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Oliveira Silvino V, Raffaela Barbosa Barros K, Machado Brito F, Matheus Dias Magalhães F, Augusto Ferreira Carioca A, César Carneiro Loureiro A, Salvador Veras-Silva A, Daniel Motta Drummond M, Antonio Pereira Dos Santos M. Phase angle as an indicator of body composition and physical performance in handball players. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:114. [PMID: 38773478 PMCID: PMC11107023 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-024-00899-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phase angle (PhA), obtained from the bioimpedance analysis, is widely used in clinical situations and in sports. This study evaluated the association between PhA with body composition and physical performance of handball athletes. METHODS 43 national-level players (22.19 ± 3.86 years) of both sexes were evaluated regarding anthropometry, body composition, squat (SJ) and countermovement (CMJ) jumps, handgrip strength, and cardiorespiratory fitness. RESULTS We verified a correlation between PhA of the whole body and fat-free mass (r = 0.511), body mass index (r = 0.307), and body fat % (r = -0.303). There was a positive correlation between PhA of the whole body and SJ (r = 0.376), CMJ (r = 0.419), and handgrip for the dominant hand (r = 0.448). Moreover, PhA of the upper limbs was more strongly correlated with handgrip for the dominant (r = 0.630) and non-dominant hand (r = 0.575) compared to PhA of the whole body considering both sexes. Similarly, segmental PhA had a stronger significant correlation with SJ (r = 0.402) and handgrip for the dominant hand (r = 0.482) in males, as well as CMJ (r = 0.602) in females, compared to PhA of the whole body. CONCLUSION PhA of the whole body was positively related to fat-free mass, body mass index, body fat %, and lower- and upper-limbs strength in handball athletes. Segmental PhA might be used as a tool for estimating lower and upper limbs performance considering the sex, in preference to the PhA of the whole body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valmir Oliveira Silvino
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piaui, 3700 Pedro Freitas Avenue, Teresina, 64018000, Piauí, Brazil.
- Nucleus of Study in Physiology Applied to Performance and Health (NEFADS), Federal University of Piaui, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil.
- Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO), Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil.
| | - Kelly Raffaela Barbosa Barros
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piaui, 3700 Pedro Freitas Avenue, Teresina, 64018000, Piauí, Brazil
- Nucleus of Study in Physiology Applied to Performance and Health (NEFADS), Federal University of Piaui, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Felipe Machado Brito
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piaui, 3700 Pedro Freitas Avenue, Teresina, 64018000, Piauí, Brazil
- Nucleus of Study in Physiology Applied to Performance and Health (NEFADS), Federal University of Piaui, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Francisco Matheus Dias Magalhães
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piaui, 3700 Pedro Freitas Avenue, Teresina, 64018000, Piauí, Brazil
- Nucleus of Study in Physiology Applied to Performance and Health (NEFADS), Federal University of Piaui, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | | | | | - Acácio Salvador Veras-Silva
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piaui, 3700 Pedro Freitas Avenue, Teresina, 64018000, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Marcos Daniel Motta Drummond
- Department of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcos Antonio Pereira Dos Santos
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piaui, 3700 Pedro Freitas Avenue, Teresina, 64018000, Piauí, Brazil
- Nucleus of Study in Physiology Applied to Performance and Health (NEFADS), Federal University of Piaui, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
- Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO), Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
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Oliveira NM, Fukuoka AH, Matias CN, Guerra-Júnior G, Gonçalves EM. Is muscle localized phase angle an indicator of muscle power and strength in young women? Physiol Meas 2023; 44:125007. [PMID: 38029441 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/ad10c5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Objective. This study aimed to investigate the capacity of the bioelectrical muscle localized phase angle (ML-PhA) as an indicator of muscle power and strength compared to whole body PhA (WB-PhA).Approach. This study assessed 30 young women (22.1 ± 3.2 years) for muscle power and strength using the Wingate test and isokinetic dynamometer, respectively. Bioimpedance analysis at 50 kHz was employed to assess WB-PhA and ML-PhA. Lean soft tissue (LST) and fat mass (FM) were quantified using dual x-ray absorptiometry. Performance values were stratified into tertiles for comparisons. Regression and mediation analysis were used to test WB-PhA and ML-PhA as performance predictors.Main results. Women in the second tertile of maximum muscle power demonstrated higher ML-PhA values than those in first tertile (13.6° ± 1.5° versus 11.5° ± 1.5°,p= 0.031). WB-PhA was a predictor of maximum muscle power even after adjusting for LST and FM (β= 0.40,p= 0.039). ML-PhA alone predicted average muscle power (β= 0.47,p= 0.008). FM percentage was negatively related to ML-PhA and average muscle power, and it mediated their relationship (b= 0.14; bias-corrected and accelerated 95% confidence interval: 0.007-0.269).Significance. PhA values among tertiles demonstrated no differences and no correlation for strength variables. The results revealed that both WB and ML-PhA may be markers of muscle power in active young women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núbia Maria Oliveira
- Laboratory of Growth and Development (LabCreD)-Center for Investigation in Pediatrics (CIPED)-School of Medical Sciences (FCM)-State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aryanne Hydeko Fukuoka
- Multiuser Laboratory of Biodynamics of Human Movement-Health Sciences Center-State University of Northern Parana (UENP), Jacarezinho, Parana, Brazil
| | | | - Gil Guerra-Júnior
- Laboratory of Growth and Development (LabCreD)-Center for Investigation in Pediatrics (CIPED)-School of Medical Sciences (FCM)-State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ezequiel Moreira Gonçalves
- Multiuser Laboratory of Biodynamics of Human Movement-Health Sciences Center-State University of Northern Parana (UENP), Jacarezinho, Parana, Brazil
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Bongiovanni T, Rossi A, Genovesi F, Martera G, Puleo G, Orlandi C, Spedicato M, Iaia FM, Del Vescovo R, Gallo S, Cannataro R, Ripari P, Micheli ML, Cataldi S, Trecroci A. How Do Football Playing Positions Differ in Body Composition? A First Insight into White Italian Serie A and Serie B Players. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:80. [PMID: 37367244 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8020080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate how playing positions differ in specific body composition variables in professional soccer players with respect to specific field zones and tactical lines. Five hundred and six Serie A and B professional soccer players were included in the study and analyzed according to their playing positions: goalkeepers (GKs), central backs (CBs), fullbacks (FBs), central midfielders (MIDs), wide midfielders (WMs), attacking midfielders (AMs), second strikers (SSs), external strikers (ESs), and central forwards (CFs), as well as their field zones (central and external) and tactical lines (defensive, middle, and offensive). Anthropometrics (stature and body mass) of each player were recorded. Then, body composition was obtained by means of bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA). GKs and CFs were the tallest and heaviest players, with no differences from each other. Likewise, GKs and CFs, along with CBs, were apparently more muscular (for both upper and lower limbs) and fatter at the same time compared with the other roles. Overall, players of the defensive line (CBs and FBs), along with those playing in central field zones (CBs, MIDs, AMs, SSs, and CFs), were significantly (p < 0.05) superior in almost all anthropometric and body composition variables than those of middle and offensive line and external zones, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tindaro Bongiovanni
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Performance, Palermo Football Club, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessio Rossi
- Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Information Science and Technologies (ISTI), 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Federico Genovesi
- Medical Department, Manchester City Football Club, Manchester M11 3FF, UK
| | - Giulia Martera
- Department of Performance Nutrition, Spezia Calcio, 19123 La Spezia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Puleo
- Department of Performance, Palermo Football Club, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Carmine Orlandi
- Department of Sport Science, Tor Vergata University of Roma, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Mirco Spedicato
- Department of Nutrition, U.S. Lecce Football Club, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - F Marcello Iaia
- Department of Biomedical Science for Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo Del Vescovo
- Department of Performance, Hellas Verona Football Club, 37135 Verona, Italy
- Villa Stuart Clinic, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, 00186 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Gallo
- Department of Performance, Hellas Verona Football Club, 37135 Verona, Italy
| | - Roberto Cannataro
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Patrizio Ripari
- Department of Technological Medicine, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Pescara, Italy
| | - Matteo Levi Micheli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50100 Florence, Italy
| | - Stefania Cataldi
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience (DiBraiN), University of Study of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Athos Trecroci
- Department of Biomedical Science for Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Gutiérrez-Santamaría B, Martinez Aguirre-Betolaza A, García-Álvarez A, Arietaleanizbeaskoa MS, Mendizabal-Gallastegui N, Grandes G, Castañeda-Babarro A, Coca A. Association between PhA and Physical Performance Variables in Cancer Patients. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1145. [PMID: 36673900 PMCID: PMC9859119 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining the physical performance of cancer patients is increasingly considered due to the growing number of cancer patients and the aggressiveness of the treatments. For this reason, bioimpedance is now being used to record patients' body composition by obtaining the phase angle (PhA). Although there is a direct relationship between PhA, age, sex and disease prognosis, it has not been measured as an analysis of physical performance in oncology patients and is a valid tool in the follow-up of cancer patients. For this purpose, 311 patients were evaluated, and both bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and physical performance measurements were performed. The modification of the results concerning PhA was found to be highly relational, as a variation in one of the variables affected the other. It was concluded that each degree increase in PhA modified -22.57 s [-27.58; -17.53] in 400-m walking test (400 mWT); 13.25 kg [10.13; 16.35] in upper-body strength (UBS); 6.3 [4.95; 7.65] in lower-body strength (LBS); 1.55 mL/kg/min [0.98; 2.12] in VO2peak; 6.53 Watts [3.83; 9.20] in ventilatory threshold 1 (VT1); 10.36 Watts [7.02; 13.64] in ventilatory threshold 2 (VT2). It was also noted that age was a factor that affected the relationship between PhA and 400 mWT; the older the age, the higher the relationship. PhA data has been shown to be highly correlated with physical performance. This is of great importance in clinical practice because a cancer patient's physical performance levels can be assessed during treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Gutiérrez-Santamaría
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of Deusto, 48007 Bilbao, Biscay, Spain
| | - Aitor Martinez Aguirre-Betolaza
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of Deusto, 48007 Bilbao, Biscay, Spain
| | - Arturo García-Álvarez
- Primary Care Research Unit of Bizkaia, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Plaza de Cruces 12, 48903 Barakaldo, Biscay, Spain
| | - Maria Soledad Arietaleanizbeaskoa
- Primary Care Research Unit of Bizkaia, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Plaza de Cruces 12, 48903 Barakaldo, Biscay, Spain
| | - Nere Mendizabal-Gallastegui
- Primary Care Research Unit of Bizkaia, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Plaza de Cruces 12, 48903 Barakaldo, Biscay, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Grandes
- Primary Care Research Unit of Bizkaia, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Plaza de Cruces 12, 48903 Barakaldo, Biscay, Spain
| | - Arkaitz Castañeda-Babarro
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of Deusto, 48007 Bilbao, Biscay, Spain
| | - Aitor Coca
- Department of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Euneiz University, 01013 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Araba, Spain
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Association between Phase Angle from Bioelectric Impedance and Muscular Strength and Power in Physically Active Adults. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11091255. [PMID: 36138734 PMCID: PMC9495323 DOI: 10.3390/biology11091255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare muscle strength and power indicators according to bioimpedance spectroscopy’s phase angle (PhA) values, in resistance-trained (RT) men, while exploring associations between PhA and performance. Forty-four men aged 18−45 years, engaged in RT, were allocated according to PhA tertiles. Lean soft tissue (LST) and fat mass (%FM) were assessed using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry; dynamic muscle strength using 1 repetition maximum (1RM) of bench press (BP) and back squat (BS) and muscle power using Wingate test (WT) and countermovement jump (CMJ). For WT and CMJ, the 3rd tertile was significantly higher than the 1st tertile (p = 0.027 and p = 0.018, respectively). Regarding BP 1RM, the 3rd tertile was significantly higher than the 2nd tertile (p = 0.037). LST better explained the variability in the WT, BS and BP (p =< 0.001), while %FM better accounted for jump height in CMJ (p =< 0.001). PhA was a predictor of performance in both CMJ (p = 0.040) and BP (p = 0.012), independently of LST and %FM. Participants with higher PhA also displayed superior muscle strength of the upper limbs and greater muscle power of the lower limbs. PhA displayed significant moderate associations with performance in CMJ and BP, even after controlling for body composition. Still, LST was the most important predictor of muscle strength and power.
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Correlation of the Phase Angle with Muscle Ultrasound and Quality of Life in Obese Females. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:7165126. [PMID: 35983408 PMCID: PMC9381286 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7165126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction. Phase angle (PhA) has been suggested to be an indicator of body cell mass and nutritional status. Clinically, the phase angle supposedly reflects body cell mass and cell membrane function, and the higher the phase angle, the better is the cell function. Muscle ultrasound (US) is an emerging nutritional assessment technique. Objective. The aim of this study was to investigate the usefulness and correlation of PhA with muscle US of quadriceps rectus femoris (QRF) in obese female subjects and the relationship with quality of life and physical performance. Material and Methods. In a total of healthy 50 obese female patients, anthropometric data by BIA, muscle mass by ultrasound at the QRF level, analytical determination, blood pressure, and quality of life were measured. Physical performance was assessed, too. Results. In total, 50 female obese patients were included with a mean age of 45.9 ± 2.4 years. The mean body mass index was 32.1 ± 1.6 kg/m2 with a mean weight of 83.5 ± 14.6 kg. Correlation analysis showed a positive correlation of PhA with all US parameters corrected by squared height (anteroposterior muscle thickness, circumference, cross-sectional area, and Echo-intensity). The correlation analysis of biochemical parameters with PhA showed a positive correlation with serum albumin and total protein levels. Physical activity and vitality scores of SF36 were correlated with PhA. Finally, PhA was positive correlated with physical performance, doing push-ups in 30 seconds (
=0.42;
=0.03) and doing squats in 30 seconds (
=0.54;
=0.02), without correlation with the time of 1.5 km walk. Conclusion. PhA was correlated with muscle area, muscle circumference, muscle echo intensity, serum protein, quality of life SF-36, and strength physical performance.
