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Nilsson B, Bylund J, Halldin MM, Rother M, Rein-Hedin E, Önnestam K, Segerdahl M. ACD856, a novel positive allosteric modulator of Trk receptors, single ascending doses in healthy subjects: Safety and pharmacokinetics. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2024; 80:717-727. [PMID: 38353689 PMCID: PMC11001683 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-024-03645-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE AlzeCure Pharma AB is developing novel positive allosteric modulators of Trk-receptors for treatment of Alzheimer's disease, depression, other psychiatric conditions and other disorders where cognition is impaired. The preceding candidate drug ACD855 was shown to have a too long half-life in humans to allow further development. To de-risk the development of the follow-up compound ACD856, the oral single ascending dose study of ACD856 in humans was preceded by an intravenous microdose study, assessing the elimination half-life in plasma. METHODS A phase 0 study with a microdose of ACD856 (0.100 mg), was conducted in six healthy male subjects all receiving ACD856. Sequentially, a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind Phase I single ascending oral dose study (1 - 150 mg) was conducted, including 56 healthy subjects. Both studies assessed the safety and tolerability, as well as the PK properties of ACD856 after single dose intravenous and oral administration. RESULTS ACD856 was well tolerated with no treatment emergent, or dose related adverse events or other safety assessments. In the microdose study, ACD856 exhibited a bi-exponential plasma decline, low distribution volume, low plasma clearance with a half-life of approximately 20 hours. Orally, ACD856 exhibited rapid absorption, an almost complete bioavailability and a dose proportional increase in exposure. While the Cmax was lowered and delayed by food intake, the effect on plasma half-life and the overall bioavailability was low. No renal elimination of ACD856 was detected. CONCLUSION The prediction proved accurate demonstrating the value of conducting a microdose study prior to ascending dose studies. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT05783830 March 24, 2023 (microdose study, retrospectively registered) and NCT05077631 October 14, 2021 (single ascending dose study).
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Affiliation(s)
- Boel Nilsson
- AlzeCure Pharma AB, Hälsovägen 7, SE-141 57, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Johan Bylund
- CTC Clinical Trial Consultants AB, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 10B, SE-752 37, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Matthias Rother
- AlzeCure Pharma AB, Hälsovägen 7, SE-141 57, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Erik Rein-Hedin
- CTC Clinical Trial Consultants AB, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 10B, SE-752 37, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Plastic Surgery, Uppsala University, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Märta Segerdahl
- AlzeCure Pharma AB, Hälsovägen 7, SE-141 57, Huddinge, Sweden.
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Alfred Nobels allé 23, SE-141 52, Huddinge, Sweden.
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Camilleri M, Jencks K. Pharmacogenetics in IBS: update and impact of GWAS studies in drug targets and metabolism. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2024; 20:319-332. [PMID: 38785066 PMCID: PMC11139426 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2024.2349716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Medications are frequently prescribed for patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) or disorders of gut brain interaction. The level of drug metabolism and modifications in drug targets determine medication efficacy to modify motor or sensory function as well as patient response outcomes. AREAS COVERED The literature search included PubMed searches with the terms: pharmacokinetics, pharmacogenomics, epigenetics, clinical trials, irritable bowel syndrome, disorders of gut brain interaction, and genome-wide association studies. The main topics covered in relation to irritable bowel syndrome were precision medicine, pharmacogenomics related to drug metabolism, pharmacogenomics related to mechanistic targets, and epigenetics. EXPERT OPINION Pharmacogenomics impacting drug metabolism [CYP 2D6 (cytochrome P450 2D6) or 2C19 (cytochrome P450 2C19)] is the most practical approach to precision medicine in the treatment of IBS. Although there are proof of concept studies that have documented the importance of genetic modification of transmitters or receptors in altering responses to medications in IBS, these principles have rarely been applied in patient response outcomes. Genome-wide association (GWAS) studies have now documented the association of symptoms with genetic variation but not the evaluation of treatment responses. Considerably more research, particularly focused on patient response outcomes and epigenetics, is essential to impact this field in clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Camilleri
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (CENTER), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kara Jencks
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (CENTER), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Gencpinar P, Bal Yuksel E, Basarir G, Kanik A, Arslan FD, Olgac Dundar N, Karakoyun I. The Role of Breast Milk Neurotrophin Levels in Infantile Colic Pathogenesis: A Cross-Sectional Case-Control Study. Breastfeed Med 2023; 18:908-912. [PMID: 38100441 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2023.0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Immaturity of the digestive tract and enteric nervous system is a widely accepted theory for infantile colic (IC) etiopathogenesis. The study aimed to show whether neurotrophins that are necessary for normal functioning and development of the gastrointestinal system have a role in the pathogenesis of IC. Materials and Methods: The IC group (n = 75) comprising the mothers of infants with IC and the control group (n = 75) were included to this cross-sectional case-control study. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), and nerve growth factor (NGF) levels of breast milk samples were evaluated by immunosorbent analysis method. Results: The mean age of infants with IC was 7.3 ± 2.8 weeks, while the mean age of the control group was 8.1 ± 2.9 weeks (p = 0.110). No significant difference was found between the breast milk BDNF, GDNF, CNTF, and NGF levels of two groups (p = 0.941, p = 0.510, p = 0.533, p = 0.839, respectively). Conclusions: This is the first report comparing the neurotrophin levels of the breast milk samples taken from the mothers of infants with and without IC. The study demonstrated that breast milk neurotrophin levels of the mothers did not differ significantly between the infants with and without IC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Gencpinar
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Esra Bal Yuksel
- Department of Pediatrics, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gunce Basarir
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ali Kanik
- Department of Pediatrics, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Fatma Demet Arslan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Nihal Olgac Dundar
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Inanc Karakoyun
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Izmir, Turkey
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4
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Quan X, Chen W, Liang C, Jia Y, Wang Y, Luo H, Wang J. Downregulation of BDNF-TrkB signaling may contribute to the colonic motility disorders in mice with streptozocin-induced diabetes. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2023; 35:e14647. [PMID: 37417388 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) acts as a neuromodulator to regulate gut motility, but the role of BDNF in diabetes-related dysmotility is uncertain. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible involvement of BDNF and its receptor TrkB in the colonic hypomotility of mice with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. METHODS A single intraperitoneal injection of STZ was used to establish a type 1 diabetes model. An organ bath system was applied to observe the contractile activities of colonic muscle strips. Immunofluorescence and western blotting were performed to evaluate the expression of BDNF and TrkB in the colon. ELISA was used to detect BDNF and SP levels in the serum and colon. The patch-clamp technique was applied to record the currents of L-type calcium channels and large conductance Ca2+ -activated K+ channels on smooth muscle cells. KEY RESULTS Compared with healthy controls, diabetic mice showed attenuated colonic muscle contraction (p < 0.001), which was partly reversed by BDNF supplementation. TrkB protein expression was significantly reduced in diabetic mice (p < 0.05). In addition, both BDNF and substance P (SP) levels were decreased, and exogenous administration of BDNF increased SP levels in diabetic mice (p < 0.05). Both the TrkB antagonist and the TrkB antibody inhibited the spontaneous contraction of colonic muscle strips (p < 0.01). Moreover, the BDNF-TrkB signaling system enhanced SP-induced muscle contraction. CONCLUSIONS Downregulation of BDNF/TrkB signaling and reduced SP release from the colon may contribute to the colonic hypomotility associated with type 1 diabetes. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor supplementation may have therapeutic potential for diabetes-related constipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Quan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunni Liang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuan Jia
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yonghua Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hesheng Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinhai Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Qu Y, Park SH, Dallas DC. The Role of Bovine Kappa-Casein Glycomacropeptide in Modulating the Microbiome and Inflammatory Responses of Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Nutrients 2023; 15:3991. [PMID: 37764775 PMCID: PMC10538225 DOI: 10.3390/nu15183991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common gastrointestinal disorder marked by chronic abdominal pain, bloating, and irregular bowel habits. Effective treatments are still actively sought. Kappa-casein glycomacropeptide (GMP), a milk-derived peptide, holds promise because it can modulate the gut microbiome, immune responses, gut motility, and barrier functions, as well as binding toxins. These properties align with the recognized pathophysiological aspects of IBS, including gut microbiota imbalances, immune system dysregulation, and altered gut barrier functions. This review delves into GMP's role in regulating the gut microbiome, accentuating its influence on bacterial populations and its potential to promote beneficial bacteria while inhibiting pathogenic varieties. It further investigates the gut microbial shifts observed in IBS patients and contemplates GMP's potential for restoring microbial equilibrium and overall gut health. The anti-inflammatory attributes of GMP, especially its impact on vital inflammatory markers and capacity to temper the low-grade inflammation present in IBS are also discussed. In addition, this review delves into current research on GMP's effects on gut motility and barrier integrity and examines the changes in gut motility and barrier function observed in IBS sufferers. The overarching goal is to assess the potential clinical utility of GMP in IBS management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyao Qu
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (Y.Q.); (S.H.P.)
- Nutrition Program, College of Health, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Si Hong Park
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (Y.Q.); (S.H.P.)
| | - David C. Dallas
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (Y.Q.); (S.H.P.)
- Nutrition Program, College of Health, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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6
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Sydney-Smith JD, Koltchev AM, Moon LDF, Warren PM. Delayed viral vector mediated delivery of neurotrophin-3 improves skilled hindlimb function and stability after thoracic contusion. Exp Neurol 2023; 360:114278. [PMID: 36455639 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Intramuscular injection of an Adeno-associated viral vector serotype 1 (AAV1) encoding Neurotrophin-3 (NT3) into hindlimb muscles 24 h after a severe T9 spinal level contusion in rats has been shown to induce lumbar spinal neuroplasticity, partially restore locomotive function and reduce spasms during swimming. Here we investigate whether a targeted delivery of NT3 to lumbar and thoracic motor neurons 48 h following a severe contusive injury aids locomotive recovery in rats. AAV1-NT3 was injected bilaterally into the tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius and rectus abdominus muscles 48-h following trauma, persistently elevating serum levels of the neurotrophin. NT3 modestly improved trunk stability, accuracy of stepping during skilled locomotion, and alternation of the hindlimbs during swimming, but it had no effect on gross locomotor function in the open field. The number of vGlut1+ boutons, likely arising from proprioceptive afferents, on gastrocnemius α-motor neurons was increased after injury but normalised following NT3 treatment, suggestive of a mechanism in which functional benefits may be mediated through proprioceptive feedback. Ex vivo MRI revealed substantial loss of grey and white matter at the lesion epicentre but no effect of delayed NT3 treatment to induce neuroprotection. Lower body spasms and hyperreflexia of an intrinsic paw muscle were not reliably induced in this severe injury model suggesting a more complex anatomical or physiological cause to their induction. We have shown that delayed intramuscular AAV-NT3 treatment can promote recovery in skilled stepping and coordinated swimming, supporting a role for NT3 as a therapeutic strategy for spinal injuries potentially through modulation of somatosensory feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared D Sydney-Smith
- The Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London Bridge, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Alice M Koltchev
- The Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London Bridge, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Lawrence D F Moon
- The Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London Bridge, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Philippa M Warren
- The Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London Bridge, London SE1 1UL, UK.
