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Longland AC, Barfoot C, Harris PA. Strip grazing: Changes in biomass, nutrient content and digestibility of temperate, midsummer pasture by strip-grazed or 'free'-grazing ponies, over 4 weeks. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 131:104957. [PMID: 37890600 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The digestibility and nutritive values of pastures that were either freely or strip-grazed for 28 days were compared. Twelve ponies were individually grazed in adjacent, 10 m wide, rectangular paddocks. On day -1, each paddock length was adjusted to contain a 28-day supply of herbage DM at 1.5 % of pony BW/d. Ponies, (4/treatment) either accessed the entire 28-day supply from day 1 (TA), or gradually via strip-grazing treatments, SG1 and SG2. SG1 had a 'lead' fence spanning the paddock width that from day 3 was moved forward 1/26th of the paddock length daily, whereas SG2 had an additional 'back fence', that was advanced the same distance as the lead fence daily. Pasture nutrient contents and estimated nutrient digestibilities (eD) were determined weekly. From weeks 1-4, mean strip-grazed pasture contents (% DM) of water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and crude protein declined from 15.7-10.2 and 9.4-8.7, respectively, whereas neutral- and acid-detergent fibre increased from 53.6-60.5 and 35.2-38.0, respectively. Corresponding values for TA pastures were 17.7-5.2, 8.9-8.7, 54.6-69.2 and 35.7-43.6. Concomitantly, calculated digestible energy (cDE) (MJ/kg DM) of strip-grazed and TA pastures declined from 9.7-8.9 and 9.6-7.8, respectively and eDMD of all treatments declined (P<0.05). By week 4, TA pasture WSC, cDE and eDMD were lower and fibre contents higher (P<0.05) than the strip-grazed pastures. TA animal cDE intakes in weeks 1 and 2 exceeded requirements by 42 % vs. 8 % by strip-grazed animals. Strip-grazing delivered a steadier nutrient supply than TA, potentially conferring health benefits to animals prone to metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette C Longland
- Equine and Livestock Nutrition Services (ELNS) , Pantfallen Fach, Tregaron, Ceredigion, Wales, SY256NG, United Kingdom.
| | - Clare Barfoot
- MARS Horse Care UK Ltd, Old Wolverton Road, Old Wolverton, Buckinghamshire, MK12 5PZ, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia A Harris
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Leicestershire, UK
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Wang YL, Wang WK, Wu QC, Zhang F, Li WJ, Li SL, Wang W, Cao ZJ, Yang HJ. In Situ Rumen Degradation Characteristics and Bacterial Colonization of Corn Silages Differing in Ferulic and p-Coumaric Acid Contents. Microorganisms 2022; 10:2269. [PMID: 36422339 PMCID: PMC9695934 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10112269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
In plant cell wall, ferulic acid (FA) and p-coumaric acid (pCA) are commonly linked with arabinoxylans and lignin through ester and ether bonds. These linkages were deemed to hinder the access of rumen microbes to cell wall polysaccharides. The attachment of rumen microbes to plant cell wall was believed to have profound effects on the rate and the extent of forage digestion in rumen. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of bound phenolic acid content and their composition in corn silages on the nutrient degradability, and the composition of the attached bacteria. Following an in situ rumen degradation method, eight representative corn silages with different FA and pCA contents were placed into nylon bags and incubated in the rumens of three matured lactating Holstein cows for 0, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 h, respectively. Corn silage digestibility was assessed by in situ degradation methods. As a result, the effective degradability of dry matter, neutral detergent fibre, and acid detergent fibre were negatively related to the ether-linked FA and pCA, and their ratio in corn silages, suggesting that not only the content and but also the composition of phenolic acids significantly affected the degradation characteristics of corn silages. After 24 h rumen fermentation, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidota were observed as the dominant phyla in the bacterial communities attached to the corn silages. After 72 h rumen fermentation, the rumen degradation of ester-linked FA was much greater than that of ester-linked pCA. The correlation analysis noted that Erysipelotrichaceae_UCG-002, Olsenella, Ruminococcus_gauvreauii_group, Acetitomaculum, and Bifidobacterium were negatively related to the initial ether-linked FA content while Prevotella was positively related to the ether-linked FA content and the ratio of pCA to FA. In summary, the present results suggested that the content of ether-linked phenolic acids in plant cell walls exhibited a more profound effect on the pattern of microbial colonization than the fibre content.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hong-Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Zhang Z, Gao X, Dong W, Huang B, Wang Y, Zhu M, Wang C. Plant cell wall breakdown by hindgut microorganisms: can we get scientific insights from rumen microorganisms? J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 115:104027. [PMID: 35661771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Equines and ruminants have evolved as grazing herbivores with specialized gastrointestinal tracts capable of utilizing a wide range of fibrous feeds. In China, agricultural by-products, including corn straw, wheat straw, peanut vine, wheat husk, rice husk, and grass hay, have been extensively included in both equine and ruminant diets. These plant materials, which are composed predominantly of cellulose, hemicellulose, noncellulosic polysaccharides, and lignin, are largely undegradable by equines and ruminants themselves. Their breakdown is accomplished by communities of resident microorganisms that live in symbiotic or mutualistic associations with the host. Information relating to microbial composition in the hindgut and rumen has become increasingly available. Rumen fermentation is unique in that plant cell wall breakdown relies on the cooperation between microorganisms that produce fibrolytic enzymes and that ruminant animals provide an anaerobic fermentation chamber. Similar to the rumen, the equine hindgut is also an immensely enlarged fermentative chamber that includes an extremely abundant and highly complex community of microorganisms. However, few studies have characterized the microbial functions and their utilization process of lignocellulosic feeds within the equine hindgut. The process of understanding and describing plant cell wall degradation mechanisms in the equine hindgut ecosystem is important for providing information for proper feeding practices to be implemented. In the present study, we gather existing information on the rumen and equine ecosystem and provide scientific insights for understanding the process of plant cell wall breakdown within the hindgut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Zhang
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Agricultural Science and Engineering School, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Xu Gao
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Agricultural Science and Engineering School, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Wanting Dong
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Agricultural Science and Engineering School, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Bingjian Huang
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Agricultural Science and Engineering School, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Yonghui Wang
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Agricultural Science and Engineering School, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Mingxia Zhu
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Agricultural Science and Engineering School, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Changfa Wang
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Agricultural Science and Engineering School, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China.
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Raffrenato E, Fievisohn R, Cotanch KW, Grant RJ, Chase LE, Van Amburgh ME. Effect of lignin linkages with other plant cell wall components on in vitro and in vivo neutral detergent fiber digestibility and rate of digestion of grass forages. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:8119-8131. [PMID: 28780096 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to correlate in vitro and in vivo neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility (NDFD) with the chemical composition of forages and specific chemical linkages, primarily ester- and ether-linked para-coumaric (pCA) and ferulic acids (FA) in forages fed to dairy cattle. The content of acid detergent lignin (ADL) and its relationship with NDF does not fully explain the observed variability in NDFD. The ferulic and p-coumaric acid linkages between ADL and cell wall polysaccharides, rather than the amount of ADL, might be a better predictor of NDFD. Twenty-three forages, including conventional and brown midrib corn silages and grasses at various stages of maturity were incubated in vitro for measurement of 24-h and 96-h NDFD. Undigested and digested residues were analyzed for NDF, acid detergent fiber (ADF), ADL, and Klason lignin (KL); ester- and ether-linked pCA and FA were determined in these fractions. To determine whether in vitro observations of ester- and ether-linked pCA and FA and digestibility were similar to in vivo observations, 3 corn silages selected for digestibility were fed to 6 ruminally fistulated cows for 3 wk in 3 iso-NDF diets. Intact samples and NDF and ADF residues of diet, rumen, and feces were analyzed for ester- and ether-linked pCA and FA. From the in vitro study, the phenolic acid content (total pCA and FA) was highest for corn silages, and overall the content of ester- and ether-linked pCA and FA in both NDF and ADF residues were correlated with NDF digestibility parameters, reflecting the competitive effect of these linkages on digestibility. Also, Klason lignin and ADL were negatively correlated with ether-linked ferulic acid on an NDF basis. Overall, esterified FA and esterified pCA were negatively correlated with all of the measured fiber fractions on both a dry matter and an NDF basis. The lignin content of the plant residues and chemical linkages explained most of the variation in both rate and extent of NDF digestion but not uniformly among forages, ranging from 56 to 99%. The results from the in vivo study were similar to the in vitro data, demonstrating the highest total-tract aNDF digestibility (70%; NDF analysis conducted with α-amylase and sodium sulfite) for cows fed the corn silage with the lowest ester- and ether-linked pCA content in the NDF fraction. In this study, digestibility of forage fiber was influenced by the linkages among lignin and the carbohydrate moieties, which vary by hybrid and species and most likely vary by the agronomic conditions under which the plant was grown.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Raffrenato
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; Department of Animal Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa 7600
| | - R Fievisohn
- William H. Miner Agricultural Research Institute, Chazy, NY 12921
| | - K W Cotanch
- William H. Miner Agricultural Research Institute, Chazy, NY 12921
| | - R J Grant
- William H. Miner Agricultural Research Institute, Chazy, NY 12921
| | - L E Chase
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - M E Van Amburgh
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
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Meng Y, Li J, Liu J, Hu H, Li W, Liu W, Chen S. Ploidy effect and genetic architecture exploration of stalk traits using DH and its corresponding haploid populations in maize. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:50. [PMID: 26911156 PMCID: PMC4766647 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0742-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Doubled haploid (DH) lines produced via in vivo haploid induction have become indispensable in maize research and practical breeding, so it is important to understand traits characteristics in DH and its corresponding haploids which derived from each DH lines. In this study, a DH population derived from Zheng58 × Chang7-2 and a haploid population, were developed, genotyped and evaluated to investigate genetic architecture of eight stalk traits, especially rind penetrometer resistance (RPR) and in vitro dry matter digestion (IVDMD), which affecting maize stalk lodging-resistance and feeding values, respectively. RESULTS Phenotypic correlation coefficients ranged from 0.38 to 0.69 between the two populations for eight stalk traits. Heritability values of all stalk traits ranged from 0.49 to 0.81 in the DH population, and 0.58 to 0.89 in the haploid population. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping study showed that a total of 47 QTL for all traits accounting for genetic variations ranging from 1.6 to 36.5% were detected in two populations. One or more QTL sharing common region for each trait were detected between two different ploidy populations. Potential candidate genes predicated from the four QTL support intervals for RPR and IVDMD were indirectly or directly involved with cellulose and lignin biosynthesis, which participated in cell wall formation. The increased expression levels of lignin and cellulose synthesis key genes in the haploid situation illustrated that dosage compensation may account for genome dosage effect in our study. CONCLUSIONS The current investigation extended understanding about the genetic basis of stalk traits and correlations between DH and its haploid populations, which showed consistence and difference between them in phenotype, QTL characters, and gene expression. The higher heritabilities and partly higher QTL detection power were presented in haploid population than in DH population. All of which described above could lay a preliminary foundation for genetic architecture study with haploid population and may benefit selection in haploid-stage to reduce cost in DH breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Meng
- National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University (West Campus), 2# Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Junhui Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy, China Agricultural University (West Campus), 2# Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Jianju Liu
- National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University (West Campus), 2# Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Haixiao Hu
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Seed Science, and Population Genetics, University of Hohenheim, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Wei Li
- National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University (West Campus), 2# Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Wenxin Liu
- National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University (West Campus), 2# Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy, China Agricultural University (West Campus), 2# Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Shaojiang Chen
- National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University (West Campus), 2# Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy, China Agricultural University (West Campus), 2# Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Cao BB, Wang R, Bo YK, Bai S, Yang HJ. In situ rumen digestibility of ester-linked ferulic and p -coumaric acids in crop stover or straws in comparison with alfalfa and Chinese wild ryegrass hays. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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7
