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Quintana P, Bouchard S, Botella C, Robillard G, Serrano B, Rodriguez-Ortega A, Torp Ernst M, Rey B, Berthiaume M, Corno G. Engaging in Awkward Social Interactions in a Virtual Environment Designed for Exposure-Based Psychotherapy for People with Generalized Social Anxiety Disorder: An International Multisite Study. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4525. [PMID: 37445561 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12134525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The effectiveness of in virtuo exposure-based treatment of performance-only social anxiety disorder (SAD) has been demonstrated in several studies. However, few studies have validated virtual environments with participants suffering from generalized SAD. The goal of this study is to confirm the potential of a virtual environment in inducing anxiety in adults suffering from generalized SAD, compared to adults without SAD, when engaged in awkward social interactions. Differences between participants from two different countries were also explored. The sample consisted of 15 participants with SAD from Canada, 17 participants without SAD from Canada, 16 participants with SAD from Spain, and 21 participants without SAD from Spain. All participants were immersed in a control virtual environment and in an experimental virtual environment considered potentially anxiety-inducing for individuals with generalized SAD. As hypothesized, results showed that the experimental virtual environment induced a higher level of anxiety than the control environment among participants with SAD compared to those without SAD. The impact on anxiety of each socially threatening task performed during the experimental immersion was statistically significant. In terms of anxiety responses, no significant differences were found between participants from Canada and Spain. However, spatial presence and ecological validity were higher in Canadians than in Spaniards. Unwanted negative side effects induced by immersions in virtual reality were higher in the SAD group. This study highlights the importance for therapists to engage people with SAD in clinically relevant tasks while immersed in VR psychotherapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Quintana
- Département de Psychoéducation et de Psychologie, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau, QC J8X 3X7, Canada
| | - Stéphane Bouchard
- Département de Psychoéducation et de Psychologie, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau, QC J8X 3X7, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1S 5L5, Canada
| | - Cristina Botella
- Universitat Jaume, 12006 Castellón de la Plana, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Geneviève Robillard
- Département de Psychoéducation et de Psychologie, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau, QC J8X 3X7, Canada
| | - Berenice Serrano
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Mathias Torp Ernst
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Beatriz Rey
- Departamento de Ingeniería Gráfica, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Maxine Berthiaume
- Department of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1S 5L5, Canada
| | - Giulia Corno
- Département de Psychoéducation et de Psychologie, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau, QC J8X 3X7, Canada
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2
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Jin Y, Xu S, Chen C, Wilson A, Gao D, Ji Y, Sun X, Wang Y. Symptom association between social anxiety disorder, appearance anxiety, and eating disorders among Chinese University students: A network analysis to conceptualize comorbidity. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1044081. [PMID: 36620231 PMCID: PMC9814491 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1044081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Incidences of social anxiety disorder (SAD), appearance anxiety, and eating disorders (ED) show an increased prevalence among young people. However, symptoms' associations between these disorders have not been investigated in depth. Network analysis is an approach that can be used to explain the relationship(s) between symptoms of different psychological disorders. Using network analysis, this study aimed to explore the association and potential interacting mechanisms between SAD, appearance anxiety, and ED. Methods This study included 96,218 University students from Jilin Province, China. SAD, appearance anxiety and ED were assessed using the Social Anxiety Subscale of the Self-Consciousness Scale (SASS), the Appearance Anxiety Scale Brief Version (AASBV), and the Sick, Control, One, Fat, Food questionnaire (SCOFF), Chinese versions. Network analysis was employed to investigate the symptom associations, while the stability of the network model was analyzed using statistical measures. Results The prevalence of ED among the total sample was 38% (95% CI: 38.1-38.8%), while this figure was 31.2% (95% CI: 30.7-31.6%) in males and 43.6% (95% CI: 43.2-44.0%) in females. Additionally, the total score of SAD was significantly higher in females (11.83 ± 5.37) than it in males (10.02 ± 5.46) (P < 0.001). While the total score of appearance anxiety was also different significantly in gender (39.21 ± 9.49 in females vs. 38 ± 9.42 in males) (P < 0.001). Results showed that ED was associated with all three aspects of appearance anxiety, including "appearance concern," "appearance satisfaction," and "wish for good looks." Appearance anxiety and SAD were also associated; specifically, symptoms of "appearance satisfaction" were significantly associated with the symptoms "easily talk to strangers" and "appearance concern", which was also significantly associated with "embarrassed". Compared with males, females showed significantly stronger associations with appearance anxiety symptoms, while ED symptoms were associated with "troubled by being watched" and "appearance concern". Conclusion Appearance anxiety was associated with both ED and SAD symptoms. ED may have a potential relationship with SAD, affecting appearance anxiety indirectly. Significant differences were found among males and females in symptom associations between appearance anxiety and SAD. This study therefore clarified that young people should have body-positive interventions and challenge the normative body image discourse, which may help alleviate symptoms of SAD and ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jin
- College of Education for the Future, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Shicun Xu
- Northeast Asian Research Center, Jilin University, Changchun, China,Department of Population, Resources and Environment, Northeast Asian Studies College, Jilin University, Changchun, China,China Center for Aging Studies and Social-Economic Development, Jilin University, Changchun, China,*Correspondence: Shicun Xu ✉
| | - Chang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Amanda Wilson
- Division of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Desheng Gao
- School of Marxism, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Ji
- School of Marxism, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Xi Sun
- Department of Population, Resources and Environment, Northeast Asian Studies College, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China,Yuanyuan Wang ✉
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Large-scale dysfunctional white matter and grey matter networks in patients with social anxiety disorder. iScience 2022; 25:105094. [PMID: 36185352 PMCID: PMC9519591 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of large-scale brain networks has been implicated in social anxiety disorder (SAD); most work has focused on grey matter (GM) functional connectivity (FC) abnormalities, whereas white matter (WM) FC alterations remain unclear. Here, using a K-means clustering algorithm, we obtained 8 GM and 10 WM functional networks from a cohort dataset (48 SAD patients and 48 healthy controls). By calculating and comparing FC matrices between SAD group and healthy controls, we demonstrated disrupted connections between the limbic and dorsal prefrontal, lateral temporal, and sensorimotor networks, and between the visual and sensorimotor networks. Furthermore, there were negative correlations between HAMD scores and limbic-dorsal prefrontal and limbic-sensorimotor networks, and between illness duration and sensorimotor-visual networks. These findings reflect the critical role of limbic network, with its extensive connections to other networks, and the neurobiology of disordered cognition processing and emotional regulation in SAD. Anomalous interactions between large-scale functional networks were identified in SAD The limbic, prefrontal, and perceptual networks underlie the neurobiology of SAD The white matter functional network is physiologically important
