Tumours and tumour-like lesions of the oral and perioral structures of Nigerian children

Paediatric jaw tumours: experiences and findings from a resource limited tertiary health care center

Introduction

primary maxillofacial tumors are uncommon in pediatric patients. When they do occur, the tissue damage caused directly alters facial growth, development as well as psycho-social evolution. This study was carried out to determine the pattern, sociodemographic characteristics and histologic peculiarities of paediatric jaw tumors in our environment.

Methods

a retrospective hospital-based study where the case notes of children below the age of 14 years who presented with jaw tumors and tumor-like lesions from January 2014 to December 2018 were studied.

Results

eighty-two patients were studied; patients aged 10-14 years had the highest representation. Mean time of presentation was 8 months with jaw swelling being the commonest presentation (84.1%). Majority of the fathers were in their 4^th decade of life while most of the mothers were in their third decade of life and both parents possessed primary school certificate as their highest level of educational attainment. Fathers were mostly traders, while mothers were mostly full-time housewives. The maxilla and mandible were most commonly affected with the left side showing higher preponderance. Burkitt lymphoma (19 (23.2%)) and adenomatoid odontogenic tumor (14 (17.1%)) were the commonest lesions. When the tumor involved both the maxilla and the mandible, the tumor was most likely malignant.

Conclusion

in our center, paediatric jaw tumors are commonest in male children with the 10-14 years´ age group most commonly affected. Burkitt lymphoma and adenomatoid odontogenic tumors were the commonest tumors. Early presentation must be encouraged since these tumors if presented early can be successfully treated.

Oral and maxillofacial tumours in children and adolescents: Clinicopathologic audit of 75 cases in an academic medical centre, Sokoto, Northwest Nigeria

BACKGROUND

Maxillofacial tumours in children and adolescents have been documented worldwide; however, few studies were reported from Africa, especially sub-Saharan Africa. In Nigeria, most of the studies emanated from the Southwest region.

AIM

To present an audit of clinicopathologic features and treatment of orofacial tumours in children and adolescents in Sokoto, Northwest Nigeria.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Clinicopathologic records of the Departments of Dental and Maxillofacial Surgery, Paediatrics and Histopathology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria, were reviewed for all the oral and maxillofacial tumours managed in children <19 years from January 2011 to December 2015.

RESULTS

Two hundred and twenty-two tumours were noted in all age groups during the study duration and 75 (33.8%) of these occurred in children and adolescents. A total of 45 (60%) males and thirty (40%) females constitute the patient population with a male to female ratio of 1.5:1. There are 32 (42.7%) benign tumours and 43 (57.3%) malignant tumours. Burkitt's lymphoma was the most common malignant tumour in 24 cases (55.8%), whereas pleomorphic adenoma was the most common benign soft tissue tumour in 4 cases (30.8%) and fibro-osseous lesions were the most common benign jaw tumours in 10 cases (52.6%). Chemotherapy alone was the treatment modality in 24 cases of malignant tumour whereas 13 cases had combination chemotherapy and irradiation.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings established that oral and maxillofacial tumours in children and adolescents are quite common in Sokoto, Northwest region of Nigeria, particularly the malignant types. There is a need for improved universal healthcare insurance for all citizens to adequately manage these children effectively.

Odontogenic tumors and giant cell lesions of jaws--a nine year study

OBJECTIVES

A definite geographic variation has been observed in the frequency of odontogenic tumors and giant cell lesions of the jaws reported from different parts of the world. However, there are a few studies on these lesions, especially giant cell lesions, reported from India. Hence, this study was designed to provide a demographic data on the odontogenic tumors and giant cell lesions reported from our institute located in the city of Hyderabad. Hyderabad is the capital city of the southern state of Andhra Pradesh in India. A retrospective analysis of odontogenic tumors and giant cell lesions of jaws reported in our institute between the years 2000 and 2009 was done and this data was compared with previous reports from different parts of the world and India.

METHODS

Biopsies of the lesions received between the years 2000 and 2009 were reviewed and patient's history, clinical, radiological and histopathological characteristics were analyzed.

