CP 07360, Mexico; Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Mexico City CP 045510, Mexico
| | - Celia Alpuche-Aranda
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Secretaría de Salud y Asistencia, Cuernavaca, Morelos CP 62100, Mexico
| | - Vianney Ortiz-Navarrete
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México City CP 07360, Mexico.
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Shen P, Fillatreau S. Suppressive functions of B cells in infectious diseases. Int Immunol 2015; 27:513-9. [PMID: 26066008 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxv037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
B lymphocytes are often essential to successfully control invading pathogens and play a primary role in the protection afforded by successful vaccines through the production of specific antibodies. However, recent studies have highlighted the complex roles of B cells in infectious diseases, showing unexpectedly that some activated B cells limited host defense towards pathogens. This B-cell function involves production of regulatory cytokines including IL-10 and IL-35 and is reminiscent of the regulatory functions of B cells initially defined in autoimmune diseases. It is now known that various types of microbes including bacteria, helminths and viruses can induce IL-10-expressing B cells with inhibitory functions, indicating that this response is a general component of anti-microbial immunity. Interestingly, IL-10-producing B cells induced in the course of some microbial infections can inhibit concurrent immune responses directed towards unrelated antigens in a bystander manner and as a consequence ameliorate the course of autoimmune or allergic diseases. This could explain how some micro-organisms might provide protection from these pathologies, as formulated in the 'hygiene hypothesis'. In this review, we discuss the regulatory functions of B cells in bacterial, parasitic and viral infections, taking into account the phenotype of the B cells implicated, the signals controlling their induction and the cell types targeted by their suppressive activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Shen
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, a Leibniz Institute, Chariteplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon Fillatreau
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, a Leibniz Institute, Chariteplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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Immuno-Modulatory Role of Porins: Host Immune Responses, Signaling Mechanisms and Vaccine Potential. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 842:79-108. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-11280-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Velge P, Wiedemann A, Rosselin M, Abed N, Boumart Z, Chaussé AM, Grépinet O, Namdari F, Roche SM, Rossignol A, Virlogeux-Payant I. Multiplicity of Salmonella entry mechanisms, a new paradigm for Salmonella pathogenesis. Microbiologyopen 2012; 1:243-58. [PMID: 23170225 PMCID: PMC3496970 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The Salmonella enterica species includes about 2600 diverse serotypes, most of which cause a wide range of food- and water-borne diseases ranging from self-limiting gastroenteritis to typhoid fever in both humans and animals. Moreover, some serotypes are restricted to a few animal species, whereas other serotypes are able to infect plants as well as cold- and warm-blooded animals. An essential feature of the pathogenicity of Salmonella is its capacity to cross a number of barriers requiring invasion of a large variety of phagocytic and nonphagocytic cells. The aim of this review is to describe the different entry pathways used by Salmonella serotypes to enter different nonphagocytic cell types. Until recently, it was accepted that Salmonella invasion of eukaryotic cells required only the type III secretion system (T3SS) encoded by the Salmonella pathogenicity island-1. However, recent evidence shows that Salmonella can cause infection in a T3SS-1-independent manner. Currently, two outer membrane proteins Rck and PagN have been clearly identified as Salmonella invasins. As Rck mediates a Zipper-like entry mechanism, Salmonella is therefore the first bacterium shown to be able to induce both Zipper and Trigger mechanisms to invade host cells. In addition to these known entry pathways, recent data have shown that unknown entry routes could be used according to the serotype, the host and the cell type considered, inducing either Zipper-like or Trigger-like entry processes. The new paradigm presented here should change our classic view of Salmonella pathogenicity. It could also modify our understanding of the mechanisms leading to the different Salmonella-induced diseases and to Salmonella-host specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Velge
- INRA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique F-37380, Nouzilly, France ; Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique F-37000, Tours, France
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Park SY, Kim Y. Surfactin inhibits immunostimulatory function of macrophages through blocking NK-kappaB, MAPK and Akt pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2009; 9:886-93. [PMID: 19336264 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2009.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2009] [Revised: 03/20/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Surfactin is one of the most powerful biosurfactants, and is known to have antibiotic, anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory functions. In this study, we investigated the effect of surfactin on antigen-presenting property of macrophages. Thioglycollate-elicited mouse peritoneal macrophages were tested for surface molecule expression, cytokine production, phagocytosis, capacity to induce T cell activation by mixed lymphocyte reaction, and underlying signaling pathways. Surfactin significantly suppressed lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of CD40, CD54, CD80, and MHC-II, but not of CD86 and MHC-I. Surfactin-treated macrophages also exhibited impaired phagocytosis and reduced IL-12 expression. And surfactin markedly inhibited the activation of CD4+ T cells. Impaired translocation and activation of NF-kappaB p65 were founded on macrophages exposed to surfactin. In addition, surfactin inhibited the phosphorylation and degradation of IkappaB-alpha, and suppressed the activation of IKK, Akt, JNK and p38 kinase. These results suggest that surfactin impair the antigen-presenting function of macrophages by inhibiting the expression of MHC-II and costimulatory molecules via suppression of NF-kappaB, p38, JNK and Akt. These novel findings provide new insight into the immunopharmacological role of surfactin in autoimmune disease and transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Young Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Jangjeon-dong, Keumjeong-gu, Pusan 609-735, Republic of Korea
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