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Wang K, Xu Q, Xia L, Sun J, Shen K, Liu H, Xu L, Li R. Diagnosis and treatment of gallbladder polypoid lesions: Current practices and future prospects. Chin Med J (Engl) 2024:00029330-990000000-00979. [PMID: 38420780 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000003019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Gallbladder polypoid lesions (GPLs) refer to any elevated lesion of the mucosal surface of the gallbladder wall, and the prevalence is estimated to be between 0.9% and 12.1%. GPLs include benign polyps and malignant polyps. Benign polyps are further classified as non-neoplastic polyps and neoplastic polyps. Cholesterol polyps are the most common benign polyps and adenocarcinoma is the main type of malignant polyp. Hepatitis B virus infection, liver function abnormalities, dyslipidemia, and obesity are the main risk factors for GPLs. Studies of biological mechanisms have focused on malignant gallbladder polyps, the development of which is regulated by hormone levels in vivo , gut microbiota, inflammation, oxidative stress, Salmonella typhimurium , and related molecules. Diagnostic modalities include chemical examination and imaging examination, with imaging examination currently being the mainstay. Treatment of patients with GPLs is based on the presence or absence of symptoms, age, size of the polyps, tendency of the polyp to increase, and risk factors for symptomatic malignancy to determine whether surgery should be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215026, China
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2
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Bitzer M, Groß S, Albert J, Blödt S, Boda-Heggemann J, Brunner T, Caspari R, De Toni E, Dombrowski F, Evert M, Follmann M, Freudenberger P, Gani C, Geier A, Gkika E, Götz M, Helmberger T, Hoffmann RT, Huppert P, Krug D, Fougère CL, Lang H, Langer T, Lenz P, Lüdde T, Mahnken A, Nadalin S, Nguyen HHP, Nothacker M, Ockenga J, Oldhafer K, Paprottka P, Pereira P, Persigehl T, Plentz R, Pohl J, Recken H, Reimer P, Riemer J, Ritterbusch U, Roeb E, Rüssel J, Schellhaas B, Schirmacher P, Schlitt HJ, Schmid I, Schuler A, Seehofer D, Sinn M, Stengel A, Steubesand N, Stoll C, Tannapfel A, Taubert A, Tholen R, Trojan J, van Thiel I, Vogel A, Vogl T, Wacker F, Waidmann O, Wedemeyer H, Wege H, Wildner D, Wörns MA, Galle P, Malek N. S3-Leitlinie „Diagnostik und Therapie des Hepatozellulären Karzinoms“ – Langversion 4.0. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR GASTROENTEROLOGIE 2024; 62:e67-e161. [PMID: 38195102 DOI: 10.1055/a-2189-6353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bitzer
- Abteilung für Gastroenterologie, Gastrointestinale Onkologie, Hepatologie, Infektiologie und Geriatrie, Eberhard-Karls Universität, Tübingen
| | - Sabrina Groß
- Abteilung für Gastroenterologie, Gastrointestinale Onkologie, Hepatologie, Infektiologie und Geriatrie, Eberhard-Karls Universität, Tübingen
| | - Jörg Albert
- Katharinenhospital, Klinik für Allgemeine Innere Medizin, Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie, Infektiologie und Pneumologie, Stuttgart
| | - Susanne Blödt
- Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften e. V.(AWMF), Berlin
| | | | - Thomas Brunner
- Universitätsklinik für Strahlentherapie-Radioonkologie, Medizinische Universität Graz
| | - Reiner Caspari
- Klinik Niederrhein Erkrankungen des Stoffwechsels der Verdauungsorgane und Tumorerkrankungen, Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler
| | | | | | | | - Markus Follmann
- Office des Leitlinienprogrammes Onkologie, Deutsche Krebsgesellschaft e. V., Berlin
| | | | - Cihan Gani
- Klinik für Radioonkologie, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen
| | - Andreas Geier
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg
| | - Eleni Gkika
- Klinik für Strahlenheilkunde, Department für Radiologische Diagnostik und Therapie, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg
| | - Martin Götz
- Medizinische Klinik IV - Gastroenterologie/Onkologie, Klinikverbund Südwest, Böblingen
| | - Thomas Helmberger
- Institut für Radiologie, Neuroradiologie und minimal invasive Therapie, München Klinik Bogenhausen
| | - Ralf-Thorsten Hoffmann
- Institut und Poliklinik für Diagnostische und Interventionelle Radiologie, Universitätsklinikum Dresden
| | - Peter Huppert
- Radiologisches Zentrum, Max Grundig Klinik, Bühlerhöhe
| | - David Krug
- Strahlentherapie Campus Kiel, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein
| | - Christian La Fougère
- Nuklearmedizin und Klinische Molekulare Bildgebung, Eberhard-Karls Universität, Tübingen
| | - Hauke Lang
- Klinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Transplantationschirurgie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz
| | - Thomas Langer
- Office des Leitlinienprogrammes Onkologie, Deutsche Krebsgesellschaft e. V., Berlin
| | - Philipp Lenz
- Zentrale Einrichtung Palliativmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Münster
| | - Tom Lüdde
- Medizinische Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie und Infektiologie, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf
| | - Andreas Mahnken
- Klinik für Diagnostische und Interventionelle Radiologie, Universitätsklinikum Marburg
| | - Silvio Nadalin
- Klinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Transplantationschirurgie, Eberhard-Karls Universität, Tübingen
| | | | - Monika Nothacker
- Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften e. V.(AWMF), Berlin
| | - Johann Ockenga
- Medizinische Klinik II, Gesundheit Nord, Klinikverbund Bremen
| | - Karl Oldhafer
- Klinik für Leber-, Gallenwegs- und Pankreaschirurgie, Asklepios Klinik Barmbek
| | - Philipp Paprottka
- Sektion für Interventionelle Radiologie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München
| | - Philippe Pereira
- Zentrum für Radiologie, Minimal-invasive Therapien und Nuklearmedizin, SLK-Klinken Heilbronn
| | - Thorsten Persigehl
- Institut für Diagnostische und Interventionelle Radiologie, Universitätsklinikum Köln
| | - Ruben Plentz
- Klinik für Innere Medizin, Gesundheit Nord, Klinikverbund Bremen
| | - Jürgen Pohl
- Abteilung für Gastroenterologie, Asklepios Klinik Altona
| | | | - Peter Reimer
- Institut für Diagnostische und Interventionelle Radiologie, Städtisches Klinikum Karlsruhe
| | | | | | - Elke Roeb
- Medizinische Klinik II Pneumologie, Nephrologie und Gastroenterologie, Universitätsklinikum Gießen
| | - Jörn Rüssel
- Medizinische Klinik IV Hämatologie und Onkologie, Universitätsklinikum Halle (Saale)
| | - Barbara Schellhaas
- Medizinische Klinik I Gastroenterologie, Pneumologie und Endokrinologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen
| | - Peter Schirmacher
- Allgemeine Pathologie und pathologische Anatomie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg
| | | | - Irene Schmid
- Kinderklinik und Kinderpoliklinik im Dr. von Haunerschen Kinderspital, LMU München
| | - Andreas Schuler
- Medizinische Klinik, Gastroenterologie, Alb-Fils-Kliniken, Geislingen an der Steige
| | - Daniel Seehofer
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Viszeral-, Transplantations-, Thorax- und Gefäßchirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig
| | - Marianne Sinn
- II. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik (Onkologie, Hämatologie, Knochenmarktransplantation mit Abteilung für Pneumologie), Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf
| | - Andreas Stengel
- Innere Medizin VI - Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie, Eberhard-Karls Universität, Tübingen
| | | | | | | | - Anne Taubert
- Klinische Sozialarbeit, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg
| | - Reina Tholen
- Deutscher Bundesverband für Physiotherapie (ZVK) e. V
| | - Jörg Trojan
- Medizinische Klinik 1: Gastroenterologie und Hepatologie, Pneumologie und Allergologie, Endokrinologie und Diabetologie sowie Ernährungsmedizin, Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt
| | | | - Arndt Vogel
- Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie und Endokrinologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover
| | - Thomas Vogl
- Institut für Diagnostische und Interventionelle Radiologie, Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt
| | - Frank Wacker
- Institut für Diagnostische und Interventionelle Radiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover
| | | | - Heiner Wedemeyer
- Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie und Endokrinologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover
| | - Henning Wege
- Klinik für Allgemeine Innere Medizin, Onkologie/Hämatologie, Gastroenterologie und Infektiologie, Klinikum Esslingen
| | - Dane Wildner
- Innere Medizin, Krankenhäuser Nürnberger Land GmbH, Standort Lauf
| | - Marcus-Alexander Wörns
- Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Hämatologie und internistische Onkologie und Endokrinologie, Klinikum Dortmund
| | - Peter Galle
- 1. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie, Nephrologie, Rheumatologie, Infektiologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz
| | - Nisar Malek
- Abteilung für Gastroenterologie, Gastrointestinale Onkologie, Hepatologie, Infektiologie und Geriatrie, Eberhard-Karls Universität, Tübingen
