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Tian D, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Xia Y, Xu B, Xu J, Yomo T. Implementation of Fluorescent-Protein-Based Quantification Analysis in L-Form Bacteria. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:81. [PMID: 38247958 PMCID: PMC10813599 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11010081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell-wall-less (L-form) bacteria exhibit morphological complexity and heterogeneity, complicating quantitative analysis of them under internal and external stimuli. Stable and efficient labeling is needed for the fluorescence-based quantitative cell analysis of L-forms during growth and proliferation. Here, we evaluated the expression of multiple fluorescent proteins (FPs) under different promoters in the Bacillus subtilis L-form strain LR2 using confocal microscopy and imaging flow cytometry. Among others, Pylb-derived NBP3510 showed a superior performance for inducing several FPs including EGFP and mKO2 in both the wild-type and L-form strains. Moreover, NBP3510 was also active in Escherichia coli and its L-form strain NC-7. Employing these established FP-labeled strains, we demonstrated distinct morphologies in the L-form bacteria in a quantitative manner. Given cell-wall-deficient bacteria are considered protocell and synthetic cell models, the generated cell lines in our work could be valuable for L-form-based research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jian Xu
- Laboratory of Biology and Information Science, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Tetsuya Yomo
- Laboratory of Biology and Information Science, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
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2
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Nan X, Yao X, Yang L, Cui Y. Lateral flow assay of pathogenic viruses and bacteria in healthcare. Analyst 2023; 148:4573-4590. [PMID: 37655501 DOI: 10.1039/d3an00719g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Healthcare-associated pathogenic viruses and bacteria can have a serious impact on human health and have attracted widespread global attention. The lateral flow assay is a unidirectional detection based on the binding of a target analyte and a bioreceptor on the device via lateral flow. With incredible advantages over traditional chromatographic methods, such as rapid detection, ease of manufacture and cost effectiveness, these test strips are increasingly considered the ideal form for point-of-care applications. This review explores lateral flow assays for pathogenic viruses and bacteria, with a particular focus on methodologies, device components, construction methods, and applications. We anticipate that this review could provide exciting opportunities for developing new lateral flow devices for pathogens and advance related healthcare applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanxu Nan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University; First Hospital Interdisciplinary Research Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China.
| | - Xuesong Yao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University; First Hospital Interdisciplinary Research Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China.
| | - Li Yang
- Peking University First Hospital; Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing 100034, P. R. China.
| | - Yue Cui
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University; First Hospital Interdisciplinary Research Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China.
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3
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Harirchi S, Sar T, Ramezani M, Aliyu H, Etemadifar Z, Nojoumi SA, Yazdian F, Awasthi MK, Taherzadeh MJ. Bacillales: From Taxonomy to Biotechnological and Industrial Perspectives. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10122355. [PMID: 36557608 PMCID: PMC9781867 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
For a long time, the genus Bacillus has been known and considered among the most applicable genera in several fields. Recent taxonomical developments resulted in the identification of more species in Bacillus-related genera, particularly in the order Bacillales (earlier heterotypic synonym: Caryophanales), with potential application for biotechnological and industrial purposes such as biofuels, bioactive agents, biopolymers, and enzymes. Therefore, a thorough understanding of the taxonomy, growth requirements and physiology, genomics, and metabolic pathways in the highly diverse bacterial order, Bacillales, will facilitate a more robust designing and sustainable production of strain lines relevant to a circular economy. This paper is focused principally on less-known genera and their potential in the order Bacillales for promising applications in the industry and addresses the taxonomical complexities of this order. Moreover, it emphasizes the biotechnological usage of some engineered strains of the order Bacillales. The elucidation of novel taxa, their metabolic pathways, and growth conditions would make it possible to drive industrial processes toward an upgraded functionality based on the microbial nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharareh Harirchi
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, 50190 Borås, Sweden
| | - Taner Sar
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, 50190 Borås, Sweden
| | - Mohaddaseh Ramezani
- Microorganisms Bank, Iranian Biological Resource Centre (IBRC), Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Tehran, Iran
| | - Habibu Aliyu
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Science II: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Zahra Etemadifar
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology & Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 8174673441, Iran
| | - Seyed Ali Nojoumi
- Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Yazdian
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran 1439957131, Iran
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road 3#, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Mohammad J. Taherzadeh
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, 50190 Borås, Sweden
- Correspondence:
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4
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Cai Q, Wang R, Qiao Z, Yang W. Single-digit Salmonella detection with the naked eye using bio-barcode immunoassay coupled with recombinase polymerase amplification and a CRISPR-Cas12a system. Analyst 2021; 146:5271-5279. [PMID: 34355716 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00717c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The ability to visually detect low numbers of Salmonella in food samples is highly valuable but remains a challenge. Here we present a novel platform for ultrasensitive and visual detection of Salmonella Typhimurium by integrating the bio-barcode immunoassay (BCA), recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), and CRISPR-Cas12a cleavage in a single reaction system (termed as BCA-RPA-Cas12a). In the system, the target bacteria were separated by immunomagnetic nanoparticles and labeled with numerous barcode AuNPs, which carry abundant bio-barcode DNA molecules to amplify the signal. Afterwards, the bio-barcode DNA molecules were amplified by RPA and subsequently triggered the cleavage activity of Cas12a to generate the fluorescence signal. Due to this triplex signal amplification, the BCA-RPA-Cas12a system can selectively detect Salmonella Typhimurium at the single-digit level with the naked eye under blue light within 60 min. Meanwhile, this novel platform was successfully applied to detect Salmonella Typhimurium in spiked milk samples with a similar sensitivity and satisfactory recovery, indicating its potential application in real samples. Furthermore, in virtue of the versatility of the antibody in the stage of BCA, the BCA-RPA-Cas12a system can be extended to further application in other bacteria detection and food safety monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Cai
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China.
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5
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Strom M, Crowley T, Shigdar S. Novel Detection of Nasty Bugs, Prevention Is Better than Cure. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:E149. [PMID: 33375709 PMCID: PMC7795740 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) are a growing concern around the world. They contribute to increasing mortality and morbidity rates and are an economic threat. All hospital patients have the potential to contract an HAI, but those with weakened or inferior immune systems are at highest risk. Most hospital patients will contract at least one HAI, but many will contract multiple ones. Bacteria are the most common cause of HAIs and contribute to 80-90% of all HAIs, with Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium difficile, Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae accounting for the majority. Each of these bacteria are highly resistant to antibiotics and can produce a protective film, known as a biofilm, to further prevent their eradication. It has been shown that by detecting and eradicating bacteria in the environment, infection rates can be reduced. The current methods for detecting bacteria are time consuming, non-specific, and prone to false negatives or false positives. Aptamer-based biosensors have demonstrated specific, time-efficient and simple detection, highlighting the likelihood that they could be used in a similar way to detect HAI-causing bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Strom
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong 3216, Australia; (M.S.); (T.C.)
| | - Tamsyn Crowley
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong 3216, Australia; (M.S.); (T.C.)
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Geelong 3216, Australia
| | - Sarah Shigdar
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong 3216, Australia; (M.S.); (T.C.)
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Geelong 3216, Australia
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6
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Ultee E, Zhong X, Shitut S, Briegel A, Claessen D. Formation of wall-less cells in Kitasatospora viridifaciens requires cytoskeletal protein FilP in oxygen-limiting conditions. Mol Microbiol 2020; 115:1181-1190. [PMID: 33278050 PMCID: PMC8359286 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The cell wall is considered an essential component for bacterial survival, providing structural support, and protection from environmental insults. Under normal growth conditions, filamentous actinobacteria insert new cell wall material at the hyphal tips regulated by the coordinated activity of cytoskeletal proteins and cell wall biosynthetic enzymes. Despite the importance of the cell wall, some filamentous actinobacteria can produce wall‐deficient S‐cells upon prolonged exposure to hyperosmotic stress. Here, we performed cryo‐electron tomography and live cell imaging to further characterize S‐cell extrusion in Kitasatospora viridifaciens. We show that exposure to hyperosmotic stress leads to DNA compaction, membrane and S‐cell extrusion, and thinning of the cell wall at hyphal tips. Additionally, we find that the extrusion of S‐cells is abolished in a cytoskeletal mutant strain that lacks the intermediate filament‐like protein FilP. Furthermore, micro‐aerobic culturing promotes the formation of S‐cells in the wild type, but the limited oxygen still impedes S‐cell formation in the ΔfilP mutant. These results demonstrate that S‐cell formation is stimulated by oxygen‐limiting conditions and dependent on functional cytoskeleton remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline Ultee
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Centre for Microbial Cell Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaobo Zhong
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Centre for Microbial Cell Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Shraddha Shitut
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Centre for Microbial Cell Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ariane Briegel
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Centre for Microbial Cell Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis Claessen
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Centre for Microbial Cell Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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7
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Nie W, Wang J, Xu J, Yao L, Qiao D, Xue F, Tang F, Chen W. A molecule capturer analysis system for visual determination of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli serotype O78 using a lateral flow assay. Mikrochim Acta 2020; 187:198. [PMID: 32130536 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-4170-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A method for rapid and accurate determination of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli serotype O78 (APEC O78) by the gold nanoparticle-labeled lateral flow strip method, entitled molecule capturer analysis system (MCAS), is described. Target virulence-associated gene of APEC O78 is adopted as the analyte. After pre-amplification with the designed functional primer set, numerous new-formed amplicons are simultaneously labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and digoxin. AuNPs with a diameter of 18 nm and the characteristic plasmonic peak at 526 nm are utilized for labeling. These two labels of FITC and digoxin are further captured and measured with the AuNP-labeled lateral flow strip, and the AuNPs are retained on the test line through the immunoreaction for signal output. Under optimized conditions, this MCAS protocol can determine the target APEC O78 with excellent determination limit of 4.3 cfu mL-1 based on the optical density of AuNPs on the test line of lateral flow strips. The working range is 2.52 × 101 to 1.63 × 107 cfu mL-1. Spiked serum samples are rapid and accurately measured, and the results are highly correlated with those of the real-time PCR. With this MCAS protocol, rapid and on-site determination of APEC O78 can be realized without expensive instruments or professional personnel. This MCAS protocol can be easily applied to other analytes by just replacing the traditional primer set with functionalization primer set. Graphical abstract Schematic illustration of molecule capturer analysis system for rapid and accurate determination of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli serotype O78.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfang Nie
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- School of Food Science & Biological Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, MOE, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Juanfang Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jianguo Xu
- School of Food Science & Biological Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, MOE, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Li Yao
- School of Food Science & Biological Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, MOE, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Dongqing Qiao
- School of Food Science & Biological Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, MOE, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Feng Xue
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Fang Tang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- School of Food Science & Biological Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, MOE, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.
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8
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Ilhan H, Guven B, Dogan U, Torul H, Evran S, Çetin D, Suludere Z, Saglam N, Boyaci İH, Tamer U. The coupling of immunomagnetic enrichment of bacteria with paper-based platform. Talanta 2019; 201:245-252. [PMID: 31122419 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the coupling of magnetic enrichment of bacteria from real samples with rapid surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) detection was reported. The selective isolation and enrichment for the model bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli) was performed using E. coli (primary) antibody bound-magnetic gold (Fe3O4@Au) nanoparticles. Following isolation and enrichment, the rennet enzyme was used to cleave of casein modified Fe3O4/Au-PEI nanoparticles from primary antibody-bound bacteria to prevent the nanoparticle aggregation and provide the movement of bacteria on nitrocellulose membrane. In the first part of the study, optimization studies were carried out namely; the amounts of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), polyethyleneimine coated magnetic gold (Fe3O4/Au-PEI) nanoparticles, casein and rennet enzyme. The SERS signals of DTNB (5,5'-Dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid)) molecule were collected on the test line and a calibration curve was plotted by using signal intensities. The correlation between the concentration of E. coli and SERS signal was found to be linear within the range of 101-107 cfu/mL (R2 = 0.984, LOD = 0.52 cfu/mL and LOQ = 1.57 cfu/mL). The selectivity of the paper-based lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) was examined with Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis), Micrococcus luteus (M. luteus), Salmonella enteritidis (S. enteritidis) which did not produce any significant response compared with E. coli measurement. Finally, the developed paper-based LFIA was tested with urine and milk samples. The obtained SERS results were compared with a plate counting method results which were in a good accordance. The developed method was found as rapid and sensitive to E. coli with a total analysis time of less than 60 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Ilhan
- Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Burcu Guven
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hacettepe University, Beytepe, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Uzeyir Dogan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Etiler, 06330, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hilal Torul
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Etiler, 06330, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sefika Evran
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hacettepe University, Beytepe, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Demet Çetin
- Science Teaching Programme, Faculty of Education, Gazi University, Besevler, 06500, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Zekiye Suludere
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Gazi University, Besevler, 06500, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Necdet Saglam
- Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - İsmail Hakki Boyaci
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hacettepe University, Beytepe, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ugur Tamer
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Etiler, 06330, Ankara, Turkey.
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9
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Ultee E, Ramijan K, Dame RT, Briegel A, Claessen D. Stress-induced adaptive morphogenesis in bacteria. Adv Microb Physiol 2019; 74:97-141. [PMID: 31126537 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria thrive in virtually all environments. Like all other living organisms, bacteria may encounter various types of stresses, to which cells need to adapt. In this chapter, we describe how cells cope with stressful conditions and how this may lead to dramatic morphological changes. These changes may not only allow harmless cells to withstand environmental insults but can also benefit pathogenic bacteria by enabling them to escape from the immune system and the activity of antibiotics. A better understanding of stress-induced morphogenesis will help us to develop new approaches to combat such harmful pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline Ultee
- Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, the Netherlands; Centre for Microbial Cell Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Karina Ramijan
- Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, the Netherlands; Centre for Microbial Cell Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Remus T Dame
- Centre for Microbial Cell Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands; Macromolecular Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CE Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ariane Briegel
- Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, the Netherlands; Centre for Microbial Cell Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Dennis Claessen
- Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, the Netherlands; Centre for Microbial Cell Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
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10
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White JF, Kingsley KL, Verma SK, Kowalski KP. Rhizophagy Cycle: An Oxidative Process in Plants for Nutrient Extraction from Symbiotic Microbes. Microorganisms 2018; 6:microorganisms6030095. [PMID: 30227634 PMCID: PMC6164190 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms6030095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we describe a mechanism for the transfer of nutrients from symbiotic microbes (bacteria and fungi) to host plant roots that we term the ‘rhizophagy cycle.’ In the rhizophagy cycle, microbes alternate between a root intracellular endophytic phase and a free-living soil phase. Microbes acquire soil nutrients in the free-living soil phase; nutrients are extracted through exposure to host-produced reactive oxygen in the intracellular endophytic phase. We conducted experiments on several seed-vectored microbes in several host species. We found that initially the symbiotic microbes grow on the rhizoplane in the exudate zone adjacent the root meristem. Microbes enter root tip meristem cells—locating within the periplasmic spaces between cell wall and plasma membrane. In the periplasmic spaces of root cells, microbes convert to wall-less protoplast forms. As root cells mature, microbes continue to be subjected to reactive oxygen (superoxide) produced by NADPH oxidases (NOX) on the root cell plasma membranes. Reactive oxygen degrades some of the intracellular microbes, also likely inducing electrolyte leakage from microbes—effectively extracting nutrients from microbes. Surviving bacteria in root epidermal cells trigger root hair elongation and as hairs elongate bacteria exit at the hair tips, reforming cell walls and cell shapes as microbes emerge into the rhizosphere where they may obtain additional nutrients. Precisely what nutrients are transferred through rhizophagy or how important this process is for nutrient acquisition is still unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F White
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
| | - Kathryn L Kingsley
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
| | - Satish K Verma
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP 221005, India.
| | - Kurt P Kowalski
- U.S. Geological Survey, Great Lakes Science Center, 1451 Green Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105-2807, USA.
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11
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Preininger C, Sauer U, Bejarano A, Berninger T. Concepts and applications of foliar spray for microbial inoculants. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:7265-7282. [PMID: 29961100 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9173-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Damages of the (agro)ecosystem by extensive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, the global dying of bee populations possibly linked to pesticide spraying, and stricter regulations for pesticide use together with successful use of microbials in IPM programs are pushing on the development and commercialization of new microbial products and a large and growing biostimulants and biocontrol market. This review focuses on microbial inoculants including bacteria, fungi, and viruses used as biostimulant or biocontrol agent for foliar application and covers all important steps from inoculant development to successful field application. Topics presented comprise typical spraying equipment including the importance of the spraying process and relating effects, furthermore formulation development including classification and adjuvants, and thirdly regulatory aspects as currently applied or under discussion. Microbial inoculants for foliar spray reported in scientific literature are summarized and contrasted with selected commercial products. Special attention is given to factors most important in microbial spray: (a) type of active ingredient (bacteria, fungi, viruses), (b) mode of action (ingestion, contact, competition), (c) interaction with the plant leaf surface, (d) droplet size in terms of microbe concentration and leaf coverage, and (e) environmental conditions during spraying. Finally, we want to emphasize that timely administration is of utmost importance for successful spraying and maximum efficacy. This might be supported by weather stations and disease/pest models as an important step towards precision farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Preininger
- Center for Health & Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria.
| | - Ursula Sauer
- Center for Health & Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Ana Bejarano
- Center for Health & Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Teresa Berninger
- Center for Health & Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria
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12
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Kawai Y, Mickiewicz K, Errington J. Lysozyme Counteracts β-Lactam Antibiotics by Promoting the Emergence of L-Form Bacteria. Cell 2018; 172:1038-1049.e10. [PMID: 29456081 PMCID: PMC5847170 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
β-lactam antibiotics inhibit bacterial cell wall assembly and, under classical microbiological culture conditions that are generally hypotonic, induce explosive cell death. Here, we show that under more physiological, osmoprotective conditions, for various Gram-positive bacteria, lysis is delayed or abolished, apparently because inhibition of class A penicillin-binding protein leads to a block in autolytic activity. Although these cells still then die by other mechanisms, exogenous lytic enzymes, such as lysozyme, can rescue viability by enabling the escape of cell wall-deficient "L-form" bacteria. This protective L-form conversion was also observed in macrophages and in an animal model, presumably due to the production of host lytic activities, including lysozyme. Our results demonstrate the potential for L-form switching in the host environment and highlight the unexpected effects of innate immune effectors, such as lysozyme, on antibiotic activity. Unlike previously described dormant persisters, L-forms can continue to proliferate in the presence of antibiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Kawai
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AX, UK
| | - Katarzyna Mickiewicz
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AX, UK
| | - Jeff Errington
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AX, UK.
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Cell wall-deficient, L-form bacteria in the 21st century: a personal perspective. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 45:287-295. [PMID: 28408469 PMCID: PMC5390494 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The peptidoglycan (PG) cell wall is a defining feature of the bacteria. It emerged very early in evolution and must have contributed significantly to the success of these organisms. The wall features prominently in our thinking about bacterial cell function, and its synthesis involves the action of several dozen proteins that are normally essential for viability. Surprisingly, it turns out to be relatively simple to generate bacterial genetic variants called L-forms that completely lack PG. They grow robustly provided that lack of the cell wall is compensated for by an osmoprotective growth medium. Although their existence has been noted and studied on and off for many decades, it is only recently that modern molecular and cellular methods have been applied to L-forms. We used Bacillus subtilis as an experimental model to understand the molecular basis for the L-form switch. Key findings included the discovery that L-forms use an unusual blebbing, or tubulation and scission mechanism to proliferate. This mechanism is completely independent of the normal FtsZ-based division machinery and seems to require only an increased rate of membrane synthesis, leading to an increased surface area-to-volume ratio. Antibiotics that block cell wall precursor synthesis, such as phosphomycin, efficiently induce the L-form switch without the need for genetic change. The same antibiotics turned out to induce a similar L-form switch in a wide range of bacteria, including Escherichia coli, in which we showed that proliferation was again FtsZ-independent. Aside from further basic science, future work on L-forms is likely to focus on their possible role in chronic or recurrent infections, their use as a model in studies of the origins of life, and possibly, biotechnological applications.
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Ren J, Zhou Y, Zhou Y, Zhou C, Li Z, Lin Q, Huang H. A Piezoelectric Microelectrode Arrays System for Real-Time Monitoring of Bacterial Contamination in Fresh Milk. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-014-1394-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Altamore I, Lanzano L, Gratton E. Dual channel detection of ultra low concentration of bacteria in real time by scanning FCS. MEASUREMENT SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 24:65702. [PMID: 24039347 PMCID: PMC3770197 DOI: 10.1088/0957-0233/24/6/065702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We describe a novel method to detect very low concentrations of bacteria in water. Our device consists of a portable horizontal geometry small confocal microscope with large pinhole and a holder for cylindrical cuvettes containing the sample. Two motors provide a fast rotational and slow vertical motion of the cuvette so the device looks like a simplified flow cytometer without flow. To achieve high sensitivity the design has two detection channels. Bacteria are stained by two different nucleic acid dyes and excited with two different lasers. Data are analyzed with a correlation filter based on particle passage pattern recognition. The passage of a particle through the illumination volume is compared with a Gaussian pattern in both channels. The width of the Gaussian correlates with the time of passage of the particle so one particle is counted when the algorithm finds a match with a Gaussian in both channels. The concentration of particles in the sample is deduced from the total number of coincident hits and the total volume scanned. This portable setup provides higher sensitivity, low cost and it could have a wide use ranging from clinical applications to pollution monitors and water and air quality control.
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He X, Zhou L, He D, Wang K, Cao J. Rapid and ultrasensitive E. coli O157:H7 quantitation by combination of ligandmagnetic nanoparticles enrichment with fluorescent nanoparticles based two-color flow cytometry. Analyst 2011; 136:4183-91. [PMID: 21858380 DOI: 10.1039/c1an15413c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A novel, fast and sensitive determination strategy for E. coli O157:H7 has been developed by combination of ligandmagnetic nanoparticles (LMNPs) enrichment with a fluorescent silica nanoparticles (FSiNPs) based two-color flow cytometry assay (LMNPs@FSiNPs-FCM). E. coli O157:H7 was first captured and enriched through the lectin concanavalin A (Con A) favored strong adhesion of E. coli O157:H7 to the mannose-conjugated magnetic nanoparticles. The enriched E. coli O157:H7 was further specially labeled with goat anti-E. coli O157:H7 antibody modified RuBpy-doped FSiNPs, and then stained with a nucleic acid dye SYBR Green I (SYBR-I). After dual-labeling with FSiNPs and SYBR-I, the enriched E. coli O157:H7 was determined using multiparameter FCM analysis. With this method, the detection sensitivity was greatly improved due to the LMNPs enrichment and the signal amplification of the FSiNPs labelling method. Furthermore, the false positives caused by aggregates of FSiNPs conjugates and nonspecific binding of FSiNPs to background debris could be significantly decreased. This assay allowed the detection of E. coli O157:H7 in PB buffer at levels as low as 7 cells mL(-1). The total assay time including E. coli O157:H7 sample enrichment and detection was less than 4 h. An artificially contaminated bottled mineral water sample with a concentration of 6 cells mL(-1) can be detected by this method. It is believed that the proposed method will find wide applications in biomedical fields demanding higher sensitive bacterial identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao He
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
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Yang L, Wu L, Zhu S, Long Y, Hang W, Yan X. Rapid, Absolute, and Simultaneous Quantification of Specific Pathogenic Strain and Total Bacterial Cells Using an Ultrasensitive Dual-Color Flow Cytometer. Anal Chem 2009; 82:1109-16. [DOI: 10.1021/ac902524a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Yang
- Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, The Key Laboratory of Analytical Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Lina Wu
- Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, The Key Laboratory of Analytical Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Shaobin Zhu
- Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, The Key Laboratory of Analytical Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yao Long
- Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, The Key Laboratory of Analytical Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Wei Hang
- Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, The Key Laboratory of Analytical Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xiaomei Yan
- Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, The Key Laboratory of Analytical Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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Allan E, Hoischen C, Gumpert J. Chapter 1 Bacterial L‐Forms. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2009; 68:1-39. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(09)01201-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Tsomlexoglou E, Daulagala PWHKP, Gooday GW, Glover LA, Seddon B, Allan EJ. Molecular detection and beta-glucuronidase expression of gus-marked Bacillus subtilis L-form bacteria in developing Chinese cabbage seedlings. J Appl Microbiol 2003; 95:218-24. [PMID: 12859751 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.01963.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM To detect L-form bacteria in developing Chinese cabbage seedlings. METHODS AND RESULTS Stable Bacillus subtilis L-forms were genetically modified to express the gus gene (encoding beta-glucuronidase). Germinated seeds of Chinese cabbage were soaked in mannitol based suspensions of the L-form bacteria or with mannitol alone and after washing were grown in aseptic conditions on plant growth medium. Histochemical staining of beta-glucuronidase activity (X-gluc) and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) detection of the gus gene were achieved in the L-form associated seedlings. beta-Glucuronidase was localized in discrete spots, mainly in the roots with staining, and was also observed in the cotyledons and base of stems. Correlation was observed between PCR detection of the gus gene and histochemical staining with detection in similar tissues. Stable L-form bacteria were non-culturable after their association with plant material. CONCLUSIONS The gus reporter gene system with its associated histological staining for enzyme activity was used successfully for detecting B. subtilis L-form bacteria in plant material. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY These molecular marked L-forms should provide a specific and sensitive technique for detecting L-form bacteria in planta and offer a method for further understanding the L-form/plant association.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tsomlexoglou
- Department of Agriculture and Forestry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK
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Walker R, Ferguson CMJ, Booth NA, Allan EJ. The symbiosis of Bacillus subtilis L-forms with Chinese cabbage seedlings inhibits conidial germination of Botrytis cinerea. Lett Appl Microbiol 2002; 34:42-5. [PMID: 11849491 DOI: 10.1046/j.1472-765x.2002.01037.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To establish whether germination of Botrytis cinerea was affected by the symbiosis of Bacillus subtilis L-form bacteria with Chinese cabbage. METHODS AND RESULTS Germinating seeds of Chinese cabbage were co-cultivated with either L-forms of Bacillus subtilis or 5% (w/v) mannitol by soaking for 3 h. Seeds were then washed in sterile water, sown on a minimal medium and incubated in controlled conditions. L-form symbiosis was detected over a time course by ELISA. Conidial germination of Botrytis cinerea was significantly reduced on cotyledonous leaves of L-form-treated plants compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS Symbiosis of B. subtilis L-form bacteria during seed germination of Chinese cabbage inhibits conidial germination in plants on subsequent exposure to Botrytis cinerea. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is the first account of plant symbiosis with L-form bacteria showing antagonism to a fungal plant pathogen. This has promising implications for the use of this L-form as a biocontrol agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Walker
- Department of Agriculture & Forestry, University of Aberdeen, 581 King Street, Aberdeen, AB24 5UA, UK
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