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7
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Camilleri M, Zhernakova A, Bozzarelli I, D'Amato M. Genetics of irritable bowel syndrome: shifting gear via biobank-scale studies. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 19:689-702. [PMID: 35948782 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-022-00662-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is multifactorial and probably involves genetic predisposition and the effect of environmental factors. Unlike other gastrointestinal diseases with a heritable component, genetic research in IBS has been scarce and mostly characterized by small underpowered studies, leading to inconclusive results. The availability of genomic and health-related data from large international cohorts and population-based biobanks offers unprecedented opportunities for long-awaited, well-powered genetic studies in IBS. This Review focuses on the latest advances that provide compelling evidence for the importance of genes involved in the digestion of carbohydrates, ion channel function, neurotransmitters and their receptors, neuronal pathways and the control of gut motility. These discoveries have generated novel information that might be further refined for the identification of predisposed individuals and selection of management strategies for patients. This Review presents a conceptual framework, the advantages and potential limitations of modern genetic research in IBS, and a summary of available evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Camilleri
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (CENTER) and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Alexandra Zhernakova
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Mauro D'Amato
- Gastrointestinal Genetics Lab, CIC bioGUNE - BRTA, Derio, Spain. .,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain. .,Department of Medicine and Surgery, LUM University, Casamassima, Italy.
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8
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Cai T, Zheng SP, Shi X, Yuan LZ, Hu H, Zhou B, Xiao SL, Wang F. Therapeutic effect of fecal microbiota transplantation on chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depression. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:900652. [PMID: 35967846 PMCID: PMC9366333 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.900652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objective Depression is a complex neuropsychiatric disease with extensive morbidity. Its pathogenesis remains unclear, and it is associated with extremely low rates of cure and complete remission. It is vital to study the pathogenesis of depression to develop effective treatments. This study aimed to explore the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) for the treatment of depression in rats. Methods Thirty Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into three groups: control, chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) to model depression, and CUMS+FMT. For the CUMS and CUMS+FMT groups, after CUMS intervention (four weeks), the rats were given normal saline or FMT (once/week for three weeks), respectively. Behavior, colonic motility, 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing, and untargeted metabolomics on fecal samples were compared between the three rat groups. The following markers were analyzed: 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate (Glu), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in the hippocampus; glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and interleukin (IL)-6 levels in the serum; and GLP-1, GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R), and serotonin 4 receptor (5-HT4R) levels in colonic tissues. Results FMT improved symptoms of depression and colonic motility in rats exposed to CUMS. The expression levels of 5-HT, GABA, BDNF, and other biochemical indices, significantly differed among the three groups. Meanwhile, the intestinal microbiota in the CUMS+FMT group was more similar to that of the control group with a total of 13 different fecal metabolites. Conclusion FMT exerted antidepressant effects on CUMS-induced depression in rats, and the mechanism involved various neurotransmitters, inflammatory factors, neurotrophic factors, and glucagon-like peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Cai
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shao-peng Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ling-zhi Yuan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hai Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bai Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shi-lang Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fen Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Fen Wang,
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Singh A, Singh J, Rattan S. Evidence for the presence and release of BDNF in the neuronal and non-neuronal structures of the internal anal sphincter. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2022; 34:e14099. [PMID: 33624396 PMCID: PMC9558559 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data on the neuromodulatory effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the gastrointestinal tract were recently reported, but there are still no data on the presence, distribution, and release of BDNF in the gastrointestinal tract, including the internal anal sphincter (IAS). METHODS We examined the presence and distribution of BDNF and its receptor TrkB in the different IAS structures (neuronal and non-neuronal) via immunohistochemical and immunocytochemical analyses. We also monitored the release of BDNF in an IAS muscle bath (consisting of smooth muscle cells [SMCs], myenteric plexus, and submucosal plexus) before and after different agonists, and electrical field stimulation in the absence and presence of neurotoxin tetrodotoxin. KEY RESULTS BDNF/TrkB was found to be present in all layers of the IAS, especially the smooth muscle, mucosa, myenteric plexus, and submucosal plexus. Detailed analyses revealed a significant colocalization between BDNF and TrkB in different structures, especially in the smooth muscle, the SMCs, and both plexuses. Data further showed higher levels of BDNF in the cytosol and that of TrkB toward the periphery of the SMCs. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES These studies showed that BDNF/TrkB was present not only in the enteric nervous system (ENS), but also in the SMCs. For the neuromodulatory effects, BDNF is released locally from the ENS ((myenteric (10.01 ± 0.23 pg/ml) and submucosal plexus (9.05 ± 0.51 pg/ml)) and the SMCs (18.63 ± 1.63 pg/ml). Collectively, these findings have pathophysiological and therapeutic implications regarding the role of BDNF/TrkB in the IAS-associated rectoanal motility disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Singh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, 1025 Walnut Street, Room #320 College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
| | - Jagmohan Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Jefferson Alumni Hall, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
| | - Satish Rattan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, 1025 Walnut Street, Room #320 College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
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Li JT, Dong SQ, Qian T, Yang WB, Chen XJ. Mouse Nerve Growth Factor Injection and Progression Rate in Patients With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: An Observational Study. Front Neurol 2022; 13:829569. [PMID: 35250834 PMCID: PMC8891443 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.829569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive, fatal disease with no curative treatment up to now. This study aims to analyze ALS progression of patients treated with mouse nerve growth factor (mNGF), as well as the effects, side effects, and adverse events of the therapy. Materials and Methods A retrospective, observational study was performed including 94 patients with ALS from July 2020 to July 2021. Thirty-two of them were treated with at least one course of mNGF on a regular riluzole use, and the rest 62 were treated with riluzole only. The declining rates of body mass index (BMI) and ALS Functional Rating Scale-Revised (ALSFRS-R) scores were compared between the two groups to indicate ALS progression. Results No significant differences in ALS progression indicated by the declining rates of BMI and ALSFRS-R score were observed between the two cohorts. ALS progression before and after the first treatment course of mNGF also showed no discernible difference. However, we noticed a moderate 62.7 and 25.1% reduction in the declining rate of BMI and ALSFRS-R motor subscore when comparing mNGF + riluzole treatment to riluzole only. The mNGF treatment was overall safe and well-tolerated, and a rare case of diarrhea was reported after mNGF injection. Conclusions Our study revealed that mNGF treatment was overall safe and well-tolerated in patients of ALS. Application of mNGF combined with regular riluzole treatment had no significant clinical effects on delaying ALS progression. Prospective cohort studies and randomized clinical trials based on larger cohorts and longer follow-up times are needed to make a more convincing conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Tong Li
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - Si-Qi Dong
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Qian
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Bo Yang
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang-Jun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xiang-Jun Chen ; orcid.org/0000-0002-8108-9013
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Sydney-Smith JD, Spejo AB, Warren PM, Moon LDF. Peripherally delivered Adeno-associated viral vectors for spinal cord injury repair. Exp Neurol 2021; 348:113945. [PMID: 34896114 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Via the peripheral and autonomic nervous systems, the spinal cord directly or indirectly connects reciprocally with many body systems (muscular, intengumentary, respiratory, immune, digestive, excretory, reproductive, cardiovascular, etc). Accordingly, spinal cord injury (SCI) can result in catastrophe for multiple body systems including muscle paralysis affecting movement and loss of normal sensation, as well as neuropathic pain, spasticity, reduced fertility and autonomic dysreflexia. Treatments and cure for an injured spinal cord will likely require access of therapeutic agents across the blood-CNS (central nervous system) barrier. However, some types of repair within the CNS may be possible by targeting treatment to peripherally located cells or by delivering Adeno-Associated Viral vectors (AAVs) by peripheral routes (e.g., intrathecal, intravenous). This review will consider some future possibilities for SCI repair generated by therapeutic peripheral gene delivery. There are now six gene therapies approved worldwide as safe and effective medicines of which three were created by modification of the apparently nonpathogenic Adeno-Associated Virus. One of these AAVs, Zolgensma, is injected intrathecally for treatment of spinal muscular atrophy in children. One day, delivery of AAVs into peripheral tissues might improve recovery after spinal cord injury in humans; we discuss experiments by us and others delivering transgenes into nerves or muscles for sensorimotor recovery in animal models of SCI or of stroke including human Neurotrophin-3. We also describe ongoing efforts to develop AAVs that are delivered to particular targets within and without the CNS after peripheral administration using capsids with improved tropisms, promoters that are selective for particular cell types, and methods for controlling the dose and duration of expression of a transgene. In conclusion, in the future, minimally invasive administration of AAVs may improve recovery after SCI with minimal side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared D Sydney-Smith
- Neurorestoration Group, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, University of London, 16-20 Newcomen Street, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Aline B Spejo
- Neurorestoration Group, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, University of London, 16-20 Newcomen Street, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Philippa M Warren
- Neurorestoration Group, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, University of London, 16-20 Newcomen Street, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Lawrence D F Moon
- Neurorestoration Group, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, University of London, 16-20 Newcomen Street, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom.
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12
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Bonfiglio F, Liu X, Smillie C, Pandit A, Kurilshikov A, Bacigalupe R, Zheng T, Nim H, Garcia-Etxebarria K, Bujanda L, Andreasson A, Agreus L, Walter S, Abecasis G, Eijsbouts C, Jostins L, Parkes M, Hughes DA, Timpson N, Raes J, Franke A, Kennedy NA, Regev A, Zhernakova A, Simren M, Camilleri M, D'Amato M. GWAS of stool frequency provides insights into gastrointestinal motility and irritable bowel syndrome. CELL GENOMICS 2021; 1:None. [PMID: 34957435 PMCID: PMC8654685 DOI: 10.1016/j.xgen.2021.100069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gut dysmotility is associated with constipation, diarrhea, and functional gastrointestinal disorders like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), although its molecular underpinnings are poorly characterized. We studied stool frequency (defined by the number of bowel movements per day, based on questionnaire data) as a proxy for gut motility in a GWAS meta-analysis including 167,875 individuals from UK Biobank and four smaller population-based cohorts. We identify 14 loci associated with stool frequency (p ≤ 5.0 × 10-8). Gene set and pathway analyses detected enrichment for genes involved in neurotransmitter/neuropeptide signaling and preferentially expressed in enteric motor neurons controlling peristalsis. PheWAS identified pleiotropic associations with dysmotility syndromes and the response to their pharmacological treatment. The genetic architecture of stool frequency correlates with that of IBS, and UK Biobank participants from the top 1% of stool frequency polygenic score distribution were associated with 5× higher risk of IBS with diarrhea. These findings pave the way for the identification of actionable pathological mechanisms in IBS and the dysmotility syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando Bonfiglio
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xingrong Liu
- Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Anita Pandit
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alexander Kurilshikov
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rodrigo Bacigalupe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Instituut, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Center for Microbiology, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Tenghao Zheng
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hieu Nim
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Luis Bujanda
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Biodonostia HRI, San Sebastian, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain.,Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Anna Andreasson
- Division of Clinical Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Agreus
- Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susanna Walter
- Division of Neuro and Inflammation Science, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Gonçalo Abecasis
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Chris Eijsbouts
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Luke Jostins
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Christ Church, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Miles Parkes
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David A Hughes
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Nicholas Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jeroen Raes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Instituut, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Center for Microbiology, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Nicholas A Kennedy
- IBD Pharmacogenetics, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Aviv Regev
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alexandra Zhernakova
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Magnus Simren
- Dept of Internal Medicine & Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Michael Camilleri
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (CENTER) and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mauro D'Amato
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Biodonostia HRI, San Sebastian, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.,Gastrointestinal Genetics Lab, CIC bioGUNE - BRTA, Derio, Spain
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13
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7,8-Dihydroxyflavone Enhanced Colonic Cholinergic Contraction and Relieved Loperamide-Induced Constipation in Rats. Dig Dis Sci 2021; 66:4251-4262. [PMID: 33528684 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-020-06817-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF), a tyrosine kinase receptor B (TrkB) agonist, modulates colonic smooth muscle motility and/or alleviates constipation has not yet been studied. AIMS Here, we aimed to determine how 7,8-DHF influences carbachol (CCh)-stimulated contraction of colonic strips and the in vivo effect of 7,8-DHF on constipation. METHODS Muscle strips were isolated from rat colons for recording contractile tension and performing western blotting. Constipation was induced in rats with loperamide. RESULTS Although it specifically activated TrkB, 7,8-DHF applied alone neither activated PLCγ1 in the colonic strips nor induced colonic strip contraction. However, 7,8-DHF enhanced CCh-stimulated PLCγ1 activation and strip contraction. The PLCγ1 antagonist U73122 suppressed both CCh-stimulated and 7,8-DHF-enhanced/CCh-stimulated contraction. While clarifying the underlying mechanism, we revealed that 7,8-DHF augmented muscarinic M3 receptor expression in the colonic strips. The M3-selective antagonist tarafenacin specifically inhibited the 7,8-DHF-enhanced/CCh-stimulated contraction of the colonic strips. Since 7,8-DHF increased Akt phosphorylation, and LY294002 (an antagonist of PI3K upstream of Akt) dramatically inhibited both 7,8-DHF-augmented M3 expression and 7,8-DHF-enhanced/CCh-stimulated contractions, we assumed that 7,8-DHF/TrkB/Akt was associated with the modulation of M3 expression in the colonic strips. ANA-12, a specific TrkB antagonist, not only inhibited TrkB activation by 7,8-DHF but also suppressed 7,8-DHF-enhanced cholinergic contraction, 7,8-DHF/CCh-mediated activation of PLCγ1/Akt, and M3 overexpression in colonic strips. In vivo 7,8-DHF, also by promoting intestinal motility and M3 expression, significantly alleviated loperamide-induced functional constipation in rats. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that 7,8-DHF regulates colonic motility possibly via a TrkB/Akt/M3 pathway and may be applicable for alleviating constipation.
