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Duguay MT, Walker MA, Ostrowska J, Hoddinott KL. Surgical treatment of a persistent right aortic arch with concurrent patent ductus arteriosus in a 4-month-old German shepherd dog. Vet Med Sci 2023. [PMID: 37243911 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A 4-month-old intact female German shepherd dog was presented with a history of postprandial regurgitation, a palpably distended cervical oesophagus after eating, and poor weight gain despite a ravenous appetite. Computed tomography angiography, esophagoscopy and echocardiography identified a persistent right aortic arch with a concurrent patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) causing extraluminal oesophageal compression leading to marked segmental megaoesophagus. A heart murmur was not detectable. A left lateral thoracotomy was performed to ligate and transect the PDA without complication. The dog was discharged with mild aspiration pneumonia which resolved with antimicrobial therapy. Twelve months post-surgery the owners reported no regurgitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco T Duguay
- Atlantic Veterinary College Department of Companion Animal Surgery, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada
| | - Meagan A Walker
- Atlantic Veterinary College Department of Companion Animal Surgery, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada
| | | | - Katie L Hoddinott
- Atlantic Veterinary College Department of Companion Animal Surgery, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada
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2
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Karn M, Potter BM, Pierce KV, Scansen BA. Medial insertion of the patent ductus arteriosus characterized by computed tomography angiography in a cat and dog. J Vet Cardiol 2022; 41:145-153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
There remain areas of uncertainty in optimal technique, preferred candidates, and expected outcome for small animal patients undergoing cardiac intervention. This article highlights issues within interventional cardiology that are in need of study and offers the author's opinion and experience on topics such as variants of pulmonary valve anatomy and alternatives to conventional balloon dilation for pulmonary valve stenosis, patient selection for cutting or high-pressure balloon dilation of aortic valvar or subaortic stenosis, occlusion of patent ductus arteriosus in very small dogs, ductal stenting in conditions with reduced pulmonary blood flow, and alternative considerations for vascular access and closure.
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4
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Wierzbicki MA, Raines SB, Gordon SG, Criscione JC, Saunders AB, Birch S, Due B, Keller B, Nash LD, Miller MW, Maitland DJ. An experimental canine patent ductus arteriosus occlusion device based on shape memory polymer foam in a nitinol cage. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017; 75:279-292. [PMID: 28759840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a congenital cardiovascular defect in which a fetal connection between the aorta and pulmonary artery does not spontaneously close shortly after birth. If left uncorrected serious complications and even death can occur. Surgical ligation is the traditional treatment method; however, it is an invasive procedure, that motivates development of a minimally invasive option. Shape memory polymer (SMP) foams are unique materials that hold promise in the field of minimally invasive occlusion devices. In this work, a prototype nitinol foam cage (NFC) incorporating SMP foams has been designed and evaluated in multiple mechanical and in vitro verification tests. The NFC demonstrated acceptable fatigue resistance in a preliminary strut integrity test, withstanding one million cycles without complete strut fracture. Radial force analysis of both thick- and thin-walled prototype variations generated less vessel distension and wall tension in a vessel mimic compared to a commercial device. The NFCs exhibited negligible in vitro migration, comparable to that of a commercial device, using simplified, ideal models of PDA. Deployment characteristics of the prototypes were evaluated and compared to that of a commercial device when delivered into physiological models of PDA. During mock deployments, a veterinary cardiologist noted that, while deliverable, the thin-walled NFC prototype exhibited poor deployment characteristics, however the thick-walled NFC had deployment characteristics comparable to that of a commercial device. The promising results of this study warrant further investigation of the NFC device for canine PDA closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Wierzbicki
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, MS 3120, 5045 Emerging Technologies Building, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Sarah B Raines
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Texas A&M University, USA
| | - Sonya G Gordon
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, USA
| | - John C Criscione
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, MS 3120, 5045 Emerging Technologies Building, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Ashley B Saunders
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, USA
| | - Scott Birch
- The Center for Educational Technologies, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, USA
| | - Bradley Due