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Levi Micheli M, Cannataro R, Gulisano M, Mascherini G. Proposal of a New Parameter for Evaluating Muscle Mass in Footballers through Bioimpedance Analysis. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11081182. [PMID: 36009809 PMCID: PMC9405331 DOI: 10.3390/biology11081182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The evaluation of muscle mass in athletes correlates with sports performance directly. Bioimpedance vector analysis is a growing method of assessing body composition in athletes because it is independent of predictive formulas containing variables such as body weight, ethnicity, age, and sex. The study aims to propose a new parameter (Levi’s Muscle Index, LMI) that evaluates muscle mass through raw bioelectrical data. A total of 664 male footballers underwent bioimpedance assessment during the regular season. LMI was correlated with body cell mass (BCM) and phase angle (PA) to establish efficacy. The footballers were 24.5 ± 5.8 years old, 180.7 ± 5.9 cm tall and weighed 76.3 ± 7.1 kg. The relationships were: LMI-BMI: r = 0.908, r2 = 0.824, p < 0.001; LMI-PA: r = 0.704, r2 = 0.495, p = 0.009 and PA-BCM: r = 0.491, r2 = 0.241, p < 0.001. The results obtained confirm that LMI could be considered a new parameter that provides reliable information to evaluate the muscle mass of athletes. Furthermore, the higher LMI-BCM relationship than PA-BCM demonstrates specificity for muscle mass evaluation in athletes regardless of body weight, ethnicity, age, and sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Levi Micheli
- Exercise Science Laboratory Applied to Medicine “Mario Marella”, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Roberto Cannataro
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Massimo Gulisano
- Exercise Science Laboratory Applied to Medicine “Mario Marella”, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Gabriele Mascherini
- Exercise Science Laboratory Applied to Medicine “Mario Marella”, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Bongiovanni T, Rossi A, Trecroci A, Martera G, Iaia FM, Alberti G, Pasta G, Lacome M. Regional Bioelectrical Phase Angle Is More Informative than Whole-Body Phase Angle for Monitoring Neuromuscular Performance: A Pilot Study in Elite Young Soccer Players. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10050066. [PMID: 35622475 PMCID: PMC9144460 DOI: 10.3390/sports10050066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The objective of this study was to investigate the association between regional and total phase angle (PhA) with lower-body neuromuscular performance in young elite soccer players. Methods: Sixteen elite male soccer players (14.3 ± 1.0 years) participated in this study. Lower (LPhA)- and upper (UPhA)-hemisome PhA together with whole-body PhA (WBPhA) were measured by a bioelectrical-impedance analysis (BIA), while appendicular arm and leg lean soft tissue (ALST and LLST, respectively) were estimated. Urine osmolarity (UOsm) and urine-specific gravity (USG) were also considered. Sprints over 10 m and 20 m and countermovement jump (CMJ) tests were employed to evaluate neuromuscular performance. Results: LPhA (p = 0.003) and UOsm (p = 0.012) explained 62% of the variance in the 10 m sprint. UOsm (p = 0.001) and both LPhA (p < 0.001) and WBPhA (p = 0.024) explained 81% of the total variance in the 20 m sprint. The CMJ height was affected by LPhA (p < 0.001) and UOsm (p = 0.024), which overall explained 68% of its variance (p < 0.05), while 93% of the CMJ power variance was explained by LPhA (p < 0.001), ALST (p < 0.001), and WBPhA (p = 0.011). Conclusions: Regional PhA is a relevant and non-invasive tool to monitor lower-body neuromuscular performance in elite youth soccer. Specifically, LPhA may be favored over WBPhA as more informative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tindaro Bongiovanni
- Performance and Analytics Department, Parma Calcio 1913, 43121 Parma, Italy; (T.B.); (M.L.)
| | - Alessio Rossi
- Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Athos Trecroci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20129 Milano, Italy; (F.M.I.); (G.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Giulia Martera
- Nutrition Department, Spezia Calcio, 19121 La Spezia, Italy;
| | - F. Marcello Iaia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20129 Milano, Italy; (F.M.I.); (G.A.)
| | - Giampietro Alberti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20129 Milano, Italy; (F.M.I.); (G.A.)
| | - Giulio Pasta
- Medical Department, Parma Calcio 1913, 43121 Parma, Italy;
| | - Mathieu Lacome
- Performance and Analytics Department, Parma Calcio 1913, 43121 Parma, Italy; (T.B.); (M.L.)
- Laboratory Sport, French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), 75012 Paris, France
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Reference Percentiles for Bioelectrical Phase Angle in Athletes. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020264. [PMID: 35205130 PMCID: PMC8869633 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary The bioelectrical phase angle is a raw parameter that can be utilized as an indicator of performance, muscle quantity and hydration status of cells. However, sex- and sport-specific phase angle reference percentiles are lacking for the athletic population. For the first time, this study provides 5th, 15th, 50th, 85th, and 95th reference percentiles for phase angle in male and female athletes practicing different sports. These reference values can be used to track body composition and performance related-outcomes in sports practice, while leveraging the portability of bioelectric impedance analysis. Abstract The present study aimed to develop reference values for bioelectrical phase angle in male and female athletes from different sports. Overall, 2224 subjects participated in this study [1658 males (age 26.2 ± 8.9 y) and 566 females (age 26.9 ± 6.6 y)]. Participants were categorized by their sport discipline and sorted into three different sport modalities: endurance, velocity/power, and team sports. Phase angle was directly measured using a foot-to-hand bioimpedance technology at a 50 kHz frequency during the in-season period. Reference percentiles (5th, 15th, 50th, 85th, and 95th) were calculated and stratified by sex, sport discipline and modality using an empirical Bayesian analysis. This method allows for the sharing of information between different groups, creating reference percentiles, even for sports disciplines with few observations. Phase angle differed (men: p < 0.001; women: p = 0.003) among the three sport modalities, where endurance athletes showed a lower value than the other groups (men: vs. velocity/power: p = 0.010, 95% CI = −0.43 to −0.04; vs. team sports: p < 0.001, 95% CI = −0.48 to −0.02; women: vs. velocity/power: p = 0.002, 95% CI = −0.59 to −0.10; vs. team sports: p = 0.015, 95% CI = −0.52 to −0.04). Male athletes showed a higher phase angle than female athletes within each sport modality (endurance: p < 0.01, 95% CI = 0.63 to 1.14; velocity/power: p < 0.01, 95% CI = 0.68 to 1.07; team sports: p < 0.01, 95% CI = 0.98 to 1.23). We derived phase angle reference percentiles for endurance, velocity/power, and team sports athletes. Additionally, we calculated sex-specific references for a total of 22 and 19 sport disciplines for male and female athletes, respectively. This study provides sex- and sport-specific percentiles for phase angle that can track body composition and performance-related parameters in athletes.
