1
|
Vergkizi S, Nikolakakis I. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine generates immunoregulatory cells in the cervical lymph nodes in guinea pigs injected intra dermally. Vaccine 2020; 38:7629-7637. [PMID: 33071000 PMCID: PMC7562966 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This work demonstrates the presence of immune regulatory cells in the cervical lymph nodes draining Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccinated site on the dorsum of the ear in guinea pigs. It is shown that whole cervical lymph node cells did not proliferate in vitro in the presence of soluble mycobacterial antigens (PPD or leprosin) despite being responsive to whole mycobacteria. Besides, T cells from these lymph nodes separated as a non-adherent fraction on a nylon wool column, proliferated to PPD in the presence of autologous antigen presenting cells. Interestingly, addition of as low as 20% nylon wool adherent cells to these, sharply decreased the proliferation by 83%. Looking into what cells in the adherent fraction suppressed the proliferation, it was found that neither the T cell nor the macrophage enriched cell fractions of this population individually showed suppressive effect, indicating that their co-presence was necessary for the suppression. Since BCG induced granulomas resolve much faster than granulomas induced by other mycobacteria such as Mycobacterium leprae the present experimental findings add to the existing evidence that intradermal BCG vaccination influences subsequent immune responses in the host and may further stress upon its beneficial role seen in Covid-19 patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Souzan Vergkizi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Ioannis Nikolakakis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Trueeb BS, Braun RO, Auray G, Kuhnert P, Summerfield A. Differential innate immune responses induced by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Mycoplasma hyorhinis in various types of antigen presenting cells. Vet Microbiol 2019; 240:108541. [PMID: 31902489 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma (M.) hyopneumoniae is the etiological agent of enzootic pneumonia in pigs and is closely related to M. hyorhinis, which can be isolated from the healthy mucosal surfaces of the upper respiratory tract. In rare cases it can also cause arthritis and polyserositis. Since the innate immune system is an important first line of defense and promotes adaptive immune responses, we characterized the innate immune response of various antigen presenting cells (APCs) to M. hyopneumoniae and M. hyorhinis, which differ in their pathogenicity in vivo. Porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells were infected with different multiplicities of infection (MOI) of live and inactivated porcine mycoplasmas. Both Mycoplasma species induced strong tumour necrosis factor (TNF) responses in monocytes, with a stronger activation by M. hyorhinis. This higher stimulatory activity was also confirmed for CD40 upregulation. Conventional and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (cDC and pDC, respectively) did not or poorly respond to mycoplasmas in terms of TNF expression but more efficiently in terms of CD40 upregulation. Again, these responses were generally stronger with M. hyorhinis than with M. hyopneumoniae. Both Mycoplasma species also activated B cells in terms of CD25 upregulation, proliferation, and IgM secretion. Interestingly, while the induction of CD25 and in particular proliferation was higher with M. hyorhinis, the IgM secretion did not differ between the two species with the exception of the highest dose of M. hyopneumoniae,which appeared to suppress IgM responses. Taken together, our results provide a comparative analysis of innate immune response with different porcine APCs and demonstrate Mycoplasma species-dependent differences, which could relate to their different pathogenicity in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bettina S Trueeb
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Roman Othmar Braun
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Gaël Auray
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
| | - Peter Kuhnert
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ye C, Li Q, Li X, Park CG, He Y, Zhang Y, Wu B, Xue Y, Yang K, Lv Y, Ying XL, Ding HH, Cai H, Alkraiem AA, Njiri O, Tembo J, Huang HP, Li AY, Gong J, Qin J, Cheng B, Wei X, Sun Z, Zhang SS, Zhang P, Zheng GX, Li W, Kan B, Yan M, Xiding X, Huo X, Zeng Y, Peng H, Fu Y, Klena JD, Skurnik M, Jiang LY, Chen T. Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Interacts with CD209 Receptors To Promote Host Dissemination and Infection. Infect Immun 2019; 87:e00100-19. [PMID: 31085704 PMCID: PMC6652768 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00100-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, a Gram-negative bacterium, can cause infectious diseases ranging from gastroenteritis to systemic dissemination and infection. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this bacterial dissemination have yet to be elucidated. A study indicated that using the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) core as a ligand, S Typhimurium was able to bind human dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing nonintegrin (hCD209a), an HIV receptor that promotes viral dissemination by hijacking antigen-presenting cells (APCs). In this study, we showed that S Typhimurium interacted with CD209s, leading to the invasion of APCs and potentially the dissemination to regional lymph nodes, spleen, and liver in mice. Shielding of the exposed LPS core through the expression of O-antigen reduces dissemination and infection. Thus, we propose that similar to HIV, S Typhimurium may also utilize APCs via interactions with CD209s as a way to disseminate to the lymph nodes, spleen, and liver to initiate host infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenglin Ye
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qiao Li
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xinyi Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jingmen No. 1 People's Hospital, Jingmen, China
| | - Chae Gyu Park
- Laboratory of Immunology, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yingxia He
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yingmiao Zhang
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Bicong Wu
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ying Xue
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yin Lv
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Ying
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hong-Hui Ding
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huahua Cai
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ayman Ahmad Alkraiem
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taibah University, Medina, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Olivia Njiri
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - John Tembo
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hong-Ping Huang
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - An-Yi Li
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jianping Gong
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jichao Qin
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Bing Cheng
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiang Wei
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ziyong Sun
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shu-Sheng Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine-Rockford, University of Illinois at Chicago, Rockford, Illinois, USA
| | - Pei Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine-Rockford, University of Illinois at Chicago, Rockford, Illinois, USA
| | - Guo-Xing Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine-Rockford, University of Illinois at Chicago, Rockford, Illinois, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Diarrheal Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Biao Kan
- Department of Diarrheal Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Meiying Yan
- Department of Diarrheal Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiamu Xiding
- Division of Disease Control and Prevention for Endemic Diseases, Wenquan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xixiang Huo
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yingchun Zeng
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hua Peng
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yangxin Fu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - John D Klena
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mikael Skurnik
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ling-Yu Jiang
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Tie Chen
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yang K, Park CG, Cheong C, Bulgheresi S, Zhang S, Zhang P, He Y, Jiang L, Huang H, Ding H, Wu Y, Wang S, Zhang L, Li A, Xia L, Bartra SS, Plano GV, Skurnik M, Klena JD, Chen T. Host Langerin (CD207) is a receptor for Yersinia pestis phagocytosis and promotes dissemination. Immunol Cell Biol 2015; 93:815-24. [PMID: 25829141 PMCID: PMC4612776 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2015.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Yersinia pestis is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes plague. After Y. pestis overcomes the skin barrier, it encounters antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as Langerhans and dendritic cells. They transport the bacteria from the skin to the lymph nodes. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in bacterial transmission are unclear. Langerhans cells (LCs) express Langerin (CD207), a calcium-dependent (C-type) lectin. Furthermore, Y. pestis possesses exposed core oligosaccharides. In this study, we show that Y. pestis invades LCs and Langerin-expressing transfectants. However, when the bacterial core oligosaccharides are shielded or truncated, Y. pestis propensity to invade Langerhans and Langerin-expressing cells decreases. Moreover, the interaction of Y. pestis with Langerin-expressing transfectants is inhibited by purified Langerin, a DC-SIGN (DC-specific intercellular adhesion molecule 3 grabbing nonintegrin)-like molecule, an anti-CD207 antibody, purified core oligosaccharides and several oligosaccharides. Furthermore, covering core oligosaccharides reduces the mortality associated with murine infection by adversely affecting the transmission of Y. pestis to lymph nodes. These results demonstrate that direct interaction of core oligosaccharides with Langerin facilitates the invasion of LCs by Y. pestis. Therefore, Langerin-mediated binding of Y. pestis to APCs may promote its dissemination and infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yang
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Chae G Park
- Laboratory of Immunology, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Cheolho Cheong
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM)MontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Silvia Bulgheresi
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Shusheng Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Illinois at ChicagoRockfordILUSA
| | - Pei Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Illinois at ChicagoRockfordILUSA
| | - Yingxia He
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Lingyu Jiang
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Hongping Huang
- The Center for Experimental Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Honghui Ding
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Yiping Wu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Shaogang Wang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Anyi Li
- The Animal Experimental Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Lianxu Xia