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Bitzer M, Groß S, Albert J, Boda-Heggemann J, Brunner T, Caspari R, De Toni E, Dombrowski F, Evert M, Geier A, Gkika E, Götz M, Helmberger T, Hoffmann RT, Huppert P, Kautz A, Krug D, Fougère CL, Lang H, Lenz P, Lüdde T, Mahnken A, Nadalin S, Nguyen HHP, Ockenga J, Oldhafer K, Paprottka P, Pereira P, Persigehl T, Plentz R, Pohl J, Recken H, Reimer P, Riemer J, Ritterbusch U, Roeb E, Rüssel J, Schellhaas B, Schirmacher P, Schlitt HJ, Schmid I, Schuler A, Seehofer D, Sinn M, Stengel A, Stoll C, Tannapfel A, Taubert A, Tholen R, Trojan J, van Thiel I, Vogel A, Vogl T, Wacker F, Waidmann O, Wedemeyer H, Wege H, Wildner D, Wörns MA, Galle P, Malek N. S3-Leitlinie Diagnostik und Therapie biliärer Karzinome – Langversion. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR GASTROENTEROLOGIE 2023; 61:e92-e156. [PMID: 37040776 DOI: 10.1055/a-2026-1240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bitzer
- Abteilung für Gastroenterologie, Gastrointestinale Onkologie, Hepatologie, Infektiologie und Geriatrie, Eberhard-Karls Universität, Tübingen
| | - Sabrina Groß
- Abteilung für Gastroenterologie, Gastrointestinale Onkologie, Hepatologie, Infektiologie und Geriatrie, Eberhard-Karls Universität, Tübingen
| | - Jörg Albert
- Katharinenhospital, Klinik für Allgemeine Innere Medizin, Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie, Infektiologie und Pneumologie, Stuttgart
| | | | - Thomas Brunner
- Universitätsklinik für Strahlentherapie-Radioonkologie, Medizinische Universität Graz
| | - Reiner Caspari
- Klinik Niederrhein Erkrankungen des Stoffwechsels der Verdauungsorgane und Tumorerkrankungen, Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler
| | | | | | | | - Andreas Geier
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg
| | - Eleni Gkika
- Klinik für Strahlenheilkunde, Department für Radiologische Diagnostik und Therapie, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg
| | - Martin Götz
- Medizinische Klinik IV - Gastroenterologie/Onkologie, Klinikverbund Südwest, Böblingen
| | - Thomas Helmberger
- Institut für Radiologie, Neuroradiologie und minimal invasive Therapie, München Klinik Bogenhausen
| | - Ralf-Thorsten Hoffmann
- Institut und Poliklinik für Diagnostische und Interventionelle Radiologie, Universitätsklinikum Dresden
| | - Peter Huppert
- Radiologisches Zentrum, Max Grundig Klinik, Bühlerhöhe
| | | | - David Krug
- Strahlentherapie Campus Kiel, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein
| | - Christian La Fougère
- Nuklearmedizin und Klinische Molekulare Bildgebung, Eberhard-Karls Universität, Tübingen
| | - Hauke Lang
- Klinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Transplantationschirurgie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz
| | - Philipp Lenz
- Zentrale Einrichtung Palliativmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Münster
| | - Tom Lüdde
- Medizinische Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie und Infektiologie, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf
| | - Andreas Mahnken
- Klinik für Diagnostische und Interventionelle Radiologie, Universitätsklinikum Marburg
| | - Silvio Nadalin
- Klinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Transplantationschrirugie, Eberhard-Karls Universität, Tübingen
| | | | - Johann Ockenga
- Medizinische Klinik II, Gesundheit Nord, Klinikverbund Bremen
| | - Karl Oldhafer
- Klinik für Leber-, Gallenwegs- und Pankreaschirurgie, Asklepios Klinik Barmbek
| | - Philipp Paprottka
- Sektion für Interventionelle Radiologie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München
| | - Philippe Pereira
- Zentrum für Radiologie, Minimal-invasive Therapien und Nuklearmedizin, SLK-Klinken Heilbronn
| | - Thorsten Persigehl
- Institut für Diagnostische und Interventionelle Radiologie, Universitätsklinikum Köln
| | - Ruben Plentz
- Klinik für Innere Medizin, Gesundheit Nord, Klinikverbund Bremen
| | - Jürgen Pohl
- Abteilung für Gastroenterologie, Asklepios Klinik Altona
| | | | - Peter Reimer
- Institut für Diagnostische und Interventionelle Radiologie, Städtisches Klinikum Karlsruhe
| | | | | | - Elke Roeb
- Medizinische Klinik II Pneumologie, Nephrologie und Gastroenterologie, Universitätsklinikum Gießen
| | - Jörn Rüssel
- Medizinische Klinik IV Hämatologie und Onkologie, Universitätsklinikum Halle (Saale)
| | - Barbara Schellhaas
- Medizinische Klinik I Gastroenterologie, Pneumologie und Endokrinologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen
| | - Peter Schirmacher
- Allgemeine Pathologie und pathologische Anatomie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg
| | | | - Irene Schmid
- Kinderklinik und Kinderpoliklinik im Dr. von Haunerschen Kinderspital, LMU München
| | - Andreas Schuler
- Medizinische Klinik, Gastroenterologie, Alb-Fils-Kliniken, Geislingen an der Steige
| | - Daniel Seehofer
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Viszeral-, Transplantations-, Thorax- und Gefäßchirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig
| | - Marianne Sinn