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Gaziel-Guttman M, Anaki D, Mashal N. Social Anxiety and Shame Among Young Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder Compared to Typical Adults. J Autism Dev Disord 2022; 53:2490-2498. [PMID: 35394242 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-022-05526-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Social anxiety (SA) is common among young adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). While shame feelings predict SA among typical adults, the relationship between shame and SA in ASD remains unclear. The current study compared the relationship between SA and shame in ASD. SA, shame, and autistic self-assessment questionnaires were administered to 33 young adults with ASD (28 M/5F) and 38 typical young adults (32 M/6F, Mage = 24 years, range = 20-28 in both groups). Results showed higher SA levels in ASD than typical adults, but lower levels of shame characteristics in the former than in the latter group. Moreover, a significant moderation model showed that some aspects of shame were related to SA only in the typical group but not in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meyrav Gaziel-Guttman
- School of Education, Bar-Ilan University, Max & Anna Webb St, 5290002, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - David Anaki
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Max & Anna Webb St, 5290002, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
| | - Nira Mashal
- School of Education, Bar-Ilan University, Max & Anna Webb St, 5290002, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
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5
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The effectiveness of a family-friendly program on parental meta-worry beliefs and health anxiety and social anxiety disorder in children. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-02423-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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6
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Yang X, Lui S. Neuroimaging candidate endophenotypes of social anxiety disorder. EBioMedicine 2021; 69:103482. [PMID: 34252696 PMCID: PMC8324812 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiyue Yang
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and molecular imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Su Lui
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and molecular imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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7
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Tsuji Y, Shimada S. Socially Anxious Tendencies Affect Impressions of Others' Positive and Negative Emotional Gazes. Front Psychol 2018; 9:2111. [PMID: 30443237 PMCID: PMC6221960 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Socially anxious tendencies have potential to become social anxiety disorder (SAD), which is characterized by fear of social situations associated with being evaluated or embarrassed by others. In particular, others’ gazes induce social anxiety. People with SAD have a negative interpretation bias toward ambiguous emotions in others’ faces; however, negative interpretation bias toward ambiguous emotions in others’ gazes has not been fully investigated. We used an impression judgment task to examine negative interpretation bias toward others’ gazes among people with socially anxious tendencies. We generated emotionally ambiguous gazes (positive, negative, and neutral) using a morphing technique with 10% steps (neutral, 10–100% negative, and 10–100% positive). Participants (all male) were asked to judge whether the stimulus was positive or negative. Each participant’s level of social anxiety was examined using the Japanese version of the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN-J), which measures three symptom dimensions: fear, avoidance, and physiological arousal. To examine the influence of socially anxious tendencies in the impression judgment task, we calculated the point of subjective equality (PSE) using a two-step logistic curve fitted to individual participant’s responses. The negative emotional intensity of the PSE became lower as the fear score became higher (p < 0.05). This result suggests individuals with a high tendency toward social anxiety tend to interpret subtle negative emotional gazes as a negative emotion and regard these gazes as a threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Tsuji
- Department of Electronics and Bioinformatics, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sotaro Shimada
- Department of Electronics and Bioinformatics, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
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8
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Bahi A, Dreyer JL. Dopamine transporter (DAT) knockdown in the nucleus accumbens improves anxiety- and depression-related behaviors in adult mice. Behav Brain Res 2018; 359:104-115. [PMID: 30367968 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Many epidemiological and clinical studies have demonstrated a strong comorbidity between anxiety and depression, and a number of experimental studies indicates that the dopamine transporter (DAT) is involved in the pathophysiology of anxiety and depression. However, studies using laboratory animals have yielded inconclusive results. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of DAT manipulation on anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in mice. For this purpose, animals were stereotaxically injected with DAT siRNA-expressing lentiviral vectors (siDAT) in the caudate putamen (CPu) or in the nucleus accumbens (Nacc) and the behavioral outcomes were assessed using the open-field (OF), elevated-plus maze (EPM), light-dark box (LDB), sucrose preference (SPT), novelty suppressed feeding (NSF), and forced-swim (FST) tests. The results showed that in the Nacc, but not in the CPu, siDAT increased the time spent at the center of the arena and decreased the number of fecal boli in the OF test. In the EPM and LDB tests, Nacc siDAT injection increased the entries and time spent on open arms, and increased the time spent in the light side of the box, respectively, suggesting an anxiolytic-like activity. In addition, siDAT, in the Nacc, induced significant antidepressant-like effects, evidenced by increased sucrose preference, shorter latency to feed in the NSF test, and decreased immobility time in the FST. Most importantly, Pearson's test clearly showed significant correlations between DAT mRNA in the Nacc with anxiety and depression parameters. Overall, these results suggest that low DAT levels, in the Nacc, might act as protective factors against anxiety and depression. Therefore, targeting DAT activity might be a very attractive approach to tackle affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amine Bahi
- Department of Anatomy, Tawam Medical Campus, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Jean-Luc Dreyer
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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9
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Çetinkaya M, Üneri ÖŞ, Göker Z. Serum oxytocin and vasopressin levels in children with social anxiety disorder and the effects of parent characteristics. PSYCHIAT CLIN PSYCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24750573.2018.1505280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Miray Çetinkaya
- Department of Child and Adolescant Psychiatry, Dr. Sami Ulus Maternity and Child Health Training Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Özden Şükran Üneri
- Department of Child and Adolescant Psychiatry, Ankara Child Health and Hematology/Oncology Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Göker
- Department of Child and Adolescant Psychiatry, Ankara Child Health and Hematology/Oncology Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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10
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Regis JMO, Ramos-Cerqueira ATA, Lima MCP, Torres AR. Social anxiety symptoms and body image dissatisfaction in medical students: prevalence and correlates. JORNAL BRASILEIRO DE PSIQUIATRIA 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/0047-2085000000187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Objective Social anxiety disorder (SAD) and body image dissatisfaction (BID) are common problems among college students, but few studies focused on medical students. We aimed to estimate the prevalence, severity and correlates of SAD symptoms and BID among medical students of a Brazilian public university. Methods A cross-sectional study with 479 students, using structured instruments: Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN), Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Bivariate analyses were followed by logistic regression models to obtain independent predictors of SAD symptoms, BID and both outcomes combined. Results Most students were single (99%) and female (58.7%). The prevalence rates of SAD symptoms (SPIN ≥ 19) and BID (BSQ ≥ 81) were 36.3% and 34.7%, respectively. Depressive symptoms (BDI ≥ 19) occurred in 8.8% of the sample. SAD symptoms were independently associated with: BID, thoughts of abandoning the course, difficulty making friends, depressive symptoms, and mental health treatment prior to university. Besides SAD symptoms, BID was associated with female sex, difficulty making friends, depressive symptoms, and body mass index (BMI). Seventy-eight students (16.3%) presented SAD symptoms and BID, which was associated with female sex, difficulty making friends, dissatisfaction with the course, depressive symptoms and BMI. Conclusion SAD symptoms and BID are common and related problems that should be screened for among medical students. The identification of specific correlates could contribute to the elaboration of preventive measures, minimizing the distress and negative impact of these mental health problems on relationships and academic performance.
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11
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Ratajczak P, Kus K, Skurzyńska M, Nowakowska E. The influence of aripiprazole and venlafaxine on the antidepressant-like effect observed in prenatally stressed rats (animal model of depression). Hum Exp Toxicol 2017; 37:972-982. [PMID: 29239218 DOI: 10.1177/0960327117747023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a nosological entity which may appear alone or concomitantly (e.g. in schizophrenia). Analysis of data from both clinical and experimental studies allows a conclusion that atypical antipsychotics, such as aripiprazole (ARI), may also be effective in treating depression in addition to antidepressants. The aim of the studies was to determine antidepressant efficacy of ARI, venlafaxine (VEN) and combined therapy using both drugs, in prenatally stressed rats (animal depression model) and control group. In addition, this article was aimed at determining the effect of these drugs on locomotor activity of these animals. The effect of chronic stress used in pregnant rats and the use of drugs such as ARI (1.5 mg/kg) and VEN (20 mg/kg) were studied in forced swimming test (FST; antidepressant effect) and locomotor activity test. Performed tests confirmed the antidepressant effect of ARI, VEN and efficacy of combined drugs in FST in both prenatally stressed rats (effect present upon single administration and after 7, 14 and 21 days of testing) and control group rats (effect present upon single administration and 7 days of testing). Moreover, upon single administration of the used drugs to prenatally stressed rats, it was found sedative effect - reduced animals' locomotor activity. Study results have proven antidepressant and sedative efficacy of ARI, VEN and combined administration of these drugs. Due to the small amount of data on the above preparations, in particular in the context of animal depression models, further studies in this respect are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ratajczak
- Department of Pharmacoeconomics and Social Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - K Kus
- Department of Pharmacoeconomics and Social Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - M Skurzyńska
- Department of Pharmacoeconomics and Social Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - E Nowakowska
- Department of Pharmacoeconomics and Social Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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12
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Socially anxious tendencies affect neural processing of gaze perception. Brain Cogn 2017; 118:63-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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13
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Palmer CJ, Clifford CWG. Functional Mechanisms Encoding Others' Direction of Gaze in the Human Nervous System. J Cogn Neurosci 2017; 29:1725-1738. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The direction of others' gaze is a strong social signal to their intentions and future behavior. Pioneering electrophysiological research identified cell populations in the primate visual cortex that are tuned to specific directions of observed gaze, but the functional architecture of this system is yet to be precisely specified. Here, we develop a computational model of how others' gaze direction is flexibly encoded across sensory channels within the gaze system. We incorporate the divisive normalization of sensory responses—a computational mechanism that is thought to be widespread in sensory systems but has not been examined in the context of social vision. We demonstrate that the operation of divisive normalization in the gaze system predicts a surprising and distinctive pattern of perceptual changes after sensory adaptation to gaze stimuli and find that these predictions closely match the psychophysical effects of adaptation in human observers. We also find that opponent coding, broadband multichannel, and narrowband multichannel models of sensory coding make distinct predictions regarding the effects of adaptation in a normalization framework and find evidence in favor of broadband multichannel coding of gaze. These results reveal the functional principles that govern the neural encoding of gaze direction and support the notion that divisive normalization is a canonical feature of nervous system function. Moreover, this research provides a strong foundation for testing recent computational theories of neuropsychiatric conditions in which gaze processing is compromised, such as autism and schizophrenia.
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Bouchard S, Dumoulin S, Robillard G, Guitard T, Klinger É, Forget H, Loranger C, Roucaut FX. Virtual reality compared with in vivo exposure in the treatment of social anxiety disorder: a three-arm randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry 2017; 210:276-283. [PMID: 27979818 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.116.184234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundPeople with social anxiety disorder (SAD) fear social interactions and may be reluctant to seek treatments involving exposure to social situations. Social exposure conducted in virtual reality (VR), embedded in individual cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT), could be an answer.AimsTo show that conducting VR exposure in CBT for SAD is effective and is more practical for therapists than conducting exposure in vivoMethodParticipants were randomly assigned to either VR exposure (n = 17), in vivo exposure (n = 22) or waiting list (n = 20). Participants in the active arms received individual CBT for 14 weekly sessions and outcome was assessed with questionnaires and a behaviour avoidance test. (Trial registration number ISRCTN99747069)ResultsImprovements were found on the primary (Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale) and all five secondary outcome measures in both CBT groups compared with the waiting list. Conducting exposure in VR was more effective at post-treatment than in vivo on the primary outcome measure and on one secondary measure. Improvements were maintained at the 6-month follow-up. VR was significantly more practical for therapists than in vivo exposure.ConclusionsUsing VR can be advantageous over standard CBT as a potential solution for treatment avoidance and as an efficient, cost-effective and practical medium of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Bouchard
- Stéphane Bouchard, PhD, Département de psychoéducation et de psychologie, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau and Centre intégré de santé et de services sociaux de l'Outaouais, Gatineau, Québec, Canada; Stéphanie Dumoulin, MPs, private practice, Gatineau, Québec, Canada; Geneviève Robillard, MSc, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau, Québec, Canada; Tanya Guitard, MPs, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau, Québec, Canada;Évelyne Klinger, PhD, Digital Interactions Health and Disability Lab, ESIEA, Laval, France; Hélène Forget, PhD, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau, Québec, Canada; Claudie Loranger, DPs, Centre intégré de santé et de services sociaux de l'Outaouais, Gatineau, Québec, Canada; François Xavier Roucaut, MD, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada, and Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire Régional de Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
| | - Stéphanie Dumoulin
- Stéphane Bouchard, PhD, Département de psychoéducation et de psychologie, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau and Centre intégré de santé et de services sociaux de l'Outaouais, Gatineau, Québec, Canada; Stéphanie Dumoulin, MPs, private practice, Gatineau, Québec, Canada; Geneviève Robillard, MSc, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau, Québec, Canada; Tanya Guitard, MPs, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau, Québec, Canada;Évelyne Klinger, PhD, Digital Interactions Health and Disability Lab, ESIEA, Laval, France; Hélène Forget, PhD, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau, Québec, Canada; Claudie Loranger, DPs, Centre intégré de santé et de services sociaux de l'Outaouais, Gatineau, Québec, Canada; François Xavier Roucaut, MD, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada, and Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire Régional de Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
| | - Geneviève Robillard
- Stéphane Bouchard, PhD, Département de psychoéducation et de psychologie, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau and Centre intégré de santé et de services sociaux de l'Outaouais, Gatineau, Québec, Canada; Stéphanie Dumoulin, MPs, private practice, Gatineau, Québec, Canada; Geneviève Robillard, MSc, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau, Québec, Canada; Tanya Guitard, MPs, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau, Québec, Canada;Évelyne Klinger, PhD, Digital Interactions Health and Disability Lab, ESIEA, Laval, France; Hélène Forget, PhD, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau, Québec, Canada; Claudie Loranger, DPs, Centre intégré de santé et de services sociaux de l'Outaouais, Gatineau, Québec, Canada; François Xavier Roucaut, MD, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada, and Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire Régional de Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
| | - Tanya Guitard
- Stéphane Bouchard, PhD, Département de psychoéducation et de psychologie, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau and Centre intégré de santé et de services sociaux de l'Outaouais, Gatineau, Québec, Canada; Stéphanie Dumoulin, MPs, private practice, Gatineau, Québec, Canada; Geneviève Robillard, MSc, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau, Québec, Canada; Tanya Guitard, MPs, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau, Québec, Canada;Évelyne Klinger, PhD, Digital Interactions Health and Disability Lab, ESIEA, Laval, France; Hélène Forget, PhD, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau, Québec, Canada; Claudie Loranger, DPs, Centre intégré de santé et de services sociaux de l'Outaouais, Gatineau, Québec, Canada; François Xavier Roucaut, MD, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada, and Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire Régional de Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
| | - Évelyne Klinger
- Stéphane Bouchard, PhD, Département de psychoéducation et de psychologie, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau and Centre intégré de santé et de services sociaux de l'Outaouais, Gatineau, Québec, Canada; Stéphanie Dumoulin, MPs, private practice, Gatineau, Québec, Canada; Geneviève Robillard, MSc, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau, Québec, Canada; Tanya Guitard, MPs, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau, Québec, Canada;Évelyne Klinger, PhD, Digital Interactions Health and Disability Lab, ESIEA, Laval, France; Hélène Forget, PhD, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau, Québec, Canada; Claudie Loranger, DPs, Centre intégré de santé et de services sociaux de l'Outaouais, Gatineau, Québec, Canada; François Xavier Roucaut, MD, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada, and Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire Régional de Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
| | - Hélène Forget
- Stéphane Bouchard, PhD, Département de psychoéducation et de psychologie, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau and Centre intégré de santé et de services sociaux de l'Outaouais, Gatineau, Québec, Canada; Stéphanie Dumoulin, MPs, private practice, Gatineau, Québec, Canada; Geneviève Robillard, MSc, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau, Québec, Canada; Tanya Guitard, MPs, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau, Québec, Canada;Évelyne Klinger, PhD, Digital Interactions Health and Disability Lab, ESIEA, Laval, France; Hélène Forget, PhD, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau, Québec, Canada; Claudie Loranger, DPs, Centre intégré de santé et de services sociaux de l'Outaouais, Gatineau, Québec, Canada; François Xavier Roucaut, MD, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada, and Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire Régional de Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
| | - Claudie Loranger
- Stéphane Bouchard, PhD, Département de psychoéducation et de psychologie, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau and Centre intégré de santé et de services sociaux de l'Outaouais, Gatineau, Québec, Canada; Stéphanie Dumoulin, MPs, private practice, Gatineau, Québec, Canada; Geneviève Robillard, MSc, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau, Québec, Canada; Tanya Guitard, MPs, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau, Québec, Canada;Évelyne Klinger, PhD, Digital Interactions Health and Disability Lab, ESIEA, Laval, France; Hélène Forget, PhD, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau, Québec, Canada; Claudie Loranger, DPs, Centre intégré de santé et de services sociaux de l'Outaouais, Gatineau, Québec, Canada; François Xavier Roucaut, MD, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada, and Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire Régional de Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
| | - François Xavier Roucaut
- Stéphane Bouchard, PhD, Département de psychoéducation et de psychologie, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau and Centre intégré de santé et de services sociaux de l'Outaouais, Gatineau, Québec, Canada; Stéphanie Dumoulin, MPs, private practice, Gatineau, Québec, Canada; Geneviève Robillard, MSc, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau, Québec, Canada; Tanya Guitard, MPs, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau, Québec, Canada;Évelyne Klinger, PhD, Digital Interactions Health and Disability Lab, ESIEA, Laval, France; Hélène Forget, PhD, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau, Québec, Canada; Claudie Loranger, DPs, Centre intégré de santé et de services sociaux de l'Outaouais, Gatineau, Québec, Canada; François Xavier Roucaut, MD, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada, and Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire Régional de Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