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Bioelectrical Impedance Vector and Creatine Phosphokinase Changes Induced by a High-Intensity Training Session in Rink Hockey Players. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12020751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze anthropometric and whole-body/muscle-localized bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) adaptations and their relation to creatine kinase (CK) as a biomarker of muscle damage in a group of seven male players in the maximum category of professional rink hockey. There were three checkpoint assessments in relation to a high-intensity training session: pre-session (PRE), post-session (POST), and 24 h-post-session (POST24H). The resistance, reactance, and impedance module were adjusted by height (R/h, Xc/h, and Z/h, respectively). The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare the data at baseline and follow-up, while Spearman correlation was used to explore the relationship between CK and the rest of the parameters. The results registered a decrease in body mass at POST (p = 0.03) and a reestablishment at POST24H (p = 0.02). Whole-body BIVA registered a significant increase in R/h between PRE–to–POST (p = 0.02) and returned to baseline values at POST24H (p = 0.02), which was expected since this parameter is related to hydration processes. Muscle-localized BIVA in the rectus femoris muscle showed an increase in both Xc/h and phase angle in POST (p = 0.04 and p = 0.03, respectively) and a decrease in Xc/h at POST24H (p = 0.02). CK correlated with R/h in the rectus femoris at all the checkpoints (PRE–to–POST: r = 0.75, p = 0.05; PRE–to–POST24H: r = 0.81, p = 0.03; POST–to–POST24H: r = 0.82, p = 0.02). Our results indicate that BIVA is a sensitive methodology to assess general and muscle-localized hydration induced by a high-intensity training session in rink hockey players. A correlation between BIVA and CK was also reported.
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Campa F, Bongiovanni T, Trecroci A, Rossi A, Greco G, Pasta G, Coratella G. Effects of the COVID-19 Lockdown on Body Composition and Bioelectrical Phase Angle in Serie A Soccer Players: A Comparison of Two Consecutive Seasons. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10111175. [PMID: 34827168 PMCID: PMC8614814 DOI: 10.3390/biology10111175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary In 2020, the first Italian soccer league (Serie A) was canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Consequently, a detraining process was triggered in soccer players, leading coaches and sports scientists to implement alternative training strategies to prevent a remodeling in body composition. This study tested the hypothesis that male elite soccer players, when confined to their home during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, will display unfavorable trends in bioelectrical and body composition parameters. The results of the present study showed that reduction in phase angle and muscle mass occurred in soccer players during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic lockdown. Recognizing these adverse effects of a detraining period is critical in avoiding adverse effects on body composition in soccer players. In addition, the bioelectrical phase angle has been identified as a valid predictor of muscle mass changes during the competitive soccer season. Considerably, the phase angle represents a parameter that can be measured directly through bioelectrical impedance analysis, and it is independent of predictive equations such as those that quantify muscle mass. Abstract The present study compared changes in body composition during the COVID-19-associated lockdown with the same period of the following season in elite soccer players. Fifteen elite male soccer players (30.5 ± 3.6 years.) underwent a bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) before (end of February) and after (end of May) the lockdown, which occurred during the 2019/2020 season, and at the same period during the following competitive season in 2020/2021, when restrictions were lifted. Fat and muscle mass were estimated using predictive equations, while phase angle (PhA) and bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) patterns were directly measured. After lockdown, fat mass remained unchanged (p > 0.05), while muscle mass (95%CI = −1.12/−0.64; ES = −2.04) and PhA (95%CI = 0.51/−0.24, ES = −1.56) decreased. A rightward displacement of the BIVA vector was also found (p < 0.001, ES = 1.50). After the same period during the regular season, FM% and muscle mass did not change (p > 0.05), while the PhA increased (95%CI = 0.01/0.22; ES = 0.63). A leftward vector displacement (p < 0.001, ES = 1.05) was also observed. The changes in muscle mass correlated with changes in PhA (“lockdown” season 2019/2020: ß = −1.128, p = 0.011; “regular” season 2020/21: ß = 1.963, p = 0.011). In conclusion, coaches and strength conditioners should monitor muscle mass in soccer players during detraining periods as this parameter appears to be mainly affected by changes in training plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Campa
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy;
| | - Tindaro Bongiovanni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Study of Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (T.B.); (A.T.); (G.C.)
- Department of Health, Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, Parma Calcio 1913, 43100 Parma, Italy
| | - Athos Trecroci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Study of Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (T.B.); (A.T.); (G.C.)
| | - Alessio Rossi
- Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Gianpiero Greco
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Study of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Giulio Pasta
- Medical Department, Parma Calcio 1913, 43100 Parma, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Coratella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Study of Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (T.B.); (A.T.); (G.C.)