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14
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Müller ML, Peglau L, Moon LDF, Groß S, Schulze J, Ruhnau J, Vogelgesang A. Neurotrophin-3 attenuates human peripheral blood T cell and monocyte activation status and cytokine production post stroke. Exp Neurol 2021; 347:113901. [PMID: 34688600 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Stroke therapy still lacks successful measures to improve post stroke recovery. Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) is one promising candidate which has proven therapeutic benefit in motor recovery in acute experimental stroke. Post stroke, the immune system has opposing pathophysiological roles: pro-inflammatory cascades and immune cell infiltration into the brain exacerbate cell death while the peripheral immune response has only limited capabilities to fight infections during the acute and subacute phase. With time, anti-inflammatory mechanisms are supposed to support recovery of the ischemic damage within the brain parenchyma. However, interestingly, NT-3 can improve recovery in chronic neurological injury when combined with the pro-inflammatory stimulus lipopolysaccharide (LPS). AIM We elucidated the impact of NT-3 on human monocyte and T cell activation as well as cytokine production ex vivo after stroke. In addition, we investigated the age-dependent availability of the high affinity NT-3 receptor TrkC upon LPS stimulation. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from acute stroke patients and controls and incubated with different dosages of NT-3 (10 and 100 ng/mL) and with or without LPS or anti-CD3/CD28 for 48 h. Total TrkC expression and cell activation (CD25, CD69 and HLA-DR) were assessed by FACS staining. IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21 and IL-22 were quantified by cytometric bead array. RESULTS Most monocytes and only a small proportion of T cells expressed TrkC in blood from humans without stroke. Activation of cells from young humans (without strokes) using anti-CD3/CD28 or LPS partially reduced the proportion of monocytes expressing TrkC whilst they increased the proportion of T cells expressing TrkC. In contrast, activation of cells from elderly humans (without strokes) did not affect the proportion of monocytes expressing TrkC and only anti-CD3/CD28 led to an increase in the proportion of CD4+ T cells expressing TrkC. In blood from stroke patients or controls, NT-3 treatment reduced the percentage of monocytes and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells that were activated and reduced all cytokines investigated besides IL-21. CONCLUSIONS NT-3 attenuated immune responses in cells from stroke patients and controls. The mechanism whereby human immune cells respond to NT-3 may be via TrkC receptors whose levels are regulated by stimulation. Further work is required to determine whether the induction of sensorimotor recovery in rodents by NT-3 after CNS injury is caused by this attenuation of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lars Peglau
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lawrence D F Moon
- Neurorestoration Group, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Groß
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Juliane Schulze
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Johanna Ruhnau
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
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15
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Camilleri M, Atieh J. New Developments in Prokinetic Therapy for Gastric Motility Disorders. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:711500. [PMID: 34504426 PMCID: PMC8421525 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.711500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prokinetic agents amplify and coordinate the gastrointestinal muscular contractions to facilitate the transit of intra-luminal content. Following the institution of dietary recommendations, prokinetics are the first medications whose goal is to improve gastric emptying and relieve symptoms of gastroparesis. The recommended use of metoclopramide, the only currently approved medication for gastroparesis in the United States, is for a duration of less than 3 months, due to the risk of reversible or irreversible extrapyramidal tremors. Domperidone, a dopamine D2 receptor antagonist, is available for prescription through the FDA's program for Expanded Access to Investigational Drugs. Macrolides are used off label and are associated with tachyphylaxis and variable duration of efficacy. Aprepitant relieves some symptoms of gastroparesis. There are newer agents in the pipeline targeting diverse gastric (fundic, antral and pyloric) motor functions, including novel serotonergic 5-HT4 agonists, dopaminergic D2/3 antagonists, neurokinin NK1 antagonists, and ghrelin agonist. Novel targets with potential to improve gastric motor functions include the pylorus, macrophage/inflammatory function, oxidative stress, and neurogenesis. In the current review, we discuss the use of pharmacological approaches with potential to enhance motor functions in the management of gastroparesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Camilleri
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (CENTER), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Jessica Atieh
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (CENTER), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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16
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Yang G, Bai C, Liu T, He J, Gu X. The effect of Raphanus sativus L. seeds on regulation of intestinal motility in rats consuming a high-calorie diet. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 140:111705. [PMID: 34118598 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of a short-term high-calorie diet and the regulation mechanism of Raphanus sativus L. seeds (RSL seeds) on the intestinal motility of young rats. METHODS We fed 20 Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) 4-week-old male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats special high-calorie diet for 3 days and then randomized them to a high-calorie diet group (HCG, 10 rats) and an RSL seeds treatment group (TG, 10 rats). Ten rats of the same age served as the control group (CG). HCG and TG rats continued to be fed high-calorie feed. All of the rats were weighed every 2 days. After 3 days of treatment, the effects of RSL seeds on the regulation of intestinal motility in rats consuming a high-calorie diet were examined. RESULTS After 3 days of consuming a high-calorie diet, body weight was significantly lower in the HCG group than in the control group, and body weight of the HCG group increased slowly with time. Serum substance P (SP) and ghrelin levels were significantly lower, while the nitric oxide (NO) level was significantly higher. There were no differences in hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining of colon sections between the groups. The expression levels of Cx43 and BDNF protein and mRNA in colon tissue were significantly lower in the HCG group. There were no significant differences in body weight between the CG and TG groups. Serum SP and ghrelin indexes in TG group were higher than those in the HCG group, and the NO index was significantly decreased. The expression levels of Cx43 and BDNF proteins and mRNA in the colon tissue were also significantly greater. CONCLUSION Consumption of a short-term high-calorie diet may result in intestinal motility dysfunction and reduced intestinal motility. RSL seeds may improve the intestinal motility by regulating the secretion of gastrointestinal motility hormones and the expression of intestinal motility-related proteins, such as Cx43 and BDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guannan Yang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Chen Bai
- School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Tiegang Liu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jianzhen He
- School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaohong Gu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, PR China.
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17
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Singh A, Rattan S. BDNF rescues aging-associated internal anal sphincter dysfunction. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 321:G87-G97. [PMID: 34075793 PMCID: PMC8321795 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00090.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Aging can lead to rectoanal incontinence due to internal anal sphincter (IAS) dysfunction, which is characterized by a decrease in IAS tone and contractility and an increase in nonadrenergic noncholinergic (NANC) relaxation. We aimed to determine whether brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) rescues this aging-associated IAS dysfunction (AAID). To do so, we studied the effects of BDNF on the basal and G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR)-stimulated IAS smooth muscle tone and on NANC relaxation in Fischer 344 rats representing different age groups [26-mo-old (aging) vs. 6-mo-old (young)], before and after tyrosine kinase receptor B (TrkB) antagonist K252a. We also used isolated smooth muscle cells (SMCs) to determine the effects of BDNF before and after different agonists. For some studies, we monitored NO release using smooth muscle perfusates. BDNF reversed AAID by rescuing the basal IAS tone and agonists [thromboxane A2 analog (U46619) and angiotensin II (ANG II)]-induced contractility, and NANC relaxation. These rescue effects of BDNF were selective as K252a attenuated the changes in the IAS without modifying the effects of K+depolarization. Because of the direct association between the basal and GPCR-stimulated IAS tone and RhoA/ROCK activation, we speculate that this pathway in the rescue effects of BDNF. Conversely, our data suggest that aging-associated increased NANC relaxation is reversed by decreased release of NO and decrease in the sensitivity of the released inhibitory neurotransmitter. In summary, BDNF rescue of AAID involves RhoA/ROCK and inhibitory neurotransmission. These data have direct implications for the role of BDNF in the pathophysiology and therapeutic targeting of aging-associated rectoanal motility disorders.NEW & NOTEWORTHY These studies demonstrate that brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) rescues the aging-associated internal anal sphincter (IAS) dysfunction, characterized by a decrease in IAS tone, and increase in non-adrenergic noncholinergic relaxation. We determined the effects of BDNF on the basal and GPCR (TXA2 and ANG II)-stimulated IAS tone, and on NANC relaxation, before and after TrkB inhibitor K252a. BDNF may have an important role in the pathophysiology and therapeutic targeting of certain rectoanal motility disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Singh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Satish Rattan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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18
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Tanaka F, Takashima S, Nadatani Y, Otani K, Hosomi S, Kamata N, Taira K, Nagami Y, Tanigawa T, Fukumoto S, Watanabe T, Murakami Y, Kawada N, Fujiwara Y. Exosomal hsa-miR-933 in Gastric Juice as a Potential Biomarker for Functional Dyspepsia. Dig Dis Sci 2020; 65:3493-3501. [PMID: 31974910 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-020-06096-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNAs) in exosomes represent disease-specific profiles and are applied as biomarkers in oncology. However, in functional dyspepsia (FD), the role of exosomal miRNAs has not been fully elucidated. AIMS To investigate exosomal miRNAs as potential biomarkers of FD using liquid biopsy. METHODS This retrospective cohort study included 11 subjects with FD and 11 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HCs). We collected gastric juice and isolated exosomal miRNAs. In a discovery cohort, expression levels of 2565 miRNAs were evaluated by 3D-Gene® microarray. miRNA expression profiles from exosomes of subjects with FD and HCs were compared by two normalization methods: (1) global normalization and (2) normalization by internal control. Subsequently, in a validation cohort, the expression levels of miRNAs were validated by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR). RESULTS Through microarray analysis using the two methods, we identified 39 miRNAs that were consistently and significantly downregulated in FD cases compared with those in HCs. Of these, 12 miRNAs (hsa-miR-933, hsa-miR-345-5p, hsa-miR-708-5p, hsa-miR-203a-3p, hsa-miR-619-5p, hsa-miR-4294, hsa-miR-4481, hsa-miR-196a-5p, hsa-miR-3918, hsa-miR-372-3p, hsa-miR-658, and hsa-miR-3654) were further validated by RT-qPCR. Our results indicated that hsa-miR-933 was significantly downregulated in FD compared with HCs (0.317 ± 0.205-fold, P = 0.0317). Furthermore, the expression level of hsa-miR-933 was negatively associated with dyspepsia score and the frequency of epigastric pain and/or burning (P < 0.01, r = - 0.835; P = 0.0280, r = - 0.688, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Exosomal hsa-miR-933 in gastric juice could be a candidate biomarker for FD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan.