- II. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik (Onkologie, Hämatologie, Knochenmarktransplantation mit Abteilung für Pneumologie), Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf
| | - Andreas Stengel
- Innere Medizin VI - Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie, Eberhard-Karls Universität, Tübingen
| | | | | | - Anne Taubert
- Klinische Sozialarbeit, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg
| | - Reina Tholen
- Deutscher Bundesverband für Physiotherapie (ZVK) e. V
| | - Jörg Trojan
- Medizinische Klinik 1: Gastroenterologie und Hepatologie, Pneumologie und Allergologie, Endokrinologie und Diabetologie sowie Ernährungsmedizin, Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt
| | | | - Arndt Vogel
- Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie und Endokrinologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover
| | - Thomas Vogl
- Institut für Diagnostische und Interventionelle Radiologie, Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt
| | - Frank Wacker
- Institut für Diagnostische und Interventionelle Radiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover
| | | | - Heiner Wedemeyer
- Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie und Endokrinologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover
| | - Henning Wege
- Klinik für Allgemeine Innere Medizin, Onkologie/Hämatologie, Gastroenterologie und Infektiologie, Klinikum Esslingen
| | - Dane Wildner
- Innere Medizin, Krankenhäuser Nürnberger Land GmbH, Standort Lauf
| | - Marcus-Alexander Wörns
- Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Hämatologie und internistische Onkologie und Endokrinologie, Klinikum Dortmund
| | - Peter Galle
- 1. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie, Nephrologie, Rheumatologie, Infektiologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz
| | - Nisar Malek
- Abteilung für Gastroenterologie, Gastrointestinale Onkologie, Hepatologie, Infektiologie und Geriatrie, Eberhard-Karls Universität, Tübingen
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Jenssen C, Lorentzen T, Dietrich CF, Lee JY, Chaubal N, Choi BI, Rosenberg J, Gutt C, Nolsøe CP. Incidental Findings of Gallbladder and Bile Ducts-Management Strategies: General Aspects, Gallbladder Polyps and Gallbladder Wall Thickening-A World Federation of Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology (WFUMB) Position Paper. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2022; 48:2355-2378. [PMID: 36058799 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2022.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The World Federation of Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology (WFUMB) is addressing the issue of incidental findings with a series of position papers to give advice on characterization and management. The biliary system (gallbladder and biliary tree) is the third most frequent site for incidental findings. This first part of the position paper on incidental findings of the biliary system is related to general aspects, gallbladder polyps and other incidental findings of the gallbladder wall. Available evidence on prevalence, diagnostic work-up, malignancy risk, follow-up and treatment is summarized with a special focus on ultrasound techniques. Multiparametric ultrasound features of gallbladder polyps and other incidentally detected gallbladder wall pathologies are described, and their inclusion in assessment of malignancy risk and decision- making on further management is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Jenssen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Krankenhaus Märkisch Oderland GmbH, Strausberg/Wriezen, Germany; Brandenburg Institute for Clinical Ultrasound (BICUS) at Medical University Brandenburg "Theodor Fontane", Neuruppin, Germany
| | - Torben Lorentzen
- Ultrasound Section, Division of Surgery, Department of Gastroenterology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Christoph F Dietrich
- Department Allgemeine Innere Medizin (DAIM), Kliniken Hirslanden Beau Site, Salem und Permancence, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Jae Young Lee
- Department of Radiology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nitin Chaubal
- Thane Ultrasound Centre, Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Buyng Ihn Choi
- Department of Radiology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jacob Rosenberg
- Department of Surgery, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Carsten Gutt
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum Memmingen, Memmingen, Germany
| | - Christian P Nolsøe