- Department of Zoonotic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijingChina
| | - Sara S Bartra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFLUSA
| | - Gregory V Plano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFLUSA
| | - Mikael Skurnik
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki, and Helsinki University HospitalHelsinkiFinland
| | - John D Klena
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Tie Chen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiChina
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
We have shown that Salmonella remains for a long period of time within B cells, plasma cells, and bone marrow B cell precursors, which might allow persistence and dissemination of infection. Nonetheless, how infected cells evade CD8 T cell response has not been characterized. Evidence indicates that some pathogens exploit the PD-1: PD-L (PD-L1 and PD-L2) interaction to inhibit CD8 T cells response to contribute the chronicity of the infection. To determine whether the PD-1: PD-L axis plays a role during Salmonella infection; we evaluated PD-1 expression in antigen-specific CD8 T cells and PD-1 ligands in Salmonella-infected cells. Our results show that infected B cells and macrophages express continuously co-stimulatory (CD40, CD80, and CD86) and inhibitory molecules (PD-L1 and PD-L2) in early and late stages of chronic Salmonella infection, while antigen-specific CD8 T cells express in a sustained manner PD-1 in the late stages of infection. Blocking this axis restores the ability of the CD8 T cells to proliferate and eliminate primary infected APCs. Therefore, a continuous PD-1: PDL interaction might be a mechanism employed by Salmonella to negatively regulate Salmonella-specific CD8 T cell cytotoxic response in order to remain within the host for a long period of time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcela López-Medina
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México City CP 07360, Mexico
| | - Ismael Carrillo-Martín
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México City CP 07360, Mexico
| | - Jessica Leyva-Rangel
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México City CP 07360, Mexico; Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Mexico City CP 045510, Mexico
| | - Celia Alpuche-Aranda
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Secretaría de Salud y Asistencia, Cuernavaca, Morelos CP 62100, Mexico
| | - Vianney Ortiz-Navarrete
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México City CP 07360, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kallert S, Zenk SF, Walther P, Grieshober M, Weil T, Stenger S. Liposomal delivery of lipoarabinomannan triggers Mycobacterium tuberculosis specific T-cells. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2015; 95:452-62. [PMID: 26043674 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lipoarabinomannan (LAM) is a major cell wall component of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). LAM specific human T-lymphocytes release interferon-γ (IFNγ) and have antimicrobial activity against intracellular Mtb suggesting that they contribute to protection. Therefore the induction of LAM-specific memory T-cells is an attractive approach for the design of a new vaccine against tuberculosis. A prerequisite for the activation of LAM-specific T-cells is the efficient uptake and transport of the glycolipid antigen to the CD1 antigen presenting machinery. Based on the hydrophobicity of LAM we hypothesized that packaging of LAM into liposomes will support the activation of T-lymphocytes. We prepared liposomes containing phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, stearylated octaarginine and LAM via thin layer hydration method (LIPLAM). Flow cytometry analysis using fluorescently labelled LIPLAM showed an efficient uptake by antigen presenting cells. LAM delivered via liposomes was biologically active as demonstrated by the down-regulation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) protein expression. Importantly, LIPLAM induced higher IFNγ production by primary human T-lymphocytes than purified LAM (2-16 times) or empty liposomes. These results suggest that the delivery of mycobacterial glycolipids via liposomes is a promising approach to promote the induction of M. tuberculosis specific T-cell responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Kallert
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Ulm, Albert Einstein Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Sebastian F Zenk
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Ulm, Albert Einstein Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Paul Walther
- Central Unit Electron Microscopy, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Mark Grieshober
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Ulm, Albert Einstein Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Tanja Weil
- Institute for Organic Chemistry III/Macromolecular Chemistry, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Steffen Stenger
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Ulm, Albert Einstein Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Moutsopoulos NM, Kling HM, Angelov N, Jin W, Palmer RJ, Nares S, Osorio M, Wahl SM. Porphyromonas gingivalis promotes Th17 inducing pathways in chronic periodontitis. J Autoimmun 2012; 39:294-303. [PMID: 22560973 PMCID: PMC3416947 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 03/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In periodontitis, a common chronic inflammatory condition, gram-negative-rich bacterial biofilms trigger, in susceptible individuals, perpetuating inflammation that results in extensive tissue damage of tooth supporting structures. To delineate immune cell-dependent mechanisms whereby bacterial challenge drives persistent destructive inflammation in periodontitis and other inflammatory diseases, we studied involved tissues ex vivo and investigated host cell responses to the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis, in vitro. Diseased lesions were populated by abundant Th17 cells, linked to infection, chronic inflammation/autoimmunity and tissue pathology. In vitro, P. gingivalis, particularly the more virulent strain W83, stimulated myeloid antigen presenting cells (APC) to drive Th17 polarization. Supernatants from myeloid APC exposed to P. gingivalis were capable of enhancing Th17 but not Th1 polarization. P. gingivalis favored the generation of Th17 responses by stimulating the production of Th17 related cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-23, but not Th1 related IL-12. By inducing NFκB activation, P. gingivalis promoted IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-12p40 production, but not IRF3 phosphorylation, connected to generation of the IL-12p35 chain, ultimately restricting formation of the intact IL-12 molecule. Promotion of Th17 lineage responses was also aided by P. gingivalis proteases, which appeared to differentially degrade pivotal cytokines. In this regard, IL-12 was largely degraded by P. gingivalis, whereas IL-1β was more resistant to proteolysis. Our data unveil multiple pathways by which P. gingivalis may orchestrate chronic inflammation, providing insights into interventional strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niki M Moutsopoulos
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4352, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hoffman C, Park SH, Daley E, Emson C, Louten J, Sisco M, de Waal Malefyt R, Grunig G. Interleukin-19: a constituent of the regulome that controls antigen presenting cells in the lungs and airway responses to microbial products. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27629. [PMID: 22110701 PMCID: PMC3217014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin (IL)-19 has been reported to enhance chronic inflammatory diseases such as asthma but the in vivo mechanism is incompletely understood. Because IL-19 is produced by and regulates cells of the monocyte lineage, our studies focused on in vivo responses of CD11c positive (CD11c+) alveolar macrophages and lung dendritic cells. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS IL-19-deficient (IL-19-/-) mice were studied at baseline (naïve) and following intranasal challenge with microbial products, or recombinant cytokines. Naïve IL-19-/- mixed background mice had a decreased percentage of CD11c+ cells in the bronchoalveolar-lavage (BAL) due to the deficiency in IL-19 and a trait inherited from the 129-mouse strain. BAL CD11c+ cells from fully backcrossed IL-19-/- BALB/c or C57BL/6 mice expressed significantly less Major Histocompatibility Complex class II (MHCII) in response to intranasal administration of lipopolysaccharide, Aspergillus antigen, or IL-13, a pro-allergic cytokine. Neurogenic-locus-notch-homolog-protein-2 (Notch2) expression by lung monocytes, the precursors of BAL CD11c+ cells, was dysregulated: extracellular Notch2 was significantly decreased, transmembrane/intracellular Notch2 was significantly increased in IL-19-/- mice relative to wild type. Instillation of recombinant IL-19 increased extracellular Notch2 expression and dendritic cells cultured from bone marrow cells in the presence of IL-19 showed upregulated extracellular Notch2. The CD205 positive subset among the CD11c+ cells was 3-5-fold decreased in the airways and lungs of naïve IL-19-/- mice relative to wild type. Airway inflammation and histological changes in the lungs were ameliorated in IL-19-/- mice challenged with Aspergillus antigen that induces T lymphocyte-dependent allergic inflammation but not in IL-19-/- mice challenged with lipopolysaccharide or IL-13. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Because MHCII is the molecular platform that displays peptides to T lymphocytes and Notch2 determines cell fate decisions, our studies suggest that endogenous IL-19 is a constituent of the regulome that controls both processes in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carol Hoffman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York, United States of America
| | - Sung-Hyun Park
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York, United States of America
| | - Eleen Daley
- Department of Pathology, St. Luke's Roosevelt Hospital, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Claire Emson
- Merck Research Laboratories (formerly Schering Plough Biopharma), Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Louten
- Merck Research Laboratories (formerly Schering Plough Biopharma), Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Maureen Sisco
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York, United States of America
| | - Rene de Waal Malefyt
- Merck Research Laboratories (formerly Schering Plough Biopharma), Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Gabriele Grunig
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York, United States of America