- Department of Premier Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Shingo Takashima
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Yuji Nadatani
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
- Department of Premier Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koji Otani
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
- Department of Premier Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shuhei Hosomi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Noriko Kamata
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Koichi Taira
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Nagami
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Tanigawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Shinya Fukumoto
- Department of Premier Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshio Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Murakami
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norifumi Kawada
- Department of Premier Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Fujiwara
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
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19
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BDNF and Netrin-1 repression by C/EBPβ in the gut triggers Parkinson's disease pathologies, associated with constipation and motor dysfunctions. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 198:101905. [PMID: 32911010 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic constipation is one of the most prominent prodromal symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD), and Lewy bodies, enriched with aggregated α-Synuclein (α-Syn), propagation from the gut into the brain has been proposed to play a key role in PD etiopathogenesis. BDNF (Brain-derived neurotrophic factor) and Netrin-1 promote both neuronal survival and regulate the gut functions. We hypothesize that C/EBPβ represses BDNF and Netrin-1 in peripheral nervous system and central nervous system, contributing to GI tract and brain malfunctions in PD. To test the hypothesis, we performed the studies in both human PD gut tissues and BDNF or Netrin-1 gut conditional KO mice models. Lewy bodies with α-Syn aggregation and neuro-inflammation were measured in the colon and brain samples from PD patients and healthy controls and rotenone or vehicle-treated WT and CEBPβ (+/-) mice. We show that both BDNF and Netrin-1 are strongly decreased in the brain and the gut of PD patients, and conditional KO of these trophic factors in the gut elicits dopaminergic neuronal loss, constipation and motor dysfunctions. Interestingly, the inflammation and oxidative stress-induced transcription factor C/EBPβ acts as a robust repressor for both BDNF and Netrin-1 and suppresses the expression of trophic factors, and its levels inversely correlate with BDNF and Netrin-1 in PD patients. Our findings support that gut inflammation induces C/EBPβ activation that leads to both BDNF and Netrin-1 reduction and triggers PD non-motor and motor symptoms. Possibly, C/EBPβ-mediated biological events might be early diagnostic biomarkers for PD.
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Al Qudah M, Alfaqih M, Al-Shboul O, Saadeh R, Al-Dwairi A. Effect of cytokine treatment on the expression and secretion of brain derived neurotrophic factor in the smooth muscle of the rat colon. Biomed Rep 2020; 13:55-60. [PMID: 32440350 DOI: 10.3892/br.2020.1302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines is increased during inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Previously, it was demonstrated that brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression is increased in experimental models of colitis. BDNF is partially responsible for the structural and functional changes that take place during IBD. However, the exact mechanisms underlying the upregulation of BDNF during gut inflammation are unknown. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of direct treatment of smooth muscle cells with inflammatory cytokines on the synthesis and secretion of BDNF. BDNF expression and secretion levels were measured using ELISA kits on tissue lysates and on incubation media used to culture the rat colon smooth muscle tissues treated for 24 h with either tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α or interleukin (IL)-1β. Compared with the control tissue samples, treatment with TNF-α and IL-1β resulted in a significant increase in the protein expression levels of BDNF in the incubated smooth muscle tissue. TNF-α and IL-1β also stimulated the secretion of BDNF. Chelation of intracellular Ca2+ with BABTA-AM prevented the TNF-α and IL-1β-induced increase in BDNF protein expression and secretion levels. Furthermore, inhibition of protein kinase A (PKA) significantly reduced BDNF expression levels when treated with cytokines but not secretion. In conclusion, proinflammatory cytokines that are upregulated during IBD, directly stimulated BDNF expression and secretion in a Ca2+ dependent manner. Considering the ability of BDNF to enhance smooth muscle contraction and pain sensation, this autocrine loop may partially explain the characteristic hypercontractility and hypersensitivity associated with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Al Qudah
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Mahmoud Alfaqih
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Othman Al-Shboul
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Rami Saadeh
- Departments of Public Health, School of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Ahmed Al-Dwairi
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
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Gonzalez Z, McCallum R. Small Bowel Dysmotility, Pseudoobstruction, and Functional Correlation with Histopathology: Lessons Learned. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2020; 22:14. [PMID: 32078071 DOI: 10.1007/s11894-020-0748-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Small bowel dysmotility is a broad heterogeneous term that encompasses a wide range of gastrointestinal disorders resulting from abnormal gut motility. Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (CIPO) is a severe, rare, and complex small bowel motility disorder at the extreme end of this spectrum. It is characterized by failure of the intestinal tract to propel contents, which results in signs and symptoms of bowel obstruction albeit in the absence of any obstructive lesion(s). In this article, we discuss up-to-date diagnostic techniques, management options, and histopathological findings in CIPO. RECENT FINDINGS We will emphasize the latest diagnostic methodologies and therapeutic options as well as enteric histopathologic abnormalities in patients with CIPO. CIPO continues to be a clinical challenge. Several novel pharmacological agents hold promise including gastrointestinal hormone agonists and prokinetics. Furthermore, histopathologic findings may help guide therapy and provide further prognostic significance. At present, nutritional support, symptom management, and avoidance of long-term complications are the mainstay of treatment in CIPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zorisadday Gonzalez
- Department of Gastroenterology, GI Motility Training and Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, 4800 Alberta, MSC 41007, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA.
| | - Richard McCallum
- Division of Gastroenterology, Center for Neurogastroenterology and GI Motility, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, 4800 Alberta, MSC 41007, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
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Konturek TJ, Martinez C, Niesler B, van der Voort I, Mönnikes H, Stengel A, Goebel-Stengel M. The Role of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:531385. [PMID: 33519536 PMCID: PMC7840690 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.531385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have implied a role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in abdominal pain modulation in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The aim of this study was to establish BDNF protein expression in human colonic biopsies and to show variation in IBS compared to controls. BDNF protein and mRNA levels were correlated with IBS symptom severity based on the IBS-symptom severity score (IBS-SSS). Biopsies from the descending colon and IBS-SSS were obtained from 10 controls and 20 IBS patients. Total protein of biopsies was extracted and assessed by ELISA and Western Blot. Total mRNA was extracted and gene expression measured by nCounter analysis. In IBS patients, symptom severity scores ranged from 124 to 486 (mean ± sem: 314.2 ± 21.2, >300 represents severe IBS) while controls ranged from 0 to 72 (mean ± sem: 27.7 ± 9.0, <75 represents healthy subjects, p < 0.001). IBS patients reported significantly more food malabsorption, former abdominal surgery and psychiatric comorbidities. BDNF protein was present in all samples and did not differ between IBS and controls or sex. Subgroup analysis showed that female IBS patients expressed significantly more BDNF mRNA compared to male patients (p < 0.05) and male IBS-D patients had higher IBS symptom severity scores and lower BDNF mRNA and protein levels compared to male controls (p < 0.05). Scatter plot showed a significant negative correlation between IBS-SSS and BDNF mRNA levels in the cohort of male IBS-D patients and their male controls (p < 0.05). We detected a high proportion of gastrointestinal surgery in IBS patients and confirmed food intolerances and psychiatric diseases as common comorbidities. Although in a small sample, we demonstrated that BDNF is detectable in human descending colon, with higher BDNF mRNA levels in female IBS patients compared to males and lower mRNA and protein levels in male IBS-D patients compared to male controls. Further research should be directed toward subgroups of IBS since their etiologies might be different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Jan Konturek
- Division of Gastroenterology, Loyola University Medical Center, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Neurogastroenterology, Martin Luther Hospital, Johannesstift Diakonie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cristina Martinez
- Lleida Institute for Biomedical Research Dr. Pifarré Foundation (IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain.,Department of Human Molecular Genetics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Beate Niesler
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,nCounter Core Facility Heidelberg, Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ivo van der Voort
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Neurogastroenterology, Martin Luther Hospital, Johannesstift Diakonie, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Berlin Jewish Hospital, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hubert Mönnikes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Neurogastroenterology, Martin Luther Hospital, Johannesstift Diakonie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Stengel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Miriam Goebel-Stengel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Neurogastroenterology, Martin Luther Hospital, Johannesstift Diakonie, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Helios Clinic Rottweil, Rottweil, Germany
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Singh A, Mohanty I, Singh J, Rattan S. BDNF augments rat internal anal sphincter smooth muscle tone via RhoA/ROCK signaling and nonadrenergic noncholinergic relaxation via increased NO release. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 318:G23-G33. [PMID: 31682160 PMCID: PMC6985850 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00247.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Presently, there are no studies examining the neuromodulatory effects of brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) on the basal internal anal sphincter (IAS) tone and nonadrenergic noncholinergic (NANC) relaxation. To examine this, we determined the neuromuscular effects of BDNF on basal IAS smooth muscle tone and the smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and the effects of NANC nerve stimulation before and after high-affinity receptor tyrosine kinase receptor B (TrkB) antagonist K252a. We also investigated the mechanisms underlying BDNF-augmented increase in the IAS tone and NANC relaxation. We found that BDNF-increased IAS tone and SMC contractility were TTX resistant and attenuated by K252a. TrkB-specific agonist 7,8-dihydroxyflavone, similar to BDNF, also produced a concentration-dependent increase in the basal tone, whereas TrkB inhibitors K252a and ANA-12 produced a decrease in the tone. In addition, BDNF produced leftward shifts in the concentration-response curves with U46619 and ANG II (but not with bethanechol and K+ depolarization), and these shifts were reversed by K252a. Effects of Y27632 and Western blot data indicated that the BDNF-induced increase in IAS tone was mediated via RhoA/ROCK. BDNF-augmented NANC relaxation by electrical field stimulation was found to be mediated via the nitric oxide (NO)/soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) pathway rather than via increased sensitivity to NO. In conclusion, the net effect of BDNF was that it caused an increase in the basal IAS tone via RhoA/ROCK signaling. BDNF also augmented NANC relaxation via NO/sGC. These findings may have relevance to the role of BDNF in the pathophysiology and therapeutic targeting of the IAS-associated rectoanal motility disorders.NEW & NOTEWORTHY These studies for the first time to our knowledge demonstrate that increased levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF; conceivably released from smooth muscle cells and/or the enteric neurons) has two major effects. First, BDNF augments the internal anal sphincter (IAS) tone via tyrosine kinase receptor B/thromboxane A2-receptor, angiotensin II receptor type 1/RhoA/ROCK signaling; and second, it increases nonadrenergic noncholinergic relaxation via nitric oxide/soluble guanylate cyclase. These studies may have relevance in therapeutic targeting in the anorectal motility disorders associated with the IAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Singh
- 1Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ipsita Mohanty
- 2Department of Pharmacology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jagmohan Singh
- 3Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Sidney Kimmel Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Satish Rattan
- 1Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Upregulation of proBDNF in the Mesenteric Lymph Nodes in Septic Mice. Neurotox Res 2019; 36:540-550. [PMID: 31278527 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-00081-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The immune status in the lymphatic system, especially mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), is critical to regulate the septic shock. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the enteric system has been reported to regulate enteric immunity. However, the role of its precursor, proBDNF, in the immune status of MLNs under sepsis condition is still unclear. This study aimed to characterize the expression pattern of proBDNF in MLNs after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, and to investigate the association of pathogenesis of sepsis. LPS (20 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally injected to induce sepsis in mice. Survival curve analysis, routine blood tests, and liver and kidney function tests were performed to evaluate the severity of sepsis. QPCR and histological staining were performed to assess the mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines and degree of immune-inflammatory response in the MLNs. Furthermore, Western blotting, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence were performed to examine the key molecules expression of proBDNF signaling. Intraperitoneal LPS injection significantly decreased the number of lymphocytes in blood but increased the number of T lymphocytes in MLNs. Serum alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and blood urea nitrogen levels were increased in LPS-challenged mice compared to control mice. LPS administration upregulated proinflammatory cytokine gene expression and induced histological changes in the MLNs. LPS injection increased BDNF, proBDNF, and its receptor pan neutrophin receptor 75 (p75NTR) expression in MLNs. The increased proBDNF was mainly localized on CD3+ and CD4+ T cells in the medulla of MLNs. LPS-induced sepsis upregulated proBDNF expression in medulla T cells of MLNs. ProBDNF upregulation may be involved in the pathogenesis of septic shock.
