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Bhagwat B, de Waal Malefyt R, Willingham A. Investigating combination benefit of PD1 and LAG3 co-blockade using an engineered cellular bioassay. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 119:109566. [PMID: 37044037 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
LAG3 and PD1 are both immunomodulatory receptor that act by inhibiting activation of T cells, producing a more immunosuppressive environment. Even with the recent clinical success of PD1 and LAG3 co-blockade, signal transduction downstream of LAG3 remains largely unknown. We have leveraged an engineered Jurkat (T cell) and Raji (APC) co-culture system to assess simultaneous blockade of PD1 and LAG3 pathways using antibodies. RNA-Seq analysis of cell pellets individually treated with LAG3 or PD1 antibodies revealed modest immune activation however, 5-fold more genes were upregulated upon combination treatment. There were increases in costimulatory genes like CD28, CD5, CD6 as well as intracellular signaling molecules like LCP2 and ITK. Given the role of ERK in immune activation of T cells, pERK levels of Jurkat cells in the assay were evaluated. A very modest activation of pERK was observed with anti-LAG3 compared to anti-PD1 but a combination treatment resulted in prolonged ERK phosphorylation. Treatment of Jurkat cells with a commercial phosphatase inhibitor NSC87877 which can impact many phosphatases resulted in immune activation, measured by increased IL2 levels, only in the presence of LAG3. When NSC87877 was combined with the PD1 antibody, it could phenocopy combination benefit of PD1 and LAG3 blocking antibodies. CD28 has a recognized role in PD1 signaling but the impact on LAG3 signaling remains unknown. CD28 knockout in Jurkat cells affected overall IL-2 response of both LAG3 and PD1 antibody treatment but still retained combination benefit. Taken together this reductionist system highlights differences in downstream effects of LAG3 and PD1 blockade and we believe that the assay may have further utility to dissect convergence of both signaling pathways and augment studies in primary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rene de Waal Malefyt
- Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA; Synthekine, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA
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Oft M, Ratti N, Vivona S, Emmerich J, Riener R, Koliesnik IO, McCauley S, Bauer M, Semana M, Rokkam D, Jayaraman B, Malefyt RDW, Aspuria PJ, Totagrande M, Mehta-Damani A, Lupardus PJ, Kastelein RA. Abstract 1801: STK-012, an a/b-selective IL-2 activates tumor antigen specific CD25+ CD8 T cells to reject tumors without acute vascular toxicity. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-1801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
High-dose Interleukin-2 (IL-2) monotherapy induces complete responses in cancer patients but its use is limited by acute vascular toxicities including capillary leak syndrome and severe hypotension 1,2. IL-2 activates lymphocytes and NK-cells through the intermediate-affinity dimeric IL-2 receptor, IL-2Rβ/γ (CD122/CD132), while antigen activated T-cells and regulatory T-cells (Tregs) have increased sensitivity to IL-2 by expressing the high-affinity trimeric IL-2 receptor, IL-2Rα/β/γ (CD25/CD122/CD132)3. CD25-independent IL-2s (“non-α-IL-2s”) aim to increase the therapeutic efficacy of IL2 in cancer patients by avoiding Treg activation through selective binding to IL-2Rβ/γ 4. However, those molecules still are reported to induce fever and hypotension and have limited efficacy as a monotherapy or in combination with anti-PD-1 5,6. Here we show that a novel α/β-IL-2 agonist that was designed to preferentially bind to the IL-2Rα/β/γ receptor highly upregulated on antigen activated T-cells can greatly improve on the efficacy of IL-2 while avoiding the vascular toxicity commonly associated with IL-2 treatment. In syngeneic tumor models, this α/β-IL-2 agonist significantly reduced exhaustion of tumor infiltrating T cells compared to WT-IL-2 or a non-α-IL-2 leading to improved expansion of tumor antigen specific CD25+PD-1+CD8+ T cells systemically and in the tumor microenvironment. This resulted in complete responses and tumor immune memory with α/β-IL-2 monotherapy as well as improved outcomes in combination with anti-PD-1 therapy in PD-1 refractory syngeneic tumors. In contrast, WT-IL-2 reduced T cell exhaustion and drove antigen specific T cell responses to a lesser degree, resulting in reduced combinatorial efficacy with anti-PD-1, while the non-α-IL-2 failed to do either. Furthermore, the α/β-IL-2 agonist reduced intratumoral Tregs compared to treatment with WT-IL-2 or PBS improving the intratumoral CD8 to Treg ratio. In non-human primates and mice, WT-IL-2 and a non-α-IL-2 led to broad extravasation of lymphocytes and NK cells and activation of intra-pulmonal T cells resulting in systemic tissue inflammation and NK cell-mediated lethal capillary leak syndrome whereas the α/β-IL-2 agonist, which avoids binding the dimeric IL-2Rβ/γ expressed on NK cells, avoided systemic lymphocyte activation which facilitated continuous treatment without acute vascular toxicities. Overall, through selective engagement of CD25+ T cells, this α/β-IL-2 agonist demonstrated improved efficacy and tolerability of IL-2 in preclinical tumor models. Clinical trials with STK-012, a human α/β-IL-2 agonist, are in progress.1 Atkins, et al.; JCO 1999, 2 Dutcher, et al.; JITC 2014, 3 Liao, et al.; Immunity 2013, 4 Levin, et al.; Nature 2012, 5 Janku, et al.; Cancer Research 2021; 6 Diab, et al.; Cancer Disc. 2020
Citation Format: Martin Oft, Navneet Ratti, Sandro Vivona, Jan Emmerich, Romina Riener, Ievgen O. Koliesnik, Scott McCauley, Michele Bauer, Marie Semana, Deepti Rokkam, Bhargavi Jayaraman, Rene de Waal Malefyt, Paul-Joseph Aspuria, Michael Totagrande, Anita Mehta-Damani, Patrick J. Lupardus, Rob A. Kastelein. STK-012, an a/b-selective IL-2 activates tumor antigen specific CD25+ CD8 T cells to reject tumors without acute vascular toxicity [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 1801.
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Koliesnik I, Emmerich J, Tran KQ, Bauer M, Totagrande M, Jayaraman B, Buffone C, Balasubrahmanyam P, Rokkam D, Malefyt RDW, Zuniga L, Greb H, Ratti N, Vivona S, Oft M, Lupardus PJ, Kastelein RA. Abstract 1833: Novel IL-12 Partial Agonist For Cancer Immunotherapy Avoids NK-cell Mediated Toxicity. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-1833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Here we report on a novel human IL-12 partial agonist (hIL-12v) that has diminished binding to IL-12Rb1. IL-12v is designed to more selectively engage antigen activated T-cells, which strongly upregulate IL-12Rb1 upon activation, and to reduce stimulation of NK cells or resting T cells, which express modest levels of IL-12Rb1. To explore anti-tumor efficacy and toxicity in mouse syngeneic tumor models, we generated a half-life extended mouse surrogate of the IL-12 partial agonist (mIL-12v Fc) and compared it to a similarly engineered half-life extended version of wild type mouse IL-12 (mIL-12wt Fc). At efficacious doses, systemic administration of mIL-12wt Fc induced significant weight loss and lethality characterized by early proinflammatory cytokine release and systemic NK cell activation. Conversely, mIL-12v Fc was well tolerated and avoided the robust and rapid NK cell activation and peripheral NK count decreases seen with mIL-12v Fc, suggestive of extravasation to tissues. Both mIL-12v Fc and mIL-12 WT Fc showed similar robust single-agent anti-tumor efficacy in syngeneic tumor models. Depletion of NK cells did not diminish anti-tumor efficacy. Efficacy for both molecules was characterized by CD8 T cell activation, myeloid cell reprograming and antigen presentation. Moreover, combination of mIL-12v Fc with systemic immunotherapies further enhanced anti-tumor activity without compromising tolerability. Overall, mIL-12v Fc retained anti-tumor efficacy without induction of severe toxicities compared to mIL-12wt Fc. These data suggest IL-12 partial agonists may represent a novel immunotherapy approach to maintain efficacy while avoiding classical toxicity associated with IL-12 therapy.1 Atkins, et al.; (1997) Clinical Cancer Research 3(3):409-172 Carson, et al. (1999) J Immunology 162 (8): 4943-4951.
Citation Format: Ievgen Koliesnik, Jan Emmerich, Kim Q. Tran, Michele Bauer, Michael Totagrande, Bhargavi Jayaraman, Cindy Buffone, Priyanka Balasubrahmanyam, Deepti Rokkam, Rene de Waal Malefyt, Luis Zuniga, Heiko Greb, Navneet Ratti, Sandro Vivona, Martin Oft, Patrick J. Lupardus, Robert A. Kastelein. Novel IL-12 Partial Agonist For Cancer Immunotherapy Avoids NK-cell Mediated Toxicity [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 1833.
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Nicholas B, Guo J, Lee H, Bailey A, de Waal Malefyt R, Cicmil M, Djukanovic R. Analysis of cell-specific peripheral blood biomarkers in severe allergic asthma identifies innate immune dysfunction. Clin Exp Allergy 2022; 52:1334-1337. [PMID: 35892202 PMCID: PMC9804525 DOI: 10.1111/cea.14197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Nicholas
- Division of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of MedicineSouthampton General HospitalHampshireUK
| | - Jane Guo
- Oncology & Immunology DiscoveryMerck Research LaboratoriesBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Hyun‐Hee Lee
- Oncology & Immunology DiscoveryMerck Research LaboratoriesBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Alistair Bailey
- Cancer SciencesUniversity of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General HospitalHampshireUK
| | | | - Milenko Cicmil
- Oncology & Immunology DiscoveryMerck Research LaboratoriesBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Ratko Djukanovic
- Division of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of MedicineSouthampton General HospitalHampshireUK
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Malefyt RDW, Aspuria PJ, Vivona S, Balasubrahmanyam P, Buffone C, Ramadass M, Riener R, Oft M, Lupardus P, Kastelein R. Abstract 4225: IL-2Rβ/IL-2R γsynthetic cytokines induce activation of human T and NK cells. Cancer Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-4225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: Heterodimerization of the intermediate affinity Interleukin-2 Receptors (IL-2R), IL-2Rβ and IL-2Rγ, initiates a signaling cascade in T and NK cells that ultimately results in proliferation and production of Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). Binding of IL-2 in a dimeric complex with intermediate affinity or in the high affinity trimeric complex, which also includes IL-2Rα and is predominantly expressed on antigen activated T cells and Tregs leads to trans-phosphorylation of signaling motifs on the IL-2Rβ and IL-2Rγ intracellular domains by the associated JAK kinases. The function of the wild type IL-2 is to bring the receptor chains in close proximity to produce an optimal level of phosphorylation and activation of associated STAT transcription factors. Here we established a way to bring IL-2Rβ and IL-2Rγ chains together in a cytokine-independent manner that results in functional activation.
Experimental Procedures: Human IL-2Rβ and IL-2Rγ specific heavy chain single domain antibodies (VHH) were generated by camel immunization and screening of VHH libraries prepared from peripheral blood cells for binding. Ten IL-2Rβ VHH segments and six IL-2Rγ VHH segments, all with low nanomolar affinity, were identified and coupled as IL-2Rβ/IL-2Rγ VHH dimers in all possible combinations in both amino-carboxy and carboxy-amino orientations yielding 120 different proteins that were tested in human T and NK cell functional assays.
Results: IL-2Rβ/IL-2Rγ VHH dimers were biologically active and induced pSTAT-5 phosphorylation in the IL-2 dependent NK cell line NKL at various levels. The biological activity of these IL-2Rβ/IL-2Rγ VHH dimers was further confirmed on primary cells. IL-2Rβ/IL-2Rγ VHH dimers induced pSTAT5 phosphorylation on NK cells isolated from human peripheral blood and culture with IL-2Rβ/IL-2Rγ VHH dimers resulted in proliferation and production of high but varied levels of IFN-γ. The activity of IL-2Rβ/IL-2Rγ VHH dimers on primary T cells was also examined. Similar to NK cells, IL-2Rβ/IL-2Rγ VHH dimers induced pSTAT5 phosphorylation, proliferation and IFN-γ production by CD4 positive and CD8 positive T cell blasts generated after CD3/CD28 activation of human PBMC.
Conclusions: In conclusion, we have generated a series of functional IL-2Rβ/IL-2Rγ VHH dimers representing surrogate cytokine agonists each with unique signaling strengths that will now be further analyzed for potential therapeutic application in tumor immunology and auto-immunity
Citation Format: Rene de Waal Malefyt, PJ Aspuria, Sandro Vivona, Priyanka Balasubrahmanyam, Cindy Buffone, Mahalakshmi Ramadass, Romina Riener, Martin Oft, Patrick Lupardus, Robert Kastelein. IL-2Rβ/IL-2R γsynthetic cytokines induce activation of human T and NK cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 4225.
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Ramadass M, Vivona S, Rokkam D, Greb H, Gangopadhyay A, Riener R, Malefyt RDW, Lupardus P, Oft M, Kastelein R. Abstract 5544: IL10/IL2 surrogate cytokine agonists. Cancer Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-5544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: IL10 is a pleiotropic cytokine that is secreted as a homodimer and initiates signaling on various cell types by engaging two copies of a heterodimeric receptor complex consisting of an IL-10Rα subunit and a IL-10Rβ subunit. IL10 signaling through the natural ligand has both immunosuppressive and immunostimulatory effects and this pleiotropy makes it difficult to develop wild type IL-10 for therapeutic use. In clinical trials that have studied IL10 in cancer, anemia, thrombocytopenia and hemophagocytosis associated with macrophage activation led to dose interruption and dose reduction. To drive more selective cytokine signaling only on cells of interest, we have generated surrogate cytokine agonists that bind to IL10Rα and IL2Rγ, resulting in the selective activation of T cells over macrophages. We establish a novel means of bridging the IL10Rα and IL2Rγ receptors using a IL10Rα/IL2Rγ surrogate cytokine agonist that consists of a domain that binds to IL10Rα and a second domain that binds to IL2Rγ. Upon contact with a cell that allows bridging of IL10Rα and IL2Rγ, the surrogate cytokine agonist causes the functional association of IL10Rα and IL2Rγ, resulting in downstream signaling in select cell types.
Experimental Procedures: Human IL-10Rα and IL-2Ry specific single domain VHHs were generated by camel immunization and screening of VHH libraries prepared from peripheral blood cells for binding. Seven IL-10Rα VHHs and six IL-2Ry VHHs were identified and coupled as IL10Rα/IL2Ry dual VHHs in an all by all matrix and in both amino-carboxy and carboxy-amino orientations, yielding 84 unique surrogate cytokine agonists. These surrogate cytokine agonists were screened on a (p)STAT3 assay on primary human cells and further tested in T cell and monocyte functional assays.
Results: Several IL10Rα/IL2Rγ surrogate cytokine agonists were biologically active on primary human lymphoid cells, inducing (p)STAT3 signal in B cells, NK cells, CD4 and CD8 T cells with little to no (p)STAT3 signal in monocytes. These IL10Rα/IL2Rγ surrogate cytokine agonists were also functionally active in promoting cell survival and at inducing IFN-γ and Granzyme production by CD8 T cell blasts generated upon CD3/CD28 activation. Consistent with the lack of STAT3 signaling in monocytes, the IL10Rα/IL2Rγ surrogate cytokine agonists did not inhibit LPS induced secretion of IL1β and TNFα by monocytes, suggesting selectivity and a lack of immunosuppressive activities.
Conclusions: Designing surrogate cytokine agonists that pair non-natural cytokine receptors provides the possibility of generating molecules that can decouple the pleiotropy of cytokines like IL10 by stimulating only the desired cell population. Here, we have generated IL10Rα/IL2Rγ surrogate cytokine agonists that are biologically active and signal with varying strengths in the lymphoid cells with little to no activity on monocytes, thus providing an opportunity to decouple the pleiotropy of IL10 for use in cancer therapy.
Citation Format: Mahalakshmi Ramadass, Sandro Vivona, Deepti Rokkam, Heiko Greb, Anu Gangopadhyay, Romina Riener, Rene de Waal Malefyt, Patrick Lupardus, Martin Oft, Robert Kastelein. IL10/IL2 surrogate cytokine agonists [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 5544.
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Aspuria PJ, Vivona S, Bauer M, Semana M, Ratti N, McCauley S, Riener R, de Waal Malefyt R, Rokkam D, Emmerich J, Kastelein RA, Lupardus PJ, Oft M. An orthogonal IL-2 and IL-2Rβ system drives persistence and activation of CAR T cells and clearance of bulky lymphoma. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:eabg7565. [PMID: 34936383 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abg7565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Raghavan S, Tovbis-Shifrin N, Kochel C, Sawant A, Mello M, Sathe M, Blumenschein W, Muise ES, Chackerian A, Pinheiro EM, Rosahl TW, Luche H, de Waal Malefyt R. Conditional Deletion of Pdcd1 Identifies the Cell-Intrinsic Action of PD-1 on Functional CD8 T Cell Subsets for Antitumor Efficacy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:752348. [PMID: 34912335 PMCID: PMC8667167 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.752348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) blockade has a profound effect on the ability of the immune system to eliminate tumors, but many questions remain about the cell types involved and the underlying mechanisms of immune activation. To shed some light on this, the cellular and molecular events following inhibition of PD-1 signaling was investigated in the MC-38 colon carcinoma model using constitutive (PD-1 KO) and conditional (PD1cKO) mice and in wild-type mice treated with PD-1 antibody. The impact on both tumor growth and the development of tumor immunity was assessed. In the PD-1cKO mice, a complete deletion of Pdcd1 in tumor-infiltrating T cells (TILs) after tamoxifen treatment led to the inhibition of tumor growth of both small and large tumors. Extensive immune phenotypic analysis of the TILs by flow and mass cytometry identified 20-different T cell subsets of which specifically 5-CD8 positive ones expanded in all three models after PD-1 blockade. All five subsets expressed granzyme B and interferon gamma (IFNγ). Gene expression analysis of the tumor further supported the phenotypic analysis in both PD-1cKO- and PD-1 Ab-treated mice and showed an upregulation of pathways related to CD4 and CD8 T-cell activation, enhanced signaling through costimulatory molecules and IFNγ, and non-T-cell processes. Altogether, using PD-1cKO mice, we define the intrinsic nature of PD-1 suppression of CD8 T-cell responses in tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Raghavan
- Department of Immunology, Merck & Co., Inc., Palo Alto, CA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Christina Kochel
- Department of Immunology, Merck & Co., Inc., Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Anandi Sawant
- Department of Immunology, Merck & Co., Inc., Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Marielle Mello
- Centre d'Immunophénomique - CIPHE (PHENOMIN), Aix Marseille Université (UMS3367), National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) (US012), The French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) (UMS3367), Marseille, France
| | - Manjiri Sathe
- Department of Immunology, Merck & Co., Inc., Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Wendy Blumenschein
- Department of Immunology, Merck & Co., Inc., Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | | | - Alissa Chackerian
- Department of Immunology, Merck & Co., Inc., Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Hervé Luche
- Centre d'Immunophénomique - CIPHE (PHENOMIN), Aix Marseille Université (UMS3367), National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) (US012), The French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) (UMS3367), Marseille, France
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Aspuria PJP, Vivona S, Bauer M, Semana M, Ratti N, McCauley S, Riener R, Malefyt RDW, Rokkam D, Emmerich J, Lupardus PJ, Kastelein RA, Oft M. Abstract 1512: OrthoCARs: Engineered human IL-2/IL-2Rb orthogonal pairs selectively enhance CAR T cell antitumor efficacy by driving T cell expansion and fitness. Cancer Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2021-1512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
CAR T cell therapy (CAR) has demonstrated remarkable clinical efficacy in hematological malignancies. However, barriers such as poor T cell effector function, lack of proliferation, and limited persistence prevent CARs from reaching their full curative potential. IL-2 is a potent stimulator of T cell proliferation, survival, and cytotoxic function, making it an attractive cytokine to support CARs. However, therapeutic use of IL-2 is limited by systemic toxicity due its promiscuous activation of undesired immune cell populations.
To facilitate selective expansion and activation of CARs we have developed a human orthogonal ligand/receptor system consisting of a pegylated IL-2 mutein (STK-009) that does not significantly activate the wild type IL-2 receptor and a mutated IL-2 Receptor Beta (hoRb) that is fully activated by STK-009, but does not respond to the native IL-2 ligand. This system enables in vivo IL-2 signaling in CARs engineered to express hoRb while avoiding signaling bystander T cells and NK cells. Here, we demonstrate the ability of the STK-009/hoRb receptor pair to selectively enhance the anti-tumor efficacy of hoRb expressing CD19 CARs (SYNCAR-001) in preclinical lymphoma mouse models at will. We also demonstrate, in non-human primates (NHP), that STK-009 is selective for hoRb expressing cells.
SYNCAR-001 + STK-009 can lead to complete responses in subcutaneous Raji mouse models, even with SYNCAR-001 dosed at sub-efficacious levels (400,000 CAR-Ts/mouse). Subcutaneous dosing of STK-009 expands SYNCAR-001 systemically and drives infiltration of SYNCAR-001 into tumors. UMAP analysis of STK-009 treated SYNCAR-001 reveal a small PD1+LAG3+ subpopulation during tumor rejection which disappeared once tumors are controlled. The majority of T cells showed no exhaustion markers. Further, an IL-7R+ population arises and remains after tumor control, indicating long term memory development. Nanostring analysis confirms upregulation of IL-7R and other critical genes involved in cytotoxic activity and persistence in SYNCAR-001 when treated with STK-009. These data demonstrate that STK-009 treatment expands SYNCAR-001 and delivers a gene signature indicative of enhanced T cell fitness and activity.
Subcutaneous administration of STK-009 in NHP shows no evidence of toxicity or physiological IL-2 mediated activity on immune cells, including Teffs, Tregs, and NK cells. Pharmacokinetic analysis of STK-009 shows stable exposure with minimal clearance, demonstrating the selectivity of STK-009.
These findings validate an orthogonal platform that selectively drives potent T cell effector functions of engineered cells without the toxicities mediated by NK cells or non-tumor specific T cells associated with high dose IL-2 therapy. These results demonstrate the ability of this orthogonal platform to improve the efficacy and durability of CARs.
Citation Format: Paul-Joseph P. Aspuria, Sandro Vivona, Michele Bauer, Marie Semana, Navneet Ratti, Scott McCauley, Romina Riener, Rene de Waal Malefyt, Deepti Rokkam, Jan Emmerich, Patrick J. Lupardus, Rob A. Kastelein, Martin Oft. OrthoCARs: Engineered human IL-2/IL-2Rb orthogonal pairs selectively enhance CAR T cell antitumor efficacy by driving T cell expansion and fitness [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 1512.
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Aldridge DL, Phan AT, de Waal Malefyt R, Hunter CA. Limited Impact of the Inhibitory Receptor TIGIT on NK and T Cell Responses during Toxoplasma gondii Infection. Immunohorizons 2021; 5:384-394. [PMID: 34088852 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2100007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to the parasite Toxoplasma gondii is mediated by NK and T cell production of IFN-γ, but the failure to contract this response can lead to severe T cell-dependent immunopathology. Although the cytokines IL-10 and IL-27 prevent immune hyperactivity during toxoplasmosis, inhibitory receptors, expressed by NK and T cells, are also implicated in this process. The inhibitory receptor TIGIT is expressed on NK and T cells and competes with the costimulatory receptor CD226 for binding of the ligand CD155. During toxoplasmosis, the activation of NK and T cells is associated with increased expression of CD226 and TIGIT, whereas DCs express increased levels of CD155. To determine if the loss of TIGIT impacts NK and T cell activities, wild-type and TIGIT knockout mice were infected with T. gondii During the acute stage of infection, wild-type and TIGIT knockout mice had comparable parasite burdens and similar NK and T cell responses. Likewise, during the chronic phase of this infection, the loss of TIGIT did not affect the magnitude or phenotype of the T cell response nor the ability to control pathogen load. These data suggest that during toxoplasmosis, despite upregulation of relevant ligands, TIGIT signaling does not limit NK and T cell activities. Thus, TIGIT-independent mechanisms dominate the restraint of the immune response during toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Aldridge
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; and
| | - Anthony T Phan
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; and
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Li S(Y, Le Saux S, Shields R, de Waal Malefyt R. Abstract A96: Antigen-specific human CD4+ T cell clones as tools to characterize immunomodulatory receptor antibodies for immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/2326-6074.tumimm18-a96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
T-cell activation requires co-stimulatory signals that are provided by the interaction between Immuno-Modulatory Receptor (IMR) receptors and ligands expressed on the T cells and APC or tumor cells. Hence, an antigen (Ag)-specific human T-cell clone system was developed. It has been applied not only to study the biology of IMRs, but also to characterize the different biologics targeting those molecules as single agents or in combination to test improved efficacy. Data shown will include the establishment of alloreactive human CD4+ T-cell clones, FACS profiling IMRs of T-cell clones, engineering of different antigen presenting cells transfected with IMR ligands, and application of T-cell clones in characterization of anti-PD1 and anti-Lag3 antibodies
Citation Format: Sophie (Ying) Li, Sabine Le Saux, Robert Shields, Rene de Waal Malefyt. Antigen-specific human CD4+ T cell clones as tools to characterize immunomodulatory receptor antibodies for immunotherapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy; 2018 Nov 27-30; Miami Beach, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2020;8(4 Suppl):Abstract nr A96.
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12
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Hutchins B, Starling GC, McCoy MA, Herzyk D, Poulet FM, Dulos J, Liu L, Kang SP, Fayadat-Dilman L, Hsieh M, Andrews CL, Ayanoglu G, Cullen C, Malefyt RDW, Kastelein RA, Saux SL, Lee J, Li S, Malashock D, Sadekova S, Soder G, van Eenennaam H, Willingham A, Yu Y, Streuli M, Carven GJ, van Elsas A. Biophysical and Immunological Characterization and In Vivo Pharmacokinetics and Toxicology in Nonhuman Primates of the Anti-PD-1 Antibody Pembrolizumab. Mol Cancer Ther 2020; 19:1298-1307. [PMID: 32229606 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-19-0774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) pathway represents a major immune checkpoint, which may be engaged by cells in the tumor microenvironment to overcome active T-cell immune surveillance. Pembrolizumab (Keytruda®, MK-3475) is a potent and highly selective humanized mAb of the IgG4/kappa isotype designed to directly block the interaction between PD-1 and its ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2. This blockade enhances the functional activity of T cells to facilitate tumor regression and ultimately immune rejection. Pembrolizumab binds to human and cynomolgus monkey PD-1 with picomolar affinity and blocks the binding of human and cynomolgus monkey PD-1 to PD-L1 and PD-L2 with comparable potency. Pembrolizumab binds both the C'D and FG loops of PD-1. Pembrolizumab overcomes human and cynomolgus monkey PD-L1-mediated immune suppression in T-cell cultures by enhancing IL2 production following staphylococcal enterotoxin B stimulation of healthy donor and cancer patient cells, and IFNγ production in human primary tumor histoculture. Ex vivo and in vitro studies with human and primate T cells show that pembrolizumab enhances antigen-specific T-cell IFNγ and IL2 production. Pembrolizumab does not mediate FcR or complement-driven effector function against PD-1-expressing cells. Pembrolizumab displays dose-dependent clearance and half-life in cynomolgus monkey pharmacokinetic and toxicokinetic studies typical for human IgG4 antibodies. In nonhuman primate toxicology studies, no findings of toxicologic significance were observed. The preclinical data for pembrolizumab are consistent with the clinical anticancer activity and safety that has been demonstrated in human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - John Dulos
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey.,Galapagos, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Liming Liu
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | | | | | - Mark Hsieh
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | | | | | - Constance Cullen
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey.,Apollo Biologics Consulting, Los Angeles, California
| | - Rene de Waal Malefyt
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey.,Synthekine, Inc., Menlo Park, California
| | - Robert A Kastelein
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey.,Synthekine, Inc., Menlo Park, California
| | | | - Julie Lee
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Sophie Li
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | | | | | | | - Hans van Eenennaam
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey.,AIMM Therapeutics B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ying Yu
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Michel Streuli
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey.,Pionyr Immunotherapeutics, South San Francisco, California
| | - Gregory J Carven
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey.,Scholar Rock, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Andrea van Elsas
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey.,Aduro Biotech, Inc., Berkeley, California
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13
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Bauché D, Joyce-Shaikh B, Jain R, Grein J, Ku KS, Blumenschein WM, Ganal-Vonarburg SC, Wilson DC, McClanahan TK, Malefyt RDW, Macpherson AJ, Annamalai L, Yearley JH, Cua DJ. LAG3 + Regulatory T Cells Restrain Interleukin-23-Producing CX3CR1 + Gut-Resident Macrophages during Group 3 Innate Lymphoid Cell-Driven Colitis. Immunity 2018; 49:342-352.e5. [PMID: 30097293 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-22 (IL-22)-producing group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3) maintains gut homeostasis but can also promote inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The regulation of ILC3-dependent colitis remains to be elucidated. Here we show that Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg cells) prevented ILC3-mediated colitis in an IL-10-independent manner. Treg cells inhibited IL-23 and IL-1β production from intestinal-resident CX3CR1+ macrophages but not CD103+ dendritic cells. Moreover, Treg cells restrained ILC3 production of IL-22 through suppression of CX3CR1+ macrophage production of IL-23 and IL-1β. This suppression was contact dependent and was mediated by latent activation gene-3 (LAG-3)-an immune checkpoint receptor-expressed on Treg cells. Engagement of LAG-3 on MHC class II drove profound immunosuppression of CX3CR1+ tissue-resident macrophages. Our study reveals that the health of the intestinal mucosa is maintained by an axis driven by Treg cells communication with resident macrophages that withhold inflammatory stimuli required for ILC3 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bauché
- Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, Palo Alto, CA 94304-1104 USA
| | | | - Renu Jain
- Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, Palo Alto, CA 94304-1104 USA
| | - Jeff Grein
- Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, Palo Alto, CA 94304-1104 USA
| | - Karin S Ku
- Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, Palo Alto, CA 94304-1104 USA
| | | | - Stephanie C Ganal-Vonarburg
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (DKF), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin Inselspital, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Andrew J Macpherson
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (DKF), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin Inselspital, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Daniel J Cua
- Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, Palo Alto, CA 94304-1104 USA.
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Bhagwat B, Cherwinski H, Sathe M, Seghezzi W, McClanahan TK, de Waal Malefyt R, Willingham A. Establishment of engineered cell-based assays mediating LAG3 and PD1 immune suppression enables potency measurement of blocking antibodies and assessment of signal transduction. J Immunol Methods 2018; 456:7-14. [PMID: 29427592 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
LAG3 is an important regulator of T cell homeostasis and studies in mouse tumor models have demonstrated that simultaneously antagonizing LAG3 and PD1 can augment tumor-specific T cell responses and induce tumor rejection. The combined use of LAG3 antagonist antibodies with established anti-PD1 therapies is currently being evaluated in human clinical trials. A functional assay for human LAG3 was developed by co-culture of a Jurkat T-cell lymphoma line overexpressing LAG3 with a Raji B-cell lymphoma line in the presence of staphylococcal enterotoxins. Reversal of LAG3 repression was measured as an increase in IL-2 production or NFAT activation in response to treatment with MK-4280, an anti-human LAG3 antagonist antibody. Changes in cytokines, chemokines, and other mRNA transcripts were in agreement with published in vitro and in vivo models for LAG3 biology which highlights the physiological relevance of the Jurkat functional assay. Additional engineering of PD1 and PDL1 components into the LAG3 assay resulted in a bi-functional assay that is capable of inducing a 10-fold response to individual antibodies blocking either PD1 or LAG3. Importantly, when MK-4280 and pembrolizumab were combined to block both pathways, a synergistic 50-fold increase in response was observed.
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15
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Ottsjö LS, Flach CF, Nilsson S, Malefyt RDW, Walduck AK, Raghavan S. Correction: Defining the Roles of IFN-γ and IL-17A in Inflammation and Protection against Helicobacter pylori Infection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142747. [PMID: 26544971 PMCID: PMC4636396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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16
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Liang Y, Jie Z, Hou L, Yi P, Wang W, Kwota Z, Salvato M, de Waal Malefyt R, Soong L, Sun J. IL-33 promotes innate IFN-γ production and modulates dendritic cell response in LCMV-induced hepatitis in mice. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:3052-63. [PMID: 26249267 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed IL-33 as a key factor in promoting antiviral T-cell responses. However, it is less clear as to how IL-33 regulates innate immunity. In this study, we infected wild-type (WT) and IL-33(-/-) mice with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and demonstrated an essential role of infection-induced IL-33 expression for robust innate IFN-γ production in the liver. We first show that IL-33 deficiency resulted in a marked reduction in the number of IFN-γ(+) γδ T and NK cells, but an increase in that of IL-17(+) γδ T cells at 16 h postinfection. Recombinant IL-33 (rIL-33) treatment could reverse such deficiency via increasing IFN-γ-producing γδ T and NK cells, and inhibiting IL-17(+) γδ T cells. We also found that rIL-33-induced type 2 innate lymphoid cells were not involved in T-cell responses and liver injury, since the adoptive transfer of type 2 innate lymphoid cells neither affected the IFN-γ and TNF-α production in T cells, nor liver transferase levels in lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infected mice. Interestingly, we found that while IL-33 was not required for costimulatory molecule expression, it was critical for DC proliferation and cytokine production. Together, this study highlights an essential role of IL-33 in regulating innate IFN-γ-production and DC function during viral hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuejin Liang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Zuliang Jie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Lifei Hou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Panpan Yi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis of Hunan, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Zakari Kwota
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Maria Salvato
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Lynn Soong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Department of Pathology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Jiaren Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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17
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Sjökvist Ottsjö L, Flach CF, Nilsson S, de Waal Malefyt R, Walduck AK, Raghavan S. Defining the Roles of IFN-γ and IL-17A in Inflammation and Protection against Helicobacter pylori Infection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131444. [PMID: 26168305 PMCID: PMC4500503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells have been shown to be essential for vaccine-induced protection against Helicobacter pylori infection. However, the effector mechanisms leading to reductions in the gastric bacterial loads of vaccinated mice remain unclear. We have investigated the function of IFN-γ and IL-17A for vaccine-induced protection and inflammation (gastritis) using IFN-γ-gene-knockout (IFN-γ-/-) mice, after sublingual or intragastric immunization with H. pylori lysate antigens and cholera toxin. Bacteria were enumerated in the stomachs of mice and related to the gastritis score and cellular immune responses. We report that sublingually and intragastrically immunized IFN-γ-/- mice had significantly reduced bacterial loads similar to immunized wild-type mice compared to respective unimmunized infection controls. The reduction in bacterial loads in sublingually and intragastrically immunized IFN-γ-/- mice was associated with significantly higher levels of IL-17A in stomach extracts and lower gastritis scores compared with immunized wild-type mice. To study the role of IL-17A for vaccine-induced protection in sublingually immunized IFN-γ-/- mice, IL-17A was neutralized in vivo at the time of infection. Remarkably, the neutralization of IL-17A in sublingually immunized IFN-γ-/- mice completely abolished protection against H. pylori infection and the mild gastritis. In summary, our results suggest that IFN-γ responses in the stomach of sublingually immunized mice promote vaccine-induced gastritis, after infection with H. pylori but that IL-17A primarily functions to reduce the bacterial load.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carl-Fredrik Flach
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Staffan Nilsson
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rene de Waal Malefyt
- Department of Immunology, Merck Research Laboratories, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Anna K. Walduck
- School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sukanya Raghavan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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18
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Landheer J, Giovannone B, Sadekova S, Tjabringa S, Hofstra C, Dechering K, Bruijnzeel-Koomen C, Chang C, Ying Y, de Waal Malefyt R, Hijnen D, Knol E. TSLP is differentially regulated by vitamin D3 and cytokines in human skin. Immun Inflamm Dis 2015; 3:32-43. [PMID: 25866638 PMCID: PMC4386913 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) plays an important role in allergic diseases and is highly expressed in keratinocytes in human lesional atopic dermatitis (AD) skin. In nonlesional AD skin TSLP expression can be induced by applying house dust mite allergen onto the skin in the atopy patch test. Several studies have demonstrated that the induction of TSLP expression in mouse skin does not only lead to AD-like inflammation of the skin, but also predisposes to severe inflammation of the airways. In mice, TSLP expression can be induced by application of the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (VD3) analogue calcipotriol and results in the development of eczema-like lesions. The objective is to investigate the effect of VD3 (calcitriol) or calcipotriol on TSLP expression in normal human skin and skin from AD patients. Using multiple ex vivo experimental setups, the effects of calci(po)triol on TSLP expression by normal human skin, and skin from AD patients were investigated and compared to effects of calcipotriol on mouse and non-human primates (NHP) skin. No induction of TSLP expression (mRNA or protein) was observed in human keratinocytes, normal human skin, nonlesional AD skin, or NHP skin samples after stimulation with calcipotriol or topical application of calcitriol. The biological activity of calci(po)triol in human skin samples was demonstrated by the increased expression of the VD3-responsive Cyp24a1 gene. TSLP expression was induced by cytokines (IL-4, IL-13, and TNF-α) in skin samples from all three species. In contrast to the findings in human and NHP, a consistent increase in TSLP expression was confirmed in mouse skin biopsies after stimulation with calcipotriol. VD3 failed to induce expression of TSLP in human or monkey skin in contrast to mouse, implicating careful extrapolation of this often-used mouse model to AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janneke Landheer
- Department of Dermatology & Allergology, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Barbara Giovannone
- Department of Dermatology & Allergology, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Svetlana Sadekova
- Biologics Discovery, Merck Research LaboratoriesPalo Alto, California
| | - Sandra Tjabringa
- Department of Dermatology & Allergology, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Claudia Hofstra
- Department of Immunology, Merck Sharpe and DohmeOss, the Netherlands
| | - Koen Dechering
- Department of Immunology, Merck Sharpe and DohmeOss, the Netherlands
| | - Carla Bruijnzeel-Koomen
- Department of Dermatology & Allergology, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Charlie Chang
- Information Technology, Merck Research LaboratoriesPalo Alto, California
| | - Yu Ying
- Biologics Discovery, Merck Research LaboratoriesPalo Alto, California
| | - Rene de Waal Malefyt
- Biologics Discovery, Merck Research LaboratoriesPalo Alto, California
- Department of Immunology, Merck Research LaboratoriesPalo Alto, California
| | - DirkJan Hijnen
- Department of Dermatology & Allergology, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht, the Netherlands
- Correspondence:, DirkJan Hijnen, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands., Tel: +31 88 755 6284;, Fax: +31 88 755 5404;, E-mail:
| | - Edward Knol
- Department of Dermatology & Allergology, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht, the Netherlands
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19
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Tait Wojno E, Noti M, Kim B, Siracusa M, Nair M, Benitez A, Ruymann K, Muir A, Yearley J, Menard-Katcher P, Kubo M, Obata-Ninomiya K, Karasuyama H, Comeau M, de Waal Malefyt R, Sleiman P, Hakonarson H, Cianferoni A, Falk G, Wang ML, Spergel J, Artis D. Dissecting mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of eosinophilic esophagitis (HYP6P.263). The Journal of Immunology 2014. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.192.supp.118.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is an allergic disease characterized by esophageal eosinophilia, inflammation, and dysfunction. EoE has become increasingly common, but current management strategies are nonspecific. Thus, there is an urgent need to identify new pathways that could be targeted to treat EoE. Recently, EoE was associated with a gain-of-function polymorphism in the gene that encodes thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), a cytokine that promotes allergic inflammation and peripheral basophilia. However, how TSLP and basophils might contribute to the development of eosinophil responses during EoE remains unknown. Here, we employed a new murine model of EoE-like disease to investigate the role of TSLP and basophils in promoting esophageal eosinophil responses. Development of esophageal eosinophil responses was dependent on TSLP-elicited basophils, and antibody-mediated neutralization of TSLP or depletion of basophils ameliorated established esophageal eosinophilia. In addition, we examined how sort-purified human basophils influence eosinophil responses in vitro. Finally, elevated TSLP levels and exaggerated basophil responses observed in esophageal biopsies from EoE patients correlated with eosinophil responses. Together, these data indicate that TSLP-elicited basophil responses may play a key role in mediating eosinophil responses in EoE, suggesting that the TSLP-basophil axis could represent a new and promising therapeutic target to treat this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia Tait Wojno
- 1Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- 2Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Mario Noti
- 1Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- 2Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Brian Kim
- 1Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- 2Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- 3Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Mark Siracusa
- 1Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- 2Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Meera Nair
- 1Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- 2Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- 4Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA
| | - Alain Benitez
- 5Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Kathryn Ruymann
- 6Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Amanda Muir
- 5Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jennifer Yearley
- 7Department of Pathology, Merck Research Laboratories, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Paul Menard-Katcher
- 8Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Masato Kubo
- 9Laboratory for Cytokine Regulation, Research Center for Integrative Medical Science, RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Kanagawa, Japan
- 10Division of Molecular Pathology, Research Institute for Biomedical Science, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazushige Obata-Ninomiya
- 11Department of Immune Regulation, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan
- 12JST, CREST, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Karasuyama
- 11Department of Immune Regulation, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan
- 12JST, CREST, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Rene de Waal Malefyt
- 14Therapeutic Area Biology and Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Patrick Sleiman
- 15Center for Applied Genomics and Division of Human Genetics, Abramson Research Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- 16Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- 15Center for Applied Genomics and Division of Human Genetics, Abramson Research Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- 16Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Antonella Cianferoni
- 6Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Gary Falk
- 8Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Mei-Lun Wang
- 5Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jonathan Spergel
- 2Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- 6Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - David Artis
- 1Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- 2Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- 17Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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20
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Liao G, O'Keeffe MS, Wang G, van Driel B, de Waal Malefyt R, Reinecker HC, Herzog RW, Terhorst C. Glucocorticoid-Induced TNF Receptor Family-Related Protein Ligand is Requisite for Optimal Functioning of Regulatory CD4(+) T Cells. Front Immunol 2014; 5:35. [PMID: 24550919 PMCID: PMC3909995 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor family-related protein (TNFRSF18, CD357) is constitutively expressed on regulatory T cells (Tregs) and is inducible on effector T cells. In this report, we examine the role of glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor family-related protein ligand (GITR-L), which is expressed by antigen presenting cells, on the development and expansion of Tregs. We found that GITR-L is dispensable for the development of naturally occurring FoxP3+ Treg cells in the thymus. However, the expansion of Treg in GITR-L−/− mice is impaired after injection of the dendritic cells (DCs) inducing factor Flt3 ligand. Furthermore, DCs from the liver of GITR-L−/− mice were less efficient in inducing proliferation of antigen-specific Treg cells in vitro than the same cells from WT littermates. Upon gene transfer of ovalbumin into hepatocytes of GITR-L−/−FoxP3(GFP) reporter mice using adeno-associated virus (AAV8-OVA) the number of antigen-specific Treg in liver and spleen is reduced. The reduced number of Tregs resulted in an increase in the number of ovalbumin specific CD8+ T effector cells. This is highly significant because proliferation of antigen-specific CD8+ cells itself is dependent on the presence of GITR-L, as shown by in vitro experiments and by adoptive transfers into GITR-L−/−Rag−/− and Rag−/− mice that had received AAV8-OVA. Surprisingly, administering αCD3 significantly reduced the numbers of FoxP3+ Treg cells in the liver and spleen of GITR-L−/− but not WT mice. Because soluble Fc-GITR-L partially rescues αCD3 induced in vitro depletion of the CD103+ subset of FoxP3+CD4+ Treg cells, we conclude that expression of GITR-L by antigen presenting cells is requisite for optimal Treg-mediated regulation of immune responses including those in response during gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongxian Liao
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Michael S O'Keeffe
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Guoxing Wang
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Boaz van Driel
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
| | | | - Hans-Christian Reinecker
- Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Roland W Herzog
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL , USA
| | - Cox Terhorst
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
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21
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Liao G, van Driel B, Magelky E, O'Keeffe MS, de Waal Malefyt R, Engel P, Herzog RW, Mizoguchi E, Bhan AK, Terhorst C. Glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor family-related protein ligand regulates the migration of monocytes to the inflamed intestine. FASEB J 2013; 28:474-84. [PMID: 24107315 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-236505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor family-related protein (GITR) regulates the function of both T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs), while the function of GITR ligand (GITR-L) is largely unknown. Here we evaluate the role of GITR-L, whose expression is restricted to APCs, in the development of enterocolitis. On injecting naive CD4(+) T cells, GITR-L(-/-)Rag(-/-) mice develop a markedly milder colitis than Rag(-/-) mice, which correlates with a 50% reduction of Ly6C(+)CD11b(+)MHCII(+) macrophages in the lamina propria and mesenteric lymph nodes. The same result was observed in αCD40-induced acute colitis and during peritonitis, suggesting an altered monocyte migration. In line with these observations, the number of nondifferentiated monocytes was approximately 3-fold higher in the spleen of GITR-L(-/-)Rag(-/-) mice than in Rag(-/-) mice after αCD40 induction. Consistent with the dynamic change in the formation of an active angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1) dimer in GITR-L(-/-) splenic monocytes during intestinal inflammation, the migratory capability of splenic monocytes from GITR-L-deficient mice was impaired in an in vitro transwell migration assay. Conversely, αGITR-L reduces the number of splenic Ly6C(hi) monocytes, concomitantly with an increase in AT1 dimers. We conclude that GITR-L regulates the number of proinflammatory macrophages in sites of inflammation by controlling the egress of monocytes from the splenic reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongxian Liao
- 1Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, CLS-928, Boston, MA 02115, USA. G.L.,
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22
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Noti M, Tait Wojno ED, Kim BS, Siracusa MC, Giacomin PR, Nair MG, Benitez AJ, Ruymann KR, Muir AB, Hill DA, Chikwava KR, Moghaddam AE, Sattentau QJ, Alex A, Zhou C, Yearley JH, Menard-Katcher P, Kubo M, Obata-Ninomiya K, Karasuyama H, Comeau MR, Brown-Whitehorn T, de Waal Malefyt R, Sleiman PM, Hakonarson H, Cianferoni A, Falk GW, Wang ML, Spergel JM, Artis D. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin-elicited basophil responses promote eosinophilic esophagitis. Nat Med 2013; 19:1005-13. [PMID: 23872715 PMCID: PMC3951204 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a food allergy-associated inflammatory disease characterized by esophageal eosinophilia. Current management strategies for EoE are nonspecific, and thus there is a need to identify specific immunological pathways that could be targeted to treat this disease. EoE is associated with polymorphisms in the gene that encodes thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), a cytokine that promotes allergic inflammation, but how TSLP might contribute to EoE disease pathogenesis has been unclear. Here, we describe a new mouse model of EoE-like disease that developed independently of IgE, but was dependent on TSLP and basophils, as targeting TSLP or basophils during the sensitization phase limited disease. Notably, therapeutic TSLP neutralization or basophil depletion also ameliorated established EoE-like disease. In human subjects with EoE, we observed elevated TSLP expression and exaggerated basophil responses in esophageal biopsies, and a gain-of-function TSLP polymorphism was associated with increased basophil responses in patients with EoE. Together, these data suggest that the TSLP-basophil axis contributes to the pathogenesis of EoE and could be therapeutically targeted to treat this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Noti
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elia D. Tait Wojno
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brian S. Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mark C. Siracusa
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Paul R. Giacomin
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Queensland Tropical Health Alliance, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Meera G. Nair
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Alain J. Benitez
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kathryn R. Ruymann
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amanda B. Muir
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David A. Hill
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kudakwashe R. Chikwava
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amin E. Moghaddam
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Aneesh Alex
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Photonics and Nanoelectronics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA
- Bioengineering Program, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Chao Zhou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Photonics and Nanoelectronics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA
- Bioengineering Program, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jennifer H. Yearley
- Department of Pathology, Merck Research Laboratories, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Paul Menard-Katcher
- Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Masato Kubo
- Laboratory for Cytokine Regulation, Research Center for Integrative Medical Science, RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Kanagawa, Japan
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Research Institute for Biomedical Science, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazushige Obata-Ninomiya
- Department of Immune Regulation, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan
- JST, CREST, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Karasuyama
- Department of Immune Regulation, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan
- JST, CREST, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Terri Brown-Whitehorn
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rene de Waal Malefyt
- Therapeutic Area Biology and Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Patrick M. Sleiman
- Center for Applied Genomics, Abramson Research Center, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Division of Human Genetics, Abramson Research Center, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, Abramson Research Center, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Division of Human Genetics, Abramson Research Center, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Antonella Cianferoni
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Joint Penn-Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Center for Digestive, Liver and Pancreatic Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania and Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Molecular Studies in Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gary W. Falk
- Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Joint Penn-Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Center for Digestive, Liver and Pancreatic Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania and Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Molecular Studies in Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mei-Lun Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Joint Penn-Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Center for Digestive, Liver and Pancreatic Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania and Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Molecular Studies in Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jonathan M. Spergel
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Joint Penn-Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Center for Digestive, Liver and Pancreatic Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania and Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Molecular Studies in Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David Artis
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Joint Penn-Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Center for Digestive, Liver and Pancreatic Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania and Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Molecular Studies in Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennyslvania, USA
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23
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Louten J, Mattson JD, Malinao MC, Li Y, Emson C, Vega F, Wardle RL, Van Scott MR, Fick RB, McClanahan TK, de Waal Malefyt R, Beaumont M. Biomarkers of disease and treatment in murine and cynomolgus models of chronic asthma. Biomark Insights 2012; 7:87-104. [PMID: 22837640 PMCID: PMC3403565 DOI: 10.4137/bmi.s9776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Biomarkers facilitate early detection of disease and measurement of therapeutic efficacy, both at clinical and experimental levels. Recent advances in analytics and disease models allow comprehensive screening for biomarkers in complex diseases, such as asthma, that was previously not feasible. Objective Using murine and nonhuman primate (NHP) models of asthma, identify biomarkers associated with early and chronic stages of asthma and responses to steroid treatment. Methods The total protein content from thymic stromal lymphopoietin transgenic (TSLP Tg) mouse BAL fluid was ascertained by shotgun proteomics analysis. A subset of these potential markers was further analyzed in BAL fluid, BAL cell mRNA, and lung tissue mRNA during the stages of asthma and following corticosteroid treatment. Validation was conducted in murine and NHP models of allergic asthma. Results Over 40 proteins were increased in the BAL fluid of TSLP Tg mice that were also detected by qRT-PCR in lung tissue and BAL cells, as well as in OVA-sensitive mice and house dust mite-sensitive NHP. Previously undescribed as asthma biomarkers, KLK1, Reg3γ, ITLN2, and LTF were modulated in asthmatic mice, and Clca3, Chi3l4 (YM2), and Ear11 were the first lung biomarkers to increase during disease and the last biomarkers to decline in response to therapy. In contrast, GP-39, LCN2, sICAM-1, YM1, Epx, Mmp12, and Klk1 were good indicators of early therapeutic intervention. In NHP, AMCase, sICAM-1, CLCA1, and GP-39 were reduced upon treatment with corticosteroids. Conclusions and clinical relevance These results significantly advance our understanding of the biomarkers present in various tissue compartments in animal models of asthma, including those induced early during asthma and modulated with therapeutic intervention, and show that BAL cells (or their surrogate, induced sputum cells) are a viable choice for biomarker examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Louten
- Merck Research Laboratories (formerly Schering-Plough Biopharma) Palo Alto, California USA
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van Driel B, Liao G, Romero J, Faubion W, Wang G, Berger S, O'Keeffe M, Magelky E, Manocha M, Azcutia V, de Waal Malefyt R, Grisham M, Luscinskas F, Mizoguchi E, Bhan A, Wang N, Terhorst C. Slamf1 controls monocyte / macrophage migration in experimental colitis. (117.5). The Journal of Immunology 2012. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.188.supp.117.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (Slamf1) is a T cell co-stimulatory molecule and a regulator of cytokine production by macrophages and dendritic cells. Because Slamf1 positively regulates microbicidal mechanisms in macrophages, we evaluate whether Slamf1 would affect enterocolitis. To induce colitis, mouse CD45RBhi CD4+ T cells were transferred into RAG-/- or Slamf1-/- RAG-/- recipient mice. In a second set of experiments, an agonistic αCD40 antibody was administered to the same recipient strains to induce colitis. Whilst the absence of Slamf1 in RAG-/- recipients mitigated colitis, the function of disease-causing effector or regulatory T cells was not affected by the ablation of the receptor. Surprisingly, in Slamf1-/- mice monocyte / macrophage migration into the inflamed tissue was impaired not only in αCD40-induced colitis but also in two other in vivo models of inflammation: thioglycolate induced peritonitis and in an “air pouch” model in response to TNFα. Administering αSlamf1 to RAG-/- mice ameliorated enterocolitis and altered this migration. Slamf1 is a key contributor to the innate immune responses during experimental colitis by affecting the migration of monocytes / macrophages to the sites of inflammation. As αSlamf1 also mitigates the pathogenesis of colitis, SLAMF1 should be a plausible therapeutic target in treating inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boaz van Driel
- 1Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Med. Sch., Boston, MA
| | - Gongxian Liao
- 1Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Med. Sch., Boston, MA
| | - Javier Romero
- 1Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Med. Sch., Boston, MA
| | | | - Guoxing Wang
- 1Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Med. Sch., Boston, MA
| | - Scott Berger
- 1Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Med. Sch., Boston, MA
| | - Michael O'Keeffe
- 1Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Med. Sch., Boston, MA
| | - Erica Magelky
- 1Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Med. Sch., Boston, MA
| | - Monika Manocha
- 1Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Med. Sch., Boston, MA
| | - Veronica Azcutia
- 3Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital Vascular Research Division, Boston, MA
| | - Rene de Waal Malefyt
- 5Immunology, Merck Research Laboratories (formerly Schering-Plough Biopharma), Boston, MA
| | - Matthew Grisham
- 6Molecular and Cellular Physiology, LSU health science center, Shreveport, CA
| | - F. Luscinskas
- 3Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital Vascular Research Division, Boston, MA
| | - Emiko Mizoguchi
- 4Medicine, Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Atul Bhan
- 7Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ninghai Wang
- 1Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Med. Sch., Boston, MA
| | - Cox Terhorst
- 1Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Med. Sch., Boston, MA
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Liao G, Berger S, Detre C, de Waal Malefyt R, Herzog R, Bhan A, Terhorst C. GITR on the surface of antigen presenting cells, but not on T cells, regulates the pathogenesis of CD4+ T cell-mediated experimental colitis (120.3). The Journal of Immunology 2012. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.188.supp.120.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The receptor GITR is thought to function on the surface of regulatory and activated effector CD4+ T cells. To better understand the role of GITR in in vivo immune responses, we use an established experimental colitis model. Chronic enterocolitis was induced by the transfer of wt or GITR−/− CD4+ T cells into either GITR−/− x Rag−/− or Rag−/− recipients. When non-fractionated CD4+ cells from either wt or GITR−/− donors were transferred, colitis unexpectedly developed in GITR−/− x Rag−/−, but not in Rag−/− recipients. In these mice, the percentage of Treg and Th17 cells is decreased, whilst that of Th1 cells increased. Furthermore, Tregs fail to prevent colitis in GITR−/− x Rag−/− recipients. This is not due to an aberrant function of GITR−/− Treg or Teff cells, but is caused by an imbalance in the number of tolerogenic CD103+ and PDCA1+ plasmacytoid dendritic cells in the GITR−/− mouse. This in turn impairs Treg development and expands the Th1 population in GITR−/− x Rag−/− recipients upon the transfer of non-fractionated CD4+ cells. We conclude that for the induction of colitis, GITR is dispensable on the surface of Treg and Teff cells, nor do GITR-L / GITR interactions on T cells play a role in controlling the disease. GITR, however, controls in vivo DC and monocyte development and in its absence aggravated chronic enterocolitis is caused by an imbalance of colitogenic Th1 cells and regulatory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongxian Liao
- 1Division of Immunology, BIDMC, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Scott Berger
- 1Division of Immunology, BIDMC, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Cynthia Detre
- 1Division of Immunology, BIDMC, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Roland Herzog
- 3Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Atul Bhan
- 4Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Cox Terhorst
- 1Division of Immunology, BIDMC, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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26
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Liao G, Detre C, Berger SB, Engel P, de Waal Malefyt R, Herzog RW, Bhan AK, Terhorst C. Glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor family-related protein regulates CD4(+)T cell-mediated colitis in mice. Gastroenterology 2012; 142:582-591.e8. [PMID: 22155173 PMCID: PMC3428052 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor family-related protein (GITR; also called TNFRSF18 or CD357) regulates the T cell-mediated immune response and is present on surfaces of regulatory T (Treg) cells and activated CD4(+) T cells. We investigated the roles of GITR in the development of colitis in mice. METHODS Chronic enterocolitis was induced by the transfer of wild-type or GITR(-/-) CD4(+) T cells to GITR(-/-) × Rag(-/-) or Rag(-/-) mice. We determined the severity of colitis by using the disease activity index; measured levels of inflammatory cytokines, T cells, and dendritic cells; and performed histologic analysis of colon samples. RESULTS Transfer of nonfractionated CD4(+) cells from wild-type or GITR(-/-) donors induced colitis in GITR(-/-) × Rag(-/-) but not in Rag(-/-) mice. Among mice with transfer-induced colitis, the percentage of Treg and T-helper (Th) 17 cells was reduced but that of Th1 cells increased. Treg cells failed to prevent colitis in GITR(-/-) × Rag(-/-) recipients; this was not the result of aberrant function of GITR(-/-) Treg or T effector cells but resulted from an imbalance between the numbers of tolerogenic CD103(+) and PDCA1(+) plasmacytoid dendritic cells in GITR(-/-) mice. This imbalance impaired Treg cell development and expanded the Th1 population in GITR(-/-) × Rag(-/-) mice following transfer of nonfractionated CD4(+) cells. CONCLUSIONS GITR is not required on the surface of Treg and T effector cells to induce colitis in mice; interactions between GITR and its ligand are not required for induction of colitis. GITR instead appears to control dendritic cell and monocyte development; in its absence, mice develop aggravated chronic enterocolitis via an imbalance of colitogenic Th1 cells and Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongxian Liao
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
| | - Cynthia Detre
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02115. USA
| | - Scott B. Berger
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02115. USA
| | - Pablo Engel
- Immunology Unit, Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Neurosciences, Medical School, University of Barcelona, C/Casanova 143, Barcelona E-08036, Spain
| | - Rene de Waal Malefyt
- Biologics Discovery, Merck Research Laboratories, Palo Alto, 901 California Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304-1104, USA
| | - Roland W. Herzog
- University of Florida, Cancer and Genetics Research Center, 1376 Mowry Road, Room 203, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Atul K. Bhan
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Cox Terhorst
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02115. USA. Phone: (617) 735-4131; Fax: (617) 735-4135
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27
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Hoffman C, Park SH, Daley E, Emson C, Louten J, Sisco M, de Waal Malefyt R, Grunig G. Interleukin-19: a constituent of the regulome that controls antigen presenting cells in the lungs and airway responses to microbial products. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27629. [PMID: 22110701 PMCID: PMC3217014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin (IL)-19 has been reported to enhance chronic inflammatory diseases such as asthma but the in vivo mechanism is incompletely understood. Because IL-19 is produced by and regulates cells of the monocyte lineage, our studies focused on in vivo responses of CD11c positive (CD11c+) alveolar macrophages and lung dendritic cells. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS IL-19-deficient (IL-19-/-) mice were studied at baseline (naïve) and following intranasal challenge with microbial products, or recombinant cytokines. Naïve IL-19-/- mixed background mice had a decreased percentage of CD11c+ cells in the bronchoalveolar-lavage (BAL) due to the deficiency in IL-19 and a trait inherited from the 129-mouse strain. BAL CD11c+ cells from fully backcrossed IL-19-/- BALB/c or C57BL/6 mice expressed significantly less Major Histocompatibility Complex class II (MHCII) in response to intranasal administration of lipopolysaccharide, Aspergillus antigen, or IL-13, a pro-allergic cytokine. Neurogenic-locus-notch-homolog-protein-2 (Notch2) expression by lung monocytes, the precursors of BAL CD11c+ cells, was dysregulated: extracellular Notch2 was significantly decreased, transmembrane/intracellular Notch2 was significantly increased in IL-19-/- mice relative to wild type. Instillation of recombinant IL-19 increased extracellular Notch2 expression and dendritic cells cultured from bone marrow cells in the presence of IL-19 showed upregulated extracellular Notch2. The CD205 positive subset among the CD11c+ cells was 3-5-fold decreased in the airways and lungs of naïve IL-19-/- mice relative to wild type. Airway inflammation and histological changes in the lungs were ameliorated in IL-19-/- mice challenged with Aspergillus antigen that induces T lymphocyte-dependent allergic inflammation but not in IL-19-/- mice challenged with lipopolysaccharide or IL-13. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Because MHCII is the molecular platform that displays peptides to T lymphocytes and Notch2 determines cell fate decisions, our studies suggest that endogenous IL-19 is a constituent of the regulome that controls both processes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Hoffman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York, United States of America
| | - Sung-Hyun Park
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York, United States of America
| | - Eleen Daley
- Department of Pathology, St. Luke's Roosevelt Hospital, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Claire Emson
- Merck Research Laboratories (formerly Schering Plough Biopharma), Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Louten
- Merck Research Laboratories (formerly Schering Plough Biopharma), Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Maureen Sisco
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York, United States of America
| | - Rene de Waal Malefyt
- Merck Research Laboratories (formerly Schering Plough Biopharma), Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Gabriele Grunig
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York, United States of America
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
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Louten J, Rankin AL, Li Y, Murphy EE, Beaumont M, Moon C, Bourne P, McClanahan TK, Pflanz S, de Waal Malefyt R. Endogenous IL-33 enhances Th2 cytokine production and T-cell responses during allergic airway inflammation. Int Immunol 2011; 23:307-15. [PMID: 21422152 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxr006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-33 is an IL-1-related cytokine which has been implicated in T(h)2-associated biology and allergic diseases in humans and mice. IL-33 stimulates T(h)2 cells, mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, iNKT cells and circulating CD34(+) stem cells to proliferate and produce pro-allergic cytokines such as IL-5 and IL-13. IL-33 mediates its cytokine effects through a receptor consisting of ST2 and IL-1RAcP. Whereas IL-1RAcP is ubiquitously expressed, ST2 expression is cell-type restricted and determines responsiveness to IL-33. Studies employing ST2-deficient mice have reported variable results on the role of this receptor, and consequently IL-33, with regards to allergic lung inflammation. In this study, we demonstrate that IL-33 is important for allergic lung inflammation. Intra-nasal administration of IL-33 triggered an immediate allergic response in the airways, and more importantly, we show that endogenous IL-33 contributes to airway inflammation and peripheral antigen-specific responses in ovalbumin-induced acute allergic lung inflammation using IL-33-deficient mice. Our results suggest that IL-33 is sufficient and required for severe allergic inflammation in the lung and support the concept of IL-33 as a therapeutic target in allergic lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Louten
- Department of Immunology, Merck Research Laboratories (formerly Schering-Plough Biopharma), Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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Lei Y, Ripen AM, Ishimaru N, Ohigashi I, Nagasawa T, Jeker LT, Bösl MR, Holländer GA, Hayashi Y, de Waal Malefyt R, Nitta T, Takahama Y. Aire-dependent production of XCL1 mediates medullary accumulation of thymic dendritic cells and contributes to regulatory T cell development. J Exp Med 2011; 208:383-94. [PMID: 21300913 PMCID: PMC3039864 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20102327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) in the thymus (tDCs) are predominantly accumulated in the medulla and contribute to the establishment of self-tolerance. However, how the medullary accumulation of tDCs is regulated and involved in self-tolerance is unclear. We show that the chemokine receptor XCR1 is expressed by tDCs, whereas medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) express the ligand XCL1. XCL1-deficient mice are defective in the medullary accumulation of tDCs and the thymic generation of naturally occurring regulatory T cells (nT reg cells). Thymocytes from XCL1-deficient mice elicit dacryoadenitis in nude mice. mTEC expression of XCL1, tDC medullary accumulation, and nT reg cell generation are diminished in Aire-deficient mice. These results indicate that the XCL1-mediated medullary accumulation of tDCs contributes to nT reg cell development and is regulated by Aire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Lei
- Division of Experimental Immunology, Institute for Genome Research, Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Disease of the People’s Republic of China Ministry of Education, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Adiratna Mat Ripen
- Division of Experimental Immunology, Institute for Genome Research, Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Naozumi Ishimaru
- Division of Experimental Immunology, Institute for Genome Research, Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Izumi Ohigashi
- Division of Experimental Immunology, Institute for Genome Research, Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Takashi Nagasawa
- Department of Immunobiology and Hematology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Lukas T. Jeker
- Laboratory of Pediatric Immunology, Center for Biomedicine, University of Basel and The University Children’s Hospital of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael R. Bösl
- Transgenic Core Facility, Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Georg A. Holländer
- Laboratory of Pediatric Immunology, Center for Biomedicine, University of Basel and The University Children’s Hospital of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yoshio Hayashi
- Division of Experimental Immunology, Institute for Genome Research, Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | | | - Takeshi Nitta
- Division of Experimental Immunology, Institute for Genome Research, Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yousuke Takahama
- Division of Experimental Immunology, Institute for Genome Research, Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
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Desai B, Mattson J, Paintal H, Nathan M, Shen F, Beaumont M, Malinao MC, Li Y, Canfield J, Basham B, de Waal Malefyt R, McClanahan T, Krishna G, Fick R. Differential expression of monocyte/macrophage- selective markers in human idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Exp Lung Res 2011; 37:227-38. [DOI: 10.3109/01902148.2010.538132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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31
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Liao G, Nayak S, Regueiro JR, Berger SB, Detre C, Romero X, de Waal Malefyt R, Chatila TA, Herzog RW, Terhorst C. GITR engagement preferentially enhances proliferation of functionally competent CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells. Int Immunol 2010; 22:259-70. [PMID: 20139172 PMCID: PMC2845330 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxq001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring regulatory T cells (Treg) express high levels of glucocorticoid-induced tumour necrosis factor receptor (GITR). However, studies of the role of GITR in Treg biology has been complicated by the observation that upon activation effector CD4(+) T (Teff) cells also express the receptor. Here, we dissect the contribution of GITR-induced signaling networks in the expansion and function of FoxP3(+) Treg. We demonstrate that a high-affinity soluble Fc-GITR-L dimer, in conjugation with alphaCD3, specifically enhances in vitro proliferation of Treg, which retain their phenotypic markers (CD25 and FoxP3) and their suppressor function, while minimally affecting Teff cells. Furthermore, Fc-GITR-L does not impair Teff susceptibility to suppression, as judged by cocultures employing GITR-deficient and GITR-sufficient CD4(+) T-cell subsets. Notably, this expansion of Treg could also be seen in vivo, by injecting FoxP3-IRES-GFP mice with Fc-GITR-L even in the absence of antigenic stimulation. In order to test the efficacy of these findings therapeutically, we made use of a C3H/HeJ hemophilia B-prone mouse model. The use of liver-targeted human coagulation factor IX (hF.IX) gene therapy in this model has been shown to induce liver toxicity and the subsequent failure of hF.IX expression. Interestingly, injection of Fc-GITR-L into the hemophilia-prone mice that were undergoing liver-targeted hF.IX gene therapy increased the expression of F.IX and reduced the anticoagulation factors. We conclude that GITR engagement enhances Treg proliferation both in vitro and in vivo and that Fc-GITR-L may be a useful tool for in vivo tolerance induction.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Line
- Cell Proliferation
- Disease Models, Animal
- Factor IX/genetics
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Genetic Therapy
- Glucocorticoid-Induced TNFR-Related Protein
- Hemophilia B/therapy
- Humans
- Immune Tolerance
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/administration & dosage
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/metabolism
- Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Ligands
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/administration & dosage
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/administration & dosage
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/administration & dosage
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongxian Liao
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Grunig G, Sisco M, Louten J, Daley E, Hoffman C, Emson C, Gordon T, de Waal Malefyt R. Interleukin-19 regulates the immune homeostasis to the airborne environment (134.5). The Journal of Immunology 2010. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.184.supp.134.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Interleukin 19 (IL-19) is thought to have important roles in the immune control of pathogens, and in enhancing chronic inflammatory diseases of the skin (psoriasis), lung (asthma) and intestine (colitis). However, the biological function and the networked control of IL-19 are poorly understood. Naive mice deficient in IL-19 (IL-19-/-) on a 129xBL6 background had decreased alveolar macrophages and increased eosinophils in the broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) and decreased B cells in the spleen and bone marrow. However, naïve IL-19-/- mice backcrossed to C57BL/6 or BALB/c, and mice housed in different locations exhibited an attenuated phenotype. Therefore, genetic backcross and challenge experiments with environmental stimuli (allergen, urban particulate matter) were conducted. The studies showed that abnormal composition of the cells in the BAL fluid, spleen and bone marrow in naïve IL-19-/- 129xBL6 mice was due to the deficiency in IL-19 combined with the activity of another gene inherited from the 129 strain. IL-19-/- mice on C57BL/6 or BALB/c backgrounds that were intranasally challenged with antigen or with antigen and urban particulate matter had decreased BAL eosinophils, alveolar macrophages and B cells when compared to wild type. Together our studies indicate that endogenous IL-19 is a critical component of immune homeostasis to the airborne environment and that mouse-strain specific genes control the function of IL-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maureen Sisco
- 1Environmental Medicine, New York University, Tuxedo, NY
| | | | - Eleen Daley
- 3St. Luke’s Roosevelt Hospital, New York, NY
| | - Carol Hoffman
- 1Environmental Medicine, New York University, Tuxedo, NY
| | | | - Terry Gordon
- 1Environmental Medicine, New York University, Tuxedo, NY
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Hillyer P, Larché MJ, Bowman EP, McClanahan TK, de Waal Malefyt R, Schewitz LP, Giddins G, Feldmann M, Kastelein RA, Brennan FM. Investigating the role of the interleukin-23/-17A axis in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009; 48:1581-9. [PMID: 19815670 PMCID: PMC2777488 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kep293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. IL-23 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine proposed to be central to the development of autoimmune disease. We investigated whether IL-23, together with the downstream mediator IL-17A, was present and functional in RA in humans. Methods. RA synovial cells were cultured in the presence or absence of antibodies directed against IL-23p19 or -23R and -17. IL-23, -12, -17, and their receptors, and IL-6, -1β and TNF-α were measured by ELISA and/or PCR. Results. Small amounts of cell-associated IL-23 (median 110 pg/ml) were detected in RA synovial cultures, and found to be functional as IL-23R blockade resulting in a significant inhibition of TNF-α (57%), IL-1β (51%) and IL-6 (30%). However, there was a considerable variability between individual patient samples, and anti-IL-23p19 was found to be considerably less effective. IL-17A protein was detected in ∼40% of the supernatants and IL-17A blockade, in IL-17A-producing cultures, resulted in a small but significant inhibition of TNF-α (38%), IL-1β (23%) and IL-6 (22%). Addition of recombinant IL-23 to cultures had a variable effect on the spontaneous production of endogenous IL-17A with enhancement observed in some but not all cultures, suggesting that either the low levels of endogenous IL-23 are sufficient to support cytokine production and/or that the relevant Th17 cells were not present. Conclusions. These results suggest that although IL-23 may have pathogenic activity in a proportion of patients with late-stage RA, it is not abundantly produced in this inflammatory tissue, nor does it have a dominant role in all patient tissues analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa Hillyer
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Imperial College London, 1 Aspenlea Road, London W6 8LH, UK
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34
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Matsuda A, Ebihara N, Yokoi N, Kawasaki S, Tanioka H, Inatomi T, de Waal Malefyt R, Hamuro J, Kinoshita S, Murakami A. Functional role of thymic stromal lymphopoietin in chronic allergic keratoconjunctivitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2009; 51:151-5. [PMID: 19741251 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.09-4183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous reports have shown that thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) plays a role in atopic diseases. This study was undertaken to investigate the expression of TSLP in the giant papillae obtained from patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) or atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC), and its functional roles were analyzed. METHODS TSLP mRNA expression was examined in resected conjunctival samples obtained from four patients with VKC/AKC and three control subjects by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Anti-TSLP, anti-dendritic cell-limbic system-associated membrane protein (anti-DC-LAMP), and anti-tryptase immunohistochemical staining was performed with 10 resected giant papillae. Human conjunctival epithelial (HCJE) cells were stimulated with poly I:C, with and without endosomal inhibitor, to examine TSLP mRNA expression. Cultured human mast cells were stimulated with recombinant (r)TSLP to analyze the downstream effect of TSLP. RESULTS All four VKC/AKC samples showed TSLP mRNA expression; however, no TSLP mRNA expression was found in the control conjunctivae. Anti-TSLP immunohistochemical staining showed preferential expression in the epithelial cells and some infiltrated cells of the giant papillae, but not in the control conjunctivae. Double immunohistochemical staining with TSLP and DC-LAMP or tryptase showed the existence of activated dendritic cells and mast cells near TSLP-positive cells in the giant papillae. Real-time PCR analysis showed that poly I:C induced TSLP mRNA expression in HCJEs in an endosomal-function-dependent manner and that rTSLP could induce IL-13 mRNA expression in the mast cells synergistically with IL-33. CONCLUSIONS The TSLP protein produced in conjunctival epithelial cells plays a role in severe ocular allergy through the activation of dendritic cells and mast cells in synergy with other cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Matsuda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Louten J, Boniface K, de Waal Malefyt R. Development and function of TH17 cells in health and disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 123:1004-11. [PMID: 19410689 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Revised: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
T(H)17 cells are the newest member of the T(H) cell family and are characterized by their ability to produce specific cytokines such as IL-17, IL-22, IL-17F, and CCL20. In this review, conditions for the differentiation of T(H)17 cells are defined in both murine and human systems, with discussion of T(H)17-specific cytokines and transcription factors. Functionally, T(H)17 cells contribute to host defense as a new effector T(H) cell subset with a role in protection against extracellular bacteria through activities on immune and nonimmune cells. Their activities, however, are also pivotal in the development of autoimmune diseases under pathologic conditions. T(H)17 cells are also beginning to be associated with the development and pathophysiology of allergic diseases, such as allergic contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, and asthma. Lymphoid tissue inducer-like cells and natural killer-like cells, termed RORgammat(+)NKp46(+) or NK-22 cells, might also play a role in allergic diseases because of their propensity to produce IL-17 and IL-22.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Louten
- Department of Immunology, Schering-Plough Biopharma, Palo Alto, Calif, USA
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Kleinschek MA, Boniface K, Sadekova S, Grein J, Murphy EE, Turner SP, Raskin L, Desai B, Faubion WA, de Waal Malefyt R, Pierce RH, McClanahan T, Kastelein RA. Circulating and gut-resident human Th17 cells express CD161 and promote intestinal inflammation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 206:525-34. [PMID: 19273624 PMCID: PMC2699125 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20081712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The C-type lectin-like receptor CD161, which has recently been described to promote T cell expansion, is expressed on a discrete subset of human CD4 T cells. The function of such cells, however, has remained elusive. We now demonstrate that CD161+ CD4 T cells comprise a circulating and gut-resident T helper 17 (Th17) cell population. During Crohn's disease (CD), these CD161+ cells display an activated Th17 phenotype, as indicated by increased expression of interleukin (IL)-17, IL-22, and IL-23 receptor. CD161+ CD4 T cells from CD patients readily produce IL-17 and interferon γ upon stimulation with IL-23, whereas, in healthy subjects, priming by additional inflammatory stimuli such as IL-1β was required to enable IL-23–induced cytokine release. Circulating CD161+ Th17 cells are imprinted for gut homing, as indicated by high levels of CC chemokine receptor 6 and integrin β7 expression. Supporting their colitogenic phenotype, CD161+ Th17 cells were found in increased numbers in the inflammatory infiltrate of CD lesions and induced expression of inflammatory mediators by intestinal cells. Our data identify CD161+ CD4 T cells as a resting Th17 pool that can be activated by IL-23 and mediate destructive tissue inflammation.
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Mattson JD, Haus BM, Desai B, Ott W, Basham B, Agrawal M, Ding W, Hildemann LM, Abitorabi KM, Canfield J, Mak G, Guvenc-Tuncturk S, Malefyt RDW, McClanahan TK, Fick RB, Kuschner WG. Enhanced acute responses in an experimental exposure model to biomass smoke inhalation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Exp Lung Res 2009; 34:631-62. [PMID: 19085563 DOI: 10.1080/01902140802322256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) may increase air pollution-related mortality. The relationship of immune mechanisms to mortality caused by fine particulates in healthy and COPD populations is incompletely understood. The objective of this study was to determine whether fine particulates from a single biomass fuel alter stress and inflammation biomarkers in people with COPD. Healthy and COPD subjects were exposed to smoke in a controlled indoor setting. Immune responses were quantified by measuring cell surface marker expression with flow-cytometric analysis and mRNA levels with quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reactions in whole blood before and after exposure. Preexposure COPD subjects had more leukocytes, mainly CD14(+) monocytes and neutrophils, but fewer CD3(+) T cells. Fifty-seven of 186 genes were differentially expressed between healthy and COPD subjects' peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Of these, only nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B1, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, and Duffy genes were up-regulated in COPD subjects. At 4 hours post smoke exposure, monocyte levels decreased only in healthy subjects. Fifteen genes, particular to inflammation, immune response, and cell-to-cell signaling, were differentially expressed in COPD subjects, versus 4 genes in healthy subjects. The authors observed significant differences in subjects' PBMCs, which may elucidate the adverse effects of air pollution particulates on people with COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanine D Mattson
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Pharmacology, Schering-Plough Biopharma, Palo Alto, California, USA
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Kleinschek M, Boniface K, Sadekova S, Faubion W, de Waal Malefyt R, Pierce R, McClanahan T, Kastelein R. Circulating and Gut-resident Human Th17 Cells Express CD161 and Promote Intestinal Inflammation. Clin Immunol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2009.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Beamer GL, Flaherty DK, Assogba BD, Stromberg P, Gonzalez-Juarrero M, de Waal Malefyt R, Vesosky B, Turner J. Interleukin-10 promotes Mycobacterium tuberculosis disease progression in CBA/J mice. J Immunol 2008; 181:5545-50. [PMID: 18832712 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.8.5545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-10 is a potent immunomodulatory cytokine that affects innate and acquired immune responses. The immunological consequences of IL-10 production during pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) are currently unknown, although IL-10 has been implicated in reactivation TB in humans and with TB disease in mice. Using Mycobacterium tuberculosis-susceptible CBA/J mice, we show that blocking the action of IL-10 in vivo during chronic infection stabilized the pulmonary bacterial load and improved survival. Furthermore, this beneficial outcome was highly associated with the recruitment of T cells to the lungs and enhanced T cell IFN-gamma production. Our results indicate that IL-10 promotes TB disease progression. These findings have important diagnostic and/or therapeutic implications for the prevention of reactivation TB in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian L Beamer
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Avery DT, Bryant VL, Ma CS, de Waal Malefyt R, Tangye SG. IL-21-Induced Isotype Switching to IgG and IgA by Human Naive B Cells Is Differentially Regulated by IL-4. J Immunol 2008; 181:1767-79. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.3.1767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Bryant VL, Ma CS, Avery DT, Li Y, Good KL, Corcoran LM, de Waal Malefyt R, Tangye SG. Cytokine-mediated regulation of human B cell differentiation into Ig-secreting cells: predominant role of IL-21 produced by CXCR5+ T follicular helper cells. J Immunol 2008; 179:8180-90. [PMID: 18056361 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.12.8180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Differentiation of B cells into Ig-secreting cells (ISC) is critical for the generation of protective humoral immune responses. Because of the important role played by secreted Ig in host protection against infection, it is necessary to identify molecules that control B cell differentiation. Recently, IL-21 was reported to generate ISC from activated human B cells. In this study, we examined the effects of IL-21 on the differentiation of all human mature B cell subsets--neonatal, transitional, naive, germinal center, IgM-memory, and isotype-switched memory cells--into ISC and compared its efficacy to that of IL-10, a well-known mediator of human B cell differentiation. IL-21 rapidly induced the generation of ISC and the secretion of vast quantities IgM, IgG and IgA from all of these B cell subsets. Its effect exceeded that of IL-10 by up to 100-fold, highlighting the potency of IL-21 as a B cell differentiation factor. Strikingly, IL-4 suppressed the stimulatory effects of IL-21 on naive B cells by reducing the expression of B-lymphocyte induced maturation protein-1 (Blimp-1). In contrast, memory B cells were resistant to the inhibitory effects of IL-4. Finally, the ability of human tonsillar CD4+CXCR5+CCR7- T follicular helper (TFH) cells, known to be a rich source of IL-21, to induce the differentiation of autologous B cells into ISC was mediated by the production of IL-21. These findings suggest that IL-21 produced by TFH cells during the primary as well as the subsequent responses to T cell-dependent Ag makes a major contribution to eliciting and maintaining long-lived humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa L Bryant
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
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42
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Daley E, Emson C, Guignabert C, de Waal Malefyt R, Louten J, Kurup VP, Hogaboam C, Taraseviciene-Stewart L, Voelkel NF, Rabinovitch M, Grunig E, Grunig G. Pulmonary arterial remodeling induced by a Th2 immune response. J Exp Med 2008; 205:361-72. [PMID: 18227220 PMCID: PMC2271018 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20071008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2007] [Accepted: 01/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial remodeling characterized by increased vascular smooth muscle density is a common lesion seen in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), a deadly condition. Clinical correlation studies have suggested an immune pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial remodeling, but experimental proof has been lacking. We show that immunization and prolonged intermittent challenge via the airways with either of two different soluble antigens induced severe muscularization in small- to medium-sized pulmonary arteries. Depletion of CD4(+) T cells, antigen-specific T helper type 2 (Th2) response, or the pathogenic Th2 cytokine interleukin 13 significantly ameliorated pulmonary arterial muscularization. The severity of pulmonary arterial muscularization was associated with increased numbers of epithelial cells and macrophages that expressed a smooth muscle cell mitogen, resistin-like molecule alpha, but surprisingly, there was no correlation with pulmonary hypertension. Our data are the first to provide experimental proof that the adaptive immune response to a soluble antigen is sufficient to cause severe pulmonary arterial muscularization, and support the clinical observations in pediatric patients and in companion animals that muscularization represents one of several injurious events to the pulmonary artery that may collectively contribute to PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleen Daley
- St. Luke's Roosevelt Hospital, New York, NY 10019, USA
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43
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Daley E, Emson C, Guignabert C, de Waal Malefyt R, Louten J, Kurup VP, Hogaboam C, Taraseviciene-Stewart L, Voelkel NF, Rabinovitch M, Grunig E, Grunig G. Pulmonary arterial remodeling induced by a Th2 immune response. J Cell Biol 2008. [DOI: 10.1083/jcb1803oia9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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44
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Wilson NJ, Boniface K, Chan JR, McKenzie BS, Blumenschein WM, Mattson JD, Basham B, Smith K, Chen T, Morel F, Lecron JC, Kastelein RA, Cua DJ, McClanahan TK, Bowman EP, de Waal Malefyt R. Development, cytokine profile and function of human interleukin 17-producing helper T cells. Nat Immunol 2007; 8:950-7. [PMID: 17676044 DOI: 10.1038/ni1497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1515] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2007] [Accepted: 06/26/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
T(H)-17 cells are a distinct lineage of proinflammatory T helper cells that are essential for autoimmune disease. In mice, commitment to the T(H)-17 lineage is dependent on transforming growth factor-beta and interleukin 6 (IL-6). Here we demonstrate that IL-23 and IL-1beta induced the development of human T(H)-17 cells expressing IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-22, IL-26, interferon-gamma, the chemokine CCL20 and transcription factor RORgammat. In situ, T(H)-17 cells were identified by expression of the IL-23 receptor and the memory T cell marker CD45RO. Psoriatic skin lesions contained IL-23-producing dendritic cells and were enriched in the cytokines produced by human T(H)-17 cells that promote the production of antimicrobial peptides in human keratinocytes. Our data collectively indicate that human and mouse T(H)-17 cells require distinct factors during differentiation and that human T(H)-17 cells may regulate innate immunity in epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Wilson
- Department of Discovery Research, Schering-Plough Biopharma (formerly DNAX Research), Palo Alto, California 94304-1104, USA
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45
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Liu YJ, Soumelis V, Watanabe N, Ito T, Wang YH, Malefyt RDW, Omori M, Zhou B, Ziegler SF. TSLP: an epithelial cell cytokine that regulates T cell differentiation by conditioning dendritic cell maturation. Annu Rev Immunol 2007; 25:193-219. [PMID: 17129180 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.25.022106.141718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 466] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells that have the ability to sense infection and tissue stress, sample and present antigen to T lymphocytes, and induce different forms of immunity and tolerance. The functional versatility of DCs depends on their remarkable ability to translate collectively the information from both the invading microbes and their resident tissue microenvironments and then make an appropriate immune response. Recent progress in understanding TLR biology has illuminated the mechanisms by which DCs link innate and adaptive antimicrobial immune responses. However, how tissue microenvironments shape the function of DCs has remained elusive. Recent studies of TSLP (thymic stromal lymphopoietin), an epithelial cell-derived cytokine that strongly activates DCs, provide evidence at a molecular level that epithelial cells/tissue microenvironments directly communicate with DCs. We review recent progress on how TSLP expressed within thymus and peripheral lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues regulates DC-mediated central tolerance, peripheral T cell homeostasis, and inflammatory Th2 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jun Liu
- Department of Immunology, Center of Cancer Immunology Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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46
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Chan JR, Blumenschein W, Murphy E, Diveu C, Wiekowski M, Abbondanzo S, Lucian L, Geissler R, Brodie S, Kimball AB, Gorman DM, Smith K, de Waal Malefyt R, Kastelein RA, McClanahan TK, Bowman EP. IL-23 stimulates epidermal hyperplasia via TNF and IL-20R2-dependent mechanisms with implications for psoriasis pathogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 203:2577-87. [PMID: 17074928 PMCID: PMC2118145 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20060244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 513] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant cytokine expression has been proposed as an underlying cause of psoriasis, although it is unclear which cytokines play critical roles. Interleukin (IL)-23 is expressed in human psoriasis and may be a master regulator cytokine. Direct intradermal administration of IL-23 in mouse skin, but not IL-12, initiates a tumor necrosis factor-dependent, but IL-17A-independent, cascade of events resulting in erythema, mixed dermal infiltrate, and epidermal hyperplasia associated with parakeratosis. IL-23 induced IL-19 and IL-24 expression in mouse skin, and both genes were also elevated in human psoriasis. IL-23-dependent epidermal hyperplasia was observed in IL-19-/- and IL-24-/- mice, but was inhibited in IL-20R2-/- mice. These data implicate IL-23 in the pathogenesis of psoriasis and support IL-20R2 as a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Chan
- Discovery Research, Schering-Plough Biopharma (formerly DNAX Research, Inc.), Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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47
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Nagalakshmi ML, Murphy E, McClanahan T, de Waal Malefyt R. Expression patterns of IL-10 ligand and receptor gene families provide leads for biological characterization. Int Immunopharmacol 2005; 4:577-92. [PMID: 15120644 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2004.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The expression patterns of the IL-10 ligand and receptor genes were examined in normal and transformed cell lines of human hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic origin. IL-10 family ligands, IL-10, IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24 and IL-26 were predominantly expressed by hematopoietic cells. IL-10, IL-24 and IL-26 were produced by both monocytes and T cells, IL-19 and IL-20 were produced by monocytes whereas IL-22 was produced mainly by activated T cells. The receptors of the IL-10 family, IL-10R1, IL-10R2, IL-20R1, IL-20R2, IL-22R1 and IL-22 BP were also expressed in a distinct pattern when probed on these cell lines. The expression of IL-10R2 was ubiquitous whereas IL-10R1 was predominantly expressed on hematopoietic cells, including, T cells, B cells, NK cells, monocytes and dendritic cells. IL-20R1, IL-20R2 and IL-22R1 were absent or expressed at extremely low levels on cells of the hematopoietic lineage. These receptors were mainly found on epithelial and stromal cells fibroblasts of various tissues. Interestingly, IL-22BP was quite specifically expressed by dendritic cells. These data point to a function of the novel IL-10 family members in communication and interaction between cells of the hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic lineages, a role quite distinct from the immunomodulating effects of IL-10 itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marehalli L Nagalakshmi
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Pharmacology, DNAX Research Inc., 901 California Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304-1104, USA
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48
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Abstract
Initiation of an effective immune response requires close interactions between innate and adaptive immunity. Recent advances in the field of cytokine biology have led to an increased understanding of how myeloid cell-derived factors regulate the immune system to protect the host from infections and prevent tumor development. In this review, we focus on the function of interleukin (IL)-23, a new member of the IL-12 family of regulatory cytokines produced by activated macrophages and dendritic cells. We propose that IL-12 and IL-23 promote two distinct immunological pathways that have separate but complementary functions. IL-12 is required for antimicrobial responses to intracellular pathogens, whereas IL-23 is likely to be important for the recruitment and activation of a range of inflammatory cells that is required for the induction of chronic inflammation and granuloma formation. These two cytokines work in concert to regulate cellular immune responses critical for host defense and tumor suppression.
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49
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Abstract
The interactions between dendritic cells (DCs) and T cells determine the fate of an immune response to pathogenic microbes and to harmless allergens alike. The interactions between DCs and T cells is dependent on the maturation and differentiation status of DCs. This status is affected by the cellular lineage of the DCs and by signals that the cells receive from the environment and from T cells. A specific subpopulation of DCs (dendritic cell type 2 [DC2]) induces the development of T helper 2 (Th2) responses. Unregulated Th2 responses induce and cause inflammation in allergy and asthma. If it would be possible to target DC2 cells for prophylactic or therapeutic measures, then it may be possible to change the T cell response to allergens on a long-term basis. In the past few years, there have been major research efforts to elucidate molecular determinants of DC maturation. This review summarizes the new findings and their potential for future clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Grunig
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University and J.P. Mara Center for Lung Diseases, St. Luke's Roosevelt Hospital, 432 W 58th Street, Laboratory 501, New York, NY 10019, USA.
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50
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Pflanz S, Hibbert L, Mattson J, Rosales R, Vaisberg E, Bazan JF, Phillips JH, McClanahan TK, de Waal Malefyt R, Kastelein RA. WSX-1 and glycoprotein 130 constitute a signal-transducing receptor for IL-27. J Immunol 2004; 172:2225-31. [PMID: 14764690 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.4.2225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 529] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The recently discovered cytokine IL-27 belongs to the IL-6/IL-12 family of cytokines and induced proliferation of naive CD4(+) T cells and the generation of a Th1-type adaptive immune response. Although binding of IL-27 to the cytokine receptor WSX-1 was demonstrated, this interaction proved insufficient to mediate cellular effects. Hence, IL-27 was believed to form a heteromeric signaling receptor complex with WSX-1 and another, yet to be identified, cytokine receptor subunit. In this study, we describe that WSX-1 together with gp130 constitutes a functional signal-transducing receptor for IL-27. We show that neither of the two subunits itself is sufficient to mediate IL-27-induced signal transduction, but that the combination of both is required for this event. Expression analysis of WSX-1 and gp130 by quantitative PCR suggests that IL-27 might have a variety of cellular targets besides naive CD4(+) T cells: we demonstrate gene induction of a subset of inflammatory cytokines in primary human mast cells and monocytes in response to IL-27 stimulation. Thus, IL-27 not only contributes to the development of an adaptive immune response through its action on CD4(+) T cells, it also directly acts on cells of the innate immune system.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Blocking/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- Autocrine Communication/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokine Receptor gp130
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Humans
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Interleukins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukins/physiology
- Mast Cells/immunology
- Mast Cells/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Mice
- Monocytes/immunology
- Monocytes/metabolism
- NIH 3T3 Cells
- Phosphorylation
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Cytokine/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Cytokine/physiology
- Receptors, Interleukin
- STAT1 Transcription Factor
- STAT3 Transcription Factor
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Trans-Activators/antagonists & inhibitors
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic/immunology
- Transcriptional Activation
- Tyrosine/metabolism
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