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Schierloh P, Yokobori N, Alemán M, Landoni V, Geffner L, Musella RM, Castagnino J, Baldini M, Abbate E, de la Barrera SS, Sasiain MC. Mycobacterium tuberculosis-induced gamma interferon production by natural killer cells requires cross talk with antigen-presenting cells involving Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 and the mannose receptor in tuberculous pleurisy. Infect Immun 2007; 75:5325-37. [PMID: 17709420 PMCID: PMC2168293 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00381-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculous pleurisy allows the study of human cells at the site of active Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. In this study, we found that among pleural fluid (PF) lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells are a major source of early gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) upon M. tuberculosis stimulation, leading us to investigate the mechanisms and molecules involved in this process. We show that the whole bacterium is the best inducer of IFN-gamma, although a high-molecular-weight fraction of culture filtrate proteins from M. tuberculosis H37Rv and the whole-cell lysate also induce its expression. The mannose receptor seems to mediate the inhibitory effect of mannosylated lipoarabinomannan, and Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 agonists activate NK cells but do not induce IFN-gamma like M. tuberculosis does. Antigen-presenting cells (APC) and NK cells bind M. tuberculosis, and although interleukin-12 is required, it is not sufficient to induce IFN-gamma expression, indicating that NK cell-APC contact takes place. Indeed, major histocompatibility complex class I, adhesion, and costimulatory molecules as well as NK receptors regulate IFN-gamma induction. The signaling pathway is partially inhibited by dexamethasone and sensitive to Ca2+ flux and cyclosporine. Inhibition of p38 and extracellular-regulated kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways reduces the number of IFN-gamma+ NK cells. Phosphorylated p38 (p-p38) is detected in ex vivo PF-NK cells, and M. tuberculosis triggers p-p38 in PF-NK cells at the same time that binding between NK and M. tuberculosis reaches its maximum value. Thus, interplay between M. tuberculosis and NK cells/APC triggering IFN-gamma would be expected to play a beneficial role in tuberculous pleurisy by helping to maintain a type 1 profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Schierloh
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Hematológicas, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Piercy J, Werling D, Coffey TJ. Differential responses of bovine macrophages to infection with bovine-specific and non-bovine specific mycobacteria. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2007; 87:415-20. [PMID: 17644438 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2007.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2007] [Revised: 05/21/2007] [Accepted: 06/01/2007] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex share a high level of genetic identity, however pathogenic ability appears to display host restriction. Interestingly M. tuberculosis, the primary cause of tuberculosis in humans, is non-pathogenic in cattle. Conversely Mycobacterium bovis, the cause of tuberculosis in cattle, is also responsible for a proportion of tuberculosis cases in humans. We hypothesise that differences in the abilities of M. bovis and M. tuberculosis to cause pathogenesis in cattle will be reflected in their interactions with bovine antigen presenting cells. To analyse the importance of host species in mycobacterial infection, bovine antigen presenting cells were infected with bovine or human mycobacterial strains. Levels of nitric oxide and tumour necrosis factor production, markers of antimicrobial activity, were found to be associated with a specific mycobacterial strain, and varied between cell subsets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Piercy
- Institute for Animal Health, Compton, Berkshire, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kollmann TR, Reikie B, Blimkie D, Way SS, Hajjar AM, Arispe K, Shaulov A, Wilson CB. Induction of protective immunity to Listeria monocytogenes in neonates. J Immunol 2007; 178:3695-701. [PMID: 17339467 PMCID: PMC2706399 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.6.3695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Neonates suffer unduly from infections and also respond suboptimally to most commonly used vaccines. However, a CD8 T cell response can be elicited in neonates if the Ag is introduced into the cytoplasm of APCs. Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) targets the cytoplasm of APC and is a strong CD8 and CD4 Th1-promoting vaccine vehicle in adult mice. We hypothesized that an attenuated strain of Lm would be safe and induce long-lasting protective immunity, even in neonates. We found that neonatal mice immunized only once with the attenuated strain DeltaactA-Lm developed robust primary and secondary CD8 and CD4 Th1 responses and were fully protected from lethal challenge with virulent wild-type Lm without the need for a booster immunization. Furthermore, DeltaactA-Lm expressing a heterologous recombinant Ag induced a strong CD8 and Th1 memory response to that Ag. Based on these data, we propose that DeltaactA-Lm or derivatives thereof might serve as a vaccine vehicle for neonatal immunization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias R Kollmann
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
The expression of CD1d molecules is essential for the selection and activation of a unique subset of T cells, invariant NKT cells, which express limited TCR diversity and have been demonstrated to function in both regulatory and antimicrobial immune responses. Although it has been reported that the levels of CD1d expression can be modulated during infection, the mechanisms that mediate this effect are poorly defined. In this study, we show that infection of dendritic cells and macrophages both in vitro and in vivo with the intracellular pathogen Listeria monocytogenes leads to up-regulation of CD1d. IFN-beta is required to mediate this up-regulation in L. monocytogenes infection, as well as being sufficient to up-regulate CD1d expression in vitro. Unlike MHC class I molecules, the increased surface expression of CD1d by IFN-beta is not regulated at the transcriptional level. Confocal microscopy and metabolic labeling experiments show that the total pool of CD1d protein is increased in IFN-beta-treated cells and that increased surface expression of CD1d is not due to the redistribution of the intracellular pool of CD1d. IFN-beta treatment increases the de novo synthesis of CD1d. This change in surface CD1d expression was functionally relevant, as IFN-beta-treated dendritic cells are more efficient in stimulating invariant NKT cells than untreated controls. Taken together, these data support a role for early IFN-beta-mediated up-regulation of CD1d in NKT cell activation during infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gayatri Raghuraman
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, 924 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
von Meyenn F, Schaefer M, Weighardt H, Bauer S, Kirschning CJ, Wagner H, Sparwasser T. Toll-like receptor 9 contributes to recognition of Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin by Flt3-ligand generated dendritic cells. Immunobiology 2006; 211:557-65. [PMID: 16920494 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2006.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2006] [Accepted: 05/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Recognition of mycobacteria by the innate immune system is essential for the development of an adaptive immune response. Mycobacterial antigens stimulate antigen presenting cells (APCs) through distinct Toll-like receptors (TLRs) resulting in rapid activation of the innate immune system. The role of TLRs during infection with Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) has been evaluated for TLR2 and TLR4 only. Surprisingly, despite the fact that immune stimulatory CpG-motifs have been originally derived from BCG, for the vaccine strain the role of TLR9 has not been addressed before. To identify the set of TLRs involved in the recognition of BCG, we infected bone marrow-derived macrophages and bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (Flt3-ligand generated DCs) from TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR7, TLR9, MyD88 knockout, TLR2/4 and TLR2/4/9 multiple knockout mice. The degree of activation and stimulation was determined by TNFalpha, IL-6 and IL-12p40 ELISA. Activation of DCs was measured by surface expression of the costimulatory molecule CD86. We observed the most dramatic reduction of the inflammatory response for TLR2-deficient antigen presenting cells. Both macrophages and DCs produce markedly decreased amounts of TNFalpha and IL-6 in the absence of TLR2 whereas no significant reduction could be observed for TLR3, 4, 7, 9 single TLR-knockouts. However, IL-12 production in DCs appears not exclusively dependent on TLR2 and only in TLR2/4/9-deficient DCs BCG-induced IL-12 is reduced to background levels. Similarly, up-regulation of CD86 is abolished only in TLR2/4/9-deficient DCs supporting a role of TLR9 in the recognition of M. bovis BCG by murine dendritic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinand von Meyenn
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie and Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Trogerstrasse 30, 81675 München, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pecora ND, Gehring AJ, Canaday DH, Boom WH, Harding CV. Mycobacterium tuberculosis LprA is a lipoprotein agonist of TLR2 that regulates innate immunity and APC function. J Immunol 2006; 177:422-9. [PMID: 16785538 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.1.422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
TLR2 recognizes components of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and initiates responses by APCs that influence both innate and adaptive immunity. Mtb lipoproteins are an important class of TLR2 ligand, but only two, LpqH and LprG, have been characterized to date. In this study, we characterize a third Mtb lipoprotein, LprA, and determine its effects on host macrophages and dendritic cells. LprA is a cell wall-associated lipoprotein with no homologs outside the slow-growing mycobacteria. Using Mycobacterium smegmatis as an expression host, we purified 6x His-tagged LprA both with and without its acyl modifications. Acylated LprA had agonist activity for both human and murine TLR2 and induced expression of TNF-alpha, IL-10, and IL-12. LprA also induced dendritic cell maturation as shown by increased expression of CD40, CD80, and class II MHC (MHC-II). In macrophages, prolonged (24 h) incubation with LprA decreased IFN-gamma-induced MHC-II Ag processing and presentation, consistent with an observed decrease in MHC-II expression (macrophage viability was not affected and apoptosis was not induced by LprA). Reduced MHC-II Ag presentation may represent a negative feedback mechanism for control of inflammation that may be subverted by Mtb for immune evasion. Thus, Mtb LprA is a TLR2 agonist that induces cytokine responses and regulates APC function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole D Pecora
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH 44106-7288, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Thompson LJ, Kolumam GA, Thomas S, Murali-Krishna K. Innate Inflammatory Signals Induced by Various Pathogens Differentially Dictate the IFN-I Dependence of CD8 T Cells for Clonal Expansion and Memory Formation. J Immunol 2006; 177:1746-54. [PMID: 16849484 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.3.1746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Type-I IFNs (IFN-I) provide direct survival signals to T cells during Ag-driven proliferation. Because IFN-I production differs depending on the pathogen, we assessed CD8 T cell requirement for direct IFN-I signals during responses to vaccinia virus (VV), vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), and Listeria monocytogenes (LM) immunizations in vivo. IFN-I-receptor-deficient (IFN-IR(o)) CD8 T cells expanded 3- to 5-fold less and formed a diminished memory pool compared with wild-type (WT) CD8 T cells in response to VV, VSV, or LM. WT CD8 T cells expanded more robustly in response to LCMV-encoded Ags than to Ags encoded by the other three pathogens, and under these conditions the lack of direct IFN-I signals inhibited their expansion by approximately 100-fold. To test whether the high antigenic-load provided by LCMV caused greater expansion and greater IFN-I dependency, we primed WT and IFN-IR(o) OVA-specific OT-1 CD8 T cells with a fixed-number of OVA-peptide-pulsed dendritic cells along with adjuvant effect provided by LCMV, VV, VSV, or LM. Both WT and IFN-IR(o) OT-1 cells were recruited, proliferated, and differentiated into effectors in all the four cases. However, WT OT-1 cells expanded similarly in all four cases. IFN-IR(o) OT-1 cells expanded approximately 20-fold less than the WT OT-1 CD8 T cells when LCMV was used as adjuvant, whereas their expansion was affected only marginally when VV, VSV, or LM were used as adjuvants. Thus, innate/inflammatory signals induced by different pathogens contribute to CD8 T cell expansion and memory formation via distinct levels of IFN-I dependence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas J Thompson
- Department of Immunology and Washington National Primate Center, University of Washington, 1959 Northeast Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Critchley-Thorne RJ, Stagg AJ, Vassaux G. Recombinant Escherichia coli expressing invasin targets the Peyer's patches: the basis for a bacterial formulation for oral vaccination. Mol Ther 2006; 14:183-91. [PMID: 16581299 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2006.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2005] [Revised: 01/12/2006] [Accepted: 01/30/2006] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the tropism of nonpathogenic recombinant invasive Escherichia coli in the gastrointestinal tract and the efficacy of this invasive E. coli as an oral vaccine for cancer immunotherapy. E. coli expressing invasin from Yersinia pseudotuberculosis selectively invade nonphagocytic cells in which beta(1)-integrin is expressed and accessible. Following internalization the E. coli are degraded in the phagosome. Coexpression of listeriolysin O (LLO) mediates release of the content of the bacteria into the cytosol of the invaded cell. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that gut epithelial cells failed to be invaded by invasive E. coli, due to a basolateral localization of beta(1)-integrin. By contrast, selective uptake of invasive bacteria from the intestinal lumen into Peyer's patches was observed ex vivo. Once in this structure, invasive E. coli colocalized with dendritic cells and possibly B cells. Oral administration of invasive E. coli coexpressing the model antigen ovalbumin and LLO from Listeria monocytogenes was able to elicit systemic protection against a lethal challenge of B16 tumor cells expressing ovalbumin. These data demonstrate the selectivity of invasin-mediated invasion to the Peyer's patches and indicate the potential of nonpathogenic, invasive E. coli as an oral vaccine with applications in immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Critchley-Thorne
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Institute of Cancer and CR-UK Clinical Centre, Barts and The London, Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Humphreys IR, Stewart GR, Turner DJ, Patel J, Karamanou D, Snelgrove RJ, Young DB. A role for dendritic cells in the dissemination of mycobacterial infection. Microbes Infect 2006; 8:1339-46. [PMID: 16697232 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2005.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2005] [Revised: 11/01/2005] [Accepted: 12/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The ability of mycobacteria to disseminate from the initial site of infection has an important role in immune priming and in the seeding of disease in multiple organs. To study this phenomenon, we used flow cytometry to analyse the distribution of green fluorescent protein-labelled BCG amongst different populations of antigen-presenting cells in the lungs of mice following intranasal infection, and monitored appearance of live bacteria in the draining mediastinal lymph nodes. BCG predominantly infected alveolar macrophages (CD11c(+)/CD11b(-)) and dendritic cells (CD11c(+)/CD11b(+)) in the lungs. The bacteria that disseminated to the lymph node were found in dendritic cells. The results are consistent with a model in which mycobacterial dissemination from the lung is initiated by the migration of infected dendritic cells to the draining lymph nodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian R Humphreys
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Flowers Building, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Despite the importance of pneumonic plague, little is known of the early pulmonary immune responses that occur following inhalation of Yersinia pestis. Therefore, we conducted studies to identify the early target cells for uptake of Y. pestis in the lungs following intratracheal or i.v. inoculation. Following intratracheal inoculation, Y. pestis was rapidly internalized primarily by a distinctive population of CD11c+DEC-205+CD11b- cells in the airways, whereas i.v. inoculation resulted in uptake primarily by CD11b+CD11c- macrophages and granulocytes in lung tissues. The airway cells internalized and were infected by Y. pestis, but did not support active replication of the organism. Intratracheal inoculation of Y. pestis resulted in rapid activation of airway CD11c+ cells, followed within 24 h by the selective disappearance of these cells from the airways and lungs and the accumulation of apoptotic CD11c+ cells in draining lymph nodes. When CD11c+ cells in the airways were depleted using liposomal clodronate before infection, this resulted in a significantly increased replication of Y. pestis in the lungs and dissemination to the spleen and draining lymph nodes. These findings suggest that CD11c+ cells in the airways play an important role in suppressing the initial replication and dissemination of inhaled Y. pestis, although these results will also require confirmation using fully virulent strains of Y. pestis. Depletion of these airway cells by Y. pestis may therefore be one strategy the organism uses to overcome pulmonary defenses following inhalation of the organism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catharine M Bosio
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences,Colorado State University, Fort Collins, 80523, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Pless DD, Ruthel G, Reinke EK, Ulrich RG, Bavari S. Persistence of zinc-binding bacterial superantigens at the surface of antigen-presenting cells contributes to the extreme potency of these superantigens as T-cell activators. Infect Immun 2005; 73:5358-66. [PMID: 16113251 PMCID: PMC1231094 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.9.5358-5366.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2005] [Revised: 04/18/2005] [Accepted: 05/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial superantigen intoxication causes massive overactivation of T cells, which can result in potentially lethal toxic shock. Superantigens fall into two groups: superantigens such as staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) that contain a single generic binding site for major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) and more potent superantigens such as SEA with a second, zinc-dependent MHC-II binding site that enables them to cross-link adjacent MHC-II molecules. We found that although all superantigens bound rapidly to the surface of human B cells, zinc-binding superantigens largely remained at the cell surface for at least 40 h. In contrast, single-binding-site superantigens were greatly depleted from the surface by 4 h. Subcellular fractionation and confocal microscopy revealed that some SEB entered lysosomal compartments, but SEA remained almost undetectable inside cells at 20 h. SEA and SEB mutants that do not bind MHC-II were trafficked rapidly to lysosomal compartments. Our findings suggest that the persistence of SEA and other zinc-dependent, cross-linking superantigens on the surface of antigen-presenting cells contributes to their potency as T-cell activators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy D Pless
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Frederick, MD 21702-5011, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abbott JR, Palmer GH, Kegerreis KA, Hetrick PF, Howard CJ, Hope JC, Brown WC. Rapid and long-term disappearance of CD4+ T lymphocyte responses specific for Anaplasma marginale major surface protein-2 (MSP2) in MSP2 vaccinates following challenge with live A. marginale. J Immunol 2005; 174:6702-15. [PMID: 15905510 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.11.6702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In humans and ruminants infected with Anaplasma, the major surface protein 2 (MSP2) is immunodominant. Numerous CD4(+) T cell epitopes in the hypervariable and conserved regions of MSP2 contribute to this immunodominance. Antigenic variation in MSP2 occurs throughout acute and persistent infection, and sequentially emerging variants are thought to be controlled by variant-specific Ab. This study tested the hypothesis that challenge of cattle with Anaplasma marginale expressing MSP2 variants to which the animals had been immunized, would stimulate variant epitope-specific recall CD4(+) T cell and IgG responses and organism clearance. MSP2-specific T lymphocyte responses, determined by IFN-gamma ELISPOT and proliferation assays, were strong before and for 3 wk postchallenge. Surprisingly, these responses became undetectable by the peak of rickettsemia, composed predominantly of organisms expressing the same MSP2 variants used for immunization. Immune responsiveness remained insignificant during subsequent persistent A. marginale infection up to 1 year. The suppressed response was specific for A. marginale, as responses to Clostridium vaccine Ag were consistently observed. CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells and cytokines IL-10 and TGF-beta1 did not increase after challenge. Furthermore, a suppressive effect of nonresponding cells was not observed. Lymphocyte proliferation and viability were lost in vitro in the presence of physiologically relevant numbers of A. marginale organisms. These results suggest that loss of memory T cell responses following A. marginale infection is due to a mechanism other than induction of T regulatory cells, such as peripheral deletion of MSP2-specific T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Abbott
- Program in Vector-Borne Disease, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, 99164, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Canadien V, Tan T, Zilber R, Szeto J, Perrin AJ, Brumell JH. Cutting edge: microbial products elicit formation of dendritic cell aggresome-like induced structures in macrophages. J Immunol 2005; 174:2471-5. [PMID: 15728449 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.5.2471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In response to a maturation stimulus, dendritic cells undergo the formation of ubiquitinated protein aggregates known as dendritic cell aggresome-like induced structures (DALIS). DALIS are thought to act as Ag storage structures, allowing for the prioritized degradation of proteins during infection. In this study, we demonstrate that murine macrophages can also form ubiquitinated protein aggregates that are indistinguishable from DALIS. These were formed in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and in response to a variety of microbial products. Surprisingly, the proteasome did not accumulate on these ubiquitinated protein structures, further underlining the difference between DALIS and aggresomes. Our studies suggest that DALIS formation is important for the function of Ag-presenting immune cells during infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Canadien
- Infection, Immunity, Injury, and Repair Program, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is a global human pathogen causing diseases ranging from blinding trachoma to pelvic inflammatory disease. To explore how innate and adaptive immune responses cooperate to protect against systemic infection with C. trachomatis L2, we investigated the role of macrophages (Mphi) and dendritic cells (DCs) in the stimulation of C. trachomatis-specific CD8(+) T cells. We found that C. trachomatis infection of Mphi and DCs is far less productive than infection of nonprofessional APCs, the typical targets of infection. However, despite the limited replication of C. trachomatis within Mphi and DCs, infected Mphi and DCs process and present C. trachomatis CD8(+) T cell Ag in a proteasome-dependent manner. These findings suggest that although C. trachomatis is a vacuolar pathogen, some Ags expressed in infected Mphi and DCs are processed in the host cell cytosol for presentation to CD8(+) T cells. We also show that even though C. trachomatis replicates efficiently within nonprofessional APCs both in vitro and in vivo, Ag presentation by hematopoietic cells is essential for initial stimulation of C. trachomatis-specific CD8(+) T cells. However, when DCs infected with C. trachomatis ex vivo were adoptively transferred into naive mice, they failed to prime C. trachomatis-specific CD8(+) T cells. We propose a model for priming C. trachomatis-specific CD8(+) T cells whereby DCs acquire C. trachomatis Ag by engulfing productively infected nonprofessional APCs and then present the Ag to T cells via a mechanism of cross-presentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa N Steele
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Macrophages are one of the most abundant host cells to come in contact with mycobacteria. However, the infected macrophages less efficiently stimulate autologous T cells in vitro. We investigated the effect of the induction of phenotypic change of macrophages on the host cell activities by using Mycobacterium leprae as a pathogen. The treatment of macrophages with interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), GM-CSF and interleukin-4 deprived macrophages of CD14 antigen expression but instead provided them with CD1a, CD83 and enhanced CD86 antigen expression. These phenotypic features resembled those of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DC). These macrophage-derived DC-like cells (MACDC) stimulated autologous CD4+ and CD8+ T cells when infected with M. leprae. Further enhancement of the antigen-presenting function and CD1a expression of macrophages was observed when treated with IFN-gamma. The M. leprae-infected and -treated macrophages expressed bacterial cell membrane-derived antigens on the surface and were efficiently cytolysed by the cell membrane antigen-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). These results suggest that the induction of phenotypic changes in macrophages can lead to the upregulation of host defence activity against M. leprae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Kimura
- Department of Microbiology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Motameni ART, Juncadella IJ, Ananthanarayanan SK, Hedrick MN, Huet-Hudson Y, Anguita J. Delivery of the immunosuppressive antigen Salp15 to antigen-presenting cells by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium aroA mutants. Infect Immun 2004; 72:3638-42. [PMID: 15155675 PMCID: PMC415690 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.6.3638-3642.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium aroA-deficient delivery system was used to target the immunosuppressive protein Salp15 to antigen-presenting cells. In vitro and in vivo infections with Salp15-containing Salmonella resulted in an impaired CD4(+)-T-cell activation, suggesting that the protein was produced by antigen-presenting cells in a physiologically active form.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir-Reza T Motameni
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
The activation of dendritic cells (DC) leads to increased costimulatory activity (termed DC maturation) and, in some instances, production of immunomodulatory cytokines such as IL-12. Both innate and T cell-derived signals can promote DC activation but it is unclear to what extent the two classes of stimuli are interchangeable or regulate distinct aspects of DC function. In this study, we show that signals from newly activated CD4(+) T cells cannot initiate IL-12 synthesis although they can amplify secretion of bioactive IL-12 p70 by DC exposed to an appropriate innate stimulus. This occurs exclusively in cis and does not influence IL-12 synthesis by bystander DC that do not present Ag. In marked contrast, signals from newly activated CD4(+) T cells can induce an increase in DC costimulatory activity in the absence of any innate priming. This occurs both in cis and in trans, affecting all DC in the microenvironment, including those that do not bear specific Ag. Consistent with the latter, we show that newly activated CD4(+) T cells in vivo can deliver "help" in trans, effectively lowering the number of MHC/peptide complexes required for proliferation of third-party naive CD4(+) T cells recognizing Ag on bystander DC. These results demonstrate that DC maturation and cytokine production are regulated distinctly by innate stimuli vs signals from CD4(+) T cells and reveal a process of trans activation of DC without secretion of polarizing cytokines that takes place during T cell priming and may be involved in amplifying immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Spörri
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces represent the main sites of interaction with environmental microorganisms and antigens. Sentinel cells, including epithelial cells and dendritic cells (DCs), continuously sense the environment and coordinate defenses for the protection of mucosal tissues. DCs play a central role in the control of adaptive immune responses owing to their capacity to internalize foreign materials, to migrate into lymph nodes and to present antigens to naive lymphocytes. Some pathogenic microorganisms trigger epithelial responses that result in the recruitment of DCs. These pathogens hijack the recruited DCs to enable them to infect the host, escape the host's defense mechanisms and establish niches at remote sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florence Niedergang
- Membrane and Cytoskeleton Dynamics Laboratory, UMR144 CNRS, Institut Curie, F-75248 Paris, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wang F, Jiao XA, Gu J, Ma L, Lo-Man R, Leclerc C, Liu XF. [In-vivo dynamic changes of antigen presenting cells infected with recombinant attenuated Salmonella typhimurium expressing green fluorescent protein]. Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi 2003; 19:425-7. [PMID: 15169645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
AIM To clarify in-vivo early dynamic changes of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) infected with recombinant attenuated Salmonella typhimurium. METHODS BALB/c mice were orally infected with recombinant attenuated Salmonella typhimurium expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) X4550 (pYAGFP). Peritoneal macrophages were taken out 3 days after infection, cultured for 24 hours, and observed under the fluorescent microscope. Moreover, BALB/c mice were also infected intravenously with X4550 (pYAGFP) and low density cells (LDCs) were isolated and prepared from mouse spleen and liver 3,6 and 12 hours after infection. Infection rates of macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) were analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS About 50% peritoneal macrophages were X4550 (pYAGFP) positive. Infection rates of macrophages in spleen and liver were about 20%-40%. As for the DCs, the infection rates in spleen and liver were about 4%-10% and 10%-20%, respectively. CONCLUSION Recombinant attenuated Salmonella can be captured by APCs in-vivo in early infection, which provides a precondition for inducing effective immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease of Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Shimaoka T, Nakayama T, Kume N, Takahashi S, Yamaguchi J, Minami M, Hayashida K, Kita T, Ohsumi J, Yoshie O, Yonehara S. Cutting edge: SR-PSOX/CXC chemokine ligand 16 mediates bacterial phagocytosis by APCs through its chemokine domain. J Immunol 2003; 171:1647-51. [PMID: 12902461 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.4.1647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SR-PSOX and CXC chemokine ligand (CXCL)16, which were originally identified as a scavenger receptor and a transmembrane-type chemokine, respectively, are indicated to be identical. In this study, we demonstrate that membrane-bound SR-PSOX/CXCL16 mediates adhesion and phagocytosis of both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Importantly, our prepared anti-SR-PSOX mAb, which suppressed chemotactic activity of SR-PSOX, significantly inhibited bacterial phagocytosis by human APCs including dendritic cells. Various scavenger receptor ligands inhibited the bacterial phagocytosis of SR-PSOX. In addition, the recognition specificity for bacteria was determined by only the chemokine domain of SR-PSOX/CXCL16. Thus, SR-PSOX/CXCL16 may play an important role in facilitating uptake of various pathogens and chemotaxis of T and NKT cells by APCs through its chemokine domain.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/metabolism
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/microbiology
- Bacterial Adhesion/drug effects
- Bacterial Adhesion/immunology
- COS Cells
- Chemokine CXCL16
- Chemokine CXCL6
- Chemokines, CXC/chemistry
- Chemokines, CXC/metabolism
- Chemokines, CXC/physiology
- Dextran Sulfate/pharmacology
- Escherichia coli/drug effects
- Escherichia coli/immunology
- Escherichia coli/metabolism
- Female
- Humans
- Ligands
- Lipoproteins, LDL/pharmacology
- Membrane Proteins/chemistry
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Oxidation-Reduction
- Phagocytosis/immunology
- Protein Structure, Tertiary/physiology
- Receptors, Immunologic/chemistry
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/physiology
- Receptors, Lipoprotein
- Receptors, Scavenger
- Scavenger Receptors, Class B
- Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects
- Staphylococcus aureus/immunology
- Staphylococcus aureus/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Shimaoka
- Graduate School of Biostudies and Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Aichele P, Zinke J, Grode L, Schwendener RA, Kaufmann SHE, Seiler P. Macrophages of the splenic marginal zone are essential for trapping of blood-borne particulate antigen but dispensable for induction of specific T cell responses. J Immunol 2003; 171:1148-55. [PMID: 12874200 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.3.1148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Rapid removal of pathogens from the circulation by secondary lymphoid organs is prerequisite for successful control of infection. Blood-borne Ags are trapped mainly in the splenic marginal zone. To identify the cell populations responsible for Ag trapping in the marginal zone, mice were selectively depleted of marginal zone macrophages and marginal metallophilic macrophages. In the absence of these cells, trapping of microspheres and Listeria monocytogenes organisms was lost, and early control of infection was impaired. Depletion of marginal zone macrophages and marginal metallophilic macrophages, however, did not limit Ag presentation because Listeria-specific protective T cell immunity was induced. Therefore, marginal zone macrophages and marginal metallophilic macrophages are crucial for trapping of particulate Ag but dispensable for Ag presentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Aichele
