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Abdelghany TM, Hedya SA, Charlton A, Aljehani FA, Alanazi K, Budastour AA, Marin L, Wright MC. Undifferentiated HepaRG cells show reduced sensitivity to the toxic effects of M8OI through a combination of CYP3A7-mediated oxidation and a reduced reliance on mitochondrial function. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 188:114681. [PMID: 38677401 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
The methylimidazolium ionic liquid M8OI (1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, also known as [C8mim]Cl) has been detected in the environment and may represent a hazard trigger for the autoimmune liver disease primary biliary cholangitis, based in part on studies using a rat liver progenitor cell. The effect of M8OI on an equivalent human liver progenitor (undifferentiated HepaRG cells; u-HepaRG) was therefore examined. u-HepaRG cells were less sensitive (>20-fold) to the toxic effects of M8OI. The relative insensitivity of u-HepaRG cells to M8OI was in part, associated with a detoxification by monooxygenation via CYP3A7 followed by further oxidation to a carboxylic acid. Expression of CYP3A7 - in contrast to the related adult hepatic CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 forms - was confirmed in u-HepaRG cells. However, blocking M8OI metabolism with ketoconazole only partly sensitized u-HepaRG cells. Despite similar proliferation rates, u-HepaRG cells consumed around 75% less oxygen than B-13 cells, reflective of reduced dependence on mitochondrial activity (Crabtree effect). Replacing glucose with galactose, resulted in an increase in u-HepaRG cell sensitivity to M8OI, near similar to that seen in B-13 cells. u-HepaRG cells therefore show reduced sensitivity to the toxic effects of M8OI through a combination of metabolic detoxification and their reduced reliance on mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek M Abdelghany
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo, 11562, Egypt; Institute of Education in Healthcare and Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresthill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Shireen A Hedya
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Alex Charlton
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, NE1 8QB, United Kingdom
| | - Fahad A Aljehani
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Alanazi
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Alaa A Budastour
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Larissa Marin
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew C Wright
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom.
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Kim JW, Kim YJ. The evidence-based multifaceted roles of hepatic stellate cells in liver diseases: A concise review. Life Sci 2024; 344:122547. [PMID: 38460810 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) play central roles in liver disease pathogenesis, spanning steatosis to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. These cells, located in the liver's sinusoidal space of Disse, transition from a quiescent, vitamin A-rich state to an activated, myofibroblast-like phenotype in response to liver injury. This activation results from a complex interplay of cytokines, growth factors, and oxidative stress, leading to excessive collagen deposition and liver fibrosis, a hallmark of chronic liver diseases. Recently, HSCs have gained recognition for their dynamic, multifaceted roles in liver health and disease. Attention has shifted toward their involvement in various liver conditions, including acute liver injury, alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and liver regeneration. This review aims to explore diverse functions of HSCs in these acute or chronic liver pathologies, with a focus on their roles beyond fibrogenesis. HSCs exhibit a wide range of actions, including lipid storage, immunomodulation, and interactions with other hepatic and extrahepatic cells, making them pivotal in the hepatic microenvironment. Understanding HSC involvement in the progression of liver diseases can offer novel insights into pathogenic mechanisms and guide targeted therapeutic strategies for various liver conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Won Kim
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Yu Ji Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Jeonbuk National University, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University - Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, South Korea.
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Pringle TA, Ramon-Gil E, Leslie J, Oakley F, Wright MC, Knight JC, Luli S. Synthesis and preclinical evaluation of a 89Zr-labelled human single chain antibody for non-invasive detection of hepatic myofibroblasts in acute liver injury. Sci Rep 2024; 14:633. [PMID: 38182623 PMCID: PMC10770171 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50779-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Synaptophysin is expressed on fibrogenic hepatic myofibroblasts. C1-3 is a single chain human antibody (scAb) that binds specifically to synaptophysin on hepatic myofibroblasts, providing a targeting vector for novel in vivo imaging agents of chronic liver disease. C1-3 and a negative control scAb, CSBD9, were radiolabelled with zirconium-89 via desferrioxamine chelation to enable non-invasive molecular imaging with positron emission tomography (PET). DFO-scAb conjugates were characterised by gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and MALDI-TOF spectrometry, and 89Zr-labelled with high radiolabelling efficiency (99%). [89Zr]Zr-DFO-C1-3 exhibited high in vitro stability (> 99%) in mouse and human sera over 3 days at 25 and 37 °C. Activated hepatic myofibroblasts incubated with [89Zr]Zr-DFO-C1-3 displayed significantly higher internalised activity (59.46%, P = 0.001) compared to the [89Zr]Zr-DFO-CSBD9 control, indicating synaptophysin-mediated uptake and high binding specificity of [89Zr]Zr-DFO-C1-3. Mice with CCl4-induced acute liver damage exhibited significantly higher liver uptake of [89Zr]Zr-DFO-C1-3, compared to controls, confirmed by both Cerenkov imaging and ex vivo gamma counting (4.41 ± 0.19%ID/g, P < 0.0001). CCl4-induced liver damage and the number of hepatic myofibroblasts was confirmed by αSMA staining of liver sections. These findings indicate that [89Zr]Zr-DFO-C1-3 has promising utility as a PET imaging agent for non-invasive detection of hepatic myofibroblasts following acute liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni A Pringle
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Bedson Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Erik Ramon-Gil
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Newcastle Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Jack Leslie
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Newcastle Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Fiona Oakley
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Newcastle Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Matthew C Wright
- Liver Research Group, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - James C Knight
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Bedson Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
- Newcastle Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Saimir Luli
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
- Newcastle Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
- Preclinical In Vivo Imaging, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
- Medical School, Newcastle University, 4th Floor William Leech Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
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4
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Liao X, Ruan X, Yao P, Yang D, Wu X, Zhou X, Jing J, Wei D, Liang Y, Zhang T, Qin S, Jiang H. LncRNA-Gm9866 promotes liver fibrosis by activating TGFβ/Smad signaling via targeting Fam98b. J Transl Med 2023; 21:778. [PMID: 37919785 PMCID: PMC10621198 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04642-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The exact mechanism and target molecules of liver fibrosis have remained largely elusive. Here, we investigated the role of long noncoding RNA Gm9866(lncRNA-Gm9866) on liver fibrosis. METHODS The transcription of lncRNA-Gm9866 in activated cells and mouse fibrotic livers was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The effects of lentivirus-mediated knockdown or overexpression of lncRNA-Gm9866 in liver fibrosis were examined in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, bioinformatics analysis, cell samples validation, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) co-localization, RNA binding protein immunoprecipitation (RIP), actinomycin D test and Western blot (WB) were carried out to explore the potential mechanism of lncRNA-Gm9866. RESULTS The expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), Collagen I (COL-1) and lncRNA-Gm9866 were significantly increased in tissues and cells. Overexpressing lncRNA-Gm9866 promoted the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Silencing lncRNA-Gm9866 inhibited the activation of HSCs and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFβ1) induced fibrosis. Overexpressing lncRNA-Gm9866 promoted hepatocytes (HCs) apoptosis and the expression of pro-fibrogenic genes, inhibited the proliferation and migration of HCs. Knockdown of lncRNA-Gm9866 inhibited the apoptosis of HCs, the expression of pro-fibrogenic genes, TGFβ1 induced fibrosis and the occurrence of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver fibrosis, and promoted the proliferation and migration of HCs. Mechanistically, lncRNA-Gm9866 may directly bine with Fam98b. Silencing Fam98b in stably overexpressing lncRNA-Gm9866 cell lines reversed the increase of pro-fibrogenic genes and pro-apoptotic genes, fibrosis related pathway protein TGFβ1, Smad2/3, p-Smad2/3 and Notch3 induced by overexpressing lncRNA-Gm9866. CONCLUSIONS LncRNA-Gm9866 may regulate TGFβ/Smad and Notch pathways by targeting Fam98b to regulate liver fibrosis. LncRNA-Gm9866 may be a new target for diagnosis and treatment of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Liao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6, Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Xianxian Ruan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6, Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Peishan Yao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6, Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Dan Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Xianbin Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Wuming Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530000, Guangxi, China
| | - Xia Zhou
- Department of Emergency, People's Hospital of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, 550000, Guizhou, China
| | - Jie Jing
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6, Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Dafu Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6, Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Yaodan Liang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6, Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Taicheng Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6, Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Shanyu Qin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6, Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
| | - Haixing Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6, Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
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Borrello MT, Mann D. Chronic liver diseases: From development to novel pharmacological therapies: IUPHAR Review 37. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:2880-2897. [PMID: 35393658 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver diseases comprise a broad spectrum of burdensome diseases that still lack effective pharmacological therapies. Our research group focuses on fibrosis, which is a major precursor of liver cirrhosis. Fibrosis consists in a progressive disturbance of liver sinusoidal architecture characterised by connective tissue deposition as a reparative response to tissue injury. Multifactorial events and several types of cells participate in fibrosis initiation and progression, and the process still needs to be completely understood. The development of experimental models of liver fibrosis alongside the identification of critical factors progressing fibrosis to cirrhosis will facilitate the development of more effective therapeutic approaches for such condition. This review provides an overlook of the main process leading to hepatic fibrosis and therapeutic approaches that have emerged from a deep knowledge of the molecular regulation of fibrogenesis in the liver. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Translational Advances in Fibrosis as a Therapeutic Target. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v180.22/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Borrello
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Derek Mann
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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6
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Brennan PN, Elsharkawy AM, Kendall TJ, Loomba R, Mann DA, Fallowfield JA. Antifibrotic therapy in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: time for a human-centric approach. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 20:679-688. [PMID: 37268740 PMCID: PMC10236408 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-023-00796-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) might soon become the leading cause of end-stage liver disease and indication for liver transplantation worldwide. Fibrosis severity is the only histological predictor of liver-related morbidity and mortality in NASH identified to date. Moreover, fibrosis regression is associated with improved clinical outcomes. However, despite numerous clinical trials of plausible drug candidates, an approved antifibrotic therapy remains elusive. Increased understanding of NASH susceptibility and pathogenesis, emerging human multiomics profiling, integration of electronic health record data and modern pharmacology techniques hold enormous promise in delivering a paradigm shift in antifibrotic drug development in NASH. There is a strong rationale for drug combinations to boost efficacy, and precision medicine strategies targeting key genetic modifiers of NASH are emerging. In this Perspective, we discuss why antifibrotic effects observed in NASH pharmacotherapy trials have been underwhelming and outline potential approaches to improve the likelihood of future clinical success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Brennan
- Institute for Regeneration & Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Ahmed M Elsharkawy
- Liver Unit and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Timothy J Kendall
- Institute for Regeneration & Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Edinburgh Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rohit Loomba
- NAFLD Research Centre, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Derek A Mann
- Fibrosis Research Group, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK.
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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7
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Kawahara A, Kanno K, Yonezawa S, Otani Y, Kobayashi T, Tazuma S, Ito M. Depletion of hepatic stellate cells inhibits hepatic steatosis in mice. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 37:1946-1954. [PMID: 35933582 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.15974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), the main source of extracellular matrix in hepatic fibrogenesis, produce various cytokines, growth factors, and morphogenetic proteins. Among these, several factors are known to promote hepatocyte lipid accumulation, suggesting that HSCs can be efficient therapeutic targets for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). This study aimed to investigate the effects of HSC depletion on the development of hepatic steatosis and fibrosis in a murine NASH model. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were treated with gliotoxin (GTX), an apoptosis inducer of activated HSCs under the feeding of a choline-deficient l-amino acid-defined high-fat diet for 4 weeks. For in vitro study, Hc3716 cells, immortalized human hepatocytes, were treated with fatty acids in the presence or absence of LX2, immortalized HSCs. RESULTS Choline-deficient l-amino acid-defined high-fat diet increased pronounced hepatic steatosis, which was attenuated by GTX treatment, together with a reduction in the number of activated HSCs. This change was associated with the downregulation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and its downstream genes, including adipocyte protein 2, cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36), and fatty acid transport protein 1, all of which increase the fatty acid uptake into hepatocytes. As expected, GTX treatment improved hepatic fibrosis. Co-culture of hepatocytes with HSCs enhanced intracellular lipid accumulation, together with the upregulation of PPARγ and CD36 protein expressions. CONCLUSIONS In addition to the improvement in hepatic fibrogenesis, depletion of HSCs had a favorable effect on hepatic lipid metabolism in a mouse NASH model, suggesting that HSCs are potentially efficient targets for the treatment of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Kawahara
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Keishi Kanno
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Sayaka Yonezawa
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Otani
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tomoki Kobayashi
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Susumu Tazuma
- JA Onomichi General Hospital, Onomichi, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masanori Ito
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
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8
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Peng Y, Yin Q, Yuan M, Chen L, Shen X, Xie W, Liu J. Role of hepatic stellate cells in liver ischemia-reperfusion injury. Front Immunol 2022; 13:891868. [PMID: 35967364 PMCID: PMC9366147 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.891868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a major complication of liver trauma, resection, and transplantation. IRI may lead to liver dysfunction and failure, but effective approach to address it is still lacking. To better understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms of liver IRI, functional roles of numerous cell types, including hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, neutrophils, and sinusoidal endothelial cells, have been intensively studied. In contrast, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), which are well recognized by their essential functions in facilitating liver protection and repair, have gained less attention in their role in IRI. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the effects of HSCs on the injury stage of liver IRI and their associated molecular mechanisms. In addition, we discuss the regulation of liver repair and regeneration after IRI by HSCs. Finally, we highlight unanswered questions and future avenues of research regarding contributions of HSCs to IRI in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Peng
- First Department of General Surgery, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, China
- Zhaolong Chen Academician Workstation, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Yuming Peng, ; Qiang Yin,
| | - Qiang Yin
- First Department of General Surgery, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, China
- Zhaolong Chen Academician Workstation, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Yuming Peng, ; Qiang Yin,
| | - Miaoxian Yuan
- First Department of General Surgery, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, China
- Zhaolong Chen Academician Workstation, Changsha, China
| | - Lijian Chen
- First Department of General Surgery, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, China
- Zhaolong Chen Academician Workstation, Changsha, China
| | - Xinyi Shen
- First Department of General Surgery, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, China
- Zhaolong Chen Academician Workstation, Changsha, China
| | - Weixin Xie
- First Department of General Surgery, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, China
- Zhaolong Chen Academician Workstation, Changsha, China
| | - Jinqiao Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, China
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9
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MicroRNA-494-3p prevents liver fibrosis and attenuates hepatic stellate cell activation by inhibiting proliferation and inducing apoptosis through targeting TRAF3. Ann Hepatol 2022; 23:100305. [PMID: 33434689 DOI: 10.1016/j.aohep.2021.100305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Alcoholic hepatitis (AH) is characterized by high morbidity and mortality. MicroRNA-494-3p is possibly involved in the regulation of cancers, but its role in AH has been rarely studied. MATERIALS AND METHODS AH mice model and primarily cultured mice hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) model were constructed. Levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were analyzed by ELISA. Expressions of miRNAs, HSC activation-related proteins and fibrosis-related protein were analyzed by qRT-PCR and Western blot. Cell counting kit, colony formation and flow cytometry assays were used to detect cell viability, proliferation and apoptosis, respectively. The relationship between TNF receptor-associated factor 3 (TRAF3) and miR-494-3p was predicted and verified by TargetScan and dual-luciferase assay, respectively. Results of the above experiments were verified by rescue experiments using TRAF3. RESULTS Liver damage and miRNA expression were observed in AH mice, and AST and ALT levels were increased in serum of AH mice. MiR-494-3p was reduced in AH liver tissues, and it decreased the levels of α-SMA and fibrosis-related proteins. HSCs were isolated, and activating HSCs or upregulating miR-494-3p had a regulatory effect on the levels of miR-494-3p, HSC activation-related proteins and fibrosis-related proteins as well as cell viability, proliferation and apoptosis. In addition, miR-494-3p targeted TRAF3 and inhibited TRAF3 expression, while overexpressed TRAF3 promoted TRAF3 expression and rescued the regulatory effect of miR-494-3p on the levels of related proteins as well as cell viability, proliferation and apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS This study provided a novel mechanistic comprehension of the anti-fibrotic effect of miR-494-3p.
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10
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Kataoka S, Umemura A, Okuda K, Taketani H, Seko Y, Nishikawa T, Yamaguchi K, Moriguchi M, Kanbara Y, Arbiser JL, Shima T, Okanoue T, Itoh Y. Honokiol Acts as a Potent Anti-Fibrotic Agent in the Liver through Inhibition of TGF-β1/SMAD Signaling and Autophagy in Hepatic Stellate Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413354. [PMID: 34948151 PMCID: PMC8705910 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver injury may result in hepatic fibrosis, which can progress to cirrhosis and eventually liver failure. There are no drugs that are specifically approved for treating hepatic fibrosis. The natural product honokiol (HNK), a bioactive compound extracted from Magnolia grandiflora, represents a potential tool in the management of hepatic fibrosis. Though HNK has been reported to exhibit suppressive effects in a rat fibrosis model, the mechanisms accounting for this suppression remain unclear. In the present study, the anti-fibrotic effects of HNK on the liver were evaluated in vivo and in vitro. In vivo studies utilized a murine liver fibrosis model, in which fibrosis is induced by treatment with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). For in vitro studies, LX-2 human hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) were treated with HNK, and expression of markers of fibrosis, cell viability, the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β1)/SMAD signaling pathway, and autophagy were analyzed. HNK was well tolerated and significantly attenuated CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in vivo. Moreover, HNK decreased HSC activation and collagen expression by downregulating the TGF-β1/SMAD signaling pathway and autophagy. These results suggest that HNK is a new potential candidate for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis through suppressing both TGF-β1/SMAD signaling and autophagy in HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seita Kataoka
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (S.K.); (K.O.); (H.T.); (Y.S.); (T.N.); (K.Y.); (M.M.); (Y.I.)
| | - Atsushi Umemura
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (S.K.); (K.O.); (H.T.); (Y.S.); (T.N.); (K.Y.); (M.M.); (Y.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-75-251-5332; Fax: +81-75-251-5348
| | - Keiichiro Okuda
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (S.K.); (K.O.); (H.T.); (Y.S.); (T.N.); (K.Y.); (M.M.); (Y.I.)
| | - Hiroyoshi Taketani
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (S.K.); (K.O.); (H.T.); (Y.S.); (T.N.); (K.Y.); (M.M.); (Y.I.)
| | - Yuya Seko
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (S.K.); (K.O.); (H.T.); (Y.S.); (T.N.); (K.Y.); (M.M.); (Y.I.)
| | - Taichiro Nishikawa
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (S.K.); (K.O.); (H.T.); (Y.S.); (T.N.); (K.Y.); (M.M.); (Y.I.)
| | - Kanji Yamaguchi
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (S.K.); (K.O.); (H.T.); (Y.S.); (T.N.); (K.Y.); (M.M.); (Y.I.)
| | - Michihisa Moriguchi
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (S.K.); (K.O.); (H.T.); (Y.S.); (T.N.); (K.Y.); (M.M.); (Y.I.)
| | - Yoshihiro Kanbara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saiseikai Suita Hospital, Suita 564-0013, Japan; (Y.K.); (T.S.); (T.O.)
| | - Jack L. Arbiser
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30322, USA
| | - Toshihide Shima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saiseikai Suita Hospital, Suita 564-0013, Japan; (Y.K.); (T.S.); (T.O.)
| | - Takeshi Okanoue
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saiseikai Suita Hospital, Suita 564-0013, Japan; (Y.K.); (T.S.); (T.O.)
| | - Yoshito Itoh
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (S.K.); (K.O.); (H.T.); (Y.S.); (T.N.); (K.Y.); (M.M.); (Y.I.)
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11
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Udomsinprasert W, Sobhonslidsuk A, Jittikoon J, Honsawek S, Chaikledkaew U. Cellular senescence in liver fibrosis: Implications for age-related chronic liver diseases. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2021; 25:799-813. [PMID: 34632912 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2021.1992385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION New insights indicate a causative link between cellular senescence and liver fibrosis. Senescent hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) facilitate fibrosis resolution, while senescence in hepatocytes and cholangiocytes acts as a potent mechanism driving liver fibrogenesis. In many clinical studies, telomeres and mitochondrial DNA contents, which are both aging biomarkers, were reportedly associated with a degree of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic liver diseases (CLDs); this highlights their potential as biomarkers for liver fibrogenesis. A deeper understanding of mechanisms underlying multi-step progression of senescence may yield new therapeutic strategies for age-related chronic liver pathologies. AREAS COVERED This review examines the recent findings from preclinical and clinical studies on mechanisms of senescence in liver fibrogenesis and its involvement in liver fibrosis. A comprehensive literature search in electronic databases consisting of PubMed and Scopus from inception to 31 August 2021 was performed. EXPERT OPINION Cellular senescence has diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic potential in progressive liver complications, especially liver fibrosis. Stimulating or reinforcing the immune response against senescent cells may be a promising and forthright biotherapeutic strategy. This approach will need a deeper understanding of the immune system's ability to eliminate senescent cells and the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying this process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abhasnee Sobhonslidsuk
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jiraphun Jittikoon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sittisak Honsawek
- Department of Biochemistry, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeleton Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Usa Chaikledkaew
- Social and Administrative Pharmacy Division, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Mahidol University Health Technology Assessment (MUHTA) Graduate Program, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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12
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Campana L, Esser H, Huch M, Forbes S. Liver regeneration and inflammation: from fundamental science to clinical applications. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:608-624. [PMID: 34079104 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-021-00373-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Liver regeneration is a complex process involving the crosstalk of multiple cell types, including hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells, endothelial cells and inflammatory cells. The healthy liver is mitotically quiescent, but following toxic damage or resection the cells can rapidly enter the cell cycle to restore liver mass and function. During this process of regeneration, epithelial and non-parenchymal cells respond in a tightly coordinated fashion. Recent studies have described the interaction between inflammatory cells and a number of other cell types in the liver. In particular, macrophages can support biliary regeneration, contribute to fibrosis remodelling by repressing hepatic stellate cell activation and improve liver regeneration by scavenging dead or dying cells in situ. In this Review, we describe the mechanisms of tissue repair following damage, highlighting the close relationship between inflammation and liver regeneration, and discuss how recent findings can help design novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Campana
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Hannah Esser
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Meritxell Huch
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stuart Forbes
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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13
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Sultana H, Komai M, Shirakawa H. The Role of Vitamin K in Cholestatic Liver Disease. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082515. [PMID: 34444675 PMCID: PMC8400302 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K (VK) is a ligand of the pregnane X receptor (PXR), which plays a critical role in the detoxification of xenobiotics and metabolism of bile acids. VK1 may reduce the risk of death in patients with chronic liver failure. VK deficiency is associated with intrahepatic cholestasis, and is already being used as a drug for cholestasis-induced liver fibrosis in China. In Japan, to treat osteoporosis in patients with primary biliary cholangitis, VK2 formulations are prescribed, along with vitamin D3. Animal studies have revealed that after bile duct ligation-induced cholestasis, PXR knockout mice manifested more hepatic damage than wild-type mice. Ligand-mediated activation of PXR improves biochemical parameters. Rifampicin is a well-known human PXR ligand that has been used to treat intractable pruritus in severe cholestasis. In addition to its anti-cholestatic properties, PXR has anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory effects. However, because of the scarcity of animal studies, the mechanism of the effect of VK on cholestasis-related liver disease has not yet been revealed. Moreover, the application of VK in cholestasis-related diseases is controversial. Considering this background, the present review focuses on the effect of VK in cholestasis-related diseases, emphasizing its function as a modulator of PXR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halima Sultana
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8572, Japan; (H.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Michio Komai
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8572, Japan; (H.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Hitoshi Shirakawa
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8572, Japan; (H.S.); (M.K.)
- International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-22-757-4402
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14
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Yu G, Mu H, Zhou H, Fang F, Cui Y, Wu Q, Xiong Q, Li H. MicroRNA-361 suppresses the biological processes of hepatic stellate cells in HBV-relative hepatic fibrosis by NF-kappaB p65. Cells Dev 2021; 167:203711. [PMID: 34216805 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2021.203711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This research study explores the effect of miR-361 on the activation of immortalized human and mice hepatic stallate cells (HSCs). METHODS 10 liver specimens from healthy volunteers and 20 HBV-relevant HCC tissues from patients. The expressions of miR-361 in HCC patients, HBx transgenic mice, HCC cell lines expressing HBx, and human and mouse HSCs were detected. The influences of miR-361 on the biological processes of HSCs were explored. The target of miR-361 and the effects of p65 on miR-361 were also verified and analyzed. RESULTS Microarray analysis and quantitative real-time PCR (Q-PCR) indicated that miR-361 was decreased in HBV-relevant HCC tissues, HBx transgenic mice, HBx-transfected HepG2 cells, human and mice HSCs. Bio-informatics prediction and dual-luciferase reporter assay (DLRA) suggested that nuclear factor kappa B subunit p65 gene was a target of miR-361. Furthermore, this study showed that p65 expression was upregulated in the HBV-relevant HCC tissues, HBx transgenic mice, HBx-transfected HepG2 cells. MiR-361 upregulation also caused a reduction in p65 expression in both human and mice HSCs. In addition, p65 overexpression counteracted the effect of miR-361 in human and mice HSCs' biological processes. These findings reveal a latent mechanism underlying p65 modulation by miR-361 which is capable of initiating HSC growth and migration. CONCLUSION miR-361 is potentially functioning as a potent marker for HBV-relevant HCC development or liver fibrosis (LF) progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Cancer, Tianjin Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300202, China
| | - Han Mu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Cancer, Tianjin Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300202, China
| | - Hongyuan Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Cancer, Tianjin Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300202, China
| | - Feng Fang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Cancer, Tianjin Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300202, China
| | - Yunlong Cui
- Department of Hepatobiliary Cancer, Tianjin Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300202, China
| | - Qiang Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Cancer, Tianjin Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300202, China
| | - Qingqing Xiong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Cancer, Tianjin Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300202, China.
| | - Huikai Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Cancer, Tianjin Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300202, China.
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15
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Xie YH, Tang CQ, Huang ZZ, Zhou SC, Yang YW, Yin Z, Heng BC, Chen WS, Chen X, Shen WL. ECM remodeling in stem cell culture: a potential target for regulating stem cell function. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2021; 28:542-554. [PMID: 34082581 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2021.0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells (SCs) hold great potential for regenerative medicine, tissue engineering and cell therapy. The clinical applications of SCs require both high quality and quantity of transplantable cells. However, during conventional in vitro expansion, SCs tend to lose properties that make them amenable for cell therapies. Extracellular matrix (ECM) serves an essential regulatory part in the growth, differentiation and homeostasis of all cells in vivo. when signals transmitted to cells, they do not respond passively. Many cell types can remodel pericellular matrix to meet their specific needs. This reciprocal cell-ECM interaction is crucial for the conservation of cell and tissue functions and homeostasis. In vitro ECM remodeling also plays a key role in regulating the lineage fate of SCs. A deeper understanding of in vitro ECM remodeling may provide new perspectives for the maintenance of SC function. In this review, we critically examined three ways that cells can be used to influence the pericellular matrix: (i) exerting tensile force on the ECM, (ii) secreting a variety of ECM proteins, and (iii) degrading the surrounding matrix, and its impact on SC lineage fate. Finally, we describe the deficiencies of current studies and what needs to be done next to further understand the role of ECM remodeling in ex vivo SC cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Hao Xie
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, 89681, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China;
| | - Chen-Qi Tang
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, 89681, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China;
| | - Zi-Zhan Huang
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, 89681, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China;
| | - Si-Cheng Zhou
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, 89681, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China;
| | - Yu-Wei Yang
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 26441, Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China;
| | - Zi Yin
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 26441, Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China;
| | - Boon Chin Heng
- Peking University School of Stomatology, 159460, Beijing, Beijing, China;
| | - Wei-Shan Chen
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, 89681, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China;
| | - Xiao Chen
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 26441, Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China;
| | - Wei-Liang Shen
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, 89681, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China;
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16
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Khurana A, Sayed N, Allawadhi P, Weiskirchen R. It's all about the spaces between cells: role of extracellular matrix in liver fibrosis. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:728. [PMID: 33987426 PMCID: PMC8106070 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-2948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is one of the leading complications of a variety of chronic liver disorders, including the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, liver cirrhosis and liver failure. The progression of liver fibrosis is driven by chronic inflammation, which activates the secretory fibroblasts to the myofibroblast phenotype. These specialized liver cells are called as hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). The excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) secretion creates a large number of complications. Fibrosis is the result of imbalance between the matrix synthesizing and matrix degrading factors. The major ECM proteins include the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), lysyl oxidases (LOX), lysyl oxidase-like (LOXLs) enzymes, tenascins and others. These ECM proteins present novel avenues for the therapeutics of liver fibrosis. The current review highlights the major role played by these critical matrix proteins in liver fibrosis. Further, some of the targeted formulations used against these proteins are discussed and suggestions are provided to select the course of research for successful clinical translation of basic research findings for the amelioration of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Khurana
- Center for Biomedical Engineering (CBME), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India.,Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nilofer Sayed
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Prince Allawadhi
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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17
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Zhang P, Gan Z, Tang L, Zhou L, Huang X, Wang J. WITHDRAWN: Exosomes from microRNA-145-5p-modified HUCB-MSCs attenuate CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis via down-regulating FSCN1 expression. Life Sci 2021:119404. [PMID: 33794251 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Zhang
- Department of Infection, No.3 Hospital of Xiangya, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Zeying Gan
- Department of Infection, No.3 Hospital of Xiangya, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Lanyan Tang
- Department of Infection, No.3 Hospital of Xiangya, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Lizhi Zhou
- Department of Infection, No.3 Hospital of Xiangya, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Infection, No.3 Hospital of Xiangya, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Jianlong Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, No.3 Hospital of Xiangya, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China.
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18
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Kitto LJ, Henderson NC. Hepatic Stellate Cell Regulation of Liver Regeneration and Repair. Hepatol Commun 2021; 5:358-370. [PMID: 33681672 PMCID: PMC7917274 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The hepatic mesenchyme has been studied extensively in the context of liver fibrosis; however, much less is known regarding the role of mesenchymal cells during liver regeneration. As our knowledge of the cellular and molecular mechanisms driving hepatic regeneration deepens, the key role of the mesenchymal compartment during the regenerative response has been increasingly appreciated. Single-cell genomics approaches have recently uncovered both spatial and functional zonation of the hepatic mesenchyme in homeostasis and following liver injury. Here we discuss how the use of preclinical models, from in vivo mouse models to organoid-based systems, are helping to shape our understanding of the role of the mesenchyme during liver regeneration, and how these approaches should facilitate the precise identification of highly targeted, pro-regenerative therapies for patients with liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J. Kitto
- Centre for Inflammation ResearchThe Queen’s Medical Research InstituteEdinburgh BioQuarterUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Neil C. Henderson
- Centre for Inflammation ResearchThe Queen’s Medical Research InstituteEdinburgh BioQuarterUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
- MRC Human Genetics UnitInstitute of Genetics and Molecular MedicineUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
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19
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Wu Z, Huang S, Zheng X, Gu S, Xu Q, Gong Y, Zhang J, Fu B, Tang L. Regulatory long non-coding RNAs of hepatic stellate cells in liver fibrosis (Review). Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:351. [PMID: 33732324 PMCID: PMC7903415 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.9782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis (LF) is a continuous wound healing process caused by numerous chronic hepatic diseases and poses a major threat to human health. Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) is a critical event in the development of hepatic fibrosis. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) that are involved in HSC activation, participate in the development of LF and are likely to be therapeutic targets for LF. In the present review, the cellular signaling pathways of LF with respect to HSCs were discussed. In particular, this present review highlighted the current knowledge on the role of lncRNAs in activating or inhibiting LF, revealing lncRNAs that are likely to be biomarkers or therapeutic targets for LF. Additional studies should be performed to elucidate the potential of lncRNAs in the diagnosis and prognosis of LF and to provide novel therapeutic approaches for the reversion of LF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengjie Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Shunmei Huang
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Silan Gu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Qiaomai Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Yiwen Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Jiaying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Bin Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Lingling Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
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20
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Cytoplasmic vacuolation with endoplasmic reticulum stress directs sorafenib induced non-apoptotic cell death in hepatic stellate cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3089. [PMID: 33542321 PMCID: PMC7862314 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82381-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are the major cells that secrete the ECM proteins and drive the pathogenesis of fibrosis in chronic liver disease. Targeting of HSCs by modulating their activation and proliferation has emerged as a promising approach in the development of anti-fibrotic therapy. Sorafenib, a multi-kinase inhibitor has shown anti-fibrotic properties by inhibiting the survival and proliferation of HSCs. In present study we investigated sorafenib induced cytoplasmic vacuolation mediated decreased cell viability of HSCs in dose and time dependent manner. In this circumstance, sorafenib induces ROS and ER stress in HSCs without involvement of autophagic signals. The protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide treatment significantly decreased the sorafenib-induced cytoplasmic vacuolation with increasing cell viability. Antioxidant human serum albumin influences the viability of HSCs by reducing sorafenib induced vacuolation and cell death. However, neither caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK nor autophagy inhibitor chloroquine could rescue the HSCs from sorafenib-induced cytoplasmic vacuolation and cell death. Using TEM and ER organelle tracker, we conclude that the cytoplasmic vacuoles are due to ER dilation. Sorafenib treatment induces calreticulin and GPR78, and activates IRE1α-XBP1s axis of UPR pathway, which eventually trigger the non-apoptotic cell death in HSCs. This study provides a notable mechanistic insight into the ER stress directed non-apoptotic cell death with future directions for the development of efficient anti-fibrotic therapeutic strategies.
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21
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Zhang J, Gu C, Song Q, Zhu M, Xu Y, Xiao M, Zheng W. Identifying cancer-associated fibroblasts as emerging targets for hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Biosci 2020; 10:127. [PMID: 33292459 PMCID: PMC7603733 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-020-00488-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex multicellular functional compartment that includes fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, endothelial cells, immune cells, and extracellular matrix (ECM) elements. The microenvironment provides an optimum condition for the initiation, growth, and dissemination of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). As one of the critical and abundant components in tumor microenvironment, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) have been implicated in the progression of HCC. Through secreting various growth factors and cytokines, CAFs contribute to the ECM remodeling, stem features, angiogenesis, immunosuppression, and vasculogenic mimicry (VM), which reinforce the initiation and development of HCC. In order to restrain the CAFs-initiated HCC progression, current strategies include targeting specific markers, engineering CAFs with tumor-suppressive phenotype, depleting CAFs’ precursors, and repressing the secretions or downstream signaling. In this review, we update the emerging understanding of CAFs in HCC, with particular emphasis on cellular origin, phenotypes, biological functions and targeted strategies. It provides insights into the targeting CAFs for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chaoyu Gu
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qianqian Song
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, One Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Mengqi Zhu
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuqing Xu
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingbing Xiao
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Wenjie Zheng
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.
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Leitch AC, Abdelghany TM, Charlton A, Grigalyte J, Oakley F, Borthwick LA, Reed L, Knox A, Reilly WJ, Agius L, Blain PG, Wright MC. Renal injury and hepatic effects from the methylimidazolium ionic liquid M8OI in mouse. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 202:110902. [PMID: 32634706 PMCID: PMC7447983 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The ionic liquid 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium (M8OI) has been found in the environment and identified as a hazard for triggering the liver disease primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). Given limited toxicity data for M8OI and other structurally-related ionic liquids, target organs for M8OI toxicity were examined. Adult male C57Bl6 mice were acutely exposed to 0-10 mg/kg body weight M8OI via 2 intraperitoneal injections (time zero and 18 h) and effects examined at 24 h. At termination, tissue histopathology, serum and urinary endpoints were examined. No overt pathological changes were observed in the heart and brain. In contrast, focal and mild to multifocal and moderate degeneration with a general trend for an increase in severity with increased dose was observed in the kidney. These changes were accompanied by a dose-dependent increased expression of Kim1 in kidney tissue, marked elevations in urinary Kim1 protein and a dose-dependent increase in serum creatinine. Hepatic changes were limited to a significant dose-dependent loss of hepatic glycogen and a mild but significant increase in portal tract inflammatory recruitment and/or fibroblastic proliferation accompanied by a focal fibrotic change. Cultured mouse tissue slices reflected these in vivo effects in that dose-dependent injury was observed in kidney slices but not in the liver. Kidney slices accumulated higher levels of M8OI than liver slices (e.g. at 10 μM, greater than 4 fold) and liver slices where markedly more active in the metabolism of M8OI. These data indicate that the kidney is a target organ for the toxic effects of M8OI accompanied by mild cholangiopathic changes in the liver after intraperitoneal administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair C Leitch
- Health Protection Research Unit, Wolfson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom; Institute Translational and Clinical Research, Level 4 Leech, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Tarek M Abdelghany
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Alex Charlton
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, NE1 8QB, United Kingdom
| | - Justina Grigalyte
- Institute Translational and Clinical Research, Level 4 Leech, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Oakley
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Lee A Borthwick
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Lee Reed
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Amber Knox
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - William J Reilly
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Loranne Agius
- Health Protection Research Unit, Wolfson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Peter G Blain
- Health Protection Research Unit, Wolfson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew C Wright
- Health Protection Research Unit, Wolfson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom; Institute Translational and Clinical Research, Level 4 Leech, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom.
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23
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Zhu H, He C, Zhao H, Jiang W, Xu S, Li J, Ma T, Huang C. Sennoside A prevents liver fibrosis by binding DNMT1 and suppressing DNMT1-mediated PTEN hypermethylation in HSC activation and proliferation. FASEB J 2020; 34:14558-14571. [PMID: 32946656 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000494rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation is an essential event during liver fibrogenesis. Phosphatase and tension homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) is a negative regulator of this process. DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), which catalyzes DNA methylation and subsequently leads to the transcriptional repression of PTEN, is selectively induced in myofibroblasts from diseased livers. Sennoside A (SA), a major purgative constituent of senna and the Chinese herb rhubarb, is widely used in China and other Asian countries as an irritant laxative. SA is reported to improve hepatic steatosis. However, the effect and mechanism of SA on liver fibrosis remain largely unknown. We recently identified a novel strategy for protecting liver fibrosis via epigenetic modification by targeting DNMT1. A Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) assay first reported that SA could directly bind DNMT1 and inhibit its activity. Administration of SA significantly prevented liver fibrosis, as evidenced by the dramatic downregulation of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and type I collagen alpha-1 (Col1α1) protein levels in a CCl4 -induced mouse hepatic fibrosis model and in TGF-β1-activated HSC-T6 cells, in vivo and in vitro. SA decreased the expression of Cyclin D1, CDK, and C-myc, indicating that SA may inhibit the activation and proliferation of TGF-β1-induced HSC-T6. Moreover, SA significantly promoted the expression of PTEN and remarkably inhibited the expression of p-AKT and p-ERK in vitro. Blocking PTEN or overexpressing DNMT1 could reduce the effect of SA on liver fibrosis. These data suggest that SA directly binds and inhibits the activity and that attenuated DNMT1-mediated PTEN hypermethylation caused the loss of PTEN expression, followed by the inhibition of the AKT and ERK pathways and prevented the development of liver fibrosis. Hence, SA might be employed as a promising natural supplement for liver fibrosis drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhu
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunity Disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Changsheng He
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunity Disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Huizi Zhao
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunity Disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wenjuan Jiang
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunity Disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Songbing Xu
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunity Disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Li
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunity Disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Taotao Ma
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunity Disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunity Disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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24
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Yang R, Deng H, Hou J, Li W, Zhang C, Yu M, Tang Y, Li Q, Li F, Song B, Zhang Z, Jiang C, Shen H. Investigation of salmon calcitonin in regulating fibrosis-related molecule production and cell-substrate adhesion in frozen shoulder synovial/capsular fibroblasts. J Orthop Res 2020; 38:1375-1385. [PMID: 31854470 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of salmon calcitonin (sCT) on improving fibrosis-related indicators in frozen shoulder synovial/capsular fibroblasts (SCFs) and detect the potential downstream pathway. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and cell-substrate adhesion assays were used to measure alterations in fibrosis-related molecule expression and the cell adhesion ability of frozen shoulder SCFs after treatment with range concentrations of sCT. The presence of calcitonin receptors (CTRs) in shoulder joint synovial/capsular tissue samples was detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The downstream pathways of sCT in SCFs were further explored by utilizing three classical pathway inhibitors. With the addition of sCT to the culture medium of frozen shoulder SCFs, the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of collagen type I (COL1A1), COL3A1, fibronectin 1, laminin 1, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and interleukin-1α (IL-1α) showed a descending trend as the sCT concentration increased. Treatment with sCT increased the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and IL-6 in a dose-dependent manner. The enhanced adhesion ability of frozen shoulder SCFs gradually diminished with increasing concentrations of sCT. By using IHC, the CTR was detected extensively in the frozen shoulder joint synovium and capsule. Blocking the protein kinase C (PKC) pathway reversed the sCT-mediated suppression of COL1A1 production. Blocking the PKC or protein kinase A (PKA) pathway eliminated the sCT-induced inhibition of TGF-β1 production. This study demonstrated that sCT effectively improved the mRNA expression of fibrosis-related molecules and decreased the enhanced cell-substrate adhesion ability of frozen shoulder SCFs. sCT might achieve these effects by interacting with the CTR that is expressed on the SCF surface and by activating the downstream PKC or PKA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiquan Deng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Jingyi Hou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiping Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Congda Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Menglei Yu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiyong Tang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qingyue Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fangqi Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Song
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengzheng Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuan Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huiyong Shen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
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Abstract
The fungal metabolite sporidesmin is responsible for the hepatogenous photosensitising disease facial eczema in livestock. Toxicity is due to a sulfur-bridged epidithiodioxopiperazine ring that has wide biological reactivity. The ways in which the toxin causes hepatobiliary and other tissue damage have not been established. Hypotheses include direct interaction with cellular thiols including protein cysteine residues or production of reactive oxygen species resulting in oxidative stress. Comparison with the cellular effects of the structurally related compound gliotoxin suggests additional mechanisms including interaction with cell adhesion complexes and possible downstream consequences for regulated necrosis as a response to tissue injury. Revision of hypotheses of how sporidesmin affects cells has the potential to generate new strategies for control of facial eczema including through identification of proteins and genes that are associated with resistance to the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Jordan
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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26
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Myofibroblast induces hepatocyte-to-ductal metaplasia via laminin-ɑvβ6 integrin in liver fibrosis. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:199. [PMID: 32251270 PMCID: PMC7090046 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2372-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocytes undergo the metaplasia into ductal biliary epithelial cells (BECs) in response to chronic injury, and subsequently contribute to liver regeneration. The mechanism underlying hepatocyte-to-ductal metaplasia has not been explored until now. In mouse models of liver fibrosis, a florid BEC response was observed in fibrotic liver, and the depletion of myofibroblasts attenuated BEC expansion remarkably. Then, in hepatocyte fate-tracing mouse model, we demonstrated the conversion of mature hepatocytes into ductal BECs in fibrotic liver, and the depletion of myofibroblasts diminished the hepatocyte-to-ductal metaplasia. Finally, the mechanism underlying the metaplasia was investigated. Myofibroblasts secreted laminin-rich extracellular matrix, and then laminin induced hepatocyte-to-ductal metaplasia through ɑvβ6 integrin. Therefore, our results demonstrated myofibroblasts induce the conversion of mature hepatocytes into ductal BECs through laminin-ɑvβ6 integrin, which reveals that the strategy improve regeneration in fibrotic liver through the modification of specific microenvironment.
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27
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Zhou Z, Qi J, Zhao J, Lim CW, Kim J, Kim B. Dual TBK1/IKKɛ inhibitor amlexanox attenuates the severity of hepatotoxin-induced liver fibrosis and biliary fibrosis in mice. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:1383-1398. [PMID: 31821710 PMCID: PMC6991653 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although numerous studies have suggested that canonical IκB kinases (IKK) play a key role in the progression of liver fibrosis, the role of non-canonical IKKε and TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) on the development and progression of liver fibrosis remains unclear. To demonstrate such issue, repeated injection of CCl4 was used to induce hepatotoxin-mediated chronic liver injury and biliary fibrosis was induced by 0.1% diethoxycarbonyl-1, 4-dihydrocollidine diet feeding for 4 weeks. Mice were orally administered with amlexanox (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) during experimental period. Significantly increased levels of TBK1 and IKKε were observed in fibrotic livers or hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) isolated from fibrotic livers. Interestingly, amlexanox treatment significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of TBK1 and IKKε accompanied by reduced liver injury as confirmed by histopathologic analysis, decreased serum biochemical levels and fibro-inflammatory responses. Additionally, treatment of amlexanox promoted the fibrosis resolution. In accordance with these findings, amlexanox treatment suppressed HSC activation and its related fibrogenic responses by partially inhibiting signal transducer and activator of transcription 3. Furthermore, amlexanox decreased the activation and inflammatory responses in Kupffer cells. Collectively, we found that inhibition of the TBK1 and IKKε by amlexanox is a promising therapeutic strategy to cure liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixiong Zhou
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology (BK21 Plus Program)College of Veterinary MedicineJeonbuk National UniversityIksanKorea
| | - Jing Qi
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology (BK21 Plus Program)College of Veterinary MedicineJeonbuk National UniversityIksanKorea
| | - Jing Zhao
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology (BK21 Plus Program)College of Veterinary MedicineJeonbuk National UniversityIksanKorea
| | - Chae Woong Lim
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology (BK21 Plus Program)College of Veterinary MedicineJeonbuk National UniversityIksanKorea
| | - Jong‐Won Kim
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology (BK21 Plus Program)College of Veterinary MedicineJeonbuk National UniversityIksanKorea
| | - Bumseok Kim
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology (BK21 Plus Program)College of Veterinary MedicineJeonbuk National UniversityIksanKorea
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28
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Hemistepsin A alleviates liver fibrosis by inducing apoptosis of activated hepatic stellate cells via inhibition of nuclear factor-κB and Akt. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 135:111044. [PMID: 31830547 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.111044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Hemistepsin A (HsA), isolated from Hemistepta lyrata (Bunge) Bunge, has the ability to ameliorate hepatitis in mice. However, the effects of H. lyrata and HsA on other types of liver disease have not been explored. In this report, we investigated the effects of H. lyrata and HsA on liver fibrosis and the underlying molecular mechanisms in activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Based on cell viability-guided isolation, we found HsA was the major natural product responsible for H. lyrata-mediated cytotoxicity in LX-2 cells. HsA significantly decreased the viability of LX-2 cells and primary activated HSCs, increased the binding of Annexin V, and altered the expression of apoptosis-related proteins, suggesting that HsA induces apoptosis in activated HSCs. HsA reduced the phosphorylation of IKKε and the transactivation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). Moreover, HsA decreased the phosphorylation of Akt and its downstream signaling molecules. Transfection experiments suggested that inhibition of NF-κB or Akt is essential for HsA-induced apoptosis of HSCs. In a CCl4-induced liver fibrosis model, HsA administration significantly decreased ALT and AST activities. Furthermore, HsA attenuated CCl4-mediated collagen deposits and profibrogenic genes expression in hepatic tissue. Thus, HsA may serve as a natural product for managing liver fibrosis through inhibition of NF-κB/Akt-dependent signaling.
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29
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Lu C, Rong D, Zhang B, Zheng W, Wang X, Chen Z, Tang W. Current perspectives on the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment in hepatocellular carcinoma: challenges and opportunities. Mol Cancer 2019; 18:130. [PMID: 31464625 PMCID: PMC6714090 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-019-1047-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is on the rise due to the prevalence of chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis. Although there are surgical and chemotherapy treatment avenues the mortality rate of HCC remains high. Immunotherapy is currently the new frontier of cancer treatment and the immunobiology of HCC is emerging as an area for further exploration. The tumor microenvironment coexists and interacts with various immune cells to sustain the growth of HCC. Thus, immunosuppressive cells play an important role in the anti-tumor immune response. This review will discuss the current concepts of immunosuppressive cells, including tumor-associated macrophages, marrow-derived suppressor cells, tumor-associated neutrophils, cancer-associated fibroblasts, and regulatory T cell interactions to actively promote tumorigenesis. It further elaborates on current treatment modalities and future areas of exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dawei Rong
- Hepatobiliary/Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Living Donor Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Betty Zhang
- Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wubin Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuehao Wang
- Hepatobiliary/Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China. .,Key Laboratory of Living Donor Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Ziyi Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Weiwei Tang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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30
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Takahashi T, Yoshioka M, Uchinami H, Nakagawa Y, Otsuka N, Motoyama S, Yamamoto Y. Hepatic Stellate Cells Play a Functional Role in Exacerbating Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rat Liver. Eur Surg Res 2019; 60:74-85. [PMID: 31132769 DOI: 10.1159/000499750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The involvement of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) with ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in rat liver was examined using gliotoxin, which is known to induce HSC apoptosis. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used. HSC was represented by a glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive cell. Liver ischemia was produced by cross-clamping the hepatoduodenal ligament. The degree of I/R injury was evaluated by a release of aminotransferases. Sinusoidal diameter and sinusoidal perfusion rates were examined using intravital fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS Gliotoxin significantly decreased the number of GFAP-positive cells 48 h after dosing (2.50 ± 0.19% [mean ± SD] in the nontreated group vs. 1.91 ± 0.46% in the gliotoxin-treated group). Liver damage was significantly suppressed by the pretreatment with gliotoxin. Sinusoidal diameters in zone 3 were wider in the gliotoxin group (10.25 ± 0.35 µm) than in the nontreated group (8.21 ± 0.50 µm). The sinusoidal perfusion rate was maintained as well in the gliotoxin group as in normal livers, even after I/R. CONCLUSIONS Pretreatment with gliotoxin significantly reduced the number of HSCs in the liver and further suppressed liver injury following I/R. It is strongly suggested that HSCs play a functional role in exacerbating the degree of I/R injury of the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomokazu Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Masato Yoshioka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan,
| | - Hiroshi Uchinami
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Nakagawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Naohiko Otsuka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Satoru Motoyama
- Department of Comprehensive Cancer Control, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Yuzo Yamamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
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31
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Ullah A, Wang K, Wu P, Oupicky D, Sun M. CXCR4-targeted liposomal mediated co-delivery of pirfenidone and AMD3100 for the treatment of TGFβ-induced HSC-T6 cells activation. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:2927-2944. [PMID: 31118614 PMCID: PMC6501422 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s171280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Liver fibrosis is a chronic liver disease associated with an excessive accumulation of extracellualr matrix (ECM) proteins which ultimately lead to cirrohosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Purpose: Liver fibrosis therapies that use combination approaches with the ability to affect multiple disease pathways have proven higher efficacies. This study aimed at optimizing and characterizing the co-encapsulation of pirfenidone (PF) and AMD3100 (AMD) into CXCR4-targeted combination liposomes (CTC liposome) for CXCR4 targeting, and the inhibition of major molecular culprits ie α-SMA, CXCR4, TGFβ, and P-p38 involved in liver fibrosis in-vitro. Methods: The CTC liposomes were prepared using the thin-film hydration method. The concentration of encapsulated AMD and PF was measured by HPLC and UV spectrophotometry, respectively. Tramsmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to determine the liposomal morphology. The CXCR4 targeting ability was determined by CXCR4 redistribution assay. Confocal microscopy and flowcytometry were used to determine the CXCR4 mediated cell uptake. The apoptosis inducing and protein downreguating ability of CTC liposomes were determined by apoptosis assay and western blot analysis, respectively. In-vivo biodistribution and Hoechst staining were used to confirm the feasibility of CTC liposome for the in-vivo applications and drug targeted accumulation, respectively. Results: The TEM studies revealed that CTC liposomes were spherical in shape. The cumulative release of AMD and PF from CTC liposome was 67% and 84%, respectively, at 48 h. Compared to the free drug counterparts, encapsulated drugs displayed higher cell viability. The CXCR4 redistribution assay confirmed the CXCR4 targeting and antagonistic ability of CTC liposomes. The CTC liposomes were internalized more effectively via caveolae-mediated endocytic pathways. CTC liposomes displayed aggressive apoptosis (87.3%) in TGFβ-induced activated HSC-T6 cells suggesting a propensity to fibrosis regression. Also, CTC liposomes significantly reduced α-SMA (65%), CXCR4 (77%), TGFβ (89%), and P-p38 (66%) expressions, better than free drugs. CTC@IR780 liposomes (CTC liposomes incorporating IR780 dye) were more accumulated in fibrotic livers compared to free IR780, as judged by in-vivo imaging, biodistribution analysis, and Hoechst staining. These findings suggest that this simple and stable CTC liposomal system holds a great promise for the treatment and prevention of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aftab Ullah
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaikai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengkai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - David Oupicky
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.,Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Minjie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
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32
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Kim JW, Yang D, Jeong H, Park IS, Lee MH, Lim CW, Kim B. Dietary zerumbone, a sesquiterpene, ameliorates hepatotoxin-mediated acute and chronic liver injury in mice. Phytother Res 2019; 33:1538-1550. [PMID: 30868670 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Acute liver injury (ALI) is a life-threatening clinical syndrome. Long-lasting liver injury can lead to chronic hepatic inflammation and fibrogenic responses. Zerumbone (ZER), the main constituent of rhizomes of Zingiber zerumbet Smith, has a variety of functions including anticancer activity. We investigated the role of ZER on the progression of hepatotoxin-induced liver injury. Single or repeated injection of CCl4 was used to induce acute or chronic liver injury, respectively. Mice were orally administered with ZER (10, 50 mg/kg) during the experimental period. Histopathologic analysis and serum biochemical levels revealed that ZER had hepatoprotective activities against ALI. Similar effects of ZER on injured livers were confirmed by analyses of inflammation and apoptosis-related genes. Western blot analysis showed that protein levels of apoptotic molecules were decreased, whereas antiapoptotic protein levels were conversely increased in injured livers treated with ZER. Furthermore, chronic liver injury and its associated fibrogenesis in mice were reduced by ZER treatment. These findings from our in vivo experiments further indicate that ZER could alleviate hepatocellular toxicity and inhibit activation of primary hepatic stellate cells. Our results suggest that ZER might have potential as a safe and prophylactic alternative to prevent acute and chronic liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Won Kim
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology (BK21 Plus Program), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Daram Yang
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology (BK21 Plus Program), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeneui Jeong
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology (BK21 Plus Program), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Song Park
- Division of Advanced Materials Engineering, Research Center for Advanced Materials Development and Institute of Biodegradable Materials, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ho Lee
- Deptartment of Dental Biomaterials and Institute of Biodegradable material, Institute of Oral Bioscience and BK21 plus project, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Woong Lim
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology (BK21 Plus Program), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumseok Kim
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology (BK21 Plus Program), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
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Konishi T, Schuster RM, Lentsch AB. Liver repair and regeneration after ischemia-reperfusion injury is associated with prolonged fibrosis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 316:G323-G331. [PMID: 30543462 PMCID: PMC6459287 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00154.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Liver recovery after hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is characterized by clearance of dead tissue and its replacement with functional liver parenchyma. Previous reports have observed fibrosis after liver I/R. To determine whether liver fibrosis after I/R was a pathologic consequence of the injury response, we assessed the development of liver fibrosis after I/R and its impact on subsequent insult. A murine model of partial I/R was used to induce liver injury and study the reparative response. During liver remodeling after I/R, expression of the profibrotic genes increased in the ischemic liver. Histologically, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)-positive hepatic stellate cells (HSCs)/myofibroblasts increased, and collagen deposition was enhanced along the injured site. Selective staining experiments showed that HSCs, not portal fibroblasts, were the major source of myofibroblasts. During liver repair after I/R, liver fibrosis was readily observed at the interface between necrotic tissue and regenerating liver in association with HSCs/myofibroblasts. The number of HSCs/myofibroblasts decreasing shortly after the full resolution of necrotic injury and restoration are normal liver architecture. However, liver fibrosis persisted for several more weeks before gradually resolving. Resolution of liver fibrosis was accompanied by upregulated expression of matrix metalloproteinase-13. After resolution of fibrosis, the administration of CCl4 did not result in exacerbated liver injury, suggesting that I/R injury does not predispose the liver to future fibrotic insults. The data suggest that liver fibrosis is a component of tissue repair after I/R, is caused by myofibroblasts derived from HSC, and does not increase susceptibility of the liver to subsequent hepatic injury. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study is the first to assess pathology of liver fibrosis during the reparative process after ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Here we show that profibrotic gene expression increased in the liver after I/R, and collagen accumulation produced by hepatic stellate cells (HSCs)/myofibroblasts enhanced at the interface between necrotic tissue and regenerating liver. Liver fibrosis gradually resolved concomitant with decreasing activation of HSC and upregulating matrix metalloproteinase-13. After resolution of fibrosis, the liver was not more susceptible to subsequent hepatic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Konishi
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Rebecca M. Schuster
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Alex B. Lentsch
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Vilaseca M, Guixé-Muntet S, Fernández-Iglesias A, Gracia-Sancho J. Advances in therapeutic options for portal hypertension. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2018; 11:1756284818811294. [PMID: 30505350 PMCID: PMC6256317 DOI: 10.1177/1756284818811294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Portal hypertension represents one of the major clinical consequences of chronic liver disease, having a deep impact on patients' prognosis and survival. Its pathophysiology defines a pathological increase in the intrahepatic vascular resistance as the primary factor in its development, being subsequently aggravated by a paradoxical increase in portal blood inflow. Although extensive preclinical and clinical research in the field has been developed in recent decades, no effective treatment targeting its primary mechanism has been defined. The present review critically summarizes the current knowledge in portal hypertension therapeutics, focusing on those strategies driven by the disease pathophysiology and underlying cellular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Vilaseca
- Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, IDIBAPS
Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Guixé-Muntet
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of
Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Jordi Gracia-Sancho
- Liver Vascular Biology Research Group, Barcelona
Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, IDIBAPS Biomedical Research Institute,
CIBEREHD, Rosselló 149, 4th floor, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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Probert PM, Leitch AC, Dunn MP, Meyer SK, Palmer JM, Abdelghany TM, Lakey AF, Cooke MP, Talbot H, Wills C, McFarlane W, Blake LI, Rosenmai AK, Oskarsson A, Figueiredo R, Wilson C, Kass GE, Jones DE, Blain PG, Wright MC. Identification of a xenobiotic as a potential environmental trigger in primary biliary cholangitis. J Hepatol 2018; 69:1123-1135. [PMID: 30006067 PMCID: PMC6192827 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is an autoimmune-associated chronic liver disease triggered by environmental factors, such as exposure to xenobiotics, which leads to a loss of tolerance to the lipoic acid-conjugated regions of the mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, typically to the E2 component. We aimed to identify xenobiotics that might be involved in the environmental triggering of PBC. METHODS Urban landfill and control soil samples from a region with high PBC incidence were screened for xenobiotic activities using analytical, cell-based xenobiotic receptor activation assays and toxicity screens. RESULTS A variety of potential xenobiotic classes were ubiquitously present, as identified by their interaction with xenobiotic receptors - aryl hydrocarbon receptor, androgen receptor and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha - in cell-based screens. In contrast, xenoestrogens were present at higher levels in soil extracts from around an urban landfill. Furthermore, two landfill sampling sites contained a chemical(s) that inhibited mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and induced the apoptosis of a hepatic progenitor cell. The mitochondrial effect was also demonstrated in human liver cholangiocytes from three separate donors. The chemical was identified as the ionic liquid [3-methyl-1-octyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium]+ (M8OI) and the toxic effects were recapitulated using authentic pure chemical. A carboxylate-containing human hepatocyte metabolite of M8OI, bearing structural similarity to lipoic acid, was also enzymatically incorporated into the E2 component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex via the exogenous lipoylation pathway in vitro. CONCLUSIONS These results identify, for the first time, a xenobiotic in the environment that may be related to and/or be a component of an environmental trigger for PBC. Therefore, further study in experimental animal models is warranted, to determine the risk of exposure to these ionic liquids. LAY SUMMARY Primary biliary cholangitis is a liver disease in which most patients have antibodies to mitochondrial proteins containing lipoic acid binding site(s). This paper identified a man-made chemical present in soils around a waste site. It was then shown that this chemical was metabolized into a product with structural similarity to lipoic acid, which was capable of replacing lipoic acid in mitochondrial proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Probert
- Health Protection Research Unit, Wolfson Building, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair C Leitch
- Health Protection Research Unit, Wolfson Building, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Michael P Dunn
- Health Protection Research Unit, Wolfson Building, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie K Meyer
- Health Protection Research Unit, Wolfson Building, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy M Palmer
- Health Protection Research Unit, Wolfson Building, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Tarek M Abdelghany
- Health Protection Research Unit, Wolfson Building, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4AA, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Anne F Lakey
- Health Protection Research Unit, Wolfson Building, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Martin P Cooke
- School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Drummond Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Talbot
- School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Drummond Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Corinne Wills
- School of Chemistry, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - William McFarlane
- School of Chemistry, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Lynsay I Blake
- Institute for Sustainability, The Key Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5TQ, United Kingdom
| | - Anna K Rosenmai
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Rodrigo Figueiredo
- Health Protection Research Unit, Wolfson Building, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4AA, United Kingdom; Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear NE7 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Wilson
- Health Protection Research Unit, Wolfson Building, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4AA, United Kingdom; Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear NE7 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - George E Kass
- European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - David E Jones
- Health Protection Research Unit, Wolfson Building, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Peter G Blain
- Health Protection Research Unit, Wolfson Building, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew C Wright
- Health Protection Research Unit, Wolfson Building, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4AA, United Kingdom.
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Lee PJ, Park HJ, Cho N, Kim HP. 3,5-Diethoxy-3'-Hydroxyresveratrol (DEHR) Ameliorates Liver Fibrosis via Caveolin-1 Activation in Hepatic Stellate Cells and in a Mouse Model of Bile Duct Ligation Injury. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23112833. [PMID: 30384491 PMCID: PMC6278252 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are involved in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. Resveratrol, 3,5,4′-trihydroxystilbene, is a dietary polyphenol found in natural food products. Here, we evaluated the anti-proliferative effects of a synthetic resveratrol derivative, 3,5-diethoxy-3′-hydroxyresveratrol (DEHR), on HSCs. Flow cytometry and Western blot analyses showed that DEHR induces apoptosis through the upregulation of cleaved caspase-3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase expression and reduction in the level of an anti-apoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2). As caveolin-1 (CAV1), a competitive inhibitor of heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), is related to apoptotic proteins in hepatic cells, we focused on the role of CAV1 in DEHR-induced apoptosis in HSCs through Western blot analyses. Our results showed that the inhibitory effect of DEHR on cell viability was stronger in HO-1 siRNA-transfected cells but weakened in CAV1 siRNA-transfected cells. Collagen concentration was significantly reduced, whereas CAV1 expression increased after treatment of a bile duct ligation injury-induced liver fibrosis model with DEHR for four weeks. We confirmed that DEHR treatment significantly reduced fibrous hyperplasia around the central veins, using hematoxylin and eosin and Sirius red staining. DEHR ameliorates liver fibrosis in vitro and in vivo, possibly through a mechanism involving CAV1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phil Jun Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea.
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Jung-gu, Gwan-yangdong 431-060, Korea.
| | - Hye-Jin Park
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea.
| | - Namki Cho
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea.
| | - Hong Pyo Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea.
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Role of hepatic stellate cell (HSC)-derived cytokines in hepatic inflammation and immunity. Cytokine 2018; 124:154542. [PMID: 30241896 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In their quiescent state, Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), are present in the sub-endothelial space of Disse and have minimal interaction with immune cells. However, upon activation following injury, HSCs directly or indirectly interact with various immune cells that enter the space of Disse and thereby regulate diverse hepatic function and immune physiology. Other than the normal physiological functions of HSCs such as hepatic homeostasis, maturation and differentiation, they also participate in hepatic inflammation by releasing a battery of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and interacting with other liver cells. Here, we have reviewed the role of HSC in the pathogenesis of liver inflammation and some infectious diseases in order to understand how the interplay between immune cells and HSCs regulates the overall outcome and disease pathology.
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Ezhilarasan D, Sokal E, Najimi M. Hepatic fibrosis: It is time to go with hepatic stellate cell-specific therapeutic targets. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2018; 17:192-197. [PMID: 29709350 DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is a pathological lesion, characterized by the progressive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) in the perisinusoidal space and it is a major problem in chronic liver diseases. Phenotypic activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC) plays a central role in the progression of hepatic fibrosis. Retardation of proliferation and clearance of activated HSCs from the injured liver is an appropriate therapeutic strategy for the resolution and treatment of hepatic fibrosis. Clearance of activated HSCs from the injured liver by autophagy inhibitors, proapoptotic agents and senescence inducers with the high affinity toward the activated HSCs may be the novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devaraj Ezhilarasan
- Biomedical Research Unit and Laboratory Animal Centre, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 600 077, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Etienne Sokal
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - Mustapha Najimi
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels 1200, Belgium
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Jamhiri I, Zahri S, Mehrabani D, Khodabandeh Z, Dianatpour M, Yaghobi R, Hosseini SY. Enhancing the apoptotic effect of IL-24/mda-7 on the human hepatic stellate cell through RGD peptide modification. Immunol Invest 2018; 47:335-350. [DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2018.1433202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Iman Jamhiri
- Department of Biology, Cell and Molecular Laboratory, Faculty of Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Saber Zahri
- Department of Biology, Cell and Molecular Laboratory, Faculty of Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Davood Mehrabani
- Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Khodabandeh
- Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Dianatpour
- Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ramin Yaghobi
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Younes Hosseini
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Current Perspectives Regarding Stem Cell-Based Therapy for Liver Cirrhosis. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 2018:4197857. [PMID: 29670867 PMCID: PMC5833156 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4197857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cirrhosis is a major cause of mortality and a common end of various progressive liver diseases. Since the effective treatment is currently limited to liver transplantation, stem cell-based therapy as an alternative has attracted interest due to promising results from preclinical and clinical studies. However, there is still much to be understood regarding the precise mechanisms of action. A number of stem cells from different origins have been employed for hepatic regeneration with different degrees of success. The present review presents a synopsis of stem cell research for the treatment of patients with liver cirrhosis according to the stem cell type. Clinical trials to date are summarized briefly. Finally, issues to be resolved and future perspectives are discussed with regard to clinical applications.
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Liu H, Dong F, Li G, Niu M, Zhang C, Han Y, He L, Yin P, Wang B, Sang X, Li R, Wang J, Bai Z, Xiao X. Liuweiwuling tablets attenuate BDL-induced hepatic fibrosis via modulation of TGF-β/Smad and NF-κB signaling pathways. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 210:232-241. [PMID: 28864168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Liuweiwuling (LWWL) tablets contain a six-herb Chinese formula and are commonly prescribed to facilitate nourishment of the liver and kidneys, clear away toxic materials and activate blood circulation. Administration of LWWL is well known for its protective effects on the liver and its capacity to confer long-term stability in patients exhibiting reduced transaminase levels. Clinical studies have reported that LWWL can also be used for the treatment of liver fibrosis with associated treatment regimens resulting in a concomitant reduction in transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) levels in the serum of patients with hepatic fibrosis. TGF-β1 plays a prominent role in stimulating liver fibrogenesis and this effect is mediated by myofibroblasts (MFB) derived from hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). It is likely that this phenomenon underpins the antifibrotic effects associated with LWWL. AIM The purpose of this study was to investigate the antifibrotic effects and mechanisms pertaining to LWWL. METHODS Hepatic fibrosis was induced in rats following bile duct ligation (BDL). Rats that underwent BDL received daily gavage administration of colchicine (0.2mg/kg per day), LWWL (0.4, 1.6, 6.4g/kg per day) or PBS (for the control group). Pathological changes in hepatic tissue were examined using hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and sirius red staining. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to monitor α-SMA and type I collagen (Collagen I) protein expression. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Western blot analyses were used to monitor the expression of genes and proteins in the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway, including TGF-β1, bone morphogenic protein and activin membrane-bound inhibitor (Bambi), Smad3, phosphorylated Smad3 (p-Smad3) and Smad7. We also monitored the expression of genes and proteins in the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway, including NF-κB p65, IκBα and phosphorylation of IκBα (p-IκBα), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β). RESULTS LWWL dose-dependently inhibited BDL-induced liver injury and hepatic fibrosis in rats. Furthermore, LWWL reduced liver tissue collagen deposition, hydroxyproline content, liver dysfunction and α-SMA expression in BDL-induced hepatic fibrosis rats. Moreover, LWWL markedly prevented activation of the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway by inhibiting expression of Smad2/3 and phosphorylation of Smad3, and upregulating the expression of Bambi and Smad7. In addition, LWWL regulated the expression of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6 by inhibiting the activation of NF-κB p65 and the phosphorylation of IκBα, and increasing the expression of IκBα. CONCLUSIONS LWWL can attenuate BDL-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats, and this effect may be due to modulation of the NF-κB-dependent inflammatory response and activation of HSC and TGF-β/Smad-mediated synthesis and degradation of Collagen I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, 302 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Chengde Medical University Chengde, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fang Dong
- Department of Health Statistics, Taishan Medical University, Taian, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangquan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, 302 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Niu
- Department of Pharmacy, 302 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Congen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, 302 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanzhong Han
- Department of Pharmacy, 302 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lanzhi He
- Department of Pharmacy, 302 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Yin
- Department of Pharmacy, 302 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, 302 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuxiu Sang
- Department of Pharmacy, 302 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Chengde Medical University Chengde, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruishen Li
- Animal Laboratory Center, 302 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiabo Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, 302 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaofang Bai
- Department of Pharmacy, 302 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohe Xiao
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Cordero-Espinoza L, Huch M. The balancing act of the liver: tissue regeneration versus fibrosis. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:85-96. [PMID: 29293095 DOI: 10.1172/jci93562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cell loss alters a tissue's optimal function and awakens evolutionarily adapted healing mechanisms to reestablish homeostasis. Although adult mammalian organs have a limited regeneration potential, the liver stands out as one remarkable exception. Following injury, the liver mounts a dynamic multicellular response wherein stromal cells are activated in situ and/or recruited from the bloodstream, the extracellular matrix (ECM) is remodeled, and epithelial cells expand to replenish their lost numbers. Chronic damage makes this response persistent instead of transient, tipping the system into an abnormal steady state known as fibrosis, in which ECM accumulates excessively and tissue function degenerates. Here we explore the cellular and molecular switches that balance hepatic regeneration and fibrosis, with a focus on uncovering avenues of disease modeling and therapeutic intervention.
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Lin M, Chang Y, Xie F, Shi Y, Pang L, Chen D. ASPP2 Inhibits the Profibrotic Effects of Transforming Growth Factor-β1 in Hepatic Stellate Cells by Reducing Autophagy. Dig Dis Sci 2018; 63:146-154. [PMID: 29196956 PMCID: PMC5760593 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-017-4816-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apoptosis-stimulating protein of p53-2 (ASPP2) is a damage-inducible P53-binding protein that enhances damage-induced apoptosis. Fibrosis is a wound-healing response, and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are key players in liver fibrogenesis. However, little is known about the relationship between ASPP2 and hepatic fibrosis. AIMS We investigated the effects of ASPP2 overexpression in HSCs and the role of ASPP2 in mouse liver fibrogenesis. METHODS Human HSCs (LX-2 cells) were pre-incubated with GFP adenovirus (Ad) or ASPP2 adenovirus (AdASPP2) for 24 h and then treated with or without TGF-β1. ASPP2+/- and ASPP2+/+ Balb/c mice were used to examine the effects of ASPP2 on liver fibrosis in vivo. ASPP2+/+ Balb/c mice were generated by injecting AdASPP2 into the tail vein of ASPP2 WT Balb/c mice; all mice received intraperitoneal injections of carbon tetrachloride. RESULTS In this study, ASPP2 was found to markedly inhibit TGF-β1-induced fibrogenic activation of LX-2 cells. Further experiments using an autophagic flux assay confirmed that ASPP2 reduced the fibrogenic activation of LX-2 cells by inhibiting autophagy. Moreover, we found that ASPP2 overexpression attenuated the anti-apoptotic effects of TGF-β1 in LX-2 cells. The extent of liver fibrosis was markedly reduced in ASPP2+/+ mouse liver tissue compared with control mice; however, in ASPP2+/- mice, hepatic collagen deposition was significantly increased. CONCLUSION These results suggest that TGF-β1-induced autophagy is required for the fibrogenic response in LX-2 cells and that ASPP2 may both inhibit TGF-β1-induced autophagy and decrease liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghua Lin
- Beijing Youan Hospital, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yuan Chang
- Beijing Youan Hospital, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Fang Xie
- Beijing Youan Hospital, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Ying Shi
- Beijing Youan Hospital, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Lijun Pang
- Beijing Youan Hospital, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Dexi Chen
- Beijing Youan Hospital, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
- Organ Transplantation Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao City, 266003, Shandong Province, China.
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Hamid M, Liu D, Abdulrahim Y, Liu Y, Qian G, Khan A, Gan F, Huang K. Amelioration of CCl4-induced liver injury in rats by selenizing Astragalus polysaccharides: Role of proinflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress and hepatic stellate cells. Res Vet Sci 2017; 114:202-211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Substance P promotes hepatic stellate cell proliferation and activation via the TGF-β1/Smad-3 signaling pathway. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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46
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Hubmann R, Sieghart W, Schnabl S, Araghi M, Hilgarth M, Reiter M, Demirtas D, Valent P, Zielinski C, Jäger U, Shehata M. Gliotoxin Targets Nuclear NOTCH2 in Human Solid Tumor Derived Cell Lines In Vitro and Inhibits Melanoma Growth in Xenograft Mouse Model. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:319. [PMID: 28736522 PMCID: PMC5500618 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Deregulation of NOTCH2 signaling is implicated in a wide variety of human neoplasias. The current concept of targeting NOTCH is based on using gamma secretase inhibitors (GSI) to regulate the release of the active NOTCH intracellular domain. However, the clinical outcome of GSI remains unsatisfactory. Therefore we analyzed human solid tumor derived cell lines for their nuclear NOTCH activity and evaluated the therapeutic potential of the NOTCH2 transactivation inhibitor gliotoxin in comparison to the representative GSI DAPT. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) were used as a surrogate method for the detection of NOTCH/CSL transcription factor complexes. The effect of gliotoxin on cell viability and its clinical relevance was evaluated in vitro and in a melanoma xenograft mouse model. Cell lines derived from melanoma (518A2), hepatocellular carcinoma (SNU398, HCC-3, Hep3B), and pancreas carcinoma (PANC1) express high amounts of nuclear NOTCH2. Gliotoxin efficiently induced apoptosis in these cell lines whereas the GSI DAPT was ineffective. The specificity of gliotoxin was demonstrated in the well differentiated nuclear NOTCH negative cell line Huh7, which was resistant to gliotoxin treatment in vitro. In xenotransplanted 518A2 melanomas, a single day dosing schedule of gliotoxin was well tolerated without any study limiting side effects. Gliotoxin significantly reduced the tumor volume in early (83 mm3 vs. 115 mm3, p = 0.008) as well as in late stage (218 mm3 vs. 576 mm3, p = 0.005) tumor models. In conclusion, NOTCH2 appears to be a key target of gliotoxin in human neoplasias and gliotoxin deserves further evaluation as a potential therapeutic agent in cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Hubmann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Sieghart
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Susanne Schnabl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Mohammad Araghi
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Martin Hilgarth
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Marlies Reiter
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Dita Demirtas
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Peter Valent
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of ViennaVienna, Austria.,Department of Medicine I, Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Zielinski
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of ViennaVienna, Austria.,Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Drug and Target Screening Unit, Medical University of ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Ulrich Jäger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of ViennaVienna, Austria.,Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Drug and Target Screening Unit, Medical University of ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Medhat Shehata
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of ViennaVienna, Austria.,Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Drug and Target Screening Unit, Medical University of ViennaVienna, Austria
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Liraglutide improves liver microvascular dysfunction in cirrhosis: Evidence from translational studies. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3255. [PMID: 28607430 PMCID: PMC5468330 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02866-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSC) play a key role in the development of chronic liver disease (CLD). Liraglutide, well-established in type 2 diabetes, showed anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties. We evaluated the effects of liraglutide on HSC phenotype and hepatic microvascular function using diverse pre-clinical models of CLD. Human and rat HSC were in vitro treated with liraglutide, or vehicle, and their phenotype, viability and proliferation were evaluated. In addition, liraglutide or vehicle was administered to rats with CLD. Liver microvascular function, fibrosis, HSC phenotype and sinusoidal endothelial phenotype were determined. Additionally, the effects of liraglutide on HSC phenotype were analysed in human precision-cut liver slices. Liraglutide markedly improved HSC phenotype and diminished cell proliferation. Cirrhotic rats receiving liraglutide exhibited significantly improved liver microvascular function, as evidenced by lower portal pressure, improved intrahepatic vascular resistance, and marked ameliorations in fibrosis, HSC phenotype and endothelial function. The anti-fibrotic effects of liraglutide were confirmed in human liver tissue and, although requiring further investigation, its underlying molecular mechanisms suggested a GLP1-R-independent and NF-κB-Sox9-dependent one. This study demonstrates for the first time that liraglutide improves the liver sinusoidal milieu in pre-clinical models of cirrhosis, encouraging its clinical evaluation in the treatment of chronic liver disease.
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Mottaghitalab F, Rastegari A, Farokhi M, Dinarvand R, Hosseinkhani H, Ou KL, Pack DW, Mao C, Dinarvand M, Fatahi Y, Atyabi F. Prospects of siRNA applications in regenerative medicine. Int J Pharm 2017; 524:312-329. [PMID: 28385649 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.03.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Small interfering RNA (siRNA) has established its reputation in the field of tissue engineering owing to its ability to silence the proteins that inhibit tissue regeneration. siRNA is capable of regulating cellular behavior during tissue regeneration processes. The concept of using siRNA technology in regenerative medicine derived from its ability to inhibit the expression of target genes involved in defective tissues and the possibility to induce the expression of tissue-inductive factors that improve the tissue regeneration process. To date, siRNA has been used as a suppressive biomolecule in different tissues, such as nervous tissue, bone, cartilage, heart, kidney, and liver. Moreover, various delivery systems have been applied in order to deliver siRNA to the target tissues. This review will provide an in-depth discussion on the development of siRNA and their delivery systems and mechanisms of action in different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Mottaghitalab
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Rastegari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Farokhi
- National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rassoul Dinarvand
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseinkhani
- Innovation Center for Advanced Technology, Matrix, Inc., New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Keng-Liang Ou
- Research Center for Biomedical Devices and Prototyping Production, Research Center for Biomedical Implants and Microsurgery Devices, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Daniel W Pack
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Chuanbin Mao
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Science Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73019, United States; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Meshkat Dinarvand
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yousef Fatahi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Atyabi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Fang S, Yuan J, Shi Q, Xu T, Fu Y, Wu Z, Guo W. Downregulation of UBC9 promotes apoptosis of activated human LX-2 hepatic stellate cells by suppressing the canonical NF-κB signaling pathway. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174374. [PMID: 28358817 PMCID: PMC5373541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UBC9, the only known E2-conjugating enzyme involved in SUMOylation, is a key regulator in fibrosis. However, the roles of UBC9 in liver fibrosis remain unclear. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the roles of UBC9 in HSC apoptosis and liver fibrogenesis. Our results showed that the UBC9 levels in activated LX-2 cells, HepG2 and SMMC-7721 were increased compared with LO2, and the expression of UBC9 in activated LX-2 cells, HepG2 and SMMC-7721 were no significant differences. The expression of UBC9 was effectively down-regulated by the UBC9-shRNA plasmid, and this effect was accompanied by the attenuated expression of the myofibroblast markers smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and Collagen I. Downregulation of UBC9 also promotes activated HSCs apoptosis by up-regulating cell apoptosis-related proteins. Further, knockdown of UBC9 in activated HSCs inhibited cell viability and caused cell cycle arrest in the G2 phase. Moreover, knockdown of UBC9 suppressed the activation of NF-κB signaling pathways. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that down-regulation of UBC9 expression induced activated LX-2 cell apoptosis and promoted cells to return to a quiescent state by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway. These results provide novel mechanistic insights for the anti-fibrotic effect of UBC9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sufen Fang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jinhua Yuan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qing Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Tiantian Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yao Fu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zheng Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wuhua Guo
- Department of interventional radiology, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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Ezhilarasan D, Evraerts J, Sid B, Calderon PB, Karthikeyan S, Sokal E, Najimi M. Silibinin induces hepatic stellate cell cycle arrest via enhancing p53/p27 and inhibiting Akt downstream signaling protein expression. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2017; 16:80-87. [PMID: 28119262 DOI: 10.1016/s1499-3872(16)60166-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proliferation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) plays a pivotal role in the progression of liver fibrosis consequent to chronic liver injury. Silibinin, a flavonoid compound, has been shown to possess anti-fibrogenic effects in animal models of liver fibrosis. This was attributed to an inhibition of cell proliferation of activated HSCs. The present study was to gain insight into the molecular pathways involved in silibinin anti-fibrogenic effect. METHODS The study was conducted on LX-2 human stellate cells treated with three concentrations of silibinin (10, 50 and 100 μmol/L) for 24 and 96 hours. At the end of the treatment cell viability and proliferation were evaluated. Protein expression of p27, p21, p53, Akt and phosphorylated-Akt was evaluated by Western blotting analysis and Ki-67 protein expression was by immunocytochemistry. Sirtuin activity was evaluated by chemiluminescence based assay. RESULTS Silibinin inhibits LX-2 cell proliferation in dose- and time-dependent manner; we showed that silibinin upregulated the protein expressions of p27 and p53. Such regulation was correlated to an inhibition of both downstream Akt and phosphorylated-Akt protein signaling and Ki-67 protein expression. Sirtuin activity also was correlated to silibinin-inhibited proliferation of LX-2 cells. CONCLUSION The anti-proliferative effect of silibinin on LX-2 human stellate cells is via the inhibition of the expressions of various cell cycle targets including p27, Akt and sirtuin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devaraj Ezhilarasan
- Institut de Recherche Experimentale et Clinique (IREC), Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Universite Catholique de Louvain, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
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