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Tsuruta M, Takahashi T, Tokunaga M, Iwasaki M, Kataoka S, Kakuta S, Soh I, Awano S, Hirata H, Kagawa M, Ansai T. Relationships between pathologic subjective halitosis, olfactory reference syndrome, and social anxiety in young Japanese women. BMC Psychol 2017; 5:7. [PMID: 28292323 PMCID: PMC5351248 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-017-0176-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathologic subjective halitosis is known as a halitosis complaint without objective confirmation of halitosis by others or by halitometer measurements; it has been reported to be associated with social anxiety disorder. Olfactory reference syndrome is a preoccupation with the false belief that one emits a foul and offensive body odor. Generally, patients with olfactory reference syndrome are concerned with multiple body parts. However, the mouth is known to be the most common source of body odor for those with olfactory reference syndrome, which could imply that the two conditions share similar features. Therefore, we investigated potential causal relationships among pathologic subjective halitosis, olfactory reference syndrome, social anxiety, and preoccupations with body part odors. METHODS A total of 1360 female students (mean age 19.6 ± 1.1 years) answered a self-administered questionnaire regarding pathologic subjective halitosis, olfactory reference syndrome, social anxiety, and preoccupation with odors of body parts such as mouth, body, armpits, and feet. The scale for pathologic subjective halitosis followed that developed by Tsunoda et al.; participants were divided into three groups based on their scores (i.e., levels of pathologic subjective halitosis). A Bayesian network was used to analyze causal relationships between pathologic subjective halitosis, olfactory reference syndrome, social anxiety, and preoccupations with body part odors. RESULTS We found statistically significant differences in the results for olfactory reference syndrome and social anxiety among the various levels of pathologic subjective halitosis (P < 0.001). Residual analyses indicated that students with severe levels of pathologic subjective halitosis showed greater preoccupations with mouth and body odors (P < 0.05). Bayesian network analysis showed that social anxiety directly influenced pathologic subjective halitosis and olfactory reference syndrome. Preoccupations with mouth and body odors also influenced pathologic subjective halitosis. CONCLUSIONS Social anxiety may be a causal factor of pathologic subjective halitosis and olfactory reference syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Tsuruta
- Division of Community Oral Health Development, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, 803-8580, Japan
| | - Toru Takahashi
- Graduate School of Human Environment Science, Fukuoka Women's University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Miki Tokunaga
- School of Nutrition & Dietetics, Kanagawa University of Human Services, Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Masanori Iwasaki
- Division of Community Oral Health Development, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, 803-8580, Japan
| | - Shota Kataoka
- Division of Community Oral Health Development, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, 803-8580, Japan
| | - Satoko Kakuta
- Division of Community Oral Health Development, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, 803-8580, Japan
| | - Inho Soh
- Division of Community Oral Health Development, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, 803-8580, Japan
| | - Shuji Awano
- Division of Clinical Education Development and Research, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Hiromi Hirata
- Developmental Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Nutrition, Kagawa Nutrition University, Sakado, Japan
| | - Masaharu Kagawa
- Institution of Nutrition Sciences, Kagawa Nutrition University, Sakado, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Ansai
- Division of Community Oral Health Development, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, 803-8580, Japan.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on the emotional processes associated with Type D personality is important for its further conceptualization. We examined the associations of Type D personality with social and general anxiety symptoms in a large community sample. PURPOSE The aim of the current study was to disentangle the associations of Type D personality and its components with social anxiety and general anxiety in a large sample from the general population. METHODS A random sample of 2,475 adults from the general population filled out questionnaires to assess Type D personality (DS-14), social anxiety (SIAS(10), SPS(11), BFNE-II), and general anxiety (HADS-A, GAD-7). RESULTS Type D individuals were characterized by increased levels of both social and general anxiety. The social inhibition (SI) component of Type D personality was most strongly associated with social interaction anxiety (r = .63), while negative affectivity (NA) was strongly associated with general anxiety (GAD-7: r = .70; HADS-A: r = .66). Within social anxiety, SI was more strongly associated with facets of social interaction anxiety than with social phobia. Multiple regression analysis showed that the synergistic interaction of NA and SI was a predictor of social anxiety (SIAS(10): β = .32, p < .0005; SPS(11): β = .27, p < .0005; BFNE-II: β = .11, p = .007) independent of demographics and the scores on the individual Type D components. This interaction was not a significant predictor of general anxiety. Logistic regression using the dichotomous Type D classification demonstrated a 9.1-fold (95%CI, 7.0-11.8) increased odds of a score in the highest quartile of social interaction anxiety and a 7.6-fold (95%CI, 5.8-9.8) increased odds of high social phobia. Odds ratios for clinically relevant levels of general anxiety were 8.3 (95%CI, 5.5-12.5) for GAD-7 and 6.5 (95%CI, 3.4-12.6) for HADS-A. CONCLUSION In the general population, Type D individuals were characterized by both social and general anxiety. The SI component of Type D is strongly associated with social interaction anxiety and the synergistic interaction of NA and SI was associated with high social anxiety, above and beyond the main NA and SI effects.
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Jun YY, Mareschal I, Clifford CWG, Dadds MR. Cone of direct gaze as a marker of social anxiety in males. Psychiatry Res 2013; 210:193-8. [PMID: 23769393 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The fear of being scrutinised is a core feature of social anxiety disorder and socially anxious individuals overestimate being 'looked at'. A recent development in the vision sciences is a reliable psychophysical index of the range of eye gaze angles judged as being directed at oneself (Cone of Direct Gaze: CoDG). We tested the CoDG as a measure of "being looked at" in social anxiety. Participants were stratified into high/low social anxiety groups and asked to judge whether they were being 'looked at' by computerised male faces varying in eye gaze deviation and facial emotion. High socially anxious males had a wider CoDG than low socially anxious males; high and low socially anxious females did not differ. Fearful faces elicited narrower cones than neutral or angry faces; however, the effect size was small and not evident for the high socially anxious males. Measures of subjective reactions to the study, and to being looked at in general, indicated that the results may be in part due to males suffering more discomfort when being looked at. The results show that measures derived from psychophysics, in this case, the CoDG, have potential as clinical and research tools for measuring anxiety about being scrutinised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yae Young Jun
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
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Assunção MC, Costa DLDC, de Mathis MA, Shavitt RG, Ferrão YA, do Rosário MC, Miguel EC, Torres AR. Social phobia in obsessive-compulsive disorder: prevalence and correlates. J Affect Disord 2012; 143:138-47. [PMID: 22858214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social Phobia (SP) is an anxiety disorder that frequently co-occurs with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD); however, studies that evaluate clinical factors associated with this specific comorbidity are rare. The aim was to estimate the prevalence of SP in a large multicenter sample of OCD patients and compare the characteristics of individuals with and without SP. METHOD A cross-sectional study with 1001 patients of the Brazilian Research Consortium on Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders using several assessment instruments, including the Dimensional Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders. Univariate analyses were followed by logistic regression. RESULTS Lifetime prevalence of SP was 34.6% (N=346). The following variables remained associated with SP comorbidity after logistic regression: male sex, lower socioeconomic status, body dysmorphic disorder, specific phobia, dysthymia, generalized anxiety disorder, agoraphobia, Tourette syndrome and binge eating disorder. LIMITATIONS The cross-sectional design does not permit the inference of causal relationships; some retrospective information may have been subject to recall bias; all patients were being treated in tertiary services, therefore generalization of the results to other samples of OCD sufferers should be cautious. Despite the large sample size, some hypotheses may not have been confirmed due to the small number of cases with these characteristics (type 2 error). CONCLUSION SP is frequent among OCD patients and co-occurs with other disorders that have common phenomenological features. These findings have important implications for clinical practice, indicating the need for broader treatment approaches for individuals with this profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Chagas Assunção
- Department of Neurology, Psychology and Psychiatry, Botucatu Medical School, Univ. Estadual Paulista, SP, Brazil.
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Tsai CF, Wang SJ, Juang KD, Fuh JL. Use of the Chinese (Taiwan) version of the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN) among early adolescents in rural areas: reliability and validity study. J Chin Med Assoc 2009; 72:422-9. [PMID: 19686998 DOI: 10.1016/s1726-4901(09)70399-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To assess the screening abilities of the Chinese (Taiwan) version of the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN) for evaluating social phobia in an adolescent community sample. METHODS A total of 3,393 students (1,669 boys, 1,724 girls), aged 13-15, completed the SPIN questionnaire. A total of 144 students were enrolled for validity. The Mini-International-Neuropsychiatric-Interview-Kid (MINI-Kid) was used to establish Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV diagnosis. RESULTS The mean SPIN total score of all subjects was 14.2 +/- 9.4, which was higher in girls than in boys (14.7 +/- 9.4 vs. 13.7 +/- 9.1; p < 0.01). The 7th graders had the highest SPIN total scores compared with the 8th and 9th graders (15.4 +/- 9.7 vs. 13.4 +/- 9.1 and 14.0 +/- 9.4; p < 0.001). Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.85) and test-retest reliability (r = 0.73) were both good. A cut-off score of 25 resulted in balanced sensitivity (80%) and specificity (77%). CONCLUSION The Chinese (Taiwan) SPIN has good screening abilities. The cut-offs are different from those in other countries, and highlight the importance of culturally adapted cut-offs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Fen Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, and National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Thomasson P, Psouni E. Social anxiety and related social impairment are linked to self-efficacy and dysfunctional coping. Scand J Psychol 2009; 51:171-8. [PMID: 19500297 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9450.2009.00731.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated relationships between severity of social anxiety as well as related experiences of social impairment and self-efficacy, social control and coping strategies. Social anxiety was regarded as a continuum ranging from mild social discomfort to totally inhibiting anxiety. Participants (N = 113, ages 19-60 years), recruited from a forum for individuals with social phobia and among university students, responded to a self-administered questionnaire. Besides the expected association between a low sense of social control and more severe social anxiety and related social impairment, we found severity of social anxiety and related impairment to be associated with low self-efficacy. This relationship was partly mediated by dysfunctional coping strategies. We suggest that low self-efficacy may increase an individual's tendency to rely on dysfunctional coping strategies for dealing with anxiety experienced in social situations. In turn, using dysfunctional coping strategies appears to exacerbate the experience of impairment from social anxiety.
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Gonda X, Fountoulakis KN, Kaprinis G, Rihmer Z. Prediction and prevention of suicide in patients with unipolar depression and anxiety. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2007; 6:23. [PMID: 17803824 PMCID: PMC2031887 DOI: 10.1186/1744-859x-6-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2007] [Accepted: 09/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological data suggest that between 59 and 87% of suicide victims suffered from major depression while up to 15% of these patients will eventually commit suicide. Male gender, previous suicide attempt(s), comorbid mental disorders, adverse life-situations, acute psycho-social stressors etc. also constitute robust risk factors. Anxiety and minor depression present with a low to moderate increase in suicide risk but anxiety-depression comorbidity increases this risk dramatically Contrary to the traditional psychoanalytic approach which considers suicide as a retrospective murder or an aggression turned in-wards, more recent studies suggest that the motivations to commit suicide may vary and are often too obscure. Neurobiological data suggest that low brain serotonin activity might play a key role along with the tryptophan hydroxylase gene. Social factors include social support networks, religion etc. It is proven that most suicide victims had asked for professional help just before committing suicide, however they were either not diagnosed (particularly males) or the treatment they received was inappropriate or inadequate. The conclusion is that promoting suicide prevention requires the improving of training and skills of both psychiatrists and many non-psychiatrists and especially GPs in recognizing and treating depression and anxiety. A shift of focus of attention is required in primary care to detect potentially suicidal patients presenting with psychological problems. The proper use of antidepressants, after a careful diagnostic evaluation, is important and recent studies suggest that successful acute and long-term antidepressant pharmacotherapy reduces suicide morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xenia Gonda
- Clinical Psychologist, Department of Psychiatry, No. III, National Institute for Psychiatry and Neurology, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - George Kaprinis
- 3rd Department of Psychiatry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Zoltan Rihmer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest, Hungary
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Giacaman R, Abu-Rmeileh NME, Husseini A, Saab H, Boyce W. Humiliation: the invisible trauma of war for Palestinian youth. Public Health 2007; 121:563-71; discussion 572-7. [PMID: 17568641 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2006.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2005] [Revised: 06/12/2006] [Accepted: 10/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the influence of exposure to humiliation in war-like conditions on health status in 10th- and 11th-grade students living in the Ramallah District, West Bank, Occupied Palestinian Territory. STUDY DESIGN A stratified single-stage cluster sample of 3415 students from cities, towns, villages and refugee camps of the Ramallah District. METHODS Survey questions were derived from the World Health Organization's Health Behaviour in School-aged Children Survey, the Gaza Community Mental Health Programme Traumatic Event Checklist, and focus group discussions with young people. The survey questionnaire was completed by students in their classrooms, under the supervision of a trained field worker. RESULTS There was a significant association between a high number of subjective health complaints and demographic variables, particularly for females compared with males, and refugee camp dwellers compared with village dwellers. In addition, exposure to humiliation was significantly associated with an increased number of subjective health complaints. Students experiencing three forms of humiliation were found to be 2.5 times more likely to report a high number of subjective health complaints compared with those who had never been exposed to humiliation (52% vs 21%), while those experiencing four forms of humiliation were three times more likely to report a high number of subjective health complaints (62% vs 21%). A multiple logistic regression model revealed that humiliation was significantly associated with a high number of subjective health complaints, even after adjusting for sex, residence and other measures of exposure to violent events. The odds ratio of reporting a high number of subjective health complaints increased as the number of forms of humiliation increased, with values of 1.69, 2.67, 4.43 and 7.49 for reporting a high number of subjective health complaints when exposed to one, two, three or four forms of humiliation, respectively, compared with those who had never been exposed to humiliation. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study demonstrate that humiliation induced by conflict and war-like conditions constitutes an independent traumatic event that is associated with negative health outcomes in its own right, regardless of exposure to other violent/traumatic events. Based on these findings, it is proposed that humiliation should be included as an indicator of mental health status in research that investigates the consequences of war and conflict on the health of populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Giacaman
- Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, Box 154, Ramallah, West Bank, Occupied Palestinian Territory.
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de Lima Osório F, Crippa JA, Loureiro SR. A study of the discriminative validity of a screening tool (MINI-SPIN) for social anxiety disorder applied to Brazilian university students. Eur Psychiatry 2007; 22:239-43. [PMID: 17346942 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2007.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2006] [Revised: 12/21/2006] [Accepted: 01/08/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the discriminative validity of MINI-SPIN (MS) as a screening tool for social anxiety disorder (SAD) in a group of Brazilian university students. METHOD SPIN was collectively applied to 2320 university students. Among them, 656 individuals who fulfilled the criteria for positive MS (N=473) and negative MS (N=183) were selected and divided into two groups. The selected subjects were interviewed by telephone using the SAD module of the SCID-IV, used as the gold standard. In order to check interrater reliability, a group of university students (N=57) was reinterviewed by telephone by a second rater, and another group (N=100) participated in a face-to-face interview. RESULTS The Kappa coefficient among the telephone interviews was 0.80, and a coefficient of 0.84 (P<0.001) was obtained between the telephone interview and the face-to-face one. For a cut-off score of 6, suggested in the original English version of the instrument, sensitivity was 0.94, specificity 0.46, the positive predictive value (PPV) was 0.58, and the negative predictive value (NPV) was 0.92. For a cut-off score of 7, we observed an increase in the specificity and in the PPV (0.68 and 0.65) while the sensitivity and NPV (0.78 and 0.80) remained high. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION MS showed quite satisfactory psychometric qualities. The cut-off score of 6 seemed to be the most suitable to attest the tracking value of the tool. However, the cut-off score of 7 was the most suitable as a minimum parameter for the studied group, with psychometric values more similar to those of the original study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia de Lima Osório
- Department of Neurology, Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. dos Bandeirantes 3900, Campus Universitário, Ribeirão Preto, CEP 14048-900, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Bracha HS, Lenze SM, Tsang Mui Chung M. A surgical treatment for anxiety-triggered palmar hyperhidrosis is not unlike treating tearfulness in major depression by severing the nerves to the lacrimal glands. Br J Dermatol 2006; 155:1299-300. [PMID: 17107409 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2006.07547.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bracha HS, Lenze SM. Why are we using surgery as a first line of treatment for an anxiety disorder? Clin Auton Res 2006; 16:406. [PMID: 16865325 DOI: 10.1007/s10286-006-0364-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Shishkina GT, Dygalo NN, Yudina AM, Kalinina TS, Tolstikova TG, Sorokina IV, Kovalenko IL, Anikina LV. The effects of fluoxetine and its complexes with glycerrhizic acid on behavior in rats and brain monoamine levels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 36:329-33. [PMID: 16583158 DOI: 10.1007/s11055-006-0021-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2004] [Accepted: 06/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The effects of the serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine (FL) and its complexes with glycyrrhizic acid (GA) in molar ratios of 1:1 (FLG-1) and 4:1 (FLG-4) on the behavior of adult rats were studied in an elevated cross maze, with measurement of brain monoamine and monamine metabolite levels. Agents were given via the intragastric route using a cannula at a dose of 25 mg/kg 1 h before testing. FL increased anxiety in the rats and decreased their movement activity; FLG-1 and FLG-4 had no effect on behavior. None of the agents affected brain serotonin content, though all decreased the levels of its metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the hypothalamus, FLG-4 also decreasing this in the cortex. Noradrenaline levels in the hypothalamus were increased after FLG-1 and FLG-4. In the striatum, FL increased the levels of dopamine and its metabolite dihydroxyphenylacetic acid but had no effect on the level of transmitter catabolism. Unlike FL, FLG-1 activated dopamine metabolism in the striatum. Overall, use of FL complexed with GA significantly modified its behavioral effects, which appears to be associated with the effects of FL and its complexes on the function of the monoaminergic systems involved in controlling behavior.
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Udo de Haes JI, Harada N, Elsinga PH, Maguire RP, Tsukada H. Effect of fenfluramine-induced increases in serotonin release on [18F]MPPF binding: a continuous infusion PET study in conscious monkeys. Synapse 2006; 59:18-26. [PMID: 16237679 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
[(18)F]MPPF is a selective and reversible antagonist to the serotonin-1A (5-HT(1A)) receptor. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the binding of [(18)F]MPPF is sensitive to increases in 5-HT levels. We used the 5-HT releasing agent and reuptake inhibitor fenfluramine (FEN) to increase the concentration of 5-HT. [(18)F]MPPF binding was assessed using positron emission tomography (PET) in conscious monkeys. Possible effects of blood flow on ligand binding were excluded by using a bolus-infusion paradigm. Control scans were obtained to assess the state of ligand equilibrium. FEN (5 or 10 mg/kg, i.v.) was administered between 90 and 130 min after the start of the [(18)F]MPPF infusion. The binding potential (BP) was calculated for an early interval (30 min preceding FEN administration) and late interval (20-50 min after administration of FEN). Microdialyses results showed a 20- and 35-fold increase in extracellular 5-HT levels in the prefrontal cortex after injection of FEN at a dose of 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg respectively. However, despite these large increases in 5-HT levels, no differences in BP were found between the control and FEN scans. These results may imply that the majority of 5-HT(1A) receptors is in the low affinity state in the living brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna I Udo de Haes
- Department of Biological Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands.
