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Lind L, Araujo JA, Barchowsky A, Belcher S, Berridge BR, Chiamvimonvat N, Chiu WA, Cogliano VJ, Elmore S, Farraj AK, Gomes AV, McHale CM, Meyer-Tamaki KB, Posnack NG, Vargas HM, Yang X, Zeise L, Zhou C, Smith MT. Key Characteristics of Cardiovascular Toxicants. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2021; 129:95001. [PMID: 34558968 PMCID: PMC8462506 DOI: 10.1289/ehp9321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The concept of chemical agents having properties that confer potential hazard called key characteristics (KCs) was first developed to identify carcinogenic hazards. Identification of KCs of cardiovascular (CV) toxicants could facilitate the systematic assessment of CV hazards and understanding of assay and data gaps associated with current approaches. OBJECTIVES We sought to develop a consensus-based synthesis of scientific evidence on the KCs of chemical and nonchemical agents known to cause CV toxicity along with methods to measure them. METHODS An expert working group was convened to discuss mechanisms associated with CV toxicity. RESULTS The group identified 12 KCs of CV toxicants, defined as exogenous agents that adversely interfere with function of the CV system. The KCs were organized into those primarily affecting cardiac tissue (numbers 1-4 below), the vascular system (5-7), or both (8-12), as follows: 1) impairs regulation of cardiac excitability, 2) impairs cardiac contractility and relaxation, 3) induces cardiomyocyte injury and death, 4) induces proliferation of valve stroma, 5) impacts endothelial and vascular function, 6) alters hemostasis, 7) causes dyslipidemia, 8) impairs mitochondrial function, 9) modifies autonomic nervous system activity, 10) induces oxidative stress, 11) causes inflammation, and 12) alters hormone signaling. DISCUSSION These 12 KCs can be used to help identify pharmaceuticals and environmental pollutants as CV toxicants, as well as to better understand the mechanistic underpinnings of their toxicity. For example, evidence exists that fine particulate matter [PM ≤2.5μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5)] air pollution, arsenic, anthracycline drugs, and other exogenous chemicals possess one or more of the described KCs. In conclusion, the KCs could be used to identify potential CV toxicants and to define a set of test methods to evaluate CV toxicity in a more comprehensive and standardized manner than current approaches. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP9321.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Epidemiology, University of Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jesus A. Araujo
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health and Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Aaron Barchowsky
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Scott Belcher
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brian R. Berridge
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nipavan Chiamvimonvat
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Weihsueh A. Chiu
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Vincent J. Cogliano
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Oakland, California, USA
| | - Sarah Elmore
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Oakland, California, USA
| | - Aimen K. Farraj
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Aldrin V. Gomes
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Cliona M. McHale
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | | | - Nikki Gillum Posnack
- Children’s National Heart Institute and the Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Hugo M. Vargas
- Translational Safety & Bioanalytical Sciences, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Xi Yang
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Office of Cardiology, Hematology, Endocrinology, and Nephrology, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Lauren Zeise
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Oakland, California, USA
| | - Changcheng Zhou
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Martyn T. Smith
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
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Olmos G, Muñoz-Félix JM, Mora I, Müller AG, Ruiz-Torres MP, López-Novoa JM, Rodríguez-Puyol D. Impaired erythropoietin synthesis in chronic kidney disease is caused by alterations in extracellular matrix composition. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 22:302-314. [PMID: 28857467 PMCID: PMC5742742 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal fibrosis and anaemia are two of the most relevant events in chronic kidney disease. Fibrosis is characterized by the accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins in the glomeruli and tubular interstitium. Anaemia is the consequence of a decrease in erythropoietin production in fibrotic kidneys. This work analyses the possibility that the accumulation of abnormal collagens in kidney interstitium could be one of the mechanisms responsible for erythropoietin decreased synthesis. In renal interstitial fibroblast grown on collagen I, erythropoietin mRNA expression and HIF‐2α protein decreased, whereas focal adhesion kinase protein (FAK) phosphorylation and proteasome activity increased, compared to cells grown on collagen IV. Proteasome inhibition or FAK inactivation in cells plated on collagen I restored erythropoietin and HIF‐2α expression. FAK inhibition also decreased the collagen I‐dependent proteasome activation. In a model of tubulointerstitial fibrosis induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction in mice, increased collagen I protein content and an almost complete disappearance of erythropoietin mRNA expression were observed in the ureteral ligated kidney with respect to the contralateral control. Interestingly, erythropoietin synthesis was recovered in obstructed mice treated with proteasome inhibitor. These data suggest that reduced kidney erythropoietin synthesis could be caused by the accumulation of abnormal extracellular matrix proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Olmos
- Department of System Biology, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,REDinREN (Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain.,IRSIN, Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigaciones Nefrológicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Muñoz-Félix
- REDinREN (Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain.,IRSIN, Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigaciones Nefrológicas, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Inés Mora
- REDinREN (Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain.,IRSIN, Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigaciones Nefrológicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anton Gerhard Müller
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Medical Center Goettingen, University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Maria Piedad Ruiz-Torres
- Department of System Biology, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,REDinREN (Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain.,IRSIN, Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigaciones Nefrológicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M López-Novoa
- REDinREN (Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain.,IRSIN, Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigaciones Nefrológicas, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Diego Rodríguez-Puyol
- REDinREN (Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain.,IRSIN, Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigaciones Nefrológicas, Madrid, Spain.,Research Unit and Nephrology Section, Hospital Príncipe de Asturias and Department of Medicine, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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3
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Watts SW, Thakali K, Smark C, Rondelli C, Fink GD. Big ET-1 processing into vasoactive peptides in arteries and veins. Vascul Pharmacol 2007; 47:302-12. [PMID: 17904426 PMCID: PMC2719821 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2007.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2007] [Revised: 08/28/2007] [Accepted: 08/29/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The endothelin (ET) peptides are more potent in contracting veins than arteries. The precursor big ET-1 is metabolized by endothelin converting enzyme [ECE; to ET-1 (1-21)], matrix metalloproteases [MMPs; to ET-1 (1-32)] and chymase [to ET-1(1-31)]. We hypothesized that arteries and veins were differently dependent in conversion of big ET-1 to vasoconstrictors. Immunohistochemical, western, zymographic and isometric contractile assays in rat aorta and vena cava were used. Big ET-1 contracted aorta [60+/-17% phenylephrine contraction] but was more efficacious in vena cava [478+/-61% norepinephrine contraction]. ECE and its product ET-1(1-21) were detected in aorta and vena cava, and the ECE inhibitors phosphoramidon and CGS-26393 reduced big ET-1-induced contraction. ET-1 (1-32) contracted aorta and vena cava but inhibition of MMPs with minocycline or GM6001 did not reduce big ET-1-induced contraction; zymography confirmed active tissue MMPs. Aorta and vena cava contracted to the product of chymase, ET-1 (1-31). Chymase was detected in aorta and only weakly in vena cava. Inhibition of chymase (chymostatin, 100 muM) reduced arterial (19% control) but not venous constriction to big ET-1. These results suggest at least one potential significant difference - the role of chymase - in in vitro enzymatic processing of big ET-1 in arteries and veins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie W Watts
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1317, USA.
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4
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Ribatti D, Conconi MT, Nussdorfer GG. Nonclassic Endogenous Novel Regulators of Angiogenesis. Pharmacol Rev 2007; 59:185-205. [PMID: 17540906 DOI: 10.1124/pr.59.2.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the process through which new blood vessels arise from preexisting ones, is regulated by several "classic" factors, among which the most studied are vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2). In recent years, investigations showed that, in addition to the classic factors, numerous endogenous peptides play a relevant regulatory role in angiogenesis. Such regulatory peptides, each of which exerts well-known specific biological activities, are present, along with their receptors, in the blood vessels and may take part in the control of the "angiogenic switch." An in vivo and in vitro proangiogenic effect has been demonstrated for erythropoietin, angiotensin II (ANG-II), endothelins (ETs), adrenomedullin (AM), proadrenomedullin N-terminal 20 peptide (PAMP), urotensin-II, leptin, adiponectin, resistin, neuropeptide-Y, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), and substance P. There is evidence that the angiogenic action of some of these peptides is at least partly mediated by their stimulating effect on VEGF (ANG-II, ETs, PAMP, resistin, VIP and PACAP) and/or FGF-2 systems (PAMP and leptin). AM raises the expression of VEGF in endothelial cells, but VEGF blockade does not affect the proangiogenic action of AM. Other endogenous peptides have been reported to exert an in vivo and in vitro antiangiogenic action. These include somatostatin and natriuretic peptides, which suppress the VEGF system, and ghrelin, that antagonizes FGF-2 effects. Investigations on "nonclassic" regulators of angiogenesis could open new perspectives in the therapy of diseases coupled to dysregulation of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, School of Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
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5
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Banes-Berceli AKL, Ketsawatsomkron P, Ogbi S, Patel B, Pollock DM, Marrero MB. Angiotensin II and endothelin-1 augment the vascular complications of diabetes via JAK2 activation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 293:H1291-9. [PMID: 17526654 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00181.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The JAK/STAT pathway is activated in vitro by angiotensin II (ANG II) and endothelin-1 (ET-1), which are implicated in the development of diabetic complications. We hypothesized that ANG II and ET-1 activate the JAK/STAT pathway in vivo to participate in the development of diabetic vascular complications. Using male Sprague-Dawley rats, we performed a time course study [days 7, 14, and 28 after streptozotocin (STZ) injection] to determine changes in phosphorylation of JAK2, STAT1, and STAT3 in thoracic aorta using standard Western blot techniques. On day 7 there was no change in phosphorylation of JAK2, STAT1, and STAT3. Phosphorylation of JAK2, STAT1, and STAT3 was significantly increased on days 14 and 28 and was inhibited by treatment with candesartan (AT(1) receptor antagonist, 10 mg x kg(-1) x day(-1) orally in drinking water), atrasentan (ET(A) receptor antagonist, 10 mg x kg(-1) x day(-1) orally in drinking water), and AG-490 (JAK2 inhibitor, 5 mg x kg(-1) x day(-1) intraperitoneally). On day 28, treatment with all inhibitors prevented the significant increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP; tail cuff) of STZ-induced diabetic rats (SBP: 157 +/- 9.0, 130 +/- 3.3, 128 +/- 6.8, and 131 +/- 10.4 mmHg in STZ, STZ-candesartan, STZ-atrasentan, and STZ-AG-490 rats, respectively). In isolated tissue bath studies, diabetic rats displayed impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation in aorta (maximal relaxation: 95.3 +/- 3.0, 92.6 +/- 7.4, 76.9 +/- 12.1, and 38.3 +/- 13.1% in sham, sham + AG-490, STZ + AG-490, and STZ rats, respectively). Treatment of rats with AG-490 restored endothelium-dependent relaxation in aorta from diabetic rats at 14 and 28 days of treatment. These results demonstrate that JAK2 activation in vivo participates in the development of vascular complications associated with STZ-induced diabetes.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin II/metabolism
- Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers/pharmacology
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/drug effects
- Aorta, Thoracic/enzymology
- Aorta, Thoracic/metabolism
- Aorta, Thoracic/physiopathology
- Atrasentan
- Benzimidazoles/pharmacology
- Biphenyl Compounds
- Blood Glucose/metabolism
- Blood Pressure
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/enzymology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/physiopathology
- Diabetic Angiopathies/enzymology
- Diabetic Angiopathies/etiology
- Diabetic Angiopathies/metabolism
- Diabetic Angiopathies/physiopathology
- Endothelin A Receptor Antagonists
- Endothelin-1/metabolism
- Enzyme Activation
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Janus Kinase 2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Janus Kinase 2/metabolism
- Male
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 1
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 11
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 6/metabolism
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/metabolism
- Pyrrolidines/pharmacology
- Rats
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Endothelin A/metabolism
- STAT1 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- STAT3 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Tetrazoles/pharmacology
- Time Factors
- Tyrphostins/pharmacology
- Vasodilation
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy K L Banes-Berceli
- Vascular Biology Center, Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912-3000, USA.