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Ghiani G, Roberto S, Mura R, Fois F, Scorcu M, Crisafulli A. Body composition changes during the lockdown-restart transition due to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in a group of professional football players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 62:649-653. [PMID: 34651614 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12894-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND At the beginning of March 2020, because of the ongoing pandemic, all sport events were suspended in Italy. The Italian Serie A league abruptly interrupted all competitions and teams could not train in a group anymore. These containment measures were gradually eased in May. The aim of this study was to ascertain the impact of the lockdown-restart transition on the body composition of a group of Italian footballers of a Serie A team during the pandemic. METHODS The body composition of 18 male football players (age27.6 ± 4.5 yr.) from an Italian Serie A team was studied by bioelectrical impedance (BIA). Measures were conducted after lockdown, when they restarted to train in group with the ball (T0), and after the first regular match (T1). RESULTS Results show that there were no changes in body mass, body mass index, fat mass, fat-free mass, and total body water between T0 and T1. Differently, intracellular water, extracellular water, and phase angle were changed. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that the lockdown did not have any impact in athletes' body composition as they kept training at home. Moreover, the BIA method was able to detect subtle signals of shift in body water compartments (intra cellular and extra cellular water) likely due to the different kind of training conducted during and after the lockdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Ghiani
- Sports Physiology Lab., Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy -
| | - Silvana Roberto
- Sports Physiology Lab., Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Antonio Crisafulli
- Sports Physiology Lab., Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Bongiovanni T, Rossi A, Iaia FM, Alberti G, Pasta G, Trecroci A. Association of phase angle and appendicular upper and lower body lean soft tissue with physical performance in young elite soccer players: a pilot study. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 62:1015-1022. [PMID: 34546027 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12911-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In soccer, a better understanding of the bioimpedance parameters with physical performance may be useful to efficiently monitor and interpret players' performance variation throughout a certain period of the season. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the association between phase angle (PhA) and arms and legs lean soft tissue (ALST and LLST) with physical performance in young elite soccer players. METHODS Fifteen young male elite soccer players (age = 14.2±1.2 years, BMI = 20.51±1.38 kg/m2) participated in this investigation. Raw bioimpedance parameters (reactance, resistance, and phase angle) were obtained by a bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) device. Then, ALST and LLST were estimated. All players underwent a physical testing battery including countermovement jump (CMJ), 10-m and 20-m sprint, and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test level 1 (YoYo IRTL1) in the domains of anaerobic and aerobic performance, respectively. RESULTS The results showed that LST (total, arms and legs) positively correlated with CMJ (0.64 < r < 0.69; p < 0.001) and negatively correlated with 10-m (-0.59 < r < -0.63; p < 0.05) and 20-m sprint (-0.67 < r < -0.73; p < 0.001), while PhA positively correlated with CMJ (r = 0.57; p < 0.05) and negatively correlated (r = -0.54; p < 0.05) only with 20-m sprint. No significant association was found between the BIA-related parameters (PhA and LST) and Yo- Yo IRT level 1. CONCLUSIONS The present findings highlight the existing association of PhA and LST with jumping and sprinting performance in young elite soccer players. This result supports the use of BIA-related measures as a simple and practical approach to monitoring anaerobic performance changes, rather than aerobic, over time throughout the season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tindaro Bongiovanni
- Department of Health, Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, Parma Calcio 1913, Parma, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessio Rossi
- Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy -
| | - F Marcello Iaia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Giampietro Alberti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Giulio Pasta
- Medical Department, Parma Calcio 1913, Parma, Italy
| | - Athos Trecroci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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Martins PC, Moraes MS, Silva DAS. How is the phase angle associated with total and regional bone mineral density in university athletes? . Physiol Meas 2021; 42. [PMID: 34225269 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/ac114b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective.To investigate how phase angle (PhA) is associated with total and regional bone mineral density (BMD) (femur and lumbar spine) in university athletes.Approach.This cross-sectional study was conducted in Florianópolis, Brazil, with 167 university athletes from different sports (92 males). The PhA was obtained through electrical bioimpedance and BMD was obtained through dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Data on the covariables age, time involved in the sport, type of sport (low, medium and high impact), daily use of oral contraceptives, and vitamin D calcium and/or protein supplementation were obtained through anamnesis, while fat mass and fat- and bone-free mass were obtained through DXA. Simple linear regression and a 5% significance level were used.Main results. In female athletes, PhA was directly associated with total BMD (β: 2.20; 95% CI: 0.43; 3.96) and BMD in the femur (β0.85; 95% CI: -0.23; 1.94) and lumbar spine (β: 1.45; 95% CI: 0.44; 2.46), even after adjusting for the covariates. In male athletes, although PhA was directly associated with regional BMD (femur [β: 0.63; 95% CI: 0.04; 1.22] and lumbar spine [β: 0.64; 95% CI: -0.01; 1.31]) in simple linear regression, this association disappeared when the covariates were added.Significance. PhA was directly associated with total BMD and lumbar spine in female, but not male, athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Custódio Martins
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Cineantropometria & Desempenho Humano. Centro de Desportos. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil
| | - Mikael Seabra Moraes
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Cineantropometria & Desempenho Humano. Centro de Desportos. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil
| | - Diego Augusto Santos Silva
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Cineantropometria & Desempenho Humano. Centro de Desportos. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil
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Association between Change in Regional Phase Angle and Jump Performance: A Pilot Study in Serie A Soccer Players. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ 2021; 11:860-865. [PMID: 34563076 PMCID: PMC8544201 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe11030063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This observational longitudinal investigation aimed to investigate whether change in bioelectrical regional phase angle (PhA) is a predictor of change in vertical jump performance in elite soccer players. Methods: Fifteen soccer players (age: 28.7 ± 5.0 years, body weight: 82.4 ± 6.8 kg, height: 186.0 ± 0.1 cm, body mass index: 23.8 ± 1.2 kg/m2) competing in the first Italian division (Serie A) were included in this study and tested before the pre-season period and after the first half of the championship. Whole body and lower hemisoma PhA were obtained with a phase-sensitive 50 kHz bioelectrical impedance analyzer and legs lean soft tissue was estimated using specific bioimpedance-based equation developed for athletes. Vertical jump performance was assessed using the countermovement jump (CMJ). Results: The major findings of the study are that changes in lower hemisoma PhA are more strongly related with changes in jump performance (r2 = 0.617, p = 0.001) than changes in whole-body PhA (r2 = 0.270, p = 0.047), even after adjusting for legs lean soft tissue and for body mass index (β = 5.17, p = 0.004). Conclusions: These data suggest that changes in lower hemisoma PhA might be used as a tool for evaluating performance related parameters in sports where specific body segments are involved, in preference to the whole-body measured value.
