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Chen H, Zhang X, Wang H, Xing S, Yin R, Fu W, Rillig MC, Chen B, Zhu Y. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Can Inhibit the Allocation of Microplastics from Crop Roots to Aboveground Edible Parts. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:18323-18332. [PMID: 37967850 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics are emerging pollutants that threaten soil health and food safety. Recently, there has been increasing interest in understanding the behavior of these particles in the rhizosphere, specifically regarding the potential uptake of microplastics into crops. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are widespread soil fungi, forming symbiotic associations with most terrestrial plants. Therefore, it is essential to investigate if AM fungi could protect crops from microplastics in soil. Here, we grew vegetables (Lactuca sativa) inoculated with/without the AM fungus Rhizophagus irregularis at various levels of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) soil pollution (0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4%, mass ratio of the pollutant to soil). Our findings revealed that the proportion of transport of PMMA from roots to shoots decreased significantly in mycorrhizal crops. This reduction occurred because some PMMA particles were immobilized by AM vesicles and intraradical fungal hyphae. However, AM symbiosis did not substantially reduce the uptake of microplastics by crops from soil. Mycorrhizal fungi might enhance the resistance of crops to microplastics through transforming the chemical properties of microplastics, reducing their complexation to crop components, and promoting crop phosphorus nutrition at high microplastic addition levels. Our study is the first report to achieve rapid quantification of microplastics in mycorrhizal crops using microscale combustion calorimetry, demonstrating that AM fungi have the ability to immobilize microplastics. The study allows a deeper insight into microplastic behavior in AM-associated crops and supports the potential application of AM fungi in crop cultivation under microplastic contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haixi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuping Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rongbin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Matthias C Rillig
- Institute of Biology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Baodong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongguan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
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Willing CE, Pierroz G, Guzman A, Anderegg LDL, Gao C, Coleman-Derr D, Taylor JW, Bruns TD, Dawson TE. Keep your friends close: Host compartmentalisation of microbial communities facilitates decoupling from effects of habitat fragmentation. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:2674-2686. [PMID: 34523223 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Root-associated fungal communities modify the climatic niches and even the competitive ability of their hosts, yet how the different components of the root microbiome are modified by habitat loss remains a key knowledge gap. Using principles of landscape ecology, we tested how free-living versus host-associated microbes differ in their response to landscape heterogeneity. Further, we explore how compartmentalisation of microbes into specialised root structures filters for key fungal symbionts. Our study demonstrates that free-living fungal community structure correlates with landscape heterogeneity, but that host-associated fungal communities depart from these patterns. Specifically, biotic filtering in roots, especially via compartmentalisation within specialised root structures, decouples the biogeographic patterns of host-associated fungal communities from the soil community. In this way, even as habitat loss and fragmentation threaten fungal diversity in the soils, plant hosts exert biotic controls to ensure associations with critical mutualists, helping to preserve the root mycobiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Willing
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Grady Pierroz
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA.,Plant Gene Expression Center, USDA-ARS, Albany, California, USA
| | - Aidee Guzman
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Leander D L Anderegg
- Department of Integrative Biology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA.,Department of Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology, UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Cheng Gao
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Devin Coleman-Derr
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA.,Plant Gene Expression Center, USDA-ARS, Albany, California, USA
| | - John W Taylor
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Tom D Bruns
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA.,Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Todd E Dawson
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA.,Department of Integrative Biology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
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3
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Strullu-Derrien C, Selosse MA, Kenrick P, Martin FM. The origin and evolution of mycorrhizal symbioses: from palaeomycology to phylogenomics. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 220:1012-1030. [PMID: 29573278 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 1012 I. Introduction 1013 II. The mycorrhizal symbiosis at the dawn and rise of the land flora 1014 III. From early land plants to early trees: the origin of roots and true mycorrhizas 1016 IV. The diversification of the AM symbiosis 1019 V. The ECM symbiosis 1021 VI. The recently evolved ericoid and orchid mycorrhizas 1023 VII. Limits of paleontological vs genetic approaches and perspectives 1023 Acknowledgements 1025 References 1025 SUMMARY: The ability of fungi to form mycorrhizas with plants is one of the most remarkable and enduring adaptations to life on land. The occurrence of mycorrhizas is now well established in c. 85% of extant plants, yet the geological record of these associations is sparse. Fossils preserved under exceptional conditions provide tantalizing glimpses into the evolutionary history of mycorrhizas, showing the extent of their occurrence and aspects of their evolution in extinct plants. The fossil record has important roles to play in establishing a chronology of when key fungal associations evolved and in understanding their importance in ecosystems through time. Together with calibrated phylogenetic trees, these approaches extend our understanding of when and how groups evolved in the context of major environmental change on a global scale. Phylogenomics furthers this understanding into the evolution of different types of mycorrhizal associations, and genomic studies of both plants and fungi are shedding light on how the complex set of symbiotic traits evolved. Here we present a review of the main phases of the evolution of mycorrhizal interactions from palaeontological, phylogenetic and genomic perspectives, with the aim of highlighting the potential of fossil material and a geological perspective in a cross-disciplinary approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Strullu-Derrien
- Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
- Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'excellence ARBRE, Centre INRA-Lorraine, Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136 INRA-Université de Lorraine, 54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Institut Systématique Evolution Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, 57 rue Cuvier, CP39, 75005, Paris, France
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Paul Kenrick
- Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Francis M Martin
- Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'excellence ARBRE, Centre INRA-Lorraine, Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136 INRA-Université de Lorraine, 54280, Champenoux, France
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Fletcher TL, Moss PT, Salisbury SW. The palaeoenvironment of the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian) portion of the Winton Formation, Queensland, Australia. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5513. [PMID: 30210941 PMCID: PMC6130253 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Winton Formation is increasingly recognised as an important source of information about the Cretaceous of Australia, and, more broadly, the palaeobiogeographic history of eastern Gondwana. With more precise dating and stratigraphic controls starting to provide temporal context to the geological and palaeontological understanding of this formation, it is timely to reassess the palaeoenvironment in which it was deposited. This new understanding helps to further differentiate the upper, most-studied portion of the formation (Cenomanian-Turonian) from the lower portions (Albian-Cenomanian), allowing a coherent picture of the ecosystem to emerge. Temperatures during the deposition of the Upper Cretaceous portion of the Winton Formation were warm, with high, seasonal rainfall, but not as extreme as the modern monsoon. The landscape was heterogeneous, a freshwater alluvial plain bestrode by low energy, meandering rivers, minor lakes and mires. Infrequent, scouring flood events were part of a multi-year cycle of drier and wetter years. The heavily vegetated flood plains supported abundant large herbivores. This was the final infilling of the great Eromanga Basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara L. Fletcher
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States of America
- Department of Geography, University of Nevada—Reno, Reno, United States of America
| | - Patrick T. Moss
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Steven W. Salisbury
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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5
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Parniske M. Uptake of bacteria into living plant cells, the unifying and distinct feature of the nitrogen-fixing root nodule symbiosis. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 44:164-174. [PMID: 30071473 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the presence of complex microbiota on the surfaces of all plants, the uptake of bacteria into plant cells and the subsequent accommodation in a membrane-enclosed compartment is restricted to the nitrogen-fixing root nodule and the Gunnera-Nostoc symbiosis. The plant cell wall and the outward-directed turgor pressure are major constraints for bacterial uptake because localised lysis of the cell wall endangers the integrity of the protoplast. Host cell integrity is consistently maintained by turgescent neighbours, connected via apoplastic polymers that seal a bacteria-containing extracellular compartment prior to localized cell wall lysis. Its unifying and almost exclusive phylogenetic distribution pinpoints the ability to take up bacteria into living plant cells as a key step during the evolution of the nitrogen-fixing root nodule symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Parniske
- Institute of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Biocenter Martinsried, LMU Munich, Germany.
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6
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Ushio M, Aiba SI, Takeuchi Y, Iida Y, Matsuoka S, Repin R, Kitayama K. Plant-soil feedbacks and the dominance of conifers in a tropical montane forest in Borneo. ECOL MONOGR 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Ushio
- Center for Ecological Research; Kyoto University; 2-509-3, Hirano Otsu 520-2113 Japan
- Department of Environmental Solution Technology; Faculty of Science and Technology; Ryukoku University; 1-5 Yokotani, Seta Oe-cho Otsu 520-2194 Japan
- Joint Research Center for Science and Technology; Ryukoku University; Otsu 520-2194 Japan
| | - Shin-ichiro Aiba
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Kagoshima University; Kagoshima 890-0065 Japan
| | - Yayoi Takeuchi
- Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem Studies; National Institute for Environmental Studies; Onogawa 16-2 Tsukuba 305-8506 Japan
| | - Yoshiko Iida
- Kyushu Research Center; Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute; 4-11-16 Kurokami, Chuo-ku Kumamoto 860-0862 Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Oiwake-cho, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Shunsuke Matsuoka
- Center for Ecological Research; Kyoto University; 2-509-3, Hirano Otsu 520-2113 Japan
| | - Rimi Repin
- Sabah Parks; Lot 45 & 46, Level 1-5, Blok H, KK Times Square 88806 Kota Kinabalu Sabah Malaysia
| | - Kanehiro Kitayama
- Center for Ecological Research; Kyoto University; 2-509-3, Hirano Otsu 520-2113 Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Oiwake-cho, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
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7
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Borken W, Horn MA, Geimer S, Aguilar NAB, Knorr KH. Associative nitrogen fixation in nodules of the conifer Lepidothamnus fonkii (Podocarpaceae) inhabiting ombrotrophic bogs in southern Patagonia. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39072. [PMID: 27976730 PMCID: PMC5157042 DOI: 10.1038/srep39072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological N2 fixation (BNF) in the rhizosphere of Podocarpaceae is currently attributed to unspecific diazotrophs with negligible impact on N acquisition. Here, we report specific and high associative BNF in dead cells of root nodules of Lepidothamnus fonkii distributed in ombrotrophic peatlands of Patagonia. BNF of nodulated roots, intact plants of L. fonkii and rhizospheric peat was assessed by 15N2 and acetylene reduction. Diazotrophs were identified by electron microscopy, analysis of nitrogenase encoding genes (nifH) and transcripts, and 16S rRNA. Nitrogenase encoding nifH transcripts from root nodules point to Beijerinckiaceae (Rhizobiales), known as free-living diazotrophs. Electron microscopy and 16S rRNA analysis likewise identified active Beijerinckiaceae in outer dead cells of root nodules. NifH transcripts from the rhizopshere peat revealed diverse active diazotrophs including Beijerinckiaceae. Both methods revealed high activity of nitrogenase rates in cut roots of L. fonkii (2.5 μmol N g-1 d.w. d-1 based on 15N2 assay; 2.4 μmol C2H4 g-1 d.w. d-1 based on acetylene reduction assay). The data suggest that (i) nodules recruit diazotrophic Beijerinckiaceae from peat, (ii) dead nodule cells provide an exclusive habitat for Beijerinckiaceae, and (iii) BNF in L. fonkii is one potent pathway to overcome N deficiency in ombrotrophic peatlands of Patagonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Borken
- University of Bayreuth, Department of Soil Ecology, Dr.-Hans-Frisch-Str. 1-3, 95448 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Marcus A. Horn
- University of Bayreuth, Ecological Microbiology, Dr.-Hans-Frisch-Str. 1-3, 95448 Bayreuth, Germany
- University of Hannover, Institute of Microbiology, Herrenhäuserstr. 2, 30140 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Geimer
- University of Bayreuth, Cell Biology and Electron Microscopy, Universitätsstr, 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Nelson A. Bahamonde Aguilar
- Universidad de Magellanes, Instituto de la Patagonia, Laboratorio de Botanica, Av. Manuel Bulnes 01890, Punta Arenas, Chile
- ONG AMA Torres del Paine, Estancia Cerro Paine S/N, Torres del Payne, Chile
| | - Klaus-Holger Knorr
- University of Münster, ILÖK, Hydrology group, Heisenbergstr, 2, 48149, Münster, Germany
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8
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The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonising roots and root nodules of New Zealand kauri Agathis australis. Fungal Biol 2016; 120:807-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2016.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Ushio M, Fujiki Y, Hidaka A, Kitayama K. Linkage of root physiology and morphology as an adaptation to soil phosphorus impoverishment in tropical montane forests. Funct Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Ushio
- Center for Ecological Research Kyoto University 2‐509‐3 Hirano Otsu Shiga 520‐2113 Japan
| | - Yasuto Fujiki
- Center for Ecological Research Kyoto University 2‐509‐3 Hirano Otsu Shiga 520‐2113 Japan
- Mitsubishi UFJ Research and Consulting, Co., Ltd. 2‐5‐25 Umeda Kita‐ku Osaka 530‐8213 Japan
| | - Amane Hidaka
- Center for Ecological Research Kyoto University 2‐509‐3 Hirano Otsu Shiga 520‐2113 Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture Kyoto University Oiwake‐cho Kitashirakawa Sakyo‐ku Kyoto 606‐8502 Japan
- Network Center of Forest and Grassland Survey in Monitoring Sites 1000 Project Japan Wildlife Research Center c/o Tomakomai Research Station Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere Hokkaido University Takaoka Tomakomai Hokkaido 053‐0035 Japan
| | - Kanehiro Kitayama
- Center for Ecological Research Kyoto University 2‐509‐3 Hirano Otsu Shiga 520‐2113 Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture Kyoto University Oiwake‐cho Kitashirakawa Sakyo‐ku Kyoto 606‐8502 Japan
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10
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Schwendemann AB, Decombeix AL, Taylor TN, Taylor EL, Krings M. Morphological and functional stasis in mycorrhizal root nodules as exhibited by a Triassic conifer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:13630-4. [PMID: 21808011 PMCID: PMC3158208 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1110677108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycorrhizal root nodules occur in the conifer families Araucariaceae, Podocarpaceae, and Sciadopityaceae. Although the fossil record of these families can be traced back into the early Mesozoic, the oldest fossil evidence of root nodules previously came from the Cretaceous. Here we report on cellularly preserved root nodules of the early conifer Notophytum from Middle Triassic permineralized peat of Antarctica. These fossil root nodules contain fungal arbuscules, hyphal coils, and vesicles in their cortex. Numerous glomoid-type spores are found in the peat matrix surrounding the nodules. This discovery indicates that mutualistic associations between conifer root nodules and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi date back to at least the early Mesozoic, the period during which most of the modern conifer families first appeared. Notophytum root nodules predate the next known appearance of this association by 100 million years, indicating that this specialized form of mycorrhizal symbiosis has ancient origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B. Schwendemann
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Natural History Museum and Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045-7534; and
| | - Anne-Laure Decombeix
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Natural History Museum and Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045-7534; and
| | - Thomas N. Taylor
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Natural History Museum and Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045-7534; and
| | - Edith L. Taylor
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Natural History Museum and Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045-7534; and
| | - Michael Krings
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Natural History Museum and Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045-7534; and
- Department für Geo- und Umweltwissenschaften, Paläontologie und Geobiologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, and Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie, 80333 Munich, Germany
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11
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Menge DNL, Troy Baisden W, Richardson SJ, Peltzer DA, Barbour MM. Declining foliar and litter δ¹⁵N diverge from soil, epiphyte and input δ¹⁵N along a 120,000 yr temperate rainforest chronosequence. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2011; 190:941-952. [PMID: 21272006 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03640.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Patterns in the natural abundance of nitrogen (N) isotopes (¹⁵N and ¹⁴N) can help in the understanding of ecosystem processes along environmental gradients, because some processes fractionate against the heavier isotope. We measured δ¹⁵N in many components of the Franz Josef soil chronosequence in New Zealand to see how each component varied along the sequence and within sites, and to see what this variation can tell us about how ecosystem processes such as N losses change with soil age. We analyzed δ¹⁵N in foliage from 18 woody species, abscised leaves from seven woody species, three soil horizons, bryophytes, lichens, bulk deposition, and nodules from the N-fixing tree Coriaria arborea (Coriariaceae). Foliar δ¹⁵N varied significantly across plant species. Foliage and bulk litter became ¹⁵N-depleted as soil age increased. Soil N from organic and mineral horizons was significantly more ¹⁵N-enriched than bulk litter N at each site. Increasing precipitation also decreased foliar and soil δ¹⁵N. Comparing input and whole ecosystem δ¹⁵N revealed limited evidence for net fractionation during N losses. These trends are consistent with some combination of increasing fractionation during plant N uptake, mycorrhizal transfer, within-plant processing, and soil decomposition as soils age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan N L Menge
- National Center for Ecological Analysis & Synthesis, 735 State St, Suite 300, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - W Troy Baisden
- National Isotope Center, GNS Science, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
| | | | - Duane A Peltzer
- Landcare Research, PO Box 40, Lincoln, Canterbury 7640, New Zealand
| | - Margaret M Barbour
- Landcare Research, PO Box 40, Lincoln, Canterbury 7640, New Zealand
- Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, The University of Sydney, 107 Cobbitty Road, Cobbitty, NSW 2570, Australia
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12
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Schreiner RP, Mihara KL. The diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi amplified from grapevine roots (Vitis vinifera L.) in Oregon vineyards is seasonally stable and influenced by soil and vine age. Mycologia 2009; 101:599-611. [PMID: 19750939 DOI: 10.3852/08-169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in 10 Oregon vineyards was assessed by examining spores in soil and amplifying mycorrhizal DNA from roots. Seventeen spore morphotypes were found in soil, including seven species in the Acaulosporaceae. Eighteen phylotypes were amplified from grape roots with AM1 and NS31 primers, and clones were dominated by Glomus spp. (> 99%). A few clones (< 1%) representing a single phylotype within Gigasporaceae, and a single clone within Archaeosporaceae were amplified from roots with AM1-NS31 primers. A separate experiment employing known proportions of grape roots colonized by Glomus intraradices or by Gigaspora rosea showed that fungi within Gigasporaceae might be underrepresented in clone abundance when Glomus spp. co-occur in roots. No clones representing fungi within the Acaulosporaceae were amplified from vineyards, although specific fungi within Acaulosporaceae were shown to colonize Pinot noir roots in sterilized soil and were amplified from these roots. Four Glomus phylotypes, including G. intraradices, were found in roots from all 10 vineyards, and these fungi accounted for 81% of clones. AMF phylotypes amplified from roots did not change during the growing season, although six phylotypes varied with soil type. The presence of three phylotypes was affected by vineyard age, and phylotype richness appeared to decline as vineyard age increased beyond 20 y. PCA analysis supported the hypothesis that the AMF community is different in red-hill soils than in valley soils and indicated certain phylotypes might be associated with lower soil and vine nutrient status. However, the changes in the AMF community in grape roots across vineyards were subtle because most root samples were dominated by the same three or four phylotypes. A separate analysis using primers to amplify AMF from the Archeasporaceae/Paraglomeraceae showed most root samples also were colonized by at least one Paraglomus or Archaeospora phylotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Paul Schreiner
- USDA-ARS Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon 97330, USA.
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13
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Appoloni S, Lekberg Y, Tercek MT, Zabinski CA, Redecker D. Molecular community analysis of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in roots of geothermal soils in Yellowstone National Park (USA). MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2008; 56:649-59. [PMID: 18449467 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-008-9384-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2008] [Accepted: 03/04/2008] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
To better understand adaptation of plants and their mycorrhizae to extreme environmental conditions, we analyzed the composition of communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in roots from geothermal sites in Yellowstone National Park (YNP), USA. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were identified using molecular methods including seven specific primer pairs for regions of the ribosomal DNA that amplify different subgroups of AMF. Roots of Dichanthelium lanuginosum, a grass only occurring in geothermal areas, were sampled along with thermal and nonthermal Agrostis scabra and control plants growing outside the thermally influenced sites. In addition, root samples of Agrostis stolonifera from geothermal areas of Iceland were analyzed to identify possible common mycosymbionts between these geographically isolated locations. In YNP, 16 ribosomal DNA phylotypes belonging to the genera Archaeospora, Glomus, Paraglomus, Scutellospora, and Acaulospora were detected. Eight of these phylotypes could be assigned to known morphospecies, two others have been reported previously in molecular studies from different environments, and six were new to science. The most diverse and abundant lineage was Glomus group A, with the most frequent phylotype corresponding to Glomus intraradices. Five of the seven phylotypes detected in a preliminary sampling in a geothermal area in Iceland were also found in YNP. Nonthermal vegetation was dominated by a high diversity of Glomus group A phylotypes while nonthermal plants were not. Using multivariate analyses, a subset of three phylotypes were determined to be associated with geothermal conditions in the field sites analyzed. In conclusion, AMF communities in geothermal soils are distinct in their composition, including both unique phylotypes and generalist fungi that occur across a broad range of environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susann Appoloni
- Institute of Botany, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 1, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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14
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Wardle DA, Wiser SK, Allen RB, Doherty JE, Bonner KI, Williamson WM. Aboveground and belowground effects of single-tree removals in New Zealand rain forest. Ecology 2008; 89:1232-45. [PMID: 18543618 DOI: 10.1890/07-1543.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
There has been considerable recent interest in how human-induced species loss affects community and ecosystem properties. These effects are particularly apparent when a commercially valuable species is harvested from an ecosystem, such as occurs through single-tree harvesting or selective logging of desired timber species in natural forests. In New Zealand mixed-species rain forests, single-tree harvesting of the emergent gymnosperm Dacrydium cupressinum, or rimu, has been widespread. This harvesting has been contentious in part because of possible ecological impacts of Dacrydium removal on the remainder of the forest, but many of these effects remain unexplored. We identified an area where an unintended 40-year "removal experiment" had been set up that involved selective extraction of individual Dacrydium trees. We measured aboveground and belowground variables at set distances from both individual live trees and stumps of trees harvested 40 years ago. Live trees had effects both above and below ground by affecting diversity and cover of several components of the vegetation (usually negatively), promoting soil C sequestration, enhancing ratios of soil C:P and N:P, and affecting community structure of soil microflora. These effects extended to 8 m from the tree base and were likely caused by poor-quality litter and humus produced by the trees. Measurements for the stumps revealed strong legacy effects of prior presence of trees on some properties (e.g., cover by understory herbs and ferns, soil C sequestration, soil C:P and N:P ratios), but not others (e.g., soil fungal biomass, soil N concentration). These results suggest that the legacy of prior presence of Dacrydium may remain for several decades or centuries, and certainly well over 40 years. They also demonstrate that, while large Dacrydium individuals (and their removal) may have important effects in their immediate proximity, within a forest, these effects should only be important in localized patches containing high densities of large trees. Finally, this study emphasizes that deliberate extraction of a particular tree species from a forest can exert influences both above and below ground if the removed species has a different functional role than that of the other plant species present.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Wardle
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE901 83 Umeå, Sweden.
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15
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Appelhans M, Weber HC, Imhof S. Rutaceae sampled from Germany, Malta, and Mallorca (Spain) are associated with AMF clustering with Glomus hoi Berch & Trappe. MYCORRHIZA 2008; 18:263-268. [PMID: 18543007 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-008-0179-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2008] [Accepted: 05/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Six Rutaceae species collected from natural habitats (Malta, Mallorca (Spain), and Tenerife (Spain)) and the Botanical Garden in Marburg were examined with respect to mycorrhizal structures and fungal identity. All species have the same gross colonization pattern of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) with distinct intracellular and intercellular phases but show remarkable differences in details, especially in terms of the extent of the intracellular phase. The associated AM fungi, identified using molecular methods, cluster together with Glomus hoi Berch & Trappe, although the plants were collected from very distant locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Appelhans
- Spezielle Botanik und Mykologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Philipps-Universität, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - H Chr Weber
- Spezielle Botanik und Mykologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Philipps-Universität, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - S Imhof
- Spezielle Botanik und Mykologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Philipps-Universität, 35032, Marburg, Germany.
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16
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Turner BL, Condron LM, Richardson SJ, Peltzer DA, Allison VJ. Soil Organic Phosphorus Transformations During Pedogenesis. Ecosystems 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-007-9086-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Wubet T, Weiß M, Kottke I, Oberwinkler F. Two threatened coexisting indigenous conifer species in the dry Afromontane forests of Ethiopia are associated with distinct arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1139/b06-121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The molecular diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi colonizing roots of Podocarpus falcatus (Thunb.) R.Br. (Podocarpaceae) in the dry Afromontane forests of Ethiopia was investigated. The nuclear gene coding for small subunit ribosomal RNA (nucSSU rDNA) was amplified from colonized roots of P. falcatus, cloned, and sequenced using AM fungal specific primers. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the glomeromycetous sequences from mycorrhizae of P. falcatus belong to the Glomeraceae, Diversisporaceae, and Archaeosporaceae. Overall, 16 Glomus , three Diversispora , and one Archaeospora sequence types were identified. These sequence types were distinct and only distantly related to sequences from the available defined species. The composition of the AM fungal communities differed significantly between the two study sites. Comparison of the AM fungal community composition of P. falcatus with that of previously investigated Juniperus procera Hochst. ex Endl. (Cupressaceae), the only coexisting indigenous conifer tree species in the dry Afromontane forest ecosystem, yields that the two tree species are colonized by distinct AM fungal communities. This suggests that fungal communities are host plant specific in the natural stand conditions. Therefore, in the conservation of these endangered species and restoration of the degraded ecosystem, the use of appropriate mycorrhizal fungi should be taken into account in future projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tesfaye Wubet
- Spezielle Botanik und Mykologie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Weiß
- Spezielle Botanik und Mykologie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ingrid Kottke
- Spezielle Botanik und Mykologie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Franz Oberwinkler
- Spezielle Botanik und Mykologie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Phylogenetic analysis of nuclear small subunit rDNA sequences suggests that the endangered African Pencil Cedar, Juniperus procera, is associated with distinct members of Glomeraceae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 110:1059-69. [PMID: 16904879 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycres.2006.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2005] [Revised: 02/17/2006] [Accepted: 03/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The endangered indigenous tree species Juniperus procera, commonly known as African Pencil Cedar, is an important component of the dry Afromontane vegetation of Ethiopia and was shown to be AM in earlier studies. Here we describe the composition of AM fungi in colonized roots of J. procera from two dry Afromontane forests of Ethiopia. The nuSSU rDNA gene was amplified from colonized roots, cloned and sequenced using AM fungal specific primers that were partly developed for this study. Molecular phylogenetic analysis revealed that all the glomeralean sequences obtained belonged exclusively to the genus Glomus (Glomeraceae). Seven distinct Glomus sequence types were identified that all are new to science. The composition of the AM fungal communities between the sampled trees, and between the two study sites in general, differed significantly. Isolation and utilization of the indigenous AM fungal taxa from the respective sites might be required for successful enrichment plantation of this threatened Juniperus species.
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Duckett JG, Ligrone R. A comparative cytological analysis of fungal endophytes in the sporophyte rhizomes and vascularized gametophytes of Tmesipteris and Psilotum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1139/b05-102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the results of a light and electron microscopic study of the fungal endophytes and vascular anatomy in the rhizomes and gametophytes of Tmesipteris and Psilotum. The parenchymatous cortical cells of the rhizomes and subterranean gametophytes of Tmesipteris and Psilotum contain intracellular aseptate glomeromycotean fungi resembling the “Paris-type” of arbuscular mycorrhizas found in seed plants. The fungi differentiate into multinucleate vesicles and hyphal coils, both containing bacteria-like structures and accumulating lipid masses and crystals as they age. After several cycles of infection in the same cell, degenerate hyphae form amorphous masses encased by host wall material. Nearly identical host–fungus cytology between the autotrophic sporophytes and the heterotrophic gametophytes suggests that these psilophyte associations are exploitative of the fungus in both generations. Following the description of tracheids nearly 60 years ago in the gametophytes of Psilotum, vascular elements are described for the first time in the haploid generation of Tmesipteris. Close similarities between the water- and food-conducting elements in both generations, viz. vessel elements with scalariform perforation plates and sieve cells with refractive spherules and lacking callose at all stages in their develoment, add support to the homologous theory of the alternations of generations. Mitochondrial aggregations, cross-linked by small electron-opaque rods, are common in the stelar cells of both generations and appear to be a unique feature of the psilophyte clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey G. Duckett
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
- Dipartimento di Scienze ambientali, Seconda Università di Napoli, via A. Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Roberto Ligrone
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
- Dipartimento di Scienze ambientali, Seconda Università di Napoli, via A. Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
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Ferguson BJ, Reid JB. Cochleata: getting to the root of legume nodules. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 46:1583-9. [PMID: 16043431 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pci171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The homeotic mutant of Pisum sativum, cochleata, has stipules replaced by alternative leaf components, abnormal flowers and reduced fertility. Although the root system dry weight, root lengths and nodule numbers of cochleata are similar to those of its wild type, the nodulation phenotype of the mutant is unique. The nodules typically dichotomously branch and multiple callus and root structures emerge from their meristems. These nodule-roots incorporate a peripheral vascular bundle of the nodule into their own central vascular cylinder. Both the nodules and roots of the hybrid structures appear functional. Roles for COCHLEATA in development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett J Ferguson
- School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
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Ferguson BJ, Ross JJ, Reid JB. Nodulation phenotypes of gibberellin and brassinosteroid mutants of pea. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 138:2396-405. [PMID: 16055684 PMCID: PMC1183425 DOI: 10.1104/pp.105.062414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2005] [Revised: 05/01/2005] [Accepted: 05/02/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The initiation and development of legume nodules induced by compatible Rhizobium species requires a complex signal exchange involving both plant and bacterial compounds. Phytohormones have been implicated in this process, although in many cases direct evidence is lacking. Here, we characterize the root and nodulation phenotypes of various mutant lines of pea (Pisum sativum) that display alterations in their phytohormone levels and/or perception. Mutants possessing root systems deficient in gibberellins (GAs) or brassinosteroids (BRs) exhibited a reduction in nodule organogenesis. The question of whether these reductions represent direct or indirect effects of the hormone deficiency is addressed. For example, the application of GA to the roots of a GA-deficient mutant completely restored its number of nodules to that of the wild type. Grafting studies revealed that a wild-type shoot or root also restored the nodule number of a GA-deficient mutant. These findings suggest that GAs are required for nodulation. In contrast, the shoot controlled the number of nodules that formed in graft combinations of a BR-deficient mutant and its wild type. The root levels of auxin and GA were similar among these latter graft combinations. These results suggest that BRs influence a shoot mechanism that controls nodulation and that the root levels of auxin and GA are not part of this process. Interestingly, a strong correlation between nodule and lateral root numbers was observed in all lines assessed, consistent with a possible overlap in the early developmental pathways of the two organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett J Ferguson
- School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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Russell J, Bulman S. The liverwort Marchantia foliacea forms a specialized symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the genus Glomus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2005; 165:567-579. [PMID: 15720667 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01251.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Microscopic evidence suggests that fungi forming endosymbioses with liverworts in the Marchantiales are arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi from the Glomeromycota. Polymerase chain reaction amplification of ribosomal sequences confirmed that endophytes of the New Zealand liverwort, Marchantia foliacea, were members of the genus Glomus. Endophytes from two Glomus rDNA phylotypes were repeatedly isolated from geographically separated liverwort samples. Multiple phylotypes were present in the same liverwort patch. The colonizing Glomus species exhibited substantial internal transcribed spacer sequence variation within phylotypes. This work suggests that certain liverwort species may serve as a model for studying DNA sequence variation in colonizing AM phylotypes and specificity in AM-host relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Russell
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Öpik M, Moora M, Liira J, Kõljalg U, Zobel M, Sen R. Divergent arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities colonize roots of Pulsatilla spp. in boreal Scots pine forest and grassland soils. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2003; 160:581-593. [PMID: 33873651 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00917.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
• Communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi were characterized in roots of rare Pulsatilla patens and common P. pratensis native adults and seedlings grown in soils from Estonian boreal forest and grassland habitats. Since establishment of Pulsatilla species predominantly occurs in vegetation-free gaps, seedling baiting experiments were aimed at gap simulation. • The AM fungal small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (SSU rDNA) sequences amplified from roots were subjected to denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), cloning, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) grouping, sequence phylogenetic and multivariate analyses. • Nineteen identified sequence groups comprised 14 putative Glomus, two Acaulospora, two Scutellospora and one Gigaspora groupings. Four and six groupings, respectively, contained previously described species and root-derived AM fungal sequences. Sequence groups were identified in seedling roots that were more abundant in a grassland (Glomus sp. MO-G3) or a forest soil (Glomus spp. MO-G2 and MO-G5). • Our data showed site-dependent differences in AM fungal community composition, but we failed to identify AM fungi specifically or preferentially colonizing the rare plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarja Öpik
- Institute of Botany and Ecology, University of Tartu, 40 Lai Street, 51005 Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Biosciences, Division of General Microbiology, Viikki Biocenter, PO Box 56, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mari Moora
- Institute of Botany and Ecology, University of Tartu, 40 Lai Street, 51005 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jaan Liira
- Institute of Botany and Ecology, University of Tartu, 40 Lai Street, 51005 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Urmas Kõljalg
- Institute of Botany and Ecology, University of Tartu, 40 Lai Street, 51005 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Martin Zobel
- Institute of Botany and Ecology, University of Tartu, 40 Lai Street, 51005 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Robin Sen
- Department of Biosciences, Division of General Microbiology, Viikki Biocenter, PO Box 56, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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Carafa A, Duckett JG, Ligrone R. Subterranean gametophytic axes in the primitive liverwort Haplomitrium harbour a unique type of endophytic association with aseptate fungi. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2003; 160:185-197. [PMID: 33873545 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00849.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
• Haplomitrium, a primitive liverwort taxon with only remote affinities to other liverwort groups, develops root-like subterranean axes harbouring fungal endophytes. Here we report on the fungal association in H. gibbsiae and H. ovalifolium, using light and electron microscopy. • The epidermal cells of subterranean axes secrete abundant mucilage that harbours aseptate fungal hyphae. The fungus penetrates the epidermal cells and forms intracellular arbuscules invested by the host cytoplasm. Infection is restricted to epidermal cells in H. gibbsiae, whereas in H. ovalifolium the fungus also infects the cortical cells immediately adjacent, where it forms prominent swellings ('lumps'). In H. gibbsiae similar fungal swellings are formed in the epidermal cells along with arbuscules. In both species the lumps undergo cytoplasmic degeneration and collapse, showing a shorter lifespan than the arbuscules. • The fungal infection in Haplomitrium presents affinities with symbiotic associations with glomeromycotean fungi in higher plants (arbuscular mycorrhizas) and thalloid liverworts. However, the pattern of fungal morphogenesis in Haplomitrium has no precedent in bryophytes nor in higher plants. • Considering the Glomeromycota as the most ancient lineage of mycorrhizal fungi, and Haplomitrium as basal in land plant phylogenies, the association described here may be the most primitive land plant-fungal symbiosis documented to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Carafa
- Dipartimento di Scienze ambientali, Seconda Università di Napoli, via A. Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Jeffrey G Duckett
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen Mary College, University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Roberto Ligrone
- Dipartimento di Scienze ambientali, Seconda Università di Napoli, via A. Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
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