RESULTS

A total of 77 biopsies were received during the nine year study period. These lesions were more frequently seen in the males, in a younger age group and showed a predilection for the mandible. Most of them presented as radiolucent, slow growing and painless lesions. Ameloblastomas (71.4%) constituted the majority of odontogenic tumors while central giant cell granulomas (7.8%) constituted the majority of giant cell lesions.

CONCLUSION

These lesions showed a definite geographic variation with ameloblastomas being the most common odontogenic tumors and odontomas being relatively rarer lesions in our region.

Orofacial tumors in Libyan children and adolescents. A descriptive study of 213 cases

AIM

The aim of this study was to determine the relative frequency of orofacial tumors and tumor like lesions in Libyan children and adolescents, and compare our findings with reports in the literature.

METHODS

A total of 213 cases of tumors and tumor like lesions were seen in patients aged 18 years and less during a period of 17 years.

RESULTS

There were 8 cases (3.7%) of malignant tumors in our study, 35 cases (16.4%) of benign odontogenic tumors and 170 cases (89%) of benign tumors and tumor like lesions of orofacial region were seen in this study. orofacial tumors are not uncommon among the Libyan children and adolescents.

CONCLUSION

A slightly lower incidence of malignant tumors was observed as a result of the less number of cases of Burkitt's lymphoma, in comparison to other reports from Africa.

Orofacial tumours and tumour-like lesions in Ghana: a 6-year prospective study

A total of 182 patients with orofacial tumours and tumour-like lesions who attended the oral and maxillofacial surgical department of the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, were studied from 1 January 1998 to 31 December 2003. Both malignant and benign tumours were recorded and were more common among men (99/182, 54%) in whom they were seen most often between the ages of 41 and 70 years. Among female patients they were more common in the 11-20 year age group. The mandible, maxilla, and palate were most often affected. A total of 108 tumours were diagnosed as malignant (59%), 27 (15%) as benign odontogenic tumours, and 47 (26%) as benign non-odontogenic and tumour-like lesions. Malignant tumours were usually detected in men between the ages of 41 and 70 years (43% of all men); whilst benign tumours were evenly distributed between the sexes with more among girls in the 11-20 year age group. The most common malignant tumours were squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), (69/108, 64%) and lymphomas (18/108, 17%). The predominant benign odontogenic and non-odontogenic tumours were ameloblastoma and fibro-osseous lesions, respectively. The usual method of treatment was resection (58/182, 32%).

Tumours and tumour-like lesions of the lower face at Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Ghana--an eight year study

Background

The oro-facial region including the jawbones, the maxilla and mandible and related tissues can be the site of a multitude of neoplastic conditions. These tumours have a predilection for the entire facial region; however, odontogenic tumours tend to affect the mandible more than the maxilla, especially, in West African children. We report results from a retrospective study spanning eight years on the frequency, clinical presentation, sites and character of lower face tumours seen in the main referral hospital in Ghana.

Patients and methods

Records of consecutive patients of all age and sex seen by the first author's team at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital with tumours affecting the lower part of the face from January 1996 to December 2003 were retrieved, coded and entered into a database. The data were then analyzed by age, sex, presenting signs and symptoms, site of lesion, and their histology.

Results

A total of 394 patients with oro-facial swellings were retrieved from the registry out of which 210 had lower face tumour and tumour-like lesions. The complete data set was obtained for 171 patients, comprising 99 (58%) males and 72 (42%) females. The most common clinical presenting features were mandibular facial swelling (63%), intra-oral swelling (55%), pain (41%) and ulceration (29%). The tumours were predominantly found in the right (43%), anterior (19%) and left (18%) aspects of the lower face. The remainder making up 20% were found in the floor of the mouth, tongue and lips. Seventy eight (45.6%) of the patients presented with lesions that were classified as malignant of which 54 (62%) were diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Sixty-two (36.3%) had benign odontogenic tumours and thirty-one (18.1%) had non-odontogenic tumour-like lesions. Fifty-four (62%) of malignant tumours were squamous cell carcinoma; 58 (93.6%) of the benign odontogenic tumours were classified as ameloblastoma. The mean age at presentation of all lesions was 40.4 years with over 50% of benign lesions in patients aged between 11 and 30 years. Malignant tumours were more commonly detected in patients between 41 and 70 years (63%).