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6
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Ruiz-Torres MP, Pérez-Rivero G, Rodríguez-Puyol M, Rodríguez-Puyol D, Díez-Marqués ML. The Leukocyte-Endothelial Cell Interactions are Modulated by Extracellular Matrix Proteins. Cell Physiol Biochem 2006; 17:221-32. [PMID: 16790998 DOI: 10.1159/000094127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelium is supported, in normal conditions, by a basement membrane composed, among others, by collagen IV and laminin. Changes in the basement membrane composition could induce changes in endothelial cell modifying their interactions with leukocytes. METHODS AND RESULTS Isolated polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were added to cultured human umbilical endothelial cells (HuVEC) previously seeded on collagen IV, collagen I or gelatin. Adhesion of leukocytes to HUVEC and specific cytotoxicity were analysed. PMN adhesion and cytotoxicity were lower whereas those from PBMC were higher when HuVEC were seeded on collagen I, as compared with cells seeded on collagen IV. To analyse the mechanisms involved in these phenomena, P-selectin, ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and MCP- 1 expression were evaluated in HuVEC seeded on the different ECM components. P-selectin and mRNA expression of VCAM-1 were lower in cells seeded on collagen I. By contrast, MCP-1 expression was higher in collagen I. Collagen I-dependent effects were partially prevented when collagen I was treated with pepsin. ILK activity was lower in cells seeded on collagen I, whereas ERK 1/2 activity was enhanced. ILK overexpression reduced ERK 1/2 phosphorylation and this could promote the reduction in P-selectin and the increase in MCP-1. CONCLUSION Collagen I decreased ILK activity and this would induce an increase in ERK 1/2 activity in HuVEC. As a consequence, the P-selectin content is diminished and, by contrast, the MCP-1 content is increased. The final effect is a lower recruitment of PMN and a higher adhesion of PBMC.
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7
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Morigi M, Buelli S, Angioletti S, Zanchi C, Longaretti L, Zoja C, Galbusera M, Gastoldi S, Mundel P, Remuzzi G, Benigni A. In response to protein load podocytes reorganize cytoskeleton and modulate endothelin-1 gene: implication for permselective dysfunction of chronic nephropathies. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2005; 166:1309-20. [PMID: 15855633 PMCID: PMC1606387 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)62350-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Effacement of podocyte foot processes occurs in many proteinuric nephropathies and is accompanied by rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton. Here, we studied whether protein overload affects intracellular pathways, leading to cytoskeletal architecture changes and ultimately to podocyte dysfunction. Mouse podocytes bound and endocytosed both albumin and IgG via receptor-specific mechanisms. Protein overload caused redistribution of F-actin fibers instrumental to up-regulation of the prepro-endothelin (ET)-1 gene and production of the corresponding peptide. Increased DNA-binding activity for nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB and Ap-1 nuclear proteins was measured in nuclear extracts of podocytes exposed to excess proteins. Both Y27632, which inhibits Rho kinase-dependent stress fiber formation, and jasplakinolide, an F-actin stabilizer, decreased NF-kappaB and Ap-1 activity and reduced ET-1 expression. This suggested a role for the cytoskeleton, through activated Rho, in the regulation of the ET-1 peptide. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK), an integrin-associated nonreceptor tyrosine kinase, was phosphorylated by albumin treatment via Rho kinase-triggered actin reorganization. FAK activation led to NF-kappaB- and Ap-1-dependent ET-1 expression. These data suggest that reorganization of the actin cytoskeletal network in response to protein load is implicated in modulation of the ET-1 gene via Rho kinase-dependent FAK activation of NF-kappaB and Ap-1 in differentiated podocytes. Increased ET-1 generation might alter glomerular permselectivity and amplify the noxious effect of protein overload on dysfunctional podocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Morigi
- Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Via Gavazzeni 11, 24125 Bergamo, Italy.
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López-Ongil S, Díez-Marqués ML, Griera M, Rodríguez-Puyol M, Rodríguez-Puyol D. Crosstalk Between Mesangial and Endothelial Cells: Angiotensin II Down-Regulates Endothelin-Converting Enzyme 1. Cell Physiol Biochem 2005; 15:135-44. [PMID: 15665524 DOI: 10.1159/000083646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2004] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Since mesangial and endothelial cells interact in the kidney, the present experiments were designed to analyze the ability of human mesangial cells (HMC) to modulate endothelin-1 (ET-1) synthesis by human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HuVEC). METHODS AND RESULTS The supernatants of HuVEC/HMC contained significantly lower amounts of ET-1 than those of HuVEC alone. This effect was not due to a decreased prepro-ET-1 mRNA expression and was only partially the consequence of HMC-dependent ET-1 degradation. Therefore, we tested the influence of the coculture on endothelin-converting enzyme-1 (ECE-1), and found a significant reduction of its mRNA and protein levels as well as a decreased activity in HuVEC/HMC as compared to HuVEC alone. Using a pharmacological blockade approach (sulotrobam, BN52021, losartan or catalase), losartan was shown to completely abolish down-regulation of ECE-1 observed in HuVEC/HMC. Angiotensin II (AII) induced a dose and time-dependent inhibition of ECE-1 expression in HuVEC. CONCLUSIONS These results support the importance of cross-talk among different cell types in the regulation of vascular or renal function. ET-1, and particularly ECE-1, might constitute a target in this regulation. In addition, locally synthesized AII could be one of the mediators involved in the down-regulation of ECE-1.