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Barros-Rios J, Malvar RA, Jung HJG, Bunzel M, Santiago R. Divergent selection for ester-linked diferulates in maize pith stalk tissues. Effects on cell wall composition and degradability. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2012; 83:43-50. [PMID: 22938993 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Cross-linking of grass cell wall components through diferulates (DFAs) has a marked impact on cell wall properties. However, results of genetic selection for DFA concentration have not been reported for any grass species. We report here the results of direct selection for ester-linked DFA concentration in maize stalk pith tissues and the associated changes in cell wall composition and biodegradability. After two cycles of divergent selection, maize populations selected for higher total DFA (DFAT) content (CHs) had 16% higher DFAT concentrations than populations selected for lower DFAT content (CLs). These significant DFA concentration gains suggest that DFA deposition in maize pith parenchyma cell walls is a highly heritable trait that is genetically regulated and can be modified trough conventional breeding. Maize populations selected for higher DFAT had 13% less glucose and 10% lower total cell wall concentration than CLs, suggesting that increased cross-linking of feruloylated arabinoxylans results in repacking of the matrix and possibly in thinner and firmer cell walls. Divergent selection affected esterified DFAT and monomeric ferulate ether cross link concentrations differently, supporting the hypothesis that the biosynthesis of these cell wall components are separately regulated. As expected, a more higher DFA ester cross-coupled arabinoxylan network had an effect on rumen cell wall degradability (CLs showed 12% higher 24-h total polysaccharide degradability than CHs). Interestingly, 8-8-coupled DFAs, previously associated with cell wall strength, were the best predictors of pith cell wall degradability (negative impact). Thus, further research on the involvement of these specific DFA regioisomers in limiting cell wall biodegradability is encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Barros-Rios
- CSIC-Misión Biológica de Galicia, Grupo de Genética y Mejora de Maíz, Apartado 28, 36080 Pontevedra, Spain.
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Barros-Rios J, Santiago R, Malvar RA, Jung HJG. Chemical composition and cell wall polysaccharide degradability of pith and rind tissues from mature maize internodes. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Novo-Uzal E, Taboada A, Rivera A, Flores G, Barceló AR, Masa A, Pomar F. Relationship between hydroxycinnamic acid content, lignin composition and digestibility of maize silages in sheep. Arch Anim Nutr 2011; 65:108-22. [DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2010.511520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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10
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Truntzler M, Barrière Y, Sawkins MC, Lespinasse D, Betran J, Charcosset A, Moreau L. Meta-analysis of QTL involved in silage quality of maize and comparison with the position of candidate genes. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2010; 121:1465-82. [PMID: 20658277 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-010-1402-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2009] [Accepted: 07/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A meta-analysis of quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with plant digestibility and cell wall composition in maize was carried out using results from 11 different mapping experiments. Statistical methods implemented in "MetaQTL" software were used to build a consensus map, project QTL positions and perform meta-analysis. Fifty-nine QTL for traits associated with digestibility and 150 QTL for traits associated with cell wall composition were included in the analysis. We identified 26 and 42 metaQTL for digestibility and cell wall composition traits, respectively. Fifteen metaQTL with confidence interval (CI) smaller than 10 cM were identified. As expected from trait correlations, 42% of metaQTL for digestibility displayed overlapping CIs with metaQTL for cell wall composition traits. Coincidences were particularly strong on chromosomes 1 and 3. In a second step, 356 genes selected from the MAIZEWALL database as candidates for the cell wall biosynthesis pathway were positioned on our consensus map. Colocalizations between candidate genes and metaQTL positions appeared globally significant based on χ(2) tests. This study contributed in identifying key chromosomal regions involved in silage quality and potentially associated genes for most of these regions. These genes deserve further investigation, in particular through association mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Truntzler
- INRA, UMR de Genetique Vegetale INRA/Univ. Paris XI/CNRS/INA PG, Paris, France.
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11
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Designing Biomass Crops with Improved Calorific Content and Attributes for Burning: a UK Perspective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-13440-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
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12
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Taboada C, Millán R, Míguez I. Composition, nutritional aspects and effect on serum parameters of marine algae Ulva rigida. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2010; 90:1155-62. [PMID: 20355066 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.3933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Algae are commonly consumed in Asia and have also gained popularity in Europe. However, data on the bioavailability of their components are limited. The present study was designed to determine the composition of Ulva rigida and the effects of inclusion of 10% of the algae in a standard diet for 4 weeks on nutritive value and serum parameters in order to consider the usefulness of Ulva as a dietary supplement. RESULTS Ulva rigida is rich in protein, carbohydrates, fibre, vitamins and minerals and has a low lipid content. Analysis of the amino acid composition revealed good-quality protein. The algae were well accepted by experimental animals and did not significantly change nutritional parameters but reduced LDL cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS Ulva rigida is an excellent source of nutrients and could improve a balanced diet. Further studies are required to research the potential of the seaweed as a natural source of bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Taboada
- Department of Physiology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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13
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Žnidaršič T, Verbič J, Babnik D, Velikonja-Bolta Š. The effect of supplementing highly wilted grass silage with maize silage, fodder beet or molasses on degradation of the diets and the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis in the rumen of sheep. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2010. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2010.e86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Rodrigues M, Guedes C, Cone J, van Gelder A, Ferreira L, Sequeira C. Effects of phenolic acid structures on meadow hay digestibility. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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15
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Méchin V, Argillier O, Rocher F, Hébert Y, Mila I, Pollet B, Barriére Y, Lapierre C. In search of a maize ideotype for cell wall enzymatic degradability using histological and biochemical lignin characterization. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:5872-81. [PMID: 16028968 DOI: 10.1021/jf050722f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Grass cell wall degradability is conventionally related to the lignin content and to the ferulic-mediated cross-linking of lignins to polysaccharides. To better understand the variations in degradability, 22 maize inbred lines were subjected to image analyses of Fasga- and Mäule-stained stem sections and to chemical analyses of lignins and p-hydroxycinnamic acids. For the first time, the nearness of biochemical and histological estimates of lignin levels was established. Combination of histological and biochemical traits could explain 89% of the variations for cell wall degradability and define a maize ideotype for cell wall degradability. In addition to a reduced lignin level, such an ideotype would contain lignins richer in syringyl than in guaiacyl units and preferentially localized in the cortical region rather than in the pith. Such enrichment in syringyl units would favor wall degradability in grasses, contrary to dicots, and could be related to the fact that grass syringyl units are noticeably p-coumaroylated. This might affect the interaction capabilities of lignins and polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Méchin
- Unité de Chimie Biologique UMR 206, INRA/INA-PG, Institut National Agronomique, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France.
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16
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Grabber JH, Ralph J, Lapierre C, Barrière Y. Genetic and molecular basis of grass cell-wall degradability. I. Lignin–cell wall matrix interactions. C R Biol 2004; 327:455-65. [PMID: 15255476 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2004.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Lignification limits grass cell-wall digestion by herbivores. Lignification is spatially and temporally regulated, and lignin characteristics differ between cell walls, plant tissues, and plant parts. Grass lignins are anchored within walls by ferulate and diferulate cross-links, p-coumarate cyclodimers, and possibly benzyl ester and ether cross-links. Cell-wall degradability is regulated by lignin concentration, cross-linking, and hydrophobicity but not directly by most variations in lignin composition or structure. Genetic manipulation of lignification can improve grass cell-wall degradability, but the degree of success will depend on genetic background, plant modification techniques employed, and analytical methods used to characterize cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Grabber
- US Dairy Forage Research Center, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, 1925 Linden Drive West, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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17
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Larsen K. Molecular cloning and characterization of cDNAs encoding cinnamoyl CoA reductase (CCR) from barley (Hordeum vulgare) and potato (Solanum tuberosum). JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2004; 161:105-12. [PMID: 15002670 DOI: 10.1078/0176-1617-01074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cinnamoyl CoA reductase catalyzes the reduction of cinnamic acid CoA esters into their corresponding aldehydes, the first step of the phenylpropanoid pathway specifically dedicated to monolignol biosynthesis. Two cDNA clones encoding cinnamoyl CoA reductase (CCR) have been isolated from Hordeum vulgare (HvCCR) and Solanum tuberosum (StCCR1). Amino acid sequence alignment revealed the motif, NWYCY, representing the active site of CCR, conserved in both the encoded HvCCR and StCCR1 amino acid sequences. The HvCCR encoded protein possesses substantial homology with CCRs isolated and cloned form other sources; the highest identity (89%) was observed with CCR from fescue (Festuca arundicinea). Expression analysis by RT-PCR demonstrated that the HvCCR gene is expressed in barley stem and root tissue while no expression is detected in leaves and flowers. This expression pattern suggests that HvCCR is involved in constitutive lignification. Transcripts of StCCR1 were detected in potato root, leaf and also in stem although at a very low level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knud Larsen
- Department of Crop Physiology and Soil Science, Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark.
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