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Matias CN, Campa F, Nunes CL, Francisco R, Jesus F, Cardoso M, Valamatos MJ, Homens PM, Sardinha LB, Martins P, Minderico C, Silva AM. Phase Angle Is a Marker of Muscle Quantity and Strength in Overweight/Obese Former Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18126649. [PMID: 34205575 PMCID: PMC8296352 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background: An increasing body of evidence indicates that the phase angle (PhA) can be applied as a marker of nutritional status, disease prognosis, and mortality probability. Still, it is not known whether PhA can be used as an indicator of muscular quantity and strength and maximal aerobic capacity in overweight/obese former highly active individuals, an understudied population. This study aimed to analyze the association between PhA with skeletal muscle mass, maximal isometric strength, and maximal aerobic capacity through VO2max, in overweight/obese and inactive former athletes. Methods: Cross-sectional information of 94 (62 males) former adult athletes (age: 43.1 ± 9.4 years old; body mass index: 31.4 ± 4.8 kg/m2) taking part in a weight-loss clinical trial was analyzed. Total fat and fat-free mass were determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, while skeletal muscle mass was predicted from appendicular lean soft tissue. Values for upper- and lower-body maximal isometric strength were assessed by handgrip and leg press dynamometry. VO2max was determined by indirect calorimetry through a graded exercise test performed on a treadmill. Results: PhA was associated with skeletal muscle mass (r = 0.564, p < 0.001), upper-body strength (r = 0.556, p < 0.001), lower-body strength (r = 0.422, p < 0.001), and VO2max (r = 0.328, p = 0.013). These relationships remained significant for skeletal muscle mass (β = 2.158, p = 0.001), maximal isometric strength (upper-body: β = 2.846, p = 0.012; low-er-body: β = 24.209, p = 0.041) after adjusting for age, sex, and fat mass but not for VO2max (β = −0.163, p = 0.098). Conclusion: Our findings indicated that former athletes with higher values of PhA exhibited greater muscle mass and strength, despite sex, age, and body composition, which suggests that this simple raw BI parameter can be utilized as an indicator of muscle quantity and functionality in overweight/obese former athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina N. Matias
- Bioperformance & Nutrition Research Unit, Bettery S.A., 2740-262 Lisbon, Portugal;
- CIDEFES-Universidade Lusófona, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal; (C.L.N.); (R.F.); (F.J.); (M.C.); (L.B.S.); (C.M.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Francesco Campa
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Università degli Studi di Bologna, 40126 Rimini, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Catarina L. Nunes
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal; (C.L.N.); (R.F.); (F.J.); (M.C.); (L.B.S.); (C.M.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Rubén Francisco
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal; (C.L.N.); (R.F.); (F.J.); (M.C.); (L.B.S.); (C.M.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Filipe Jesus
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal; (C.L.N.); (R.F.); (F.J.); (M.C.); (L.B.S.); (C.M.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Miguel Cardoso
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal; (C.L.N.); (R.F.); (F.J.); (M.C.); (L.B.S.); (C.M.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Maria J. Valamatos
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, CIPER, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal; (M.J.V.); (P.M.H.)
| | - Pedro Mil Homens
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, CIPER, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal; (M.J.V.); (P.M.H.)
| | - Luís B. Sardinha
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal; (C.L.N.); (R.F.); (F.J.); (M.C.); (L.B.S.); (C.M.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Paulo Martins
- Laboratory of Sport Psychology, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana da Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal;
| | - Cláudia Minderico
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal; (C.L.N.); (R.F.); (F.J.); (M.C.); (L.B.S.); (C.M.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Analiza M. Silva
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal; (C.L.N.); (R.F.); (F.J.); (M.C.); (L.B.S.); (C.M.); (A.M.S.)
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Abstract
The body composition phenotype of an athlete displays the complex interaction among genotype, physiological and metabolic demands of a sport, diet, and physical training. Observational studies dominate the literature and describe the sport-specific physique characteristics (size, shape, and composition) of adult athletes by gender and levels of competition. Limited data reveal how body composition measurements can benefit an athlete. Thus, the objective is to identify purposeful measurements of body composition, notably fat and lean muscle masses, and determine their impact on the health and performance of athletes. Areas of interest include relationships among total and regional body composition measurements, muscle function, sport-specific performance, risk of injury, return to sport after injury, and identification of activity-induced fluid shifts. Discussion includes the application of specific uses of dual X-ray absorptiometry and bioelectrical impedance including an emphasis on the need to minimize measurement errors and standardize protocols, and highlights opportunities for future research. This focus on functional body composition can benefit the health and optimize the performance of an athlete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Lukaski
- Department of Kinesiology and Public Health Education, Hyslop Sports Center, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, United States
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Assessment of Body Composition in Athletes: A Narrative Review of Available Methods with Special Reference to Quantitative and Qualitative Bioimpedance Analysis. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051620. [PMID: 34065984 PMCID: PMC8150618 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Body composition is acknowledged as a determinant of athletic health and performance. Its assessment is crucial in evaluating the efficiency of a diet or aspects related to the nutritional status of the athlete. Despite the methods traditionally used to assess body composition, bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) and bioelectric impedance vector analysis (BIVA) have recently gained attention in sports, as well as in a research context. Only until recently have specific regression equations and reference tolerance ellipses for athletes become available, while specific recommendations for measurement procedures still remain scarce. Therefore, the present narrative review summarizes the current literature regarding body composition analysis, with a special focus on BIA and BIVA. The use of specific technologies and sampling frequencies is described, and recommendations for the assessment of body composition in athletes are provided. Additionally, the estimation of body composition parameters (i.e., quantitative analysis) and the interpretation of the raw bioelectrical data (i.e., qualitative analysis) are examined, highlighting the innovations now available in athletes. Lastly, it should be noted that, up until 2020, the use of BIA and BIVA in athletes failed to provide accurate results due to unspecific equations and references; however, new perspectives are now unfolding for researchers and practitioners. In light of this, BIA and especially BIVA can be utilized to monitor the nutritional status and the seasonal changes in body composition in athletes, as well as provide accurate within- and between-athlete comparisons.
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Martins PC, Teixeira AS, Guglielmo LGANTONACCI, Francisco JS, Silva DAS, Nakamura FY, de Lima LRA. Phase Angle Is Related to 10 m and 30 m Sprint Time and Repeated-Sprint Ability in Young Male Soccer Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:4405. [PMID: 33919220 PMCID: PMC8122489 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association between phase angle (PhA) and bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) and components of physical performance in male youth soccer players. DESIGN Cross-sectional. METHODS Sixty-two players from two professional soccer academies were recruited. Electrical bioimpedance was used to obtain the PhA and BIVA. Body fat (BF) and lean soft tissue mass (LSTM) were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. All players completed physical tests including the standing long jump (SLJ), Carminatti's test (peak speed at the end of the test, PST-CAR), 10 m and 30 m straight-line sprints, and repeated-sprint ability (RSA) test (RSAbest and RSAmean times). RESULTS Adjusting for chronological age, BF, and LSTM, multiple regression analysis outputs showed that PhA remained inversely related to RSAmean (β = -0.362; p < 0.001), RSAbest (β = -0.239; p = 0.020), 10 m (β = -0.379; p = 0.012), and 30 m (β = -0.438; p < 0.001) sprint times, while the association with PST-CAR and SLJ performance were statistically non-significant. In addition, BIVA showed that differences in confidence ellipses were found between athletes in the reference population and the study sample (p < 0.05). The tolerance ellipses indicated that the athletes in the present study had more total body water (TCW) and lower proportions of intracellular water (ICW) to extracellular water (ECW). The reference population had more TCW and ICW/ECW. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that young soccer players with higher PhA values, indicating better cell integrity and functionality, have better performance in typical anaerobic running activities, such as sprinting speed and RSA performance, adjusted to age and body composition characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Custódio Martins
- Research Center in Kinanthropometry and Human Performance, Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil; (J.S.F.); (D.A.S.S.)
| | - Anderson Santiago Teixeira
- Physical Effort Laboratory, Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil; (A.S.T.); (L.G.A.G.)