Conclusion

Tumours and tumour-like lesions of the lower face comprising the mandible, tongue and adjacent structures are a diverse group of neoplasm and are seen commonly in practice of Maxillofacial surgery. Both malignant and benign tumours are seen in the Ghanaian population. In the present study, SCC and ameloblastoma were the commonest malignant and benign odontogenic tumours seen respectively; the two representing more than 65% of all tumours.

Odontogenic tumours in Istanbul: 527 cases

We retrieved and analysed the records of 527 odontogenic tumours from a total of 62,565 cases in the department of tumour pathology in the Institute of Oncology, University of Istanbul, from 1971 to 2003. Of these 527 tumours, 521 were benign and 6 were malignant. The most common lesions were ameloblastomas (n=133) followed by odontomas (n=109), odontogenic myxomas (n=83) and others. There were more female patients (n=278, 53%) than male, and nearly half the patients (n=253, 48%) were between the ages of 10 and 29 years. The posterior mandible was the commonest site (n=184, 35%), followed by the premolar area of the mandible (n=98, 19%), and the anterior maxilla (n=84, 16%).

Orofacial tumours in suburban Nigerian children and adolescents

We report the type and distribution of orofacial tumours in south-western Nigerian children and adolescents. The 512 records of patients with oral and maxillofacial tumours in the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, from 1991 to 2001, were searched and the 146 records (28%) of patients aged 19 years and less were reviewed. Their mean age was 10 years (female:male ratio 1:1.4). Of the 146 tumours 74 (51%) were malignant and 72 (49%) were benign. Of the latter 31 were from soft tissue and 41 were from the jaw (20 odontogenic and 21 non-odontogenic). The most common benign soft tissue and jaw tumours were gingival epulis and ameloblastoma respectively. Of the malignant tumours 67 were lymphomas, 5 sarcomas and 2 carcinomas.

Oral health in Nigeria

Most oral health surveys in Nigeria have been sporadic and based on convenience samples. Periodontal disease with deep pocketing occurs in Nigerians at an early age, the prevalence being 15-58% in those aged above 15 years. Caries experience has been reported to vary between very low and low in most studies, but is moderate in some urban communities. Although mean DMFT is below 4 in most communities, the restorative index is extremely low, most carious teeth remaining unrestored. The higher caries prevalence in second than first permanent molars that has been reported is most likely due to a change from traditional to Western-type diet. Other oral health problems include malocclusion, truamatised teeth, dental fluorosis, and oral tumours. The scanty oral health services available in the country are mainly in urban areas. There is, therefore, a need to develop sustainable strategies for national preventive and therapeutic oral health services in Nigeria.

Odontogenic tumors in Nigerian children and adolescents- a retrospective study of 92 cases

BACKGROUND

Tumours arising from odontogenic tissues are rare and constitute a heterogenous group of interesting lesions. The aim of this study was to determine the relative frequency of odontogenic tumors (OT) among Nigerian children and adolescents 19 years or younger.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The histopathology records were retrospectively reviewed for all the tumors and tumor-like lesions of the oral cavity and the jaws seen in children and adolescents

RESULTS

A total of 477 tumors and tumor-like lesions were seen in patients

CONCLUSIONS

Odontogenic tumors are relatively common in children and adolescents in Nigeria. One out of every 5 children and adolescents with tumors and tumor-like lesions of oral cavity and the jaws seen in this study had a diagnosis of odontogenic tumor.

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Affiliation(s)

Oluseyi F Ajayi Department of Oral Pathology and Biology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos P.M. B. 12003, Lagos, Nigeria
Akinola L Ladeinde Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, P.M. B. 12003, Lagos, Nigeria
Wasiu L Adeyemo Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, P.M. B. 12003, Lagos, Nigeria
Mobolanle O Ogunlewe Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, P.M. B. 12003, Lagos, Nigeria

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