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, MS 3120, 5045 Emerging Technologies Building, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Brandis Keller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, MS 3120, 5045 Emerging Technologies Building, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Landon D Nash
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, MS 3120, 5045 Emerging Technologies Building, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Matthew W Miller
- Texas Institute for Preclinical Studies, Texas A&M University, MS 4478, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Duncan J Maitland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, MS 3120, 5045 Emerging Technologies Building, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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5
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Lee Y, Jung J, Park J, Jeong J, Jeon S, Park S, Chang J, Kang JH, Lee C, Chang D. CARDIAC MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS IN THREE DOGS. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2016; 58:62-75. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Youngjae Lee
- Section of Medical Imaging; Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine; Chungbuk National University; Cheongju Korea
| | - Jaihyun Jung
- Section of Medical Imaging; Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine; Chungbuk National University; Cheongju Korea
| | - Junyong Park
- Section of Medical Imaging; Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine; Chungbuk National University; Cheongju Korea
| | - Jiyoon Jeong
- Section of Medical Imaging; Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine; Chungbuk National University; Cheongju Korea
| | - Seokho Jeon
- Section of Medical Imaging; Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine; Chungbuk National University; Cheongju Korea
| | - Sunyoung Park
- Section of Medical Imaging; Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine; Chungbuk National University; Cheongju Korea
| | - Jinhwa Chang
- Section of Medical Imaging; Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine; Chungbuk National University; Cheongju Korea
| | - Ji-Houn Kang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine; Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine; Chungbuk National University; Cheongju Korea
| | - Chulhyun Lee
- Bioimaging Research Team; Korea Basic Science Institute; Cheongju Korea
| | - Dongwoo Chang
- Section of Medical Imaging; Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine; Chungbuk National University; Cheongju Korea
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6
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Wierzbicki MA, Bryant J, Miller MW, Keller B, Maitland DJ. Mechanical and in vitro evaluation of an experimental canine patent ductus arteriosus occlusion device. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2016; 59:156-167. [PMID: 26766327 PMCID: PMC5821254 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2015.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a congenital cardiovascular malformation in which a fetal connection between the aorta and pulmonary artery remains patent after birth. This defect commonly results in clinical complications, even death, necessitating closure. Surgical ligation is the most common treatment but requires a thoracotomy and is therefore invasive. A minimally invasive option is preferable. A prototype device for PDA occlusion which utilizes shape memory polymer foams has been developed and evaluated using mechanical and in vitro experiments. Removal force and radial pressure measurements show that the prototype device exhibited a lower removal force and radial pressure than a commercially available device. The in vitro experiments conducted within simplified and physiological PDA models showed that the prototype does not migrate out of position into the pulmonary artery at either physiological or elevated pressures in multiple model configurations. While the radial pressure and removal force were lower than commercial devices, the device performed acceptably in the in vitro benchtop experiments warranting further prototype development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Wierzbicki
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jesse Bryant
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Matthew W Miller
- Texas Institute for Preclinical Studies, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Brandis Keller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Duncan J Maitland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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7
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Kuczynski LA, Schwartz P, Peddle G, Huang S, Mai W, Giger U. Goiter with vascular anomalies in a litter of Polish Lowland sheepdogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2012; 48:278-83. [PMID: 22611215 PMCID: PMC3395427 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-5769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
At approximately 4-5 mo of age, three Polish Lowland sheepdog puppies from a single litter of eight puppies presented to their respective primary veterinarians with bilateral subcutaneous masses in their ventral cervical regions. Evaluation, including thyroid function testing, surgical exploration with resection, computed tomography, and angiography, identified the masses as enlarged thyroid glands with severely dilated and abnormal vasculature in the regions of the glands. The dogs were also found to have serum concentrations of thyroid hormones that were below the reference ranges. None of the three dogs showed clinical signs of hypothyroidism, except for the presence of goiter. One dog also had a patent ductus arteriosus that was surgically repaired. All dogs were clinically normal at 2 yr of age. This is the first report of major vascular anomalies associated with goiter in any species. The mechanism is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Anne Kuczynski
- Section of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Tobias AH, Stauthammer CD. Minimally invasive per-catheter occlusion and dilation procedures for congenital cardiovascular abnormalities in dogs. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2010; 40:581-603. [PMID: 20610013 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2010.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
With ever-increasing sophistication of veterinary cardiology, minimally invasive per-catheter occlusion and dilation procedures for the treatment of various congenital cardiovascular abnormalities in dogs have become not only available, but mainstream. Much new information about minimally invasive per-catheter patent ductus arteriosus occlusion has been published and presented during the past few years. Consequently, patent ductus arteriosus occlusion is the primary focus of this article. Occlusion of other less common congenital cardiac defects is also briefly reviewed. Balloon dilation of pulmonic stenosis, as well as other congenital obstructive cardiovascular abnormalities is discussed in the latter part of the article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony H Tobias
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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Saunders A, Achen S, Gordon S, Miller M. Utility of Transesophageal Echocardiography for Transcatheter Occlusion of Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Dogs: Influence on the Decision-Making Process. J Vet Intern Med 2010; 24:1407-13. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0587.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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10
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Transvenous occlusion of patent ductus arteriosus in 56 consecutive dogs. J Vet Cardiol 2010; 12:75-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2010.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Revised: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Miller SJ, Thomas WP. Coil embolization of patent ductus arteriosus via the carotid artery in seven dogs. J Vet Cardiol 2009; 11:129-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2009.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2009] [Revised: 08/16/2009] [Accepted: 09/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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Saunders A, Fabrick C, Achen S, Miller M. Coil Embolization of a Congenital Arteriovenous Fistula of the Saphenous Artery in a Dog. J Vet Intern Med 2009; 23:662-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0315.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Kim SY, Lee SH, Kim NK, Choi JY, Sul JH. A new strategy for transcatheter closure of patent ductus arteriosus with recent-generation devices. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2009. [DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2009.52.4.488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Yee Kim
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Severance Cardiovascular Center Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Lee
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Severance Cardiovascular Center Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nam Kyun Kim
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Severance Cardiovascular Center Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Young Choi
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Severance Cardiovascular Center Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun Hee Sul
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Severance Cardiovascular Center Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Tanaka R, Soda A, Saida Y, Sugihara K, Takashima K, Shibazaki A, Yamane Y. Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of coil occlusion for patent ductus arteriosus in dogs. J Vet Med Sci 2007; 69:857-9. [PMID: 17827897 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.69.857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed a retrospective study of 56 dogs with Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) to evaluate the indications for and efficacy of transarterial PDA coil embolization. Transarterial PDA coil embolization was conducted in 37 cases (66.1%) and surgical ligation was conducted in 16 cases (28.6%). Three cases (5.4%) were diagnosed as pulmonary hypertension and were excluded from surgical intervention. Although coil dislodgement was observed in the pulmonary artery in one case, no death occurred during coil embolization or surgical ligation. Echocardiography showed that fractional shortening decreased from 35.4 +/- 6.8% to 30.2 +/- 5.9% (P<0.05) after transarterial PDA coil embolization. Although slight residual shunts were observed in 18 cases, transarterial PDA coil embolization was effective treatment of PDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryou Tanaka
- Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
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Lee SG, Hyun C. Retrieval of an embolization coil accidentally dislodged in the descending aorta of a dog with a patent ductus arteriosus. J Vet Sci 2007; 8:205-7. [PMID: 17519578 PMCID: PMC2872723 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2007.8.2.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A 3.5-year-old intact female miniature poodle (weighing 2.7 kg) was referred to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital at Kangwon National University, because of inadvertent aortic embolization, by an occlusion coil used for the closure of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). The coil was found at the site of the branching renal arteries in the abdominal aorta. A foreign body forceps with a three-wire nail tip was used, with fluoroscopic guidance, to retrieve the coil. After the removal, the dog was treated with heparin to prevent thromboembolization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Gon Lee
- Section of Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea
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Goodrich KR, Kyles AE, Kass PH, Campbell F. Retrospective Comparison of Surgical Ligation and Transarterial Catheter Occlusion for Treatment of Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Two Hundred and Four Dogs (1993?2003). Vet Surg 2007; 36:43-9. [PMID: 17214819 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2007.00233.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare procedure time, complications, mortality, and short-term outcome in dogs with patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) treated by surgical ligation (SL) or transarterial coil occlusion (TCO). STUDY DESIGN Retrospective study. ANIMALS Dogs with PDA (n=204). METHODS Medical records of dogs treated for PDA were reviewed. Dogs treated by SL when it was the primary method used for PDA treatment (1993-1998) were compared with dogs treated by TCO when it was the primary method used for PDA treatment (1999-2003). Dogs treated during the transition between techniques, dogs treated with SL (1999-2003) and dogs treated with TCO before 1999, as well as dogs with pulmonary hypertension, or bidirectional or reversed (right-to-left) flow through the PDA were excluded from analysis. RESULTS Age, weight, gender distribution, and procedure times (P=.43) were similar for both groups. Major complications were more common with SL (12% versus 4.3%; P=.035) whereas minor complications were more common with TCO (12% versus 26%; P=.015). Initial success rate was higher for SL (94%) compared with TCO (84%; P=.027). There was no significant difference in mortality between SL (5.6%) and TCO (2.6%; P=.27). CONCLUSIONS Both SL and TCO are acceptable PDA treatments with comparable mortality; however, SL was associated with a higher risk of major complications and TCO was associated with a lower initial success rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly R Goodrich
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, and the Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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Saunders AB, Miller MW, Gordon SG, Bahr A. Echocardiographic and Angiographic Comparison of Ductal Dimensions in Dogs with Patent Ductus Arteriosus. J Vet Intern Med 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.tb02930.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Fujii Y, Keene BW, Mathews KG, Atkins CE, Defrancesco TC, Hardie EM, Wakao Y. Coil Occlusion of Residual Shunts After Surgical Closure of Patent Ductus Arteriosus. Vet Surg 2006; 35:781-5. [PMID: 17187640 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2006.00222.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED OBJECTIVE; To describe use of coil embolization to occlude residual flow through a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) after incomplete surgical ligation. STUDY DESIGN Clinical study. ANIMALS Dogs (n=4) with continuous murmur after surgical ligation of PDA. METHODS After PDA ligation, residual ductal flow through the PDA was visible on color-flow Doppler examination and left ventricular end-diastolic diameter remained increased. Coil embolization by an arterial approach was performed to achieve complete occlusion of the PDA. RESULTS Embolization coils were delivered without complications and hemodynamically successful occlusion was achieved. Doppler-visible flow resolved in 2 dogs within 3 months after embolization. Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter indexed to body weight decreased in all dogs. CONCLUSIONS Transcatheter coil embolization appears to be a safe and minimally invasive procedure for complete occlusion of residual PDA flow after incomplete surgical ligation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Transcatheter coil embolization should be considered for correction of hemodynamically significant residual shunts in dogs that have incomplete PDA occlusion after open surgical ligation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Fujii
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
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Miller MW, Gordon SG, Saunders AB, Arsenault WG, Meurs KM, Lehmkuhl LB, Bonagura JD, Fox PR. Angiographic classification of patent ductus arteriosus morphology in the dog. J Vet Cardiol 2006; 8:109-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2006.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2006] [Revised: 07/05/2006] [Accepted: 07/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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