- Abteilung Immunologie, Max-Planck-Institut für Infektionsbiologie, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Klimpel GR, Matthias MA, Vinetz JM. Leptospira interrogans activation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells: preferential expansion of TCR gamma delta+ T cells vs TCR alpha beta+ T cells. J Immunol 2003; 171:1447-55. [PMID: 12874237 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.3.1447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Innate and adaptive immune responses induced by leptospirosis have not been well characterized. In this study we show that in vitro exposure of naive human PBMC to Leptospira interrogans results in cell proliferation and the production of IFN-gamma, IL-12, and TNF-alpha. Cell proliferation was highest when using high numbers of Leptospira. Optimal cell proliferation occurred at 6-8 days, and the majority of cells contained in these cultures were gamma/delta T cells. These cultures showed a 10- to 50-fold expansion of gamma/delta T cells compared with the initial cellular input. Additionally, these cultures contained elevated numbers of NK cells. In contrast, exposure of PBMC to low numbers of Leptospira failed to induce gammadelta T cell or NK cell expansion, but induced significant alphabeta T cell expansion. Vgamma9/Vdelta2 were expressed on all gamma/delta T cells expanded by exposure of PBMC to Leptorspira: Leptospira stimulation of purified TCRgammadelta(+) T cells, obtained from 8-day cultures of Leptospira-stimulated PBMC, induced high levels of IFN-gamma production, but no cell proliferation, suggesting that such stimulation of gammadelta T cells did not depend on specialized accessory cells or Ag processing. Finally, in patients with acute leptospirosis, there was a significant (4- to 5-fold) increase in the number of peripheral blood TCRgammadelta(+) T cells. These results indicate that Leptospira can activate gammadelta T cells and alphabeta T cells and will guide further investigations into the roles of these T cell populations in host defense and/or the pathology of leptospirosis.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Antigen Presentation
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/microbiology
- Cell Division/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/cytology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/microbiology
- Leptospira interrogans/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/biosynthesis
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/microbiology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Th1 Cells/microbiology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary R Klimpel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology,World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kawashima T, Norose Y, Watanabe Y, Enomoto Y, Narazaki H, Watari E, Tanaka S, Takahashi H, Yano I, Brenner MB, Sugita M. Cutting edge: major CD8 T cell response to live bacillus Calmette-Guérin is mediated by CD1 molecules. J Immunol 2003; 170:5345-8. [PMID: 12759406 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.11.5345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
MHC class I-restricted CD8(+) T cells are a crucial component of the host defense against mycobacterial infection in mice, but it has often proved very difficult to identify the CD8 T cell response in humans. Human group 1 CD1 molecules (CD1a, -b, -c) mediate MHC-independent presentation of mycobacteria-derived lipid and glycolipid Ags to CD8(+) T cells, and their intracellular localization to the endocytic system may favor efficient monitoring of phagosome-resident mycobacteria. Here, we show that bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-immunized subjects contain a significant circulating pool of CD8(+) T cells that recognize BCG-infected DCs in a CD1-dependent, but MHC-independent, manner. These CD1-restricted T cells efficiently detected live, rather than dead, BCG and produced IFN-gamma, an important cytokine for protection against mycobacterial infection. These results emphasize that lipid-reactive CD8(+) T cells may contribute to host defense against mycobacterial infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Kawashima
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Norimatsu M, Harris J, Chance V, Dougan G, Howard CJ, Villarreal-Ramos B. Differential response of bovine monocyte-derived macrophages and dendritic cells to infection with Salmonella typhimurium in a low-dose model in vitro. Immunology 2003; 108:55-61. [PMID: 12519303 PMCID: PMC1782864 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2003.01557.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposing bovine dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages (MPhi) to Salmonella typhimurium at a ratio of 1 cell to 10 bacteria had a cytotoxic effect that was not evident with a ratio of 1000 cells to 1 bacterium. This lower dose was considered to mimic more closely the in vivo situation and a comparison was made with this model of the consequences of infection for MPhi and DC. DC infected with S. typhimurium up-regulated cell surface expression of major histocompatibility class I (MHC-I), MHC-II, CD40, CD80 and CD86. In contrast, infected MPhi did not exhibit detectable changes in expression of cell surface molecules, except for a marginal increase in CD40. mRNA transcription for tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6 and inducible nitric oxide synthase was up-regulated in both infected DC and infected MPhi, although mRNA transcription for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and IL-12p40 was up-regulated only in infected DC and for IL-10 was only in infected MPhi. Infected DC had an increased ability to stimulate both allogeneic and antigen-specific T-cell responses compared to non-infected controls. In contrast, infected MPhi showed an increased ability to induce allogeneic responses but this was less than seen for DC and no enhancement of ability to induce antigen-specific T cell responses was seen. Thus, in a low-dose infection model that does not result in the cytotoxicity of a substantial percentage of antigen presenting cells, bovine MPhi and DC respond differently to infection with S. typhimurium and this could have important implications for the development of the immune response.
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
The immune system is fighting a constant war against pathogens in its own territory. This requires a potent arsenal for efficient control of pathogens but also requires tight regulatory mechanisms in order to avoid excessive collateral damage. Maintaining equilibrium is the daily challenge of the immune system. Interactions between pathogens, antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and lymphocytes are critical in this balancing act. Of particular importance for the generation of protective immune responses is the induction of activation programs in APCs directly by pathogens or by T cell derived factors, such as CD40L, RANKL or cytokines. In order to counterbalance overshooting immune responses, T cells and APCs secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines that are key for maintaining a healthy balance between protection and immunopathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin F Bachmann
- Cytos Biotechnology AG, Wagistrasse 25, Zürich, Schlieren-Zürich, Switzerland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Caveolae are small, cholesterol-rich, hydrophobic membrane domains, characterized by the presence of the protein caveolin and involved in several cellular processes, including clathrin-independent endocytosis, the regulation and transport of cellular cholesterol, and signal transduction. Recently, caveolae have been identified as providing a novel route by which several pathogens are internalized by antigen-presenting cells and as centers for signal transduction. Here, we review the distribution and role of caveolae and caveolin in mammalian immune cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Harris
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road, OX1 3RE, Oxford, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Rüssmann H, Igwe EI, Sauer J, Hardt WD, Bubert A, Geginat G. Protection against murine listeriosis by oral vaccination with recombinant Salmonella expressing hybrid Yersinia type III proteins. J Immunol 2001; 167:357-65. [PMID: 11418671 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.1.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we have investigated the possibility to engage the Yersinia outer protein E (YopE) as a carrier molecule for heterologous Ag delivery by the type III secretion system of Salmonella typhimurium. Defined secretion and translocation domains of YopE were fused to the immunodominant T cell Ags listeriolysin O and p60 of Listeria monocytogenes. In vitro experiments showed that S. typhimurium allows secretion and translocation of large hybrid YopE proteins in a type III-dependent fashion. Translocation and cytosolic delivery of these chimeric proteins into host cells, but not secretion into endosomal compartments, led to efficient MHC class I-restricted Ag presentation of listerial nonamer peptides. Mice orally vaccinated with a single dose of attenuated S. typhimurium expressing translocated hybrid YopE proteins revealed high numbers of IFN-gamma-producing cells reactive with listeriolysin O 91-99 or p60 217-225, respectively. This CD8 T cell response protected mice against a challenge with L. monocytogenes. In conclusion, these findings suggest that YopE is a versatile carrier molecule for type III-mediated foreign Ag delivery by Salmonella vaccine strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Rüssmann
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institut für Hygiene und Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, München, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
This report describes the in vitro proliferative responses of peripheral blood gammadelta T cells to defined mycobacterial protein Ags and the immunomodulatory effect of gammadelta T cells in cattle infected with Mycobacterium bovis. gammadelta T cell responses were specific to M. bovis infection because they were detected in cattle either experimentally or naturally infected with M. bovis, but were not present in uninfected controls. Proliferating gammadelta T cell cultures produced enhanced levels of IFN-gamma and TGF-beta, but not IL-2 in response to the more immunodominant mycobacterial AGS: Depletion of gammadelta T cells from PBMC resulted in an increased Ag-specific proliferation in half the animals tested, indicating a suppressive effect of gammadelta T cells upon other (alphabeta) T cell responses. Because gammadelta T cells constitute a major T cell population in the peripheral blood of cattle, the activities of gammadelta T cells described in this report could make a significant contribution to the immune response in bovine tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S G Rhodes
- TB Research Group, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Surrey, United Kingdom.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Golovkina T, Agafonova Y, Kazansky D, Chervonsky A. Diverse repertoire of the MHC class II-peptide complexes is required for presentation of viral superantigens. J Immunol 2001; 166:2244-50. [PMID: 11160278 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.4.2244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Among other features, peptides affect MHC class II molecules, causing changes in the binding of bacterial superantigens (b-Sag). Whether peptides can alter binding of viral superantigens (v-Sag) to MHC class II was not known. Here we addressed the question of whether mutations limiting the diversity of peptides bound by the MHC class II molecules influenced the presentation of v-Sag and, subsequently, the life cycle of the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV). T cells reactive to v-Sag were found in mice lacking DM molecules as well as in A(b)Ep-transgenic mice in which MHC class II binding grooves were predominantly occupied by an invariant chain fragment or Ealpha(52-68) peptide, respectively. APCs from the mutant mice failed to present v-Sag, as determined by the lack of Sag-specific T cell activation, Sag-induced T cell deletion, and by the aborted MMTV infection. In contrast, mice that express I-A(b) with a variety of bound peptides presented v-Sag and were susceptible to MMTV infection. Comparison of v-Sag and b-Sag presentation by the same mutant cells suggested that presentation of v-Sag had requirements similar to that for presentation of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1. Thus, MHC class II peptide repertoire is critical for recognition of v-Sag by the T cells and affects the outcome of infection with a retrovirus.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/genetics
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/metabolism
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/microbiology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/virology
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/metabolism
- Enterotoxins/immunology
- Enterotoxins/metabolism
- Female
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/biosynthesis
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/physiology
- Male
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Peptides/immunology
- Peptides/metabolism
- Retroviridae Infections/genetics
- Retroviridae Infections/immunology
- Staphylococcus aureus/immunology
- Superantigens/immunology
- Superantigens/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Tumor Virus Infections/genetics
- Tumor Virus Infections/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Golovkina
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
The activation of dendritic cells, necessary for the initiation of primary and secondary immune responses, can be induced by endogenous danger signals - released by tissues undergoing stress, damage or abnormal death - and also by exogenous danger signals elaborated by pathogens. Some endogenous danger signals that recently have been discovered are heat-shock proteins, nucleotides, reactive oxygen intermediates, extracellular-matrix breakdown products, neuromediators and cytokines like the IFNs. We propose that allergy may be initiated by the direct damage of dendritic or other cells by toxic chemicals and allergenic proteases, and suggest that the triggering of danger signal receptors by exogenous pathogen-derived molecules may be more to the advantage of the pathogen than to the host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Gallucci
- Ghost Laboratory, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 4, Room 111, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Lewinsohn DM, Briden AL, Reed SG, Grabstein KH, Alderson MR. Mycobacterium tuberculosis-reactive CD8+ T lymphocytes: the relative contribution of classical versus nonclassical HLA restriction. J Immunol 2000; 165:925-30. [PMID: 10878367 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.2.925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies in mice and humans models have suggested an important role for CD8+ T cells in host defense to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). In humans, CD8+ Mtb-reactive T cells have been described that are HLA-A2-, B52-, as well as CD1-restricted. Recently, we have described Mtb-specific CD8+ T cells that are neither HLA-A-, B-, or C- nor group 1 CD1-restricted. At present, little is known about the relative contribution of each of these restriction specificities to the overall CD8+ response to Mtb. An IFN-gamma enzyme-linked immunospot assay was used to determine the frequency of Mtb-reactive CD8+ T cells directly from PBMC. The effector cell frequency among five healthy purified protein derivative-positive subjects was 1/7,600 +/- 4,300 compared with 1/16,000 +/- 7,000 in six purified protein derivative-negative controls. To determine the frequencies of classically, CD1-, and nonclassically restricted cells, a limiting dilution analysis was performed. In one purified protein derivative-positive subject, 192 clones were generated using Mtb-infected dendritic cells (DC). Clones were assessed for reactivity against control autologous DC, Mtb-infected autologous DC, and HLA-mismatched CD1+ targets (DC), as well as HLA-mismatched CD1- targets (macrophages). Of the 96 Mtb-reactive CD8+ T cell clones, four (4%) were classically restricted and 92 (96%) were nonclassically restricted. CD1-restricted cells were not detected. Of the classically restricted cells, two were HLA-B44 restricted and one was HLA-B14 restricted. These results suggest that while classically restricted CD8+ lymphocytes can be detected, they comprise a relatively small component of the overall CD8+ T cell response to Mtb. Further definition of the nonclassical response may aid development of an effective vaccine against tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D M Lewinsohn
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health Sciences, University/Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR 97201, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Lo-Man R, Langeveld JP, Dériaud E, Jehanno M, Rojas M, Clément JM, Meloen RH, Hofnung M, Leclerc C. Extending the CD4(+) T-cell epitope specificity of the Th1 immune response to an antigen using a Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium delivery vehicle. Infect Immun 2000; 68:3079-89. [PMID: 10816447 PMCID: PMC97535 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.6.3079-3089.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed the CD4 T-cell immunodominance of the response to a model antigen (Ag), MalE, when delivered by an attenuated strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (SL3261*pMalE). Compared to purified MalE Ag administered with adjuvant, the mapping of the peptide-specific proliferative responses showed qualitative differences when we used the Salmonella vehicle. We observed the disappearance of one out of eight MalE peptides' T-cell reactivity upon SL3261*pMalE immunization, but this phenomenon was probably due to a low level of T-cell priming, since it could be overcome by further immunization. The most striking effect of SL3261*pMalE administration was the activation and stimulation of new MalE peptide-specific T-cell responses that were silent after administration of purified Ag with adjuvant. Ag presentation assays performed with MalE-specific T-cell hybridomas showed that infection of Ag-presenting cells by this intracellular attenuated bacterium did not affect the processing and presentation of the different MalE peptides by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules and therefore did not account for immunodominance modulation. Thus, immunodominance of the T-cell response to microorganisms is governed not only by the frequency of the available T-cell repertoire or the processing steps in Ag-presenting cells that lead to MHC presentation but also by other parameters probably related to the infectious process and to the bacterial products. Our results indicate that, upon infection by a microorganism, the specificity of the T-cell response induced against its Ags can be much more effective than with purified Ags and that it cannot completely be mimicked by purified Ags administered with adjuvant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Lo-Man
- Unité de Biologie des Régulations Immunitaires, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Yrlid U, Svensson M, Johansson C, Wick MJ. Salmonella infection of bone marrow-derived macrophages and dendritic cells: influence on antigen presentation and initiating an immune response. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2000; 27:313-20. [PMID: 10727887 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2000.tb01445.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally macrophages (MPhi) have been considered to be the key type of antigen presenting cells (APC) to combat bacterial infections by phagocytosing and destroying bacteria and presenting bacteria-derived antigens to T cells. However, data in recent years have demonstrated that dendritic cells (DC), at their immature stage of differentiation, are capable of phagocytosing particulate antigens including bacteria. Thus, DC may also be important APC for initiating an immune response to bacterial infections. Our studies focus on studying how DC and MPhi process antigens derived from bacteria with no known mechanism of phagosomal escape (i.e. Salmonella typhimurium) for T cell stimulation as well as what role these APC types have in Salmonella infection in vivo. Using an in vitro antigen processing and presentation assay with bone marrow-derived (BM) APC showed that, in addition to peritoneal elicited MPhi and BMMPhi, BMDC can phagocytose and process Escherichia coli and S. typhimurium for peptide presentation on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I (MHC-I) and class II MHC-II. These studies showed that both elicited peritoneal MPhi and BMMPhi use an alternate MHC-I presentation pathway that does not require the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) or the proteasome and involves peptide loading onto a preformed pool of post-Golgi MHC-I molecules. In contrast, DC process E. coli and S. typhimurium for peptide presentation on MHC-I using the cytosolic MHC-I presentation pathway that requires TAP, the proteasome and uses newly synthesized MHC-I molecules. We further investigated the interaction of Salmonella with BMDC and BMMPhi by analyzing surface molecule expression and cytokine secretion following S. typhimurium infection of BMDC and BMMPhi. These data reveal that Salmonella co-incubation with BMDC as well as BMMPhi results in upregulation of MHC-I and MHC-II as well as several co-stimulatory molecules including CD80 and CD86. Salmonella infection of BMDC or BMMPhi also results in secretion of cytokines including IL-6 and IL-12. Finally, injecting mice with BMDC that have been loaded in vitro with S. typhimurium primes naïve CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells to Salmonella-encoded antigens. Taken together, our data suggest that DC may be an important type of APC that contributes to the immune response to Salmonella.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U Yrlid
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Section for Immunology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 21, S-223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