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DeWit DJ, Chandler-Coutts M, Offord DR, King G, McDougall J, Specht J, Stewart S. Gender differences in the effects of family adversity on the risk of onset of DSM-III-R social phobia. J Anxiety Disord 2005; 19:479-502. [PMID: 15749569 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2004.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2004] [Revised: 03/11/2004] [Accepted: 04/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Utilizing a random probability sample of Canadian residents aged 15-64 (n = 8116), this study assessed gender differences in the onset of social phobia and the moderating influence of gender on indicators of childhood family adversity hypothesized to increase the risk of developing the disorder. Results revealed statistically significant "gender by family adversity" interactions that varied by disorder sub-type. Among males, absence of a parent or other adult close confidant during childhood was associated with an elevated risk of developing social phobia (all diagnosed cases and the non-generalized sub-type). Risk factors unique to females included parental conflict while growing up (all diagnosed cases), childhood physical abuse by a father figure (generalized sub-type), and maternal mania (non-generalized sub-type). Results highlight the importance of distinguishing between social phobia sub-types in gender-based research as well as the use of family adversity measures that capture the parenting behaviors and mental health status of both parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J DeWit
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 100 Collip Circle, Suite 200, London, Ont., Canada N6G 4X8.
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30
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Udo de Haes JI, Cremers TIFH, Bosker FJ, Postema F, Tiemersma-Wegman TD, den Boer JA. Effect of increased serotonin levels on [18F]MPPF binding in rat brain: fenfluramine vs the combination of citalopram and ketanserin. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005; 30:1624-31. [PMID: 15827572 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
[18F]MPPF is a selective serotonin-1A (5-HT1A) receptor antagonist and may be used to measure changes in the functional levels of serotonin (5-HT). The technique is based on the assumption that the injected radiolabeled ligand competes for the same receptor as the endogenous transmitter. Results from studies using serotonergic ligands are not always consistent. The aim of the present study was to investigate if [18F]MPPF binding is decreased after an increase in 5-HT levels. [18F]MPPF binding was assessed in conscious rats using ex vivo autoradiography. We studied the effect of the 5-HT-releasing agent and reuptake inhibitor fenfluramine (10 mg/kg i.p.) and of a combination of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) citalopram (10 micromol/kg, s.c.) with the 5-HT2C antagonist ketanserin (100 nmol/kg, s.c). The effect of both treatments on extracellular 5-HT levels was determined using microdialysis. Fenfluramine treatment resulted in a 30-fold increase in extracellular 5-HT levels in the ventral hippocampus and induced a significant reduction of [18F]MPPF binding in the frontal cortex, hypothalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus. The microdialysis results showed a 10-fold 5-HT increase in the ventral hippocampus after combined administration of ketanserin and citalopram. The combination, however, did not affect [18F]MPPF binding. Our data show that [18F]MPPF binding in conscious rats is only reduced after substantial and therefore nonphysiological increases in 5-HT levels. These results may imply that the majority of 5-HT1A receptors is in the low-affinity state, in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna I Udo de Haes
- Department of Biological Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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31
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Phan KL, Fitzgerald DA, Cortese BM, Seraji-Bozorgzad N, Tancer ME, Moore GJ. Anterior cingulate neurochemistry in social anxiety disorder: 1H-MRS at 4???Tesla. Neuroreport 2005; 16:183-6. [PMID: 15671874 DOI: 10.1097/00001756-200502080-00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest exaggerated responses in the limbic system of patients with generalized social anxiety disorder in response to threat/anxiety-related social situations and aversive conditioning, processes mediated by the glutamatergic system. This single-voxel, high-field 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy study examined concentrations of glutamate, and other metabolites, in the anterior cingulate cortex and occipital cortex (control region) of 10 medication-naive patients with generalized social anxiety and 10 matched healthy comparison subjects. Glutamate (relative to creatine) levels were significantly higher in patients than controls in the anterior cingulate, but not occipital, cortex. Anterior cingulate glutamate/creatine levels were also correlated with intensity of social anxiety symptoms. These findings provide new evidence of glutamate's involvement in the neural mechanism underlying social phobia.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Luan Phan
- Department of Psychiatry, Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue MC3077 (L-461), Chicago, IL, USA.
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32
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Eckleberry-Hunt J, Dohrenwend A. Sociocultural interpretations of social phobia in a non-heterosexual female. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2005; 49:103-17. [PMID: 16048896 DOI: 10.1300/j082v49n02_06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Social Phobia is a prominent anxiety disorder that is not well-understood, especially among socially marginalized, non-heterosexual individuals. A case description of Social Phobia symptoms in a female who is unsure of her sexual identity is presented and analyzed. The diagnostic assumptions of Social Phobia as applied to the case are critically examined. The goal is to highlight unanswered questions regarding social anxiety among non-heterosexuals and to open a discussion of cultural etiological theory. Implications for treating Social Phobia with a cultural component are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie Eckleberry-Hunt
- William Beaumont Family Practice Residency, 44300 Dequindre, Sterling Heights, MI, 48314, USA.
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Smith B, Osborne A, Jones H, White T, Mann M. Arousal and Behavior. NUTRITION, BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2004. [DOI: 10.1201/9780203618851.ch3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Mystkowski JL, Mineka S, Vernon LL, Zinbarg RE. Changes in caffeine states enhance return of fear in spider phobia. J Consult Clin Psychol 2003; 71:243-50. [PMID: 12699019 DOI: 10.1037/0022-006x.71.2.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of phobias is sometimes followed by a return of fear. Animal and human research has shown that changes in external and internal contexts between the time of treatment and follow-up tests often enhance return of fear. The present study examined whether shifts in caffeine (C) state would enhance return of fear. Participants who were highly afraid of spiders (n = 43) were treated in 1-session exposure-based therapy and tested for follow-up 1 week later. Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups and received either placebo (P) or C at treatment and follow-up sessions: CC, PP, CP, and PC. Results demonstrated state-dependent learning. Participants experiencing incongruent drug states during treatment and follow-up (CP and PC) exhibited greater return of fear than those experiencing congruent drug states (CC and PP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayson L Mystkowski
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce N Cuthbert
- Adult Psychopathology and Prevention Research Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-9625, USA
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