- Research Group for Development of Football and Futsal, Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Luiz Guilherme ANTONACCI Guglielmo
- Physical Effort Laboratory, Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil; (A.S.T.); (L.G.A.G.)
| | - Juliana Sabino Francisco
- Research Center in Kinanthropometry and Human Performance, Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil; (J.S.F.); (D.A.S.S.)
| | - Diego Augusto Santos Silva
- Research Center in Kinanthropometry and Human Performance, Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil; (J.S.F.); (D.A.S.S.)
| | - Fábio Yuzo Nakamura
- Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education UPE/UFPB, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil;
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Martins PC, DA Silva P, Silva DA. Cell integrity indicators in university athletes: comparison among playing positions in indoor football. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 61:1675-1681. [PMID: 33480517 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12008-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to compare cell integrity indicators according to the playing position in university indoor football athletes. METHODS The sample consisted of 34 university athletes (20 female and 14 male). Dependent variables were cell integrity indicators: total body water (TBW), intracellular water (ICW), extracellular water (ECW), ECW/ICW ratio, body cell mass (BCM), ECW/BCM ratio, phase angle (PhA), resistance (R), Xc (reactance) and impedance (Z), evaluated by the electrical bioimpedance method. Independent variable was the playing position: goalkeeper (a), defender (a), winger (left and right) and pivot collected through questionnaire. Control variables were age, time of sport practice, participation in competitions per year and training load obtained by applying the anamnesis form, and body fat and fat and bone-free mass were obtained through dual emission X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Covariance analysis (ANCOVA) was used, with post-roc Tukey's test, to identify difference between groups, with p <0.05. RESULTS In the adjusted analysis, female athletes in the defense position had BCM values (31.1 ±2.1) higher than those in the wing position (25.8 ±1.1) (p <0.01). In males, pivots showed higher ICW values (31.47 ±0.77) when compared to defenders (25.7 ±0.8) (p = 0.02). In addition, goalkeepers had higher TBW values (52.7 ±2.5) compared to wingers (42.3 ±1.2) (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Cell integrity indicators may vary according to the playing position in indoor football.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila C Martins
- Centro de Desportos, Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brasil -
| | - Paula DA Silva
- Centro de Desportos, Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brasil
| | - Diego A Silva
- Centro de Desportos, Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brasil
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21
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Campa F, Matias CN, Teixeira FJ, Reis JF, Valamatos MJ, Toselli S, Monteiro CP. Leucine metabolites do not induce changes in phase angle, bioimpedance vector analysis patterns, and strength in resistance trained men. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 46:669-675. [PMID: 33337947 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to assess the effects of off-the-shelf leucine metabolite supplements on phase angle (PhA), bioimpedance vector analysis (BIVA) patterns and strength during an 8-week resistance training protocol. Fifty-three male participants were allocated into 4 groups: α-hydroxyisocaproic acid (n = 12, age = 30.9 ± 9.3 years), β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate free acid (n = 12, age = 31.0 ± 9.3 years), calcium β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (n = 15, age = 32.1 ± 5.2 years) or placebo (n = 14, age = 28.9 ± 6.6 years). Bioimpedance parameters and 1-repetition maximum (1RM) for back squat and bench press were assessed at baseline and at the end of weeks 4 and 8. Additionally, fat-free mass and fat mass were evaluated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. No statistically group by time interactions were found, even adjusting for age. PhA and vector did not change over the training period, while time-dependent increases were observed for 1RM back squat and 1RM bench press. A direct association was observed between PhA and 1RM bench press changes (whole sample), while PhA and strength were correlated throughout the study, even when adjusting for fat-free mass and percentage of fat mass. Leucine metabolites have no effect on PhA, BIVA patterns or strength during an 8-week resistance training program, in resistance trained subjects. The trial was registered at ClincicalTrials.gov: NCT03511092. Novelty: Supplementation with leucine metabolites is not a supplementation strategy that improves bioelectrical phase angle, cellular health, and strength after an 8-week resistance training program. When consuming a high protein diet, none of the α-hydroxyisocaproic acid, β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate free acid, and calcium β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate metabolites resulted in an ergogenic effect in resistance trained men.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Campa
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - C N Matias
- CIDEFES - Universidade Lusófona, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal.,Bioperformance & Nutrition Research Unit, Ingrediente Métrico S.A., 2740-262 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - F J Teixeira
- Bioperformance & Nutrition Research Unit, Ingrediente Métrico S.A., 2740-262 Lisbon, Portugal.,CBIOS (Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies), Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Campo Grande, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - J F Reis
- Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal.,Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
| | - M J Valamatos
- Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal.,Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
| | - S Toselli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Science, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - C P Monteiro
- Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal.,Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
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22
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Campa F, Silva AM, Matias CN, Monteiro CP, Paoli A, Nunes JP, Talluri J, Lukaski H, Toselli S. Body Water Content and Morphological Characteristics Modify Bioimpedance Vector Patterns in Volleyball, Soccer, and Rugby Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17186604. [PMID: 32927903 PMCID: PMC7559102 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background: Bioimpedance vector analysis (BIVA) is a widely used method based on the interpretation of raw bioimpedance parameters to evaluate body composition and cellular health in athletes. However, several variables contribute to influencing BIVA patterns by militating against an optimal interpretation of the data. This study aims to explore the association of morphological characteristics with bioelectrical properties in volleyball, soccer, and rugby players. Methods: 164 athletes belonging to professional teams (age 26.2 ± 4.4 yrs; body mass index (BMI) 25.4 ± 2.4 kg/m2) underwent bioimpedance and anthropometric measurements. Bioelectric resistance (R) and reactance (Xc) were standardized for the athlete's height and used to plot the vector in the R-Xc graph according to the BIVA approach. Total body water (TBW), phase angle (PhA), and somatotype were determined from bioelectrical and anthropometric data. Results: No significant difference (p > 0.05) for age and for age at the start of competition among the athletes was found. Athletes divided into groups of TBW limited by quartiles showed significant differences in the mean vector position in the R-Xc graph (p < 0.001), where a higher content of body fluids resulted in a shorter vector and lower positioning in the graph. Furthermore, six categories of somatotypes were identified, and the results of bivariate and partial correlation analysis highlighted a direct association between PhA and mesomorphy (r = 0.401, p < 0.001) while showing an inverse correlation with ectomorphy (r = -0.416, p < 0.001), even adjusted for age. On the contrary, no association was observed between PhA and endomorphy (r = 0.100, p = 0.471). Conclusions: Body fluid content affects the vector length in the R-Xc graph. In addition, the lateral displacement of the vector, which determines the PhA, can be modified by the morphological characteristics of the athlete. In particular, higher PhA values are observed in subjects with a high mesomorphic component, whereas lower values are found when ectomorphy is dominant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Campa
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Analiza M. Silva
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada, Portugal; (A.M.S.); (C.N.M.); (C.P.M.)