Interleukin-15 (IL-15) shares many biological functions with IL-2 but also exhibits unique effects. Some of these represent the potent chemoattractant activity and expansion of distinct T-cell subsets, particularly memory T cells. IL-15 may therefore modulate the quality and quantity of cellular immune responses directed against intracellular pathogens. Immunohistochemical examination of skin lesions obtained from patients with the lepromatous or the tuberculoid form of Hansen's disease revealed intralesional IL-15 protein in both forms of the disease. In addition to Mycobacterium leprae, a number of different mycobacterial species are capable of effectively inducing IL-15 secretion in infected macrophages. In this work, increased IL-15 secretion was observed in IL-4/granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-activated antigen-presenting cells (APC) compared with unstimulated macrophages. Immunocytological detection of intracellular IL-15 revealed that infection with different mycobacterial species resulted in different staining patterns of anti-IL-15 immunoreactive material in APC. In contrast to IL-2 or IL-7, IL-15 enhanced the cytolytic potential of immune effector cells in vitro and favoured the expansion of CD1b-restricted immune cells recognizing mycobacterial-associated antigens presented by autologous APC. IL-15 produced by infected cells in situ may represent one of the key cytokines involved in granuloma formation and may aid the augmentation of cellular immune responses directed against mycobacterial-infected cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Maeurer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Soos JM, Ashley TA, Morrow J, Patarroyo JC, Szente BE, Zamvil SS. Differential expression of B7 co-stimulatory molecules by astrocytes correlates with T cell activation and cytokine production. Int Immunol 1999; 11:1169-79. [PMID: 10383950 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/11.7.1169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether astrocytes utilize B7:CD28 co-stimulation to activate T cells mediating CNS inflammatory disease is controversial. In this report, primary astrocytes and murine astrocyte lines, generated by immortalization at two different times, day 7 or 45 of culture, were examined for their capability to express B7 co-stimulatory molecules and to participate in B7:CD28 co-stimulation. Following exposure to IFN-gamma, primary astrocytes and astrocyte lines up-regulated MHC class II and B7-2 (CD86) molecules. However, B7-1 (CD80) expression was not inducible on primary astrocytes examined after IFN-gamma stimulation beginning on day 7 or on astrocyte lines immortalized on day 7. B7-1 expression was inducible on primary astrocytes examined later and could be up-regulated on astrocyte lines immortalized later. Unlike B7-1, temporal discordant expression of other co-stimulatory/adhesion molecules was not observed. Both B7-1(-)/B7-2(+) and B7-1(+)/B7-2(+) astrocyte lines were capable of stimulating proliferation of encephalitogenic Th1 cells, utilizing B7-2 for B7:CD28 co-stimulation. However, lines derived from immortalization later (B7-1(+)/B7-2(+)) were more effective in stimulating proliferation of naive myelin basic protein-specific CD4(+) T cells. Astrocyte lines that expressed both B7-1 and B7-2 also stimulated Thp cells to secrete proinflammatory Th1 cytokines, whereas lines that expressed B7-2 only stimulated Thp cells to produce a Th2 cytokine pattern. Thus, we demonstrate for the first time that individual astrocytes can differentially express B7-1 molecules, which may correlate with their ability to stimulate proinflammatory and regulatory patterns of cytokine production. These results suggest that astrocytes have potential for both promoting and down-regulating T cell responses, and that temporal differences in expression of B7 molecules should be considered when evaluating immune regulation by astrocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Soos
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Affiliation(s)
- G Dietrich
- Preclinical Research Vaccines, Chiron-Behring, D-35006 Marburg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Grab DJ, Lanners H, Martin LN, Chesney J, Cai C, Adkisson HD, Bucala R. Interaction of Borrelia burgdorferi with peripheral blood fibrocytes, antigen-presenting cells with the potential for connective tissue targeting. Mol Med 1999; 5:46-54. [PMID: 10072447 PMCID: PMC2230375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Borrelia Burgdorferi has a predilection for collagenous tissue and can interact with fibronectin and cellular collagens. While the molecular mechanisms of how B. burgdorferi targets connective tissues and causes arthritis are not understood, the spirochetes can bind to a number of different cell types, including fibroblasts. A novel circulating fibroblast-like cell called the peripheral blood fibrocyte has recently been described. Fibrocytes express collagen types I and III as well as fibronectin. Besides playing a role in wound healing, fibrocytes have the potential to target to connective tissue and the functional capacity to recruit, activate, and present antigen to CD4(+) T cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rhesus monkey fibrocytes were isolated and characterized by flow cytometry. B. burgdorferi were incubated with human or monkey fibrocyte cultures in vitro and the cellular interactions analyzed by light and electron microscopy. The two strains of B. burgdorferi studied included JD1, which is highly pathogenic for monkeys, and M297, which lacks the cell surface OspA and OspB proteins. RESULTS In this study, we demonstrate that B. burgdorferi binds to both human and monkey (rhesus) fibrocytes in vitro. This process does not require OspA or OspB. In addition, the spirochetes are not phagocytosed but are taken into deep recesses of the cell membrane, a process that may protect them from the immune system. CONCLUSIONS This interaction between B. burgdorferi and peripheral blood fibrocytes provides a potential explanation for the targeting of spirochetes to joint connective tissue and may contribute to the inflammatory process in Lyme arthritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D J Grab
- Tulane Regional Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Stenger S, Niazi KR, Modlin RL. Down-regulation of CD1 on antigen-presenting cells by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Immunol 1998; 161:3582-8. [PMID: 9759880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular pathogens have developed efficient evasion strategies to survive the defenses of the host immune system. In this study, we describe a new escape mechanism utilized by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that involves the down-regulation of the Ag-presenting molecule CD1 from the cell surface of CD1+ APCs. The loss of CD1 from the cell surface is associated with a complete inhibition of the ability of the infected cells to present Ag to CD1-restricted T cells. The down-regulation of Ag-presenting molecules on CD1+ APC by infection with M. tuberculosis is unique for CD1, since the expression of the classical Ag-presenting molecules MHC class I and MHC class II is not influenced. Our data show that efficient down-regulation of CD1 requires infection of the cells with live mycobacteria, since heat killing of the bacteria completely abrogates the effect. The observed down-regulation is not due to the secretion of cytokines or other host- or pathogen-derived factors. Investigation of upstream events responsible for the down-regulation of CD1 revealed that infection with live M. tuberculosis decreased the steady state CD1-mRNA levels. This study introduces a novel evasion mechanism of M. tuberculosis that could contribute to persistence of intracellular infection by avoiding immune recognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Stenger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine 90095, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Darji A, Stockinger B, Wehland J, Chakraborty T, Weiss S. T-cell anergy induced by antigen presenting cells treated with the hemolysin of Listeria monocytogenes. Immunol Lett 1997; 57:33-7. [PMID: 9232422 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(97)00071-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Antigen presenting cells (APC) that are infected with listeriolysin (LLO) secreting Listeria lack the ability to stimulate MHC class II restricted T-cells by conventional antigens. Similarly, T-cell activation by native proteins but not by peptides was inhibited upon pretreatment of APC with purified listeriolysin. The inhibition is due to an irreversible inactivation of T-cells that recognize antigen on infected or LLO treated APC. Inhibition was found to dominate over stimulation by peptides. This condition is reminiscent of T-cells inactivation by antagonistic peptides and represents a novel type of immune escape.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Darji
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, National Research Centre for Biotechnology, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Ackermann B, Staege MS, Reske-Kunz AB, Dienes HP, Meyer zum Büschenfelde KH, Märker-Hermann E. Enterobacteria-infected T cells as antigen-presenting cells for cytotoxic CD8 T cells: a contribution to the self-limitation of cellular immune reactions in reactive arthritis? J Infect Dis 1997; 175:1121-7. [PMID: 9129075 DOI: 10.1086/516451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In enterobacteria-induced reactive arthritis (ReA), different T cell subsets play a role in the induction and maintenance of the synovitic process. Synovial fluid-derived alphabeta CD4, alphabeta CD8, and gammadelta T lymphocyte clones (TLC) that recognize Yersinia or Salmonella antigens on professional antigen-presenting cells (APC) have been characterized, and T cells themselves can function as nonprofessional APC. T cells were infected with the facultatively intracellular, arthritogenic enterobacterium Yersinia enterocolitica O:3. A CD8 TLC isolated from a patient with Yersinia-induced ReA recognized and efficiently lysed autologous and allogeneic Yersinia-infected T cells. Infected cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) had a reduced lytic capacity against syngeneic and allogeneic infected target cells, suggesting that the infection of CTL by bacteria may represent a mechanism of immune escape. In ReA, antigen presentation by T cells may modify the antibacterial immune response and may also contribute to network control mechanisms of T cell-mediated cytotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Ackermann
- First Department of Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Ziegler H, Thale R, Lucin P, Muranyi W, Flohr T, Hengel H, Farrell H, Rawlinson W, Koszinowski UH. A mouse cytomegalovirus glycoprotein retains MHC class I complexes in the ERGIC/cis-Golgi compartments. Immunity 1997; 6:57-66. [PMID: 9052837 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80242-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The principle by which mouse cytomegalovirus blocks antigen presentation in the MHC class I pathway was investigated. The responsible gene m152, encoding a type I transmembrane glycoprotein of 40 kDa, is a member of a gene family located in the right-hand terminal region of the 230 kb virus genome. Expression of m152 in murine and human cells arrested the export of mouse class I complexes from the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment/cis-Golgi compartment and inhibited lysis by cytotoxic T cells. The plasma membrane transport of human MHC class I molecules was not affected. The deletion of the cytoplasmic tail of gp40 did not lift its effect on class I molecule export, indicating that this protein differs in its functions from known immunosubversive viral gene products and represents a novel principle by which a herpesvirus shuts off MHC class I function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Ziegler
- Max von Pettenkofer Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat, Munchen, Federal Republic of Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is an intracellular pathogen which escapes the phagosome and resides in the cytosol of the host cell. Using Listeria innocua and a mutant strain of L. monocytogenes (listeriolysin O negative), which do not enter the cytosol of the host cell, we demonstrate class I presentation of an epitope of p60, a protein secreted by L. monocytogenes, to a class I-restricted CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte clone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H L Zwickey
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Denver, CO 80206-2761, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|