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Boateng SY, Lateef SS, Mosley W, Hartman TJ, Hanley L, Russell B. RGD and YIGSR synthetic peptides facilitate cellular adhesion identical to that of laminin and fibronectin but alter the physiology of neonatal cardiac myocytes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2004; 288:C30-8. [PMID: 15371257 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00199.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the mammalian heart, the extracellular matrix plays an important role in regulating cell behavior and adaptation to mechanical stress. In cell culture, a significant number of cells detach in response to mechanical stimulation, limiting the scope of such studies. We describe a method to adhere the synthetic peptides RGD (fibronectin) and YIGSR (laminin) onto silicone for culturing primary cardiac cells and studying responses to mechanical stimulation. We first examined cardiac cells on stationary surfaces and observed the same degree of cellular adhesion to the synthetic peptides as their respective native proteins. However, the number of striated myocytes on the peptide surfaces was significantly reduced. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) protein was reduced by 50% in cardiac cells cultured on YIGSR peptide compared with laminin, even though beta(1)-integrin was unchanged. Connexin43 phosphorylation increased in cells adhered to RGD and YIGSR peptides. We then subjected the cardiac cells to cyclic strain at 20% maximum strain (1 Hz) for 48 h. After this period, cell attachment on laminin was reduced to approximately 50% compared with the unstretched condition. However, in cells cultured on the synthetic peptides, there was no significant difference in cell adherence after stretch. On YIGSR peptide, myosin protein was decreased by 50% after mechanical stimulation. However, total myosin was unchanged in cells stretched on laminin. These results suggest that RGD and YIGSR peptides promote the same degree of cellular adhesion as their native proteins; however, they are unable to promote the signaling required for normal FAK expression and complete sarcomere formation in cardiac myocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Y Boateng
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, 60612-7342, USA
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Watanabe Y, Tamura M, Osajima A, Anai H, Kabashima N, Serino R, Nakashima Y. Integrins induce expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 via focal adhesion kinase in mesangial cells. Kidney Int 2003; 64:431-40. [PMID: 12846738 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00122.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Integrins are major adhesion receptors that not only regulate cytoskeletal organization, but also trigger a variety of intracellular signal transduction pathways. We examined the effects of increased extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation on monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) expression, which is known to play an important role in the progression of various glomerular diseases. METHODS MCP-1 mRNA and protein expression in cultured rat mesangial cells (MC) attached to ECM proteins were examined by reverse transcription (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blotting, respectively. Phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) was measured by Western blotting. Effects of wild-type and dominant-negative FAK on MCP-1 expression were examined by a transient transfection assay. RESULTS Cell adhesion to fibronectin-induced phosphorylation of FAK and MCP-1 mRNA expression in time- and dose-dependent manners followed by increased MCP-1 protein expression. All integrin-interacting substrates (laminin and types I, III, and IV collagens) also increased levels of FAK phosphorylation and MCP-1 expression, whereas nonspecific adhesive substrates (polylysine and concanavalin A) had no significant effects. Overexpression of wild-type FAK increased phosphorylation of FAK and expression of MCP-1 mRNA and protein, whereas transfection of dominant-negative FAK abolished adhesion-induced MCP-1 expression. Adhesion-induced expression of MCP-1 mRNA was inhibited by genistein and tosyl phenylalanyl chloromethylketone (TPCK), suggesting that tyrosine kinases [e.g., FAK, and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B)] are necessary in this signaling. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that integrin-mediated cell adhesion to the ECM can induce MCP-1 expression through activation of FAK, and suggest a role for altered ECM deposition in the progression of glomerular diseases by affecting gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Watanabe
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Yahatanishi, Kitakyushu, Japan
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