| | - Catarina N. Matias
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada, Portugal; (A.M.S.); (C.N.M.); (C.P.M.)
| | - Cristina P. Monteiro
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada, Portugal; (A.M.S.); (C.N.M.); (C.P.M.)
| | - Antonio Paoli
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padova, 35100 Padova, Italy;
| | - João Pedro Nunes
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sports Center, Londrina State University, 86057 Londrina, Brazil;
| | - Jacopo Talluri
- Department of clinical research and development, Akern Ltd., 56121 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Henry Lukaski
- Department of Kinesiology and Public Health Education, Hyslop Sports Center, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA;
| | - Stefania Toselli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
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23
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Reis JF, Matias CN, Campa F, Morgado JP, Franco P, Quaresma P, Almeida N, Curto D, Toselli S, Monteiro CP. Bioimpedance Vector Patterns Changes in Response to Swimming Training: An Ecological Approach. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E4851. [PMID: 32640533 PMCID: PMC7369706 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17134851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Monitoring bioelectric phase angle (PhA) provides important information on the health and the condition of the athlete. Together with the vector length, PhA constitutes the bioimpedance vector analysis (BIVA) patterns, and their joint interpretation exceeds the limits of the evaluation of the PhA alone. The present investigation aimed to monitor changes in the BIVA patterns during a training macrocycle in swimmers, trying to ascertain if these parameters are sensitive to training load changes across a 13-week training period. METHODS Twelve national and international level swimmers (four females; eight males; 20.9 ± 1.9 years; with a competitive swimming background of 11.3 ± 1.8 years; undertaking 16-20 h of pool training and 4-5 h of dry-land training per week and 822.0 ± 59.0 International Swimming Federation (FINA) points) were evaluated for resistance (R) and reactance (Xc) using a single frequency phase sensitive bioimpedance device at the beginning of the macrocycle (M1), just before the beginning of the taper period (M2), and just before the main competition of the macrocycle (M3). At the three-time assessment points, swimmers also performed a 50 m all-out first stroke sprint with track start (T50 m) while time was recorded. RESULTS The results of the Hotelling T2 test showed a significant vector displacement due to simultaneous R and Xc changes (p < 0.001), where shifting from top to bottom along the major axis of the R-Xc graph from M1 to M2 was observed. From M2 to M3, a vector displacement up and left along the minor axis of the tolerance ellipses resulted in an increase in PhA (p < 0.01). The results suggest a gain in fluid with a decrease in cellular density from M1 to M2 due to decrements in R and Xc. Nevertheless, the reduced training load characterizing taper seemed to allow for an increase in PhA and, most importantly, an increase of Xc, thus demonstrating improved cellular health and physical condition, which was concomitant with a significant increase in the T50 m performance (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS PhA, obtained by bioelectrical R and Xc, can be useful in monitoring the condition of swimmers preparing for competition. Monitoring BIVA patterns allows for an ecological approach to the swimmers' health and condition assessment without resorting to equations to predict the related body composition variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana F. Reis
- Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal; (J.F.R.); (C.N.M.); (J.P.M.); (P.Q.); (N.A.); (D.C.); (C.P.M.)
- Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal
| | - Catarina N. Matias
- Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal; (J.F.R.); (C.N.M.); (J.P.M.); (P.Q.); (N.A.); (D.C.); (C.P.M.)
- Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal
| | - Francesco Campa
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - José P. Morgado
- Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal; (J.F.R.); (C.N.M.); (J.P.M.); (P.Q.); (N.A.); (D.C.); (C.P.M.)
- Instituto Superior de Ciências Educativas, 1500-210 Lisbon, Portugal
- Universidade Europeia, 1500-210 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paulo Franco
- Federação Portuguesa de Natação, 1500-210 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Pedro Quaresma
- Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal; (J.F.R.); (C.N.M.); (J.P.M.); (P.Q.); (N.A.); (D.C.); (C.P.M.)
| | - Nuno Almeida
- Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal; (J.F.R.); (C.N.M.); (J.P.M.); (P.Q.); (N.A.); (D.C.); (C.P.M.)
- Instituto Superior de Ciências Educativas, 1500-210 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Dalia Curto
- Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal; (J.F.R.); (C.N.M.); (J.P.M.); (P.Q.); (N.A.); (D.C.); (C.P.M.)
| | - Stefania Toselli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Science, University of Bologna, 40125 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Cristina P. Monteiro
- Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal; (J.F.R.); (C.N.M.); (J.P.M.); (P.Q.); (N.A.); (D.C.); (C.P.M.)
- Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal
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24
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Langer RD, de Fatima Guimarães R, Gonçalves EM, Guerra-Junior G, de Moraes AM. Phase Angle is Determined by Body Composition and Cardiorespiratory
Fitness in Adolescents. Int J Sports Med 2020; 41:610-615. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1152-4865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe phase angle is used to evaluate nutritional status and is an indicator of
cellular health. Cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition are strong
indicators of health during adolescence. We aimed to evaluate if body
composition and cardiorespiratory fitness have an association with phase angle
among adolescents. 203 girls and 220 boys (12.8±1.3 years) were
evaluated. Peak height velocity, percentage fat mass, fat-free mass,
cardiorespiratory fitness, and phase angle measurements were collected. Linear
regression adjusted by peak height velocity was used to verify if predictor
variables were associated with phase angle among adolescents. Phase angle showed
correlation with fat-free mass (girls: r=0.42 and boys: r=0.37);
with percent fat mass (girls: r=0.23); and with cardiorespiratory
fitness (boys: r=0.19). Linear regression showed that percentage fat
mass (in girls) and cardiorespiratory fitness (in boys) had an effect of 11 and
17% in phase angle, respectively, while fat-free mass had an effect of
22 and 26% in phase angle for girls and boys, respectively. Changes in
phase angle seem to be more associated with the percentage fat mass in girls,
cardiorespiratory fitness in boys, and fat-free mass in both when controlled by
peak height velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel David Langer
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Growth and Development Laboratory
– Center for Investigation in Pediatrics (CIPED), State University of
Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Ezequiel Moreira Gonçalves
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Growth and Development Laboratory
– Center for Investigation in Pediatrics (CIPED), State University of
Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Gil Guerra-Junior
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Growth and Development Laboratory
– Center for Investigation in Pediatrics (CIPED), State University of
Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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