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Abstract
Beyond their well-known role in embryonic development of the central and peripheral nervous system, neurotrophins, particularly nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor, exert an essential role in pain production and sensitization. This has mainly been studied within the framework of somatic pain, and even antibodies (tanezumab and fasinumab) have recently been developed for their use in chronic somatic painful conditions, such as osteoarthritis or low back pain. However, data suggest that neurotrophins also exert an important role in the occurrence of visceral pain and visceral sensitization. Visceral pain is a distressing symptom that prompts many consultations and is typically encountered in both 'organic' (generally inflammatory) and 'functional' (displaying no obvious structural changes in routine clinical evaluations) disorders of the gut, such as inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome, respectively. The present review provides a summary of neurotrophins as a molecular family and their role in pain in general and addresses recent investigations of the involvement of nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in visceral pain, particularly that associated with inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome.
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26
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Bistoletti M, Caputi V, Baranzini N, Marchesi N, Filpa V, Marsilio I, Cerantola S, Terova G, Baj A, Grimaldi A, Pascale A, Frigo G, Crema F, Giron MC, Giaroni C. Antibiotic treatment-induced dysbiosis differently affects BDNF and TrkB expression in the brain and in the gut of juvenile mice. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212856. [PMID: 30794676 PMCID: PMC6386304 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic use during adolescence may result in dysbiosis-induced neuronal vulnerability both in the enteric nervous system (ENS) and central nervous system (CNS) contributing to the onset of chronic gastrointestinal disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), showing significant psychiatric comorbidity. Intestinal microbiota alterations during adolescence influence the expression of molecular factors involved in neuronal development in both the ENS and CNS. In this study, we have evaluated the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its high-affinity receptor tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) in juvenile mice ENS and CNS, after a 2-week antibiotic (ABX) treatment. In both mucosa and mucosa-deprived whole-wall small intestine segments of ABX-treated animals, BDNF and TrKB mRNA and protein levels significantly increased. In longitudinal muscle-myenteric plexus preparations of ABX-treated mice the percentage of myenteric neurons staining for BDNF and TrkB was significantly higher than in controls. After ABX treatment, a consistent population of BDNF- and TrkB-immunoreactive neurons costained with SP and CGRP, suggesting up-regulation of BDNF signaling in both motor and sensory myenteric neurons. BDNF and TrkB protein levels were downregulated in the hippocampus and remained unchanged in the prefrontal cortex of ABX-treated animals. Immunostaining for BDNF and TrkB decreased in the hippocampus CA3 and dentate gyrus subregions, respectively, and remained unchanged in the prefrontal cortex. These data suggest that dysbiosis differentially influences the expression of BDNF-TrkB in the juvenile mice ENS and CNS. Such changes may potentially contribute later to the development of functional gut disorders, such as IBS, showing psychiatric comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Bistoletti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Valentina Caputi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Nicolò Baranzini
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | | | - Viviana Filpa
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Ilaria Marsilio
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Silvia Cerantola
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Genciana Terova
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Andreina Baj
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Annalisa Grimaldi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Alessia Pascale
- Department of Drug Science, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Gianmario Frigo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Section of Pharmacology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Crema
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Section of Pharmacology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria Cecilia Giron
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Cristina Giaroni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
- * E-mail:
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The effects of rotenone on TH, BDNF and BDNF-related proteins in the brain and periphery: Relevance to early Parkinson's disease. J Chem Neuroanat 2019; 97:23-32. [PMID: 30690135 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) is one of the pathological hallmarks in Parkinson's disease (PD). This neuron loss is accompanied by reduced protein and activity levels of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme of catecholamine synthesis. Reduced nigral brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been postulated to contribute to the loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons in PD by causing a lack of trophic support. Prior to this nigral cell loss many patients develop non-motor symptoms such as hyposmia, constipation and orthostatic hypotension. We investigated how TH, BDNF and BDNF related receptors are altered in the SN, olfactory bulb, adrenal glands and colon (which are known to be affected in PD) using rotenone-treated rats. Rotenone was administered to Sprague-Dawley rats at a dose of 2.75 mg/kg, 5 days/week for 4 weeks, via intraperitoneal injections. Rats underwent behavioural testing, and tissues were collected for western blot and ELISA analysis. This rotenone treatment induced reduced rears and distance travelled in the rearing and open field test, respectively but caused no impairments in forced movement (rotarod test). The SN had changes consistent with a pro-apoptotic state, such as increased proBDNF but no change in TH; whereas, the colon had significantly reduced TH and increased sortilin. Thus, our results indicate further investigation is warranted for this rotenone-dosing paradigm's capacity for reproducing the early stage of PD, as we observed impairments in voluntary movement and pathology in the colon without overt motor symptoms or nigral dopaminergic loss.
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Riezzo G, Chimienti G, Orlando A, D'Attoma B, Clemente C, Russo F. Effects of long-term administration of Lactobacillus reuteri DSM-17938 on circulating levels of 5-HT and BDNF in adults with functional constipation. Benef Microbes 2018; 10:137-147. [PMID: 30574801 DOI: 10.3920/bm2018.0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Accumulated evidence shows that some probiotic strains ameliorate functional constipation (FC) via the modulation of specific gastrointestinal peptide pathways. The aims of this study were to investigate: (1) the effects of long-term administration of Lactobacillus reuteri (LR) DSM 17938 on the serum levels of serotonin (5-HT) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF); (2) the possible link between 5-HT, BDNF, and specific constipation-related symptoms; (3) whether genetic variability at the 5-HTT gene-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) and BDNF Val66Met loci could be associated with serum 5-HT and BDNF variations. LR DSM 17938 was administered to 56 FC patients for 105 days in a randomised, double-blind manner. The fasting blood samples were collected during the randomisation visit (V1), at day 15 (induction period, V2), day 60 (intermediate evaluation, V3), and day 105 (V4) and the Constipaq questionnaire (the sum of Constipation Scoring System (CSS) and patient assessment constipation quality of life (PAC-QoL)) was administered. A group of healthy subjects was enrolled as controls (HC). At V1, the mean serum 5-HT level in the whole patient group was significantly higher (P=0.027) than in HC subjects, while serum BDNF did not. At the end of probiotic administration (V4), 5-HT and BDNF levels were significantly lower than the initial values (V1) (P=0.008 and P=0.015, respectively). 5-HT and BDNF serum concentration were significantly associated (r=0.355; P=0.007). Neither 5-HT nor BDNF serum levels correlated with the CSS item scores and with the PAC-QoL. Lastly, the regression analysis demonstrated that the presence of the S allele of the 5-HTTLPR accounted for the reduction in the 5-HT concentration at V4. In conclusion, the long-term administration of LR DSM 17938 demonstrated that such a probiotic strain could improve FC by affecting 5-HT and BDNF serum concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Riezzo
- 1 Laboratory of Nutritional Pathophysiology, National Institute of Digestive Diseases I.R.C.C.S. 'Saverio de Bellis', Via Turi 27, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | - G Chimienti
- 2 Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70100 Bari, Italy
| | - A Orlando
- 1 Laboratory of Nutritional Pathophysiology, National Institute of Digestive Diseases I.R.C.C.S. 'Saverio de Bellis', Via Turi 27, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | - B D'Attoma
- 1 Laboratory of Nutritional Pathophysiology, National Institute of Digestive Diseases I.R.C.C.S. 'Saverio de Bellis', Via Turi 27, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | - C Clemente
- 1 Laboratory of Nutritional Pathophysiology, National Institute of Digestive Diseases I.R.C.C.S. 'Saverio de Bellis', Via Turi 27, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | - F Russo
- 1 Laboratory of Nutritional Pathophysiology, National Institute of Digestive Diseases I.R.C.C.S. 'Saverio de Bellis', Via Turi 27, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
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Liu S. Neurotrophic factors in enteric physiology and pathophysiology. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 30:e13446. [PMID: 30259610 PMCID: PMC6166659 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophic factors are traditionally recognized for their roles in differentiation, growth, and survival of specific neurons in the central and peripheral nervous system. Some neurotrophic factors are essential for the development and migration of the enteric nervous system along the fetal and post-natal gut. Over the last two decades, several non-developmental functions of neurotrophic factors have been characterized. In the adult gastrointestinal tract, neurotrophic factors regulate gut sensation, motility, epithelial barrier function, and protect enteric neurons and glial cells from damaging insults in the microenvironment of the gut. In this issue of Neurogastroenterology and Motility, Fu et al demonstrate that brain-derived neurotrophic factor plays a role in the pathogenesis of distention-induced abdominal pain in bowel obstruction. In light of this interesting finding, this mini-review highlights some of the recent advances in understanding of the physiological and pathophysiological roles of neurotrophic factors in the adult gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumei Liu
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Health University of Wisconsin‐La Crosse La Crosse Wisconsin
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30
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He B, Qu Z, Tian Z, Zhao K, Wei L, Ma L. 7,8-dihydroxyflavone enhanced cholinergic contraction of rat gastric smooth muscle via augmenting muscarinic M3 receptor expression. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2018; 45:1170-1180. [PMID: 29927500 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Baoguo He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital; Qingdao University; Qingdao China
| | - Zhiqiang Qu
- Center for Medical Research, Affiliated Hospital; Qingdao University; Qingdao China
| | - Zibin Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital; Qingdao University; Qingdao China
| | - Kun Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital; Qingdao University; Qingdao China
| | - Liangzhou Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital; Qingdao University; Qingdao China
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Affiliated Hospital; Qingdao University; Qingdao China
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31
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AL-QUDAH M, SHAMMALA DA, AL-DWAIRI A, AL-SHBOUL O, MUSTAFA AG. Dextran Sodium Sulphate (DSS)-Induced Colitis Alters the Expression of Neurotrophins in Smooth Muscle Cells of Rat Colon. Physiol Res 2017; 66:1009-1020. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophins are present in the gastrointestinal tract where they participate in the survival and growth of enteric neurons, augmentation of enteric circuits, elevation of colonic myoelectrical activity and also in different aspects of colitis. Previous studies largely focused on the role of neural and mucosal neurotrophins in gut inflammation. The expression of neurotrophins in colonic smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and the interactions of this potential source with colitis has not been studied in the gut. The expression of NGF, BDNF, NT-3 and NT-4 in SMCs from longitudinal and circular muscle layers of rat colon from normal and dextran sodium sulphate (DSS)-induced colitis rats was measured by ELISA. NGF, BDNF, NT-3 and NT-4 are differentially expressed in both longitudinal and circular SMCs, where the expressions of BDNF and NT-4 proteins were greater in SMCs from the longitudinal muscle layer than from the circular muscle layer, while NGF protein expression was greater in circular SMCs and NT-3 expression was equal in cells from both muscle layers. Induction of colitis with DSS significantly alters neurotrophins expression pattern in colonic SMCs. NGF levels upregulated in circular SMCs. BDNF level was increased in DSS-induced colitis in longitudinal SMCs. NGF, NT-3 and NT-4 levels were downregulated in longitudinal SMCs of DSS-induced colitis rats' colon. Disturbances of neurotrophins expression in SMCs resulted from colitis might account for the structural and functional changes in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) such as loss of innervation and characteristic hypercontractility of longitudinal muscle in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. AL-QUDAH
- Department of Physiology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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Farzaei MH, Bahramsoltani R, Abdollahi M, Rahimi R. The Role of Visceral Hypersensitivity in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Pharmacological Targets and Novel Treatments. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2016; 22:558-574. [PMID: 27431236 PMCID: PMC5056566 DOI: 10.5056/jnm16001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is the most common disorder referred to gastroenterologists and is characterized by altered bowel habits, abdominal pain, and bloating. Visceral hypersensitivity (VH) is a multifactorial process that may occur within the peripheral or central nervous systems and plays a principal role in the etiology of IBS symptoms. The pharmacological studies on selective drugs based on targeting specific ligands can provide novel therapies for modulation of persistent visceral hyperalgesia. The current paper reviews the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying therapeutic targeting for providing future drugs to protect or treat visceroperception and pain sensitization in IBS patients. There are a wide range of mediators and receptors participating in visceral pain perception amongst which substances targeting afferent receptors are attractive sources of novel drugs. Novel therapeutic targets for the management of VH include compounds which alter gut-brain pathways and local neuroimmune pathways. Molecular mediators and receptors participating in pain perception and visceroperception include histamine-1 receptors, serotonin (5-hydrodytryptamine) receptors, transient receptor potential vanilloid type I, tachykinins ligands, opioid receptors, voltage-gated channels, tyrosine receptor kinase receptors, protease-activated receptors, adrenergic system ligands, cannabinoid receptors, sex hormones, and glutamate receptors which are discussed in the current review. Moreover, several plant-derived natural compounds with potential to alleviate VH in IBS have been highlighted. VH has an important role in the pathology and severity of complications in IBS. Therefore, managing VH can remarkably modulate the symptoms of IBS. More preclinical and clinical investigations are needed to provide efficacious and targeted medicines for the management of VH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad H Farzaei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.,Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Roodabeh Bahramsoltani
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roja Rahimi
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Traditional Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Kathe C, Hutson TH, McMahon SB, Moon LDF. Intramuscular Neurotrophin-3 normalizes low threshold spinal reflexes, reduces spasms and improves mobility after bilateral corticospinal tract injury in rats. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27759565 PMCID: PMC5070949 DOI: 10.7554/elife.18146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain and spinal injury reduce mobility and often impair sensorimotor processing in the spinal cord leading to spasticity. Here, we establish that complete transection of corticospinal pathways in the pyramids impairs locomotion and leads to increased spasms and excessive mono- and polysynaptic low threshold spinal reflexes in rats. Treatment of affected forelimb muscles with an adeno-associated viral vector (AAV) encoding human Neurotrophin-3 at a clinically-feasible time-point after injury reduced spasticity. Neurotrophin-3 normalized the short latency Hoffmann reflex to a treated hand muscle as well as low threshold polysynaptic spinal reflexes involving afferents from other treated muscles. Neurotrophin-3 also enhanced locomotor recovery. Furthermore, the balance of inhibitory and excitatory boutons in the spinal cord and the level of an ion co-transporter in motor neuron membranes required for normal reflexes were normalized. Our findings pave the way for Neurotrophin-3 as a therapy that treats the underlying causes of spasticity and not only its symptoms. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.18146.001 Injuries to the brain and spinal cord cause disability in millions of people worldwide. Physical rehabilitation can restore some muscle control and improve mobility in affected individuals. However, no current treatments provide long-term relief from the unwanted muscle contractions and spasms that affect as many as 78% of people with a spinal cord injury. These spasms can seriously hamper a person’s ability to carry out day-to-day tasks and get around independently. A few treatments can help in the short term but have side effects; indeed while Botox injections are used to paralyse the muscle, these also reduce the chances of useful improvements. As such, better therapies for muscle spasms are needed; especially ones that reduce spasms in the arms. Rats with injuries to the spinal cord between their middle to lower back typically develop spasms in their legs or tail, and rat models have helped scientists begin to understand why these involuntary movements occur. Now, Kathe et al. report that cutting one specific pathway that connects the brain to the spinal cord in anesthetised rats leads to the development of spasms in the forelimbs as well. Several months after the surgery, the rats had spontaneous muscle contractions in their forelimbs and walked abnormally. Further experiments showed that some other neural pathways in the rats became incorrectly wired and hyperactive and that this resulted in the abnormal movements. Next, Kathe et al. asked whether using gene therapy to deliver a protein that is required for neural circuits to form between muscles and the spinal cord (called neurotrophin-3) would stop the involuntary movements in the forelimbs. Delivering the gene therapy directly into the forelimb muscles of the disabled rats a day after their injury increased the levels of neurotrophin-3 in these muscles. Rats that received this treatment had fewer spasms and walked better than those that did not. Further experiments confirmed that this was because the rats’ previously hyperactive and abnormally wired neural circuits became more normal after the treatment. Together these results suggest that neurotrophin-3 might be a useful treatment for muscle spasms in people with spinal injury. There have already been preliminary studies in people showing that treatment with neurotrophin-3 is safe and well tolerated. Future studies are needed to confirm that it could be useful in humans. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.18146.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Kathe
- Neurorestoration Department, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Haynes Hutson
- Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Brendan McMahon
- Neurorestoration Department, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lawrence David Falcon Moon
- Neurorestoration Department, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Vidal-Martínez G, Vargas-Medrano J, Gil-Tommee C, Medina D, Garza NT, Yang B, Segura-Ulate I, Dominguez SJ, Perez RG. FTY720/Fingolimod Reduces Synucleinopathy and Improves Gut Motility in A53T Mice: CONTRIBUTIONS OF PRO-BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (PRO-BDNF) AND MATURE BDNF. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:20811-21. [PMID: 27528608 PMCID: PMC5034069 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.744029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) often have aggregated α-synuclein (aSyn) in enteric nervous system (ENS) neurons, which may be associated with the development of constipation. This occurs well before the onset of classic PD motor symptoms. We previously found that aging A53T transgenic (Tg) mice closely model PD-like ENS aSyn pathology, making them appropriate for testing potential PD therapies. Here we show that Tg mice overexpressing mutant human aSyn develop ENS pathology by 4 months. We then evaluated the responses of Tg mice and their WT littermates to the Food and Drug Administration-approved drug FTY720 (fingolimod, Gilenya) or vehicle control solution from 5 months of age. Long term oral FTY720 in Tg mice reduced ENS aSyn aggregation and constipation, enhanced gut motility, and increased levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) but produced no significant change in WT littermates. A role for BDNF was directly assessed in a cohort of young A53T mice given vehicle, FTY720, the Trk-B receptor inhibitor ANA-12, or FTY720 + ANA-12 from 1 to 4 months of age. ANA-12-treated Tg mice developed more gut aSyn aggregation as well as constipation, whereas FTY720-treated Tg mice had reduced aSyn aggregation and less constipation, occurring in part by increasing both pro-BDNF and mature BDNF levels. The data from young and old Tg mice revealed FTY720-associated neuroprotection and reduced aSyn pathology, suggesting that FTY720 may also benefit PD patients and others with synucleinopathy. Another finding was a loss of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in gut neurons with aggregated aSyn, comparable with our prior findings in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Vidal-Martínez
- From the Center of Emphasis in Neurosciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, Texas 79905
| | - Javier Vargas-Medrano
- From the Center of Emphasis in Neurosciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, Texas 79905
| | - Carolina Gil-Tommee
- From the Center of Emphasis in Neurosciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, Texas 79905
| | - David Medina
- From the Center of Emphasis in Neurosciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, Texas 79905
| | - Nathan T Garza
- From the Center of Emphasis in Neurosciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, Texas 79905
| | - Barbara Yang
- From the Center of Emphasis in Neurosciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, Texas 79905
| | - Ismael Segura-Ulate
- From the Center of Emphasis in Neurosciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, Texas 79905
| | - Samantha J Dominguez
- From the Center of Emphasis in Neurosciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, Texas 79905
| | - Ruth G Perez
- From the Center of Emphasis in Neurosciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, Texas 79905
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Regulators of gene expression in Enteric Neural Crest Cells are putative Hirschsprung disease genes. Dev Biol 2016; 416:255-265. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Duricki DA, Hutson TH, Kathe C, Soleman S, Gonzalez-Carter D, Petruska JC, Shine HD, Chen Q, Wood TC, Bernanos M, Cash D, Williams SCR, Gage FH, Moon LDF. Delayed intramuscular human neurotrophin-3 improves recovery in adult and elderly rats after stroke. Brain 2015; 139:259-75. [PMID: 26614754 PMCID: PMC4785394 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for a therapy that reverses disability after stroke when initiated in a time frame suitable for the majority of new victims. We show here that intramuscular delivery of neurotrophin-3 (NT3, encoded by NTF3) can induce sensorimotor recovery when treatment is initiated 24 h after stroke. Specifically, in two randomized, blinded preclinical trials, we show improved sensory and locomotor function in adult (6 months) and elderly (18 months) rats treated 24 h following cortical ischaemic stroke with human NT3 delivered using a clinically approved serotype of adeno-associated viral vector (AAV1). Importantly, AAV1-hNT3 was given in a clinically-feasible timeframe using a straightforward, targeted route (injections into disabled forelimb muscles). Magnetic resonance imaging and histology showed that recovery was not due to neuroprotection, as expected given the delayed treatment. Rather, treatment caused corticospinal axons from the less affected hemisphere to sprout in the spinal cord. This treatment is the first gene therapy that reverses disability after stroke when administered intramuscularly in an elderly body. Importantly, phase I and II clinical trials by others show that repeated, peripherally administered high doses of recombinant NT3 are safe and well tolerated in humans with other conditions. This paves the way for NT3 as a therapy for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise A Duricki
- 1 Neurorestoration Group, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, 16-18 Newcomen Street, London SE1 1UL, UK 2 Centre for Integrative Biology, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Thomas H Hutson
- 1 Neurorestoration Group, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, 16-18 Newcomen Street, London SE1 1UL, UK 3 Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Claudia Kathe
- 1 Neurorestoration Group, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, 16-18 Newcomen Street, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Sara Soleman
- 1 Neurorestoration Group, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, 16-18 Newcomen Street, London SE1 1UL, UK 4 John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair University of Cambridge, The E.D. Adrian Building, Forvie Site, Robinson Way Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Daniel Gonzalez-Carter
- 1 Neurorestoration Group, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, 16-18 Newcomen Street, London SE1 1UL, UK 3 Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jeffrey C Petruska
- 5 Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville; Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - H David Shine
- 6 Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Neuroscience, Alkek Bldg N1130.01, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Qin Chen
- 6 Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Neuroscience, Alkek Bldg N1130.01, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Tobias C Wood
- 7 Neuroimaging Research Group, King's College London, PO42 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Michel Bernanos
- 7 Neuroimaging Research Group, King's College London, PO42 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Diana Cash
- 7 Neuroimaging Research Group, King's College London, PO42 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Steven C R Williams
- 7 Neuroimaging Research Group, King's College London, PO42 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Fred H Gage
- 8 The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lawrence D F Moon
- 1 Neurorestoration Group, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, 16-18 Newcomen Street, London SE1 1UL, UK 2 Centre for Integrative Biology, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
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Investigation of tyrosine hydroxylase and BDNF in a low-dose rotenone model of Parkinson's disease. J Chem Neuroanat 2015; 70:33-41. [PMID: 26562783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH, the rate limiting-enzyme in catecholamine synthesis) is regulated acutely via phosphorylation of 3 serine residues--Ser19, 31 and 40, and chronically via changes in TH protein levels. In this study, we aimed to investigate how TH is regulated in the brain, gut and adrenal gland as well as changes in mature brain-derived neurotrophic factor (mBDNF) and proBDNF levels in a low-dose (2 mg/kg, 5 days/week for 4 weeks) rotenone model of Parkinson's disease (PD). Rearing behaviour decreased by week 3 in the rotenone group (p<0.01), with further decreases in rearing by week 4 (p<0.001); however, TH remained unchanged in the substantia nigra (SN) and striatum; TH levels were also unaltered in other catecholaminergic cell groups of the brainstem such as A1C1 neurons or locus coeruleus. In the olfactory bulb, TH protein decreased (2.5-fold, p<0.01) while Ser31 phosphorylation increased (1.4-fold, p<0.05) in the rotenone group. In contrast, TH protein was increased in the adrenal gland (2-fold, p<0.05) and colon (5-fold, p<0.05) of rotenone rats. mBDNF levels were not changed in the SN but were significantly reduced in plasma and significantly increased in the colon (2-fold, p<0.01) of rotenone-treated rats. This is the first study to assess TH and BDNF in the brain and periphery in the rotenone model before SN/striatum degeneration is evident. Together these results suggest that low-dose rotenone may have some potential to model the early stages of PD.
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Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Contributes to Colonic Hypermotility in a Chronic Stress Rat Model. Dig Dis Sci 2015; 60:2316-26. [PMID: 25963324 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-015-3695-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has prokinetic effects on gut motility and is increased in the colonic mucosa of irritable bowel syndrome. AIMS We aimed to investigate the possible involvement of BDNF in stress-induced colonic hypermotility. METHODS Male Wistar rats were exposed to daily 1-h water avoidance stress (WAS) or sham WAS for 10 consecutive days. The presence of BDNF and substance P (SP) in the colonic mucosa was determined using enzyme immunoassay kits. Immunohistochemistry and western blotting were performed to assess the expression of BDNF and its receptor, TrkB. The contractions of muscle strips were studied in an organ bath system. RESULTS Repeated WAS increased the fecal pellet expulsion and spontaneous contractile activities of the colonic muscle strips. Both BDNF and SP in the colonic mucosa were elevated following WAS. Immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of BDNF and TrkB in the mucosa and myenteric plexus. BDNF and TrkB were both up-regulated in colon devoid of mucosa and submucosa from the stressed rats compared with the control. BDNF pretreatment caused an enhancement of the SP-induced contraction of the circular muscle (CM) strips. TrkB antibody significantly inhibited the contraction of the colonic muscle strips and attenuated the excitatory effects of SP on contractions of the CM strips. Repeated WAS increased the contractile activities of the CM strips induced by SP after BDNF pretreatment, and this effect was reversed by TrkB antibody. CONCLUSIONS The colonic hypermotility induced by repeated WAS may be associated with the increased expression of endogenous BDNF and TrkB. BDNF may have potential clinical therapeutic use in modulating gut motility.
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Al-Qudah M, Alkahtani R, Akbarali H, Murthy K, Grider J. Stimulation of synthesis and release of brain-derived neurotropic factor from intestinal smooth muscle cells by substance P and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015; 27:1162-74. [PMID: 26088546 PMCID: PMC4520799 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a neurotrophin present in the intestine where it participates in survival and growth of enteric neurons, augmentation of enteric circuits, and stimulation of intestinal peristalsis and propulsion. Previous studies largely focused on the role of neural and mucosal BDNF. The expression and release of BDNF from intestinal smooth muscle and the interaction with enteric neuropeptides has not been studied in gut. METHODS The expression and secretion of BDNF from smooth muscle cultured from the rabbit intestinal longitudinal muscle layer in response to substance P (SP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) was measured by western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. BDNF mRNA was measured by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. KEY RESULTS The expression of BNDF protein and mRNA was greater in smooth muscle cells (SMCs) from the longitudinal muscle than from circular muscle layer. PACAP and SP increased the expression of BDNF protein and mRNA in cultured longitudinal SMCs. PACAP and SP also stimulated the secretion of BDNF from cultured longitudinal SMCs. Chelation of intracellular calcium with BAPTA (1,2-bis-(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid) prevented SP-induced increase in BDNF mRNA and protein expression and SP-induced secretion of BDNF. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Neuropeptides known to be present in enteric neurons innervating the longitudinal layer increase the expression of BDNF mRNA and protein in SMCs and stimulate the release of BDNF. Considering the ability of BDNF to enhance smooth muscle contraction, this autocrine loop may partially explain the characteristic hypercontractility of longitudinal muscle in inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Al-Qudah
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, VCU Program in Enteric Neuromuscular Sciences (VPENS), School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond Virginia
| | - R. Alkahtani
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, VCU Program in Enteric Neuromuscular Sciences (VPENS), School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond Virginia
| | - H.I. Akbarali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, VCU Program in Enteric Neuromuscular Sciences (VPENS), School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond Virginia
| | - K.S. Murthy
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, VCU Program in Enteric Neuromuscular Sciences (VPENS), School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond Virginia
| | - J.R. Grider
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, VCU Program in Enteric Neuromuscular Sciences (VPENS), School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond Virginia
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Chen F, Yu Y, Wang P, Dong Y, Wang T, Zuo X, Li Y. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor accelerates gut motility in slow-transit constipation. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2014; 212:226-38. [PMID: 25164090 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) may play a critical role in gut motility. We aimed to investigate BDNF's physiologic effects on gut motility in slow-transit constipation (STC) and to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. METHODS BDNF expression and alterations of colonic nerve fibre density in STC patients were first investigated. BDNF's effects on gastrointestinal motility of both BDNF(+/-) mice and loperamide-induced constipation mice were then examined in vivo and in vitro. Smooth muscle α-actin (α-SMA) expression, and nerve fibre, neuromuscular junction (NMJ) and smooth muscle cell (SMC) alterations were investigated. Finally, the effects of BDNF-induced TrkB-phospholipase C/inositol trisphosphate (TrkB-PLC/IP3) pathway activation on gut motility were investigated. RESULTS In STC patients, BDNF expression and nerve fibre density were decreased, and mucosal nerve fibre ultrastructural degenerations were demonstrated. Gut motility was decreased in vivo and in vitro in BDNF(+/-) and constipation mice, with BDNF dose-dependently increasing gut motility. In BDNF(+/-) mice, α-SMA expression and nerve fibre density were decreased, and nerve fibre, NMJ and SMC ultrastructural degenerations were observed. Finally, TrkB-PLC/IP3 pathway antagonists dramatically attenuated BDNF's excitatory effect on gut motility, and exogenous BDNF induced an obvious increase in IP3 expression. CONCLUSIONS BDNF plays an important regulatory role in gut motility in STC. It was mediated by altering the intestinal innervation structure, as well as smooth muscle secondary degeneration through a mechanism involving TrkB-PLC/IP3 pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology; Qilu Hospital; Shandong University; Jinan China
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology; Qilu Hospital; Shandong University; Jinan China
| | - Y. Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology; Qilu Hospital; Shandong University; Jinan China
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology; Qilu Hospital; Shandong University; Jinan China
| | - P. Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology; Qilu Hospital; Shandong University; Jinan China
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology; Qilu Hospital; Shandong University; Jinan China
| | - Y. Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology; Qilu Hospital; Shandong University; Jinan China
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology; Qilu Hospital; Shandong University; Jinan China
| | - T. Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology; Qilu Hospital; Shandong University; Jinan China
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology; Qilu Hospital; Shandong University; Jinan China
| | - X. Zuo
- Department of Gastroenterology; Qilu Hospital; Shandong University; Jinan China
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology; Qilu Hospital; Shandong University; Jinan China
| | - Y. Li
- Department of Gastroenterology; Qilu Hospital; Shandong University; Jinan China
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology; Qilu Hospital; Shandong University; Jinan China
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Reduced intestinal brain-derived neurotrophic factor increases vagal sensory innervation of the intestine and enhances satiation. J Neurosci 2014; 34:10379-93. [PMID: 25080597 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1042-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is produced by developing and mature gastrointestinal (GI) tissues that are heavily innervated by autonomic neurons and may therefore control their development or function. To begin investigating this hypothesis, we compared the morphology, distribution, and density of intraganglionic laminar endings (IGLEs), the predominant vagal GI afferent, in mice with reduced intestinal BDNF (INT-BDNF(-/-)) and controls. Contrary to expectations of reduced development, IGLE density and longitudinal axon bundle number in the intestine of INT-BDNF(-/-) mice were increased, but stomach IGLEs were normal. INT-BDNF(-/-) mice also exhibited increased vagal sensory neuron numbers, suggesting that their survival was enhanced. To determine whether increased intestinal IGLE density or other changes to gut innervation in INT-BDNF(-/-) mice altered feeding behavior, meal pattern and microstructural analyses were performed. INT-BDNF(-/-) mice ate meals of much shorter duration than controls, resulting in reduced meal size. Increased suppression of feeding in INT-BDNF(-/-) mice during the late phase of a scheduled meal suggested that increased satiation signaling contributed to reduced meal duration and size. Furthermore, INT-BDNF(-/-) mice demonstrated increases in total daily intermeal interval and satiety ratio, suggesting that satiety signaling was augmented. Compensatory responses maintained normal daily food intake and body weight in INT-BDNF(-/-) mice. These findings suggest a target organ-derived neurotrophin suppresses development of that organ's sensory innervation and sensory neuron survival and demonstrate a role for BDNF produced by peripheral tissues in short-term controls of feeding, likely through its regulation of development or function of gut innervation, possibly including augmented intestinal IGLE innervation.
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Al-Qudah M, Anderson CD, Mahavadi S, Bradley ZL, Akbarali HI, Murthy KS, Grider JR. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor enhances cholinergic contraction of longitudinal muscle of rabbit intestine via activation of phospholipase C. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 306:G328-37. [PMID: 24356881 PMCID: PMC3920121 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00203.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) belongs to the neurotrophin family of proteins best known for its role in neuronal survival, differentiation, migration, and synaptic plasticity in central and peripheral neurons. BDNF is also widely expressed in nonneuronal tissues including the gastrointestinal tract. The role of BDNF in intestinal smooth muscle contractility is not well defined. The aim of this study was to identify the role of BDNF in carbachol (CCh)- and substance P (SP)-induced contraction of intestinal longitudinal smooth muscle. BDNF, selective tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) receptor agonists, and pharmacological inhibitors of signaling pathways were examined for their effects on contraction of rabbit intestinal longitudinal muscle strips induced by CCh and SP. BDNF activation of intracellular signaling pathways was examined by Western blot in homogenates of muscle strips and isolated muscle cells. One-hour preincubation with BDNF enhanced intestinal muscle contraction induced by CCh but not by SP. The selective synthetic TrkB agonists LM 22A4 and 7,8-dihydroxyflavone produced similar effects to BDNF. The Trk antagonist K-252a, a TrkB antibody but not p75NTR antibody, blocked the effect of BDNF. The enhancement of CCh-induced contraction by BDNF was blocked by the phospholipase C (PLC) antagonist U73122, but not by ERK1/2 or Akt antagonists. Direct measurement in muscle strips and isolated muscle cells showed that BDNF caused phosphorylation of TrkB receptors and PLC-γ, but not ERK1/2 or Akt. We conclude that exogenous BDNF augments the CCh-induced contraction of longitudinal muscle from rabbit intestine by activating TrkB receptors and subsequent PLC activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Al-Qudah
- 1Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; ,3Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - C. D. Anderson
- 1Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia;
| | - S. Mahavadi
- 1Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia;
| | - Z. L. Bradley
- 1Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia;
| | - H. I. Akbarali
- 2Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, VCU Program in Enteric Neuromuscular Sciences (VPENS), School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; and
| | - K. S. Murthy
- 1Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia;
| | - J. R. Grider
- 1Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia;
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Effect of korean herbal medicine combined with a probiotic mixture on diarrhea-dominant irritable bowel syndrome: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:824605. [PMID: 24381638 PMCID: PMC3870130 DOI: 10.1155/2013/824605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction. Although combination therapy with herbal medicine and probiotics is gaining popularity for controlling diarrhea-dominant irritable bowel syndrome (D-IBS) symptoms, few studies have investigated its clinical effects. Materials and Methods. Fifty-three patients with D-IBS were randomly allocated into 1 of the following 4 groups: herbal medicine (Gwakhyangjeonggisan; GJS) plus probiotics (Duolac7S; DUO), GJS plus placebo DUO, placebo GJS plus DUO, and placebo GJS plus placebo DUO. The study period consisted of a 2-week run-in, 8 weeks of administration, and 2 weeks of follow-up. The primary outcomes were weekly adequate relief (AR) of overall IBS symptoms and the proportion of responders (PR) during the administration period. The secondary outcomes included individual IBS symptoms, stool assessment, and quality of life. Changes of intestinal microbiota and intestinal permeability were also analyzed. Results and Discussion. Weekly AR was not different among the 4 groups throughout the treatment period. However, the 3 treatment groups exhibited significant improvements in PR compared to the findings in the placebo group. In the intestinal microbiota assessment, herbal medicine and probiotics synergistically increased beneficial bacteria counts. Conclusion. Combination therapy with herbal medicine and probiotics appears to relieve overall IBS symptoms by synergistically increasing beneficial intestinal microbe counts.
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Shin A, Camilleri M, Vijayvargiya P, Busciglio I, Burton D, Ryks M, Rhoten D, Lueke A, Saenger A, Girtman A, Zinsmeister AR. Bowel functions, fecal unconjugated primary and secondary bile acids, and colonic transit in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 11:1270-1275.e1. [PMID: 23639599 PMCID: PMC3778140 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2013.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS There is an unclear relationship among bowel symptoms, excretion of unconjugated fecal bile acid (UBA), and colonic transit in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). We measured total and main individual UBA in fecal samples of patients with IBS and assessed relationships among stool frequency or consistency, fecal UBA (total and individual), and colonic transit. METHODS In this study 30 healthy volunteers (controls), 31 subjects with IBS with diarrhea (IBS-D), and 30 with IBS with constipation (IBS-C) were placed on 4-day diets containing 100 g fat; we measured stool characteristics, total fecal UBA and fat levels, and overall colonic transit. We assessed univariate associations of total and individual levels of fecal UBA with phenotype (controls, IBS-D, IBS-C) by using the Kruskal-Wallis test; associations between end points were assessed by using Spearman correlations. With response surface regression models, we assessed relationships between stool, colonic transit, and fecal total and secretory UBA. RESULTS There was a significant association between total fecal UBA and phenotype (P = .029); the association was greater for IBS-D than IBS-C, compared with controls. Fecal levels of primary UBAs (cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids) were higher in subjects with IBS-D, compared with controls (both P < .01). Levels of fecal secretory UBAs (chenodeoxycholic acid, P = .019; deoxycholic acid, P = .025) were lower in subjects with IBS-C compared with controls, whereas levels of the nonsecretory UBA, lithocholic acid, were higher (P = .020). There were significant univariate associations between stool number and form and total fecal UBA (including percentages of lithocholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid and cholic acid), fecal fat, and colonic transit at 24 and 48 hours after eating. In the regression models, the relative contribution of colonic transit was consistently greater and largely independent of the contribution of bile acids. CONCLUSIONS Measurements of individual UBAs identify changes associated with stool characteristics in patients with IBS; these effects are independent of the effects of colonic transit.
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Vazquez-Roque MI, Camilleri M, Smyrk T, Murray JA, Marietta E, O’Neill J, Carlson P, Lamsam J, Janzow D, Eckert D, Burton D, Zinsmeister AR. A controlled trial of gluten-free diet in patients with irritable bowel syndrome-diarrhea: effects on bowel frequency and intestinal function. Gastroenterology 2013; 144:903-911.e3. [PMID: 23357715 PMCID: PMC3633663 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) could benefit from a gluten-free diet (GFD). METHODS We performed a randomized controlled 4-week trial of a gluten-containing diet (GCD) or GFD in 45 patients with IBS-D; genotype analysis was performed for HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8. Twenty-two patients were placed on the GCD (11 HLA-DQ2/8 negative and 11 HLA-DQ2/8 positive) and 23 patients were placed on the GFD (12 HLA-DQ2/8 negative and 11 HLA-DQ2/8 positive). We measured bowel function daily, small-bowel (SB) and colonic transit, mucosal permeability (by lactulose and mannitol excretion), and cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells after exposure to gluten and rice. We collected rectosigmoid biopsy specimens from 28 patients, analyzed levels of messenger RNAs encoding tight junction proteins, and performed H&E staining and immunohistochemical analyses. Analysis of covariance models was used to compare data from the GCD and GFD groups. RESULTS Subjects on the GCD had more bowel movements per day (P = .04); the GCD had a greater effect on bowel movements per day of HLA-DQ2/8-positive than HLA-DQ2/8-negative patients (P = .019). The GCD was associated with higher SB permeability (based on 0-2 h levels of mannitol and the lactulose:mannitol ratio); SB permeability was greater in HLA-DQ2/8-positive than HLA-DQ2/8-negative patients (P = .018). No significant differences in colonic permeability were observed. Patients on the GCD had a small decrease in expression of zonula occludens 1 in SB mucosa and significant decreases in expression of zonula occludens 1, claudin-1, and occludin in rectosigmoid mucosa; the effects of the GCD on expression were significantly greater in HLA-DQ2/8-positive patients. The GCD vs the GFD had no significant effects on transit or histology. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells produced higher levels of interleukin-10, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and transforming growth factor-α in response to gluten than rice (unrelated to HLA genotype). CONCLUSIONS Gluten alters bowel barrier functions in patients with IBS-D, particularly in HLA-DQ2/8-positive patients. These findings reveal a reversible mechanism for the disorder. Clinical trials.govNCT01094041.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I. Vazquez-Roque
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.),Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Michael Camilleri
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.)
| | - Thomas Smyrk
- Surgical Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
| | - Joseph A. Murray
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.)
| | - Eric Marietta
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.)
| | - Jessica O’Neill
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.)
| | - Paula Carlson
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.)
| | | | | | - Deborah Eckert
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.)
| | - Duane Burton
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.)
| | - Alan R. Zinsmeister
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research; College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Joo YE. Increased Expression of Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor in Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Its Correlation With Abdominal Pain (Gut 2012;61:685-694). J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2013; 19:109-11. [PMID: 23350058 PMCID: PMC3548116 DOI: 10.5056/jnm.2013.19.1.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Young-Eun Joo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
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Soligo M, Nori SL, Protto V, Florenzano F, Manni L. Acupuncture and Neurotrophin Modulation. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2013; 111:91-124. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-411545-3.00005-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
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Fox EA, Biddinger JE, Jones KR, McAdams J, Worman A. Mechanism of hyperphagia contributing to obesity in brain-derived neurotrophic factor knockout mice. Neuroscience 2012; 229:176-99. [PMID: 23069761 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.09.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Global-heterozygous and brain-specific homozygous knockouts (KOs) of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) cause late- and early-onset obesity, respectively, both involving hyperphagia. Little is known about the mechanism underlying this hyperphagia or whether BDNF loss from peripheral tissues could contribute to overeating. Since global-homozygous BDNF-KO is perinatal lethal, a BDNF-KO that spared sufficient brainstem BDNF to support normal health was utilized to begin to address these issues. Meal pattern and microstructure analyses suggested overeating of BDNF-KO mice was mediated by deficits in both satiation and satiety that resulted in increased meal size and frequency and implicated a reduction of vagal signaling from the gut to the brain. Meal-induced c-Fos activation in the nucleus of the solitary tract, a more direct measure of vagal afferent signaling, however, was not decreased in BDNF-KO mice, and thus was not consistent with a vagal afferent role. Interestingly though, meal-induced c-Fos activation was increased in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve (DMV) of BDNF-KO mice. This could imply that augmentation of vago-vagal digestive reflexes occurred (e.g., accommodation), which would support increased meal size and possibly increased meal number by reducing the increase in intragastric pressure produced by a given amount of ingesta. Additionally, vagal sensory neuron number in BDNF-KO mice was altered in a manner consistent with the increased meal-induced activation of the DMV. These results suggest reduced BDNF causes satiety and satiation deficits that support hyperphagia, possibly involving augmentation of vago-vagal reflexes mediated by central pathways or vagal afferents regulated by BDNF levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Fox
- Behavioral Neurogenetics Laboratory, Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Brain-derived neurotrophic factor enhances the contraction of intestinal muscle strips induced by SP and CGRP in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 178:86-94. [PMID: 22800960 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been found in the intestinal tract of a variety of species. Its effects on visceral hyperalgesia have been examined to some degree, but limited studies have focused on gut motility. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of BDNF on gut motility of mice. METHODS Longitudinal muscle (LM) strips were prepared from mice ileum and distal colon. The motility of gut was evaluated by the contraction of LM strips, which was recorded by a polyphisograph in vitro. Firstly, the roles of substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and acetylcholine (ACh) on the contraction of LM strips were clarified. Then the exogenous BDNF was administered, and the alterations of SP/CGRP/ACh-induced contractions of the muscle strips were explored. Finally, heterozygous BDNF(+/-) mice and antibody of TrkB were introduced to investigate the role of endogenous BDNF on the SP/CGRP/ACh-induced gut motility. KEY RESULTS SP (10(-8)-10(-6) mol L(-1)), CGRP (10(-8)-10(-7) mol L(-1)) and ACh (10(-8)-10(-6) mol L(-1)) dose-dependently caused the contraction of LM strips from ileum and distal colon, while the excitatory effect of CGRP was preceded by a transient inhibition. But 10(-6) mol L(-1) CGRP inhibited the contraction of LM strips. Pretreatment with exogenous BDNF (10(-8) mol L(-1)) remarkably enhanced the contraction of LM strips induced by SP (10(-9)-10(-7) mol L(-1)) and CGRP (10(-8)-10(-9) mol L(-1)). However, exogenous BDNF couldn't affect the contraction induced by ACh (10(-9)-10(-7) mol L(-1)). The excitatory effects of SP (10(-8)-10(-6) mol L(-1)) and CGRP (10(-8)-10(-7) mol L(-1)) on the contractions of LM strips from ileum and distal colon were significantly attenuated in BDNF(+/-) mice compared with those in BDNF(+/+) mice, while no difference of the effects of ACh (10(-8)-10(-6) mol L(-1)) on LM strips was observed between BDNF(+/-) mice and BDNF(+/+) mice. The monoclonal antibody of TrkB (TrkB-Ab) dramatically attenuated the excitatory effects of SP and CGRP on the contractions of LM strips, without affecting the excitatory effects of ACh. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES These data clarified the excitatory effects of SP, ACh and bilateral effects of CGRP on gut motility of mice and confirmed an essential role of BDNF on accelerating gut motility by enhancing the excitatory effects of SP/CGRP.
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Abstract
Constipation is a common clinical problem. Initial management of chronic constipation should include lifestyle maneuvers, and increased fiber and fluids. Polyethylene glycol, sodium picosulfate, bisacodyl, prucalopride, lubiprostone, and linaclotide were all more effective than placebo for treating chronic idiopathic constipation. Many commonly used agents lack quality evidence supporting their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith Portalatin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana.
| | - Nathaniel Winstead
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana.
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