- Center for Surgical Ultrasound, Department of Surgery, Zealand University Hospital, Køge, Denmark; Copenhagen Academy for Medical Education and Simulation (CAMES), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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AlSaif HI, Alzaid AS, Albabtain MA, Alharbi AA, Alnahabi FK, Alarifi AI, Alqasoumi MS, Alhawas AY, Alsaad SM. The Diagnostic Yield of Abdominal Ultrasounds Requested by Family Physicians at an Academic Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Cureus 2022; 14:e25580. [PMID: 35800194 PMCID: PMC9252938 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.25580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Abdominal ultrasound is a non-invasive, relatively inexpensive, and widely available diagnostic modality in family medicine settings. Objectives: Our study aimed to identify the most common indications for requesting abdominal ultrasounds by family physicians, determine the frequency of abdominal ultrasound with abnormal findings, identify the most common findings, and determine patients’ characteristics associated with abnormal findings. Methods: This retrospective chart-based study was conducted from January 2020 to June 2020 to analyze patients’ abdominal ultrasounds reports requested by family physicians in 2019 at King Khalid University Hospital (KKUH), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Results: We assessed abdominal ultrasound reports of 1,113 patients. There were 620 (55.7%) female patients. The mean age and body mass index (BMI) were 46.35 years ± 15.04 and 29.33 kg/m2 ± 7.06, respectively. The most common indications were abdominal pain (43.2%), suspicion of gallbladder and biliary system diseases (18.5%), and abnormal liver function tests (14.6%). The frequency of abnormal findings was 793 (71.2%), and the most common findings were fatty liver infiltration (49.7%), liver enlargement (20.1%), and gallstones (13.3%). Females had a lower likelihood to have abnormal findings compared to males (odds ratio (OR)=0.688, p=0.009). Lastly, the likelihood of abnormal findings increased with age and was highest among patients aged 71 years or more (OR=25.9, p< 0.001). Conclusion: Abnormal findings were more prevalent in our study compared with other studies. Abnormal findings were more common among males and older age groups. We recommend future studies on patients from community-based family medicine settings, and to examine the association of abnormal findings with patient-centered endpoints. Finally, disseminating the results of this study will inform family physicians with the most common abnormal abdominal ultrasound findings, and will enhance the discussion with patients undergoing an abdominal ultrasound examination.
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Yu Z, Yang C, Bai X, Yao G, Qian X, Gao W, Huang Y, Tian X, Cheng S, Zheng Y. Risk factors for cholesterol polyp formation in the gallbladder are closely related to lipid metabolism. Lipids Health Dis 2021; 20:26. [PMID: 33752687 PMCID: PMC7983281 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-021-01452-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to assess the risk factors for cholesterol polyp formation in the gallbladder. Methods This was a multicenter retrospective study based on pathology. From January 2016 to December 2019, patients who underwent cholecystectomy and non-polyp participants confirmed by continuous ultrasound follow-ups were reviewed. Patients in the cholesterol polyp group were recruited from three high-volume centers with a diagnosis of pathologically confirmed cholesterol polyps larger than 10 mm. Population characteristics and medical data were collected within 24 h of admission before surgery. The non-polyp group included participants from the hospital physical examination center database. They had at least two ultrasound examinations with an interval longer than 180 days. Data from the final follow-up of the non-polyp group were analyzed. The risk factors for cholesterol polyp formation were analyzed by comparing the two groups. Results A total of 4714 participants were recruited, including 376 cholesterol polyp patients and 4338 non-polyp participants. In univariate analysis, clinical risk factors for cholesterol polyps were age, male sex, higher body mass index (BMI), higher low-density lipoprotein (LDL), lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and higher aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels. In multivariate logistic analysis, independent risk factors were age > 50 years (odds ratio [OR] = 3.02, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.33–3.91, P < 0.001], LDL > 2.89 mmol/L (OR = 1.38, 95% CI 1.08–1.78, P = 0.011), lower HDL (OR = 1.78 95% CI 1.32–2.44, P < 0.001), AST > 40 IU/L (OR = 3.55, 95% CI 2.07–6.07, P < 0.001), and BMI > 25 kg/m 2 (OR = 1.32, 95% CI 1.01–1.72, P = 0.037). Conclusions Age, LDL, HDL, AST, and BMI are strong risk factors for cholesterol polyp formation. Older overweight patients with polyps, accompanied by abnormