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Palm PH, Matos MC, Velazco CS. Complications following ileal pouch-anal anastomosis in pediatric ulcerative colitis. Semin Pediatr Surg 2024; 33:151405. [PMID: 38583361 DOI: 10.1016/j.sempedsurg.2024.151405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) is the procedure of choice for reconstruction after total proctocolectomy in pediatric patients with ulcerative colitis. 30-60 % of patients undergoing IPAA will experience a postoperative complication. The primary objective of this article is to address the most common complications specific to IPAA in the pediatric population and provide an up-to-date review of their presentation, risk factors, workup, and management. We also share our preferred approaches to management and prevention of complications, where relevant. We intend to provide a concise review on the topic aimed at pediatric surgeons and healthcare providers involved in the care of this population with the goal of contributing to improved outcomes and patient quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preston H Palm
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Orlando Health Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children, Orlando, FL 32806, USA
| | - Monique C Matos
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Orlando Health Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children, Orlando, FL 32806, USA
| | - Cristine S Velazco
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Orlando Health Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children, Orlando, FL 32806, USA.
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Kawaguchi AL, Guner YS, Sømme S, Quesenberry AC, Arthur LG, Sola JE, Downard CD, Rentea RM, Valusek PA, Smith CA, Slidell MB, Ricca RL, Dasgupta R, Renaud E, Miniati D, McAteer J, Beres AL, Grabowski J, Peter SDS, Gosain A. Management and outcomes for long-segment Hirschsprung disease: A systematic review from the APSA Outcomes and Evidence Based Practice Committee. J Pediatr Surg 2021; 56:1513-1523. [PMID: 33993978 PMCID: PMC8552809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2021.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Long-Segment Hirschsprung Disease (LSHD) differs clinically from short-segment disease. This review article critically appraises current literature on the definition, management, outcomes, and novel therapies for patients with LSHD. METHODS Four questions regarding the definition, management, and outcomes of patients with LSHD were generated. English-language articles published between 1990 and 2018 were compiled by searching PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. A qualitative synthesis was performed. RESULTS 66 manuscripts were included in this systematic review. Standardized nomenclature and preoperative evaluation for LSHD are recommended. Insufficient evidence exists to recommend a single method for the surgical repair of LSHD. Patients with LSHD may have increased long-term gastrointestinal symptoms, including Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis (HAEC), but have a quality of life similar to matched controls. There are few surgical technical innovations focused on this disorder. CONCLUSIONS A standardized definition of LSHD is recommended that emphasizes the precise anatomic location of aganglionosis. Prospective studies comparing operative options and long-term outcomes are needed. Translational approaches, such as stem cell therapy, may be promising in the future for the treatment of long-segment Hirschsprung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akemi L Kawaguchi
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Yigit S Guner
- Department of Surgery University of California Irvine and Division of Pediatric Surgery Children's Hospital of Orange County, USA
| | - Stig Sømme
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - L Grier Arthur
- Division of Pediatric General, Thoracic, and Minimally Invasive Surgery, St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Juan E Sola
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Cynthia D Downard
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Hiram C. Polk, Jr, MD Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Rebecca M Rentea
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Mercy-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Patricia A Valusek
- Pediatric Surgical Associates, Children's Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Caitlin A Smith
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mark B Slidell
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Comer Children's Hospital, The University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Robert L Ricca
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Naval Medical Center, Portsmouth, VA, USA
| | - Roshni Dasgupta
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Childrens Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati OH, USA
| | - Elizabeth Renaud
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Hasbro Children's Hospital, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Doug Miniati
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Kaiser Permanente Roseville Women and Children's Center, Roseville, California, USA
| | | | - Alana L Beres
- Division of Pediatric General, Thoracic and Fetal Surgery, University of California, Davis, Sacramento CA, USA
| | - Julia Grabowski
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL long, USA
| | - Shawn D St Peter
- Department of Surgery, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Ankush Gosain
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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Postoperative outcome and survival in relation to small intestinal involvement of total colonic aganglionosis. J Pediatr Surg 2015; 50:1859-64. [PMID: 26103793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2015.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognosis and treatment of total colonic aganglionosis (TCA) vary according to the presence and extent of small bowel involvement. METHODS Medical records of TCA patients treated in Helsinki University Children's Hospital during 1984-2013 (n=21) were reviewed. RESULTS The aganglionosis extended up to cecum or distal ileum (n=12), mid small bowel (n=4), or duodenojejunal flexure (n=5). Patients underwent resection of distal aganglionic bowel with ileoanal (IAA) or jejunoanal anastomosis (JAA) with (n=9) or without J-pouch (n=5), Lester-Martin pull-through (n=1), or were left with an end-jejunostomy (n=6). Further procedures included autologous intestinal reconstruction (n=3) and ITx/listing for ITx (n=2). Compared to distal ileum aganglionosis, patients with more proximal disease required parenteral nutrition (PN) more often (100% vs. 25%) and weaned off PN less frequently (p=0.001). At last follow-up 6.5 (interquartile range 2.5-14.5) years postoperatively, all patients with distal ileum aganglionosis were off PN and alive compared to 78% on PN (p<0.001) and 67% alive (p=0.063) of those with more proximal disease. All had normal plasma bilirubin and patients with preserved intestinal continuity (n=13) were continent. CONCLUSIONS Outcomes following restorative proctocolectomy for aganglionosis extending up to mid small bowel are promising, whereas long-term outlook in proximal small intestinal disease is dismal without ITx.
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Polites SF, Potter DD, Moir CR, Zarroug AE, Stephens MC, Tung J, Pavey ES, Harmsen WS, Pemberton JH. Long-term outcomes of ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for pediatric chronic ulcerative colitis. J Pediatr Surg 2015; 50:1625-9. [PMID: 25863545 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2015.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) is the surgical treatment of choice for patients with chronic ulcerative colitis (CUC). In the pediatric population, short-term outcomes of IPAA are excellent but long-term data limited. The purpose of this study is to report long-term functional and quality of life outcomes of IPAA in pediatric patients. METHODS Functional outcomes and quality of life (QoL) following IPAA in patients ≤ 18 years of age were prospectively assessed by survey over a 30 year period. Preoperative information, chronic pouchitis and pouch loss were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS Over 30 years, 202 children with CUC underwent IPAA. Questionnaires were returned by 87% and median (range) survey follow-up was 181.5 (7.8-378.5) months. Postoperative day and night-time stool frequency did not increase over time though incontinence increased slightly. Quality of life (QoL) was generally excellent and stable over time. Crohn's disease (CD) was diagnosed in 33 (16%) patients during the follow-up period. Chronic pouchitis occurred in 22 patients and pouch failure in 13 patients. Kaplan Meier estimates of pouch survival at 20 years were 61% for patients with CD and 92% for CUC. CONCLUSIONS Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis has long-term durability as a cure for pediatric chronic ulcerative colitis, with most patients reporting stable bowel function and QoL. Chronic pouchitis and pouch failure affect a minority of patients and require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Donald D Potter
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Iowa Children's Hospital, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA.
| | | | | | - Michael C Stephens
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Jeanne Tung
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Emily S Pavey
- Department of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - W Scott Harmsen
- Department of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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Lakshminarayanan B, Hughes-Thomas AO, Grant HW. Epidemiology of adhesions in infants and children following open surgery. Semin Pediatr Surg 2014; 23:344-8. [PMID: 25459439 DOI: 10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Adhesions following intra-abdominal surgery are a major cause of small bowel obstruction. The nature of surgical interventions in children (especially neonates) increases the risk of adhesion-related complications. Following laparotomy in neonates, the collective literature reveals an aggregate mean incidence of adhesive small bowel obstruction (ASBO) of 6.2%; malrotation, 14.2%; gastroschisis, 12.6%; necrotising enterocolitis, 10.4%; exomphalos, 8.6%; Hirschsprung's disease, 8.1%; congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 6.3% and intestinal atresia, 5.7%. In children beyond the neonatal period, the aggregate mean incidence was 4.7%; colorectal surgery, 14%; open fundoplication, 8.2%; small bowel surgery, 5.7%; cancer surgery, 5.5%; choledochal cyst, 3.1%; appendicectomy, 1.4% and pyloromyotomy, 0.1%.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy O Hughes-Thomas
- Department of Pediatric surgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Hugh W Grant
- Department of Pediatric surgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
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Tomita R. Neurological function of the puborectalis muscle in patients with or without soiling after ileal J-pouch-anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis in childhood. J Pediatr Surg 2014; 49:1626-30. [PMID: 25475807 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To clarify the puborectalis muscle (PM) function in pediatric patients with soiling after ileal J-pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) for ulcerative colitis, the author examined the neurological functions of the PM. METHODS Twelve patients 3 months after IPAA were studied (average age 13.6 years). Five patients showed soiling every day (group A1) and 7 patients showed soiling 2 to 3 days per week (Group A2). All patients 1.5 years after IPAA showed continence (group B). Twenty subjects served as a control (Group C; average age 13.5 years). Right, left and posterior sides of the sacral nerve terminal motor latency (SNTML) were measured by magnetic stimulation. RESULTS On the right, left and posterior sides, patients in group A1 exhibited significant prolongation of the SNTML compared with patients in groups A2, B and C (P<.05 each). Group A2 exhibited significant prolongation compared with groups B and C (P<.05 each). There were no significant differences of the SNTML between right and left sides, between right and posterior sides and between left and posterior sides in groups A1, A2, B and C. CONCLUSIONS The SNTML of the PM demonstrates significant latency in those children who have early post-IPAA soilage. The neurological function of the PM potentially injured during an operation may recover, and correlates with normalization of continence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryouichi Tomita
- Department of Surgery, Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry, Tokyo 173-0032, Japan; Department of Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-0032, Japan.
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Le Mandat A. Chirurgie des polyposes. Arch Pediatr 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s0929-693x(14)71478-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Hukkinen M, Koivusalo A, Rintala RJ, Pakarinen MP. Restorative proctocolectomy with J-pouch ileoanal anastomosis for total colonic aganglionosis among neonates and infants. J Pediatr Surg 2014; 49:570-4. [PMID: 24726115 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2013.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND No consensus exists on the optimal surgical management of total colonic aganglionosis (TCA). Outcomes after restorative proctocolectomy (RPC) as the initial reconstructive procedure among neonatal and infant TCA patients have not been evaluated previously. METHODS Medical records of patients with Hirschsprung disease (HD) who underwent RPC during infancy between 1997 and 2012 (n=8) were reviewed. Bowel function and satisfaction with operative results were assessed in a follow-up interview. RESULTS Median age at RPC was 1.1 months, and covering loop ileostomies were closed 3.7 months later. No operative complications occurred. Hospitalizations for enterocolitis and obstruction occurred each in 50% of patients postoperatively. Enterocolitis-associated outlet obstruction occurred in one third of patients, most of whom responded well to intersphincteric botulinum toxin (botox) injections. No pouchitis or elevated fecal calprotectin levels (median 51 μg/g) were observed. At last follow-up 3.2 years after ileostomy closure, the median 24-hour stooling frequency was 3.5. None had socially limiting fecal incontinence or problems in holding back defecation. Parent satisfaction with operative results was high. CONCLUSIONS The rate of postoperative enterocolitis was similar to other procedures, but a better functional outcome was achieved. Botox injections were effective for postoperative functional outlet obstruction. Short-term results following RPC among neonates and infants are promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hukkinen
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Antti Koivusalo
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Risto J Rintala
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko P Pakarinen
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Uchida K, Araki T, Kusunoki M. History of and current issues affecting surgery for pediatric ulcerative colitis. Surg Today 2012. [PMID: 23203770 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-012-0434-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric ulcerative colitis (UC) is reportedly more extensive and progressive in its clinical course than adult UC. Therefore, more aggressive initial therapies and more frequent colectomies are needed. When physicians treat pediatric UC, they must consider the therapeutic outcome as well as the child's physical and psychological development. Mucosal proctocolectomy with ileal J-pouch anal anastomosis is currently recommended as a standard curative surgical procedure for UC in both children and adults worldwide. This procedure was developed 100 years after the first surgical therapy, which treated UC by colon irrigation through a temporary inguinal colostomy. Predecessors in the colorectal and pediatric surgical fields have struggled against several postoperative complications and have long sought a surgical procedure that is optimal for children. We herein describe the history of the development of surgical procedures and the current issues regarding the surgical indications for pediatric UC. These issues differ from those in adults, including the definition of toxic megacolon on plain X-rays, the incidence of colon carcinoma, preoperative and postoperative steroid complications, and future growth. Surgeons treating children with UC should consider the historical experiences of pioneer surgeons to take the most appropriate next step to improve the surgical outcomes and patients' quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Uchida
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan,
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Abstract
Colorectal disease in pediatric patients includes a spectrum of diseases, many of which have a significant impact on quality of life and warrant long-term follow-up and treatment into adulthood. Although many diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer, are managed similar to adults, other disease processes are more common to pediatric patients and are the focus of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Gourlay
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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Technical considerations in children undergoing laparoscopic ileal-J-pouch anorectal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis. Pediatr Surg Int 2012; 28:351-6. [PMID: 22127486 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-011-3030-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sub-total colectomy and restorative proctocolectomy with j-pouch ileo-anorectal anastomosis is the treatment of choice in children with ulcerative colitis uncontrolled with medical therapy. OBJECTIVE To present some technical considerations about children undergoing laparoscopic ileal-J-pouch anorectal anastomosis. SETTINGS AND PATIENTS All patients with ulcerative colitis undergoing laparoscopic ileal-J-pouch anorectal anastomosis were evaluated from January 2006 to February 2011. INTERVENTION The new technical innovations herein are (1) total laparoscopic approach, (2) a very short 3-cm J-pouch ileal reservoir created outside the stoma incision, (3) preservation of the entire anal canal and the Knight-Griffen double stapled anastomosis, less than 3 cm from the dentate line, (4) use of a Multiple Instrument Access Port system in the stoma skin incision to reduce the number of port site incisions and (5) proctectomy performed using only an electrosurgical vessels sealing device thus avoiding clips to close rectal pedicle. RESULTS Seventeen laparoscopic ileo J-pouch low rectal anastomosis were performed by the same surgical staff. Three complications occurred postoperatively: one bowel obstruction, one ileostomy prolapse, and one anastomotic stricture. Satisfactory functional results were achieved in all, there was no significant perineal excoriation and quality of life was excellent. CONCLUSIONS A Multiport Instrument Access Port placed in the stoma site allowed the use of more instruments through a single incision. The very short ileo J-pouch low rectal anastomosis has been shown to be a safe, feasible, and effective reconstructive procedure.
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Potter DD, Tung J, Faubion WA, Moir C. Single-incision laparoscopic colon and rectal surgery for pediatric inflammatory bowel disease and polyposis syndromes. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 2011; 22:203-7. [PMID: 22047143 DOI: 10.1089/lap.2011.0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Minimally invasive procedures for inflammatory bowel disease have been shown to improve recovery in children. We report our initial experience with single-incision laparoscopic operations for pediatric intestinal disease. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed 12 procedures in 11 patients (4 women) from March 2010 to January 2011. Procedures were conducted by using standard laparoscopic instruments. RESULTS Mean age was 15 years (9-17 years). Procedures included three total abdominal colectomies, four two-stage ileal-pouch anal anastomosis (IPAA), two single-stage IPAA, two three-stage IPAA, and one ileocectomy. An accessory umbilical port was used in 6 cases. Mean operating time was 287 minutes. Mean length of stay was 4.1 days (3-9 days). Postoperative complications have occurred in 5 patients (42%). Anastomotic leak occurred in 2 patients with IPAA without protective ileostomy, 1 operative small bowel obstruction, 1 pelvic abscess and portal vein thrombosis, and 1 readmission for dehydration. Both patients who had leaked have recovered well and had their stomas reversed. Mean follow-up is 190 days. Average number of daily bowel movements is 4.5. Pouchitis has occurred in 50% (4/8) of patients. CONCLUSIONS Single-incision laparoscopic surgery for pediatric intestinal disease is safe and feasible by using standard laparoscopic instruments. We do not advocate IPAA without a stoma due to the high rate of anastomotic leak. Continued experience will shorten operative times and reduce complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Dean Potter
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
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Saklani AP, Marsden N, Davies M, Carr ND, Beynon J. Outcome after restorative proctocolectomy in children and adolescents. Colorectal Dis 2011; 13:1148-52. [PMID: 20796002 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1318.2010.02403.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM The results including function and quality of life (QOL) of restorative proctocolectomy (RPC) performed in children and adolescents with ulcerative colitis (UC), familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and idiopathic megarectum were determined. METHOD Twenty-one patients of a median age of 15 (10-17) years underwent RPC between 1995 and 2006. The indication, use of covering ileostomy, morbidity and mortality were recorded. A structured questionnaire was completed by telephone interview to assess long-term function. The Cleveland Clinic Scoring (CCS) System was used for the assessment of faecal incontinence and the modified McMaster proforma for QoL. RESULTS There was no mortality. At a median follow-up of 65.5 (26-168) months, all patients had an intact pouch. One had a long-standing ileostomy. Median daytime and nocturnal stool frequencies were 4 (2-16) and 0 (0-3). The mean CCS was 1.47, with only one patient scoring more than 10. Eighteen of 20 patients were satisfied with the result; two patients had a worse QoL (McMaster score >8). One patient had a permanent stoma following pouch sepsis and one had symptoms of pouchitis. CONCLUSION RPC can be performed in children and adolescents with good functional outcome and acceptable QoL.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Saklani
- Colorectal Department, Singleton Hospital, Sketty Lane, Swansea, UK.
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Abstract
Surgery for chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is increasingly often necessary in children. This study aimed at assessing the results of these operations in order to facilitate adequate preoperative counseling. We reviewed patients treated from 1992 to 2009. The operations, complications and functional outcome were recorded. For those with preserved rectal defecation, continence (Koivusalo score) and quality of life (standardized questionnaire) were assessed in the long term. Eighty five of 192 patients had Crohn disease (CD), 107 of 192 had ulcerative colitis (UC), and 3 of 192 had indeterminate colitis (IC). 12 of 85 CD patients (15%) aged 14 (12-19) years required 13 resections, 1 stricturoplasty, 1 transplantation and 6 other operations including 3 permanent enterostomies for anorectal involvement. Removal of the involved bowel led to significant improvement of nutritional status, growth and quality of life. The transplanted patient had a striking recovery but eventually died 1 year later of unrelated complications. 29 of 107 UC patients (26%) aged 11 (2-15) years required 87 operations. Nine had emergency colectomy for toxic megacolon (3, one death) or severe hemorrhage (6). 28 had restorative proctocolectomy and ileoanostomy (RPCIA) without (16) or with (12) J-pouch under protective ileostomy. Complications were frequent (40%). Permanent ileostomy was required in five children (17%). Twelve months postoperatively, RPCIA patients had 6.5 (2-13) stools/day; all were continent during daytime, and 25% have nocturnal leaks. Mean Koivusalo score (5-12) was 8.8 ± 2. Quality of life was good in all. All attended normal school and 7 the university, 4 work and 60% of those older than 18 years have sexual partners. Three of 107 children treated as UC with RPCIA had ultimately IC (3%) and were permanently diverted. The nature of IBD involves frustrating surgery. However, it may change life for CD patients and provide a reasonably good quality of life for UC after the first year. Pediatric surgeons should be able to provide adequate preoperative counseling to patients and families.
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Lillehei CW, Leichtner A, Bousvaros A, Shamberger RC. Restorative proctocolectomy and ileal pouch-anal anastomosis in children. Dis Colon Rectum 2009; 52:1645-9. [PMID: 19690495 DOI: 10.1007/dcr.0b013e3181a8fd5f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was designed to evaluate the results of restorative proctocolectomy with distal rectal mucosectomy and ileal pouch-anal anastomosis in children. METHODS This study is a retrospective review of 100 consecutively referred children (<18 years old) who underwent reconstruction with a J-pouch of ileum and preservation of the transitional anorectal epithelium by the same two-surgeon team. Temporary diverting ileostomy was used. The main outcome measures were daytime and nocturnal fecal continence, bowel movements per day, and complications including pouchitis, ileoanal stricture, or postoperative small-bowel obstruction. RESULTS Average age of the 100 children (48 males/52 females) was 13.2 years (range, 2.95-17.99). All 25 children with familial adenomatous polyposis had proctocolectomy and reconstruction performed simultaneously. Of 75 children with ulcerative colitis, 50 (67%) had their colectomy followed by reconstruction after an interval ranging from 2 months to 4.4 years. Median postoperative follow-up was 2.6 years. Daytime fecal continence was achieved in 98 children, although 4 reported rare accidents. Nighttime continence was achieved in 93 children, of whom 14 reported rare accidents. The average frequency of bowel movements was 5.43/day (+/-2.22). Only one child with polyposis had pouchitis. Of 75 children with ulcerative colitis, 35 had symptoms consistent with pouchitis; of these 35 children, 10 required prolonged treatment. The most frequent postoperative complication was ileoanal stricture requiring operative dilatation and/or anoplasty (18 children). Bowel obstruction requiring surgery occurred in 18 children. One child eventually required pouchectomy for probable Crohn's disease. CONCLUSIONS Excellent results can be achieved with restorative proctocolectomy in children with respect to fecal continence and stool frequency. However, with ulcerative colitis, a substantial risk of pouchitis remains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig W Lillehei
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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Upadhyaya VD, Gangopadhyaya AN, Sharma SP, Gopal SC, Gupta DK, Kumar V. Juvenile polyposis syndrome. J Indian Assoc Pediatr Surg 2008; 13:128-31. [PMID: 20011494 PMCID: PMC2788474 DOI: 10.4103/0971-9261.44762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Report of a series of 12 cases of juvenile polyposis coli. METHODS The study period was from 1995 to 2005. All the patients were treated by total colectomy with rectal mucosectomy and endorectal ileoanal pullthrough with or without ileal pouch formation. Covering ileostomy was avoided in all the cases. Time taken for the surgery, postoperative complications and continence were documented. RESULTS The mean operating time was 4.2 h (range: 4-5 h). The mean duration of hospital stay was 16.3 days (range: 15-18 days). The most common postoperative complication was pouchitis and perianal excoriation. Initially, all the patients were passing stools at an interval of 2 h, and after 3 weeks, the frequency has reduced to 6-8 stools per day. In the follow-up after 3 months, the frequency was 3-5 per day with minimal soiling. CONCLUSIONS Single-stage total colectomy with rectal mucosectomy and endorectal ileoanal pull-through without covering ileostomy and pouch formation is a safe and definitive treatment for juvenile polyposis coli if the patient selection is appropriate.
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Biancone L, Michetti P, Travis S, Escher JC, Moser G, Forbes A, Hoffmann JC, Dignass A, Gionchetti P, Jantschek G, Kiesslich R, Kolacek S, Mitchell R, Panes J, Soderholm J, Vucelic B, Stange E. European evidence-based Consensus on the management of ulcerative colitis: Special situations. J Crohns Colitis 2008; 2:63-92. [PMID: 21172196 DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2007.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2007] [Accepted: 12/30/2007] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Surgery for Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Children and Adolescents. POLISH JOURNAL OF SURGERY 2007. [DOI: 10.2478/v10035-007-0007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Hait EJ, Bousvaros A, Schuman M, Shamberger RC, Lillehei CW. Pouch outcomes among children with ulcerative colitis treated with calcineurin inhibitors before ileal pouch anal anastomosis surgery. J Pediatr Surg 2007; 42:31-4; discussion 34-5. [PMID: 17208537 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2006.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this article is to describe the outcomes of the pouches of 14 children with ulcerative colitis (UC) who were pretreated with calcineurin inhibitors before they underwent their ileal pouch anal anastomosis (IPAA) surgery. METHODS An institutional review board-approved retrospective review of the charts of consecutive patients with UC treated with calcineurin inhibitors before undergoing IPAA surgery at a tertiary pediatric center between 1998 and 2003 was performed. The primary endpoint was pouch outcome after at least 2 years of follow-up (healthy pouch, acute pouchitis, chronic refractory pouchitis, or pouch failure); the secondary endpoints were early postoperative complications, number of stages, and time between stages. RESULTS Fourteen of 53 consecutive patients who underwent IPAA for UC were treated with calcineurin inhibitors before their surgery (26%; 6 with cyclosporine and 8 with tacrolimus). All 14 patients were concomitantly treated with systemic steroids. Ten patients (71%) were also taking 6-mercaptopurine or azathioprine, and 9 (64%) were also taking mesalamine. Three patients (21%) had healthy pouches with no clinical evidence of pouchitis, 6 (43%) had at least one episode of acute pouchitis (average of 2 episodes per year), 3 (21%) had chronic relapsing pouchitis, and 2 (14%) were later determined to have Crohn's disease. There was no pouch failure. Two patients (14%) had an early postoperative complication (intraabdominal abscess, anastomotic stricture). Five patients (36%) had a 2-staged procedure, and 8 (64%) had a 3-staged procedure. For the 2-staged procedures, the mean time between the first and second stages was 3.14 months (range, 3-4 months). For the 3-staged procedures, the mean time between the first and second stages was 4.25 months (range, 2-6 months) and that between the second and third stages was 4 months (range, 2.5-6 months). CONCLUSIONS In this series, chronic pouchitis was an infrequent complication among children who were pretreated with calcineurin inhibitors. Calcineurin inhibitor use did not lead to or portend increased early postoperative complications or affect the number or duration of surgical stages. Further studies are required to determine if preoperative calcineurin inhibitors improve pouch outcomes or facilitate the performance of 2-staged procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Hait
- The Center for Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Tilney HS, Constantinides V, Ioannides AS, Tekkis PP, Darzi AW, Haddad MJ. Pouch-anal anastomosis vs straight ileoanal anastomosis in pediatric patients: a meta-analysis. J Pediatr Surg 2006; 41:1799-808. [PMID: 17101347 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2006.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Restorative proctocolectomy is the treatment of choice for pediatric patients with refractory colitis, inherited polyposis syndromes, and some with colonic aganglionosis. Evidence concerning the optimal method of reconstruction is, however, sparse. METHODS Studies comparing outcomes from ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) and straight ileoanal anastomosis (SIAA) were identified by searching Medline, Ovid, and Embase. Suitable studies were selected and data extracted for meta-analysis. RESULTS Of 13 studies identified by literature search, 5 satisfied the inclusion criteria, comprising a total of 306 patients, 86 of whom (28.1%) underwent SIAA, and the remainder, IPAA. Pouch failure was more common in the SIAA group (odds ratio, 3.21; confidence interval, 1.24-8.34), as were abdominal salvage procedures (odds ratio, 9.5; confidence interval, 3.14-28.77). Short-term adverse events were similar between the 2 groups, with the exception of perianal sepsis, the higher frequency of which, in SIAA, just reached statistical significance. Bowel frequency was lower in the IPAA patients, although few studies presented functional data in a comparable form. CONCLUSIONS There are few good-quality studies that compare the outcomes from SIAA and IPAA, meaning that caution should be exercised in the generalization of the results of this meta-analysis, which suggests pouch procedures to be favorable in terms of reconstruction survival and functional outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry S Tilney
- Department of Surgical Oncology and Technology, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Hospital, W2 1NY London, UK
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Mattioli G, Castagnetti M, Gandullia P, Torrente F, Jasonni V, Barabino AV. Stapled restorative proctocolectomy in children with refractory ulcerative colitis. J Pediatr Surg 2005; 40:1773-9. [PMID: 16291168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2005.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to review the results after stapled restorative proctocolectomy among children with refractory ulcerative colitis. PATIENTS AND METHODS Clinical records of 16 consecutive children with refractory ulcerative pancolitis undergoing colectomy and stapled straight ileoanal anastomosis at a median age of 8.3 years (range, 3.1-14.9 years) were reviewed. Periodical clinical examinations and endoscopies with biopsies above (terminal ileum) and below (columnar cuff) the anastomosis were carried out during follow-up. Median follow-up after bowel restoration lasted 5.3 years (range, 1.2-9.6 years). RESULTS Two major complications occurred (12.5%), 1 episode of sepsis treated conservatively and 1 bowel perforation proximal to the anastomosis treated with a temporary diverting ileostomy. All the anastomoses were functional at the end of the study. The columnar cuff averaged 2.6 cm in length and presented signs of persistent inflammation (cuffitis) in 94% of children. Inflammation responded poorly to any medical treatment but was symptomatic in 1 case only. Ileal inflammation was detected endoscopically in 31% of patients and histologically in 62.5%. No case of dysplasia or cancer was recorded. At final follow-up, children had an average of 7.1 +/- 3.1 bowel movements per day; full daytime and nighttime continence were achieved in 87.5% and 62.5% of cases, respectively. A severe inflammation of the columnar cuff was associated with an increased risk of nighttime incontinence. CONCLUSIONS Stapled ileoanal anastomosis in children with pancolitis is associated with low morbidity. Refractory cuffitis persists in almost all patients but is mostly asymptomatic, although it could be associated with nighttime incontinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girolamo Mattioli
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, G. Gaslini Research Institute, University of Genoa, 16147-Genoa, Italy
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Ceriati E, Deganello F, De Peppo F, Ciprandi G, Silveri M, Marchetti P, Ravà L, Rivosecchi M. Surgery for ulcerative colitis in pediatric patients: functional results of 10-year follow-up with straight endorectal pull-through. Pediatr Surg Int 2004; 20:573-8. [PMID: 15322840 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-004-1232-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2004] [Accepted: 05/11/2004] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Children and adolescents affected by ulcerative colitis (UC) frequently require colectomy because of refractory or chronic symptoms. The aim of this paper is to present our experience and 10-year follow-up results of 28 patients who underwent endorectal pull-through (ERPT) as surgical treatment for UC, with special regard to surgical complications, stooling patterns (frequency of defecation, stool consistency, urgency period), fecal incontinence, and quality of life. A retrospective chart review of these patients was performed to evaluate age at colectomy, indication for surgical treatment, operative procedures, technical details, and early or late complications. Frequency of defecation was less than twice per day in two patients, between three and five times per day in nine patients, and more than six times per day in 10 patients. Stool consistency was normal in 14 patients, loose in five, and liquid in only two cases. Urgency period was normal (minutes) in 14 patients, short (seconds) in four, and absent in three. Ten patients (47%) have perfect or good fecal continence, whereas 11 (52%) patients present moderate to total incontinence. The self-reported emotional health was good in most of the patients. A large number are progressing well at school and are coping with their operations. Studies of quality of life in UC patients who underwent surgical treatment in childhood or adolescence, comparing as well the results according to the surgical technique adopted, must be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Ceriati
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Paediatric Hospital Bambino Gesù, Via Cassia 569, 00189 Rome, Italy.
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Lal DR, Nichol PF, Harms BA, Go LL, Lund DP. Ileo-anal S-Pouch reconstruction in patients with total colonic aganglionosis after failed pull-through procedure. J Pediatr Surg 2004; 39:e7-9. [PMID: 15213936 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2004.03.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Total colonic aganglionosis (TCA) occurs in 3% to 12% of Hirschsprung's disease patients. Although numerous surgical techniques have been utilized for the treatment of these patients, little information is available regarding optimal surgical management of their frequent complications or failured procedures. The ileoanal S pouch (IASP) technique has been utilized in the treatment of children with familial adenomatous polyposis and ulcerative colitis. The authors present the results of salvage IASP in 3 TCA patients who had poor results after total colectomy and Soave pull-through.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave R Lal
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin Children's Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
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Bremner AR, Griffiths DM, Beattie RM. Current therapy of ulcerative colitis in children. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2004; 5:37-53. [PMID: 14680434 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.5.1.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis presents in childhood in 10% of those affected, usually with pancolitis. Important features in management include growth, development and avoidance of treatment toxicity. This review addresses the current treatment options including both the paediatric evidence-based experience and areas where paediatric practice is informed by adult studies. Standard treatments include sulfasalazine or 5-aminosalicylates, corticosteroids, purine derivatives (azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine) and surgery. Other immunosuppressant therapies and the emerging roles for biological therapies and probiotics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Ronald Bremner
- Division of Infection, Inflammation and Repair, University of Southampton Medical School, South Academic Block (Mailpoint 813), Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
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Scarpa M, Angriman I, Ruffolo C, Ferronato A, Polese L, Barollo M, Martin A, Sturniolo GC, D'Amico DF. Health-related quality of life after restorative proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis: long-term results. World J Surg 2004; 28:124-9. [PMID: 14708057 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-003-7047-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Restorative proctocolectomy (RPC) is the favorite operation for ulcerative colitis, but it may influence health-related quality of life (HRQL). Our aims were to determine the long-term HRQL of patients and its modifications after a 5-year follow-up and to identify any risk factor for a worse outcome. We enrolled 36 patients submitted to RPC (mean follow-up 8.4 +/- 4.7 years), 36 ulcerative colitis (UC) patients, and 36 healthy subjects. We used a previously validated questionnaire that explored bowel symptoms, systemic symptoms, emotional function, and social function. A series of 17 patients had completed the same questionnaire 5 years earlier. Clinical and surgical factors were investigated. Statistical analysis was performed with Student's t-test, Wilcoxon matched-pairs test, and Fisher's exact test. The scores of the RPC patients were significantly better than those of moderate or severe UC patients, similar to those with remission/mild UC, and higher than those of the controls. The scores of patients interviewed 5 years earlier did not change in the present study, except for patients during the first postoperative year, in whom the scores were now significantly better. The analysis of RPC patients in subgroups showed that the use of drugs, high stool frequency, pouchitis, pelvic complications, and younger age at UC diagnosis worsened the HRQL outcome. We concluded that RPC patients, after a long-term follow-up, had an HRQL similar to that of the remission/mild UC patients. Recently operated patients improved their quality of life mainly because of improved emotional function, and patients who had been operated on for a longer time maintained their HRQL. HRQL is influenced by drugs, stool frequency, pouchitis, postoperative pelvic complications, and age at diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Scarpa
- Department of Surgical and Gastroenterological Science, Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, Sezione di Clinica Chirurgica I, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
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Chew SSB, Kerdic RI, Yang JL, Shi ECP, Newstead GL, Douglas PR. Functional outcome and quality of life after ileal pouch−anal anastomosis in children and adults. ANZ J Surg 2003; 73:983-7. [PMID: 14632887 DOI: 10.1046/j.1445-2197.2003.t01-5-.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the past, children with ulcerative colitis were treated with a total colectomy, ileostomy and mucous fistula; ileal pouch-anal anastomosis was postponed until adulthood. The aim of the present study was to assess the functional outcome and quality of life after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis and determine whether it is justified to perform the operation in children when surgery is indicated. METHODS A retrospective review of 38 medical records was carried out, of which there were 19 paediatric patients and 19 adult patients (control). A questionnaire survey was conducted. Telephone interviews were carried out for the non-respondents. RESULTS Sixteen patients in the paediatric group (nine boys, mean age: 12 years) and 16 patients in the adult group (10 men, mean age: 39 years) were available for analysis. There was no operative mortality. The mean bowel frequency per week was 37 and 42. Furthermore, bowel frequency during the day was slightly lower in the paediatric group. Children had marginally better continence than adults. In the quality of life assessment, the mean utilities in the paediatric group were 0.69 and 0.84 in the preoperative and postoperative status, respectively. These were similar to those in the adult group (0.62 and 0.82). Both groups achieved significantly favourable postoperative responses in terms of ability to perform social activity, recreation and enjoying food. CONCLUSIONS Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis in children is safe, results in good functional outcome and improves the quality of life. Hence, it is justified to perform ileal pouch-anal anastomosis as soon as surgery is indicated rather than as a delayed procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon S B Chew
- Colorectal Unit and Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Geiger JD, Teitelbaum DH, Hirschl RB, Coran AG. A new operative technique for restorative proctocolectomy: the endorectal pull-through combined with a double-stapled ileo-anal anastomosis. Surgery 2003; 134:492-5. [PMID: 14555938 DOI: 10.1067/s0039-6060(03)00087-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In children, restorative proctocolectomy is usually accomplished by a rectal mucosectomy followed by a hand-sewn ileo-anal anastomosis+/-ileal pouch. In certain patients, a hand-sewn anastomosis can be technically difficult. This led us to develop a new technique that combines endorectal mucosectomy with a double-stapled ileo-anal anastomosis. METHODS After colectomy, an ileal J-pouch is constructed. The head of the circular stapler is placed in the apex of the pouch and secured. An endorectal mucosectomy is completed from the abdomen to approximately 1.5 cm above the dentate line. The rectal mucosal/submucosal tube is everted onto the perineum. A transverse stapler is positioned 1.5 cm above the dentate line on the perineum and fired. The circular stapler is inserted transanally and the trocar advanced through the transverse staple line until the head and anvil are mated and then fired. A loop ileostomy is constructed. RESULTS Thirteen patients, with a mean age of 12.3 years, have undergone endorectal mucosectomy with a double-stapled anastomosis without major complication. The operative time averaged 280+/-70 minutes. The mean 24-hour stool frequency, with 9 months' follow-up, was 6.8+/-3.2, of which 1+/-0.7 were at night. CONCLUSIONS The combination of endorectal mucosectomy with a double-stapled anastomosis is a new approach for patients requiring restorative proctocolectomy. In our early experience, this technique was completed with a low complication rate and excellent functional results.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Geiger
- Department of Surgery, C S Mott Children's Hospital, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0245, USA
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Ringheanu M, Markowitz J. Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Children. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN GASTROENTEROLOGY 2002; 5:181-196. [PMID: 12003713 DOI: 10.1007/s11938-002-0040-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis remain medically incurable conditions with potentially significant morbidity. The treatment of children with these conditions therefore should seek to reduce or eliminate symptoms, optimize nutritional status, promote normal growth and development, prevent complications, and minimize the potential psychologic effects of chronic illness. Treatment strategies must seek to both induce and maintain clinical remission. For all but the most mildly affected children with Crohn's disease, a combination of nutritional and pharmacologic approaches is optimal. For those with ulcerative colitis, anti-inflammatory medication is necessary. Moderate to severe Crohn's disease acutely responds best to potent immunomodulatory therapy, eg, corticosteroids and infliximab. Either agent must be coupled with 6-mercaptopurine or azathioprine to maintain long-term remission and to minimize toxicity. Particular attention must be paid to limit the growth suppression and other toxic effects of corticosteroids. Elemental or semielemental enteral nutrition also can induce remission effectively, but relapse is common after primary nutritional therapy is discontinued, mandating concomitant pharmacologic therapy with either 6-mercaptopurine or azathioprine. The availability of 6-mercaptopurine/azathioprine metabolite testing allows optimization of immunomodulatory therapy, detection of noncompliance, and avoidance of potentially dangerous toxicity. Mild ulcerative colitis acutely responds to treatment with a 5-aminosalicylate medication. Long-term remission frequently can be maintained with the same medication. Moderate to severe disease activity requires potent immunomodulatory therapy if colectomy is to be avoided. Surgery is a potential cure for patients with ulcerative colitis, although the development of pouchitis after ileal pouch anal anastomosis is common and frequently requires long-term medical management. Surgery provides only palliative relief of complications in those with Crohn's disease. Emerging therapies, especially evolving biologic and probiotic agents, offer hope for better treatments in the years ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Ringheanu
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, North Shore- Long Island Jewish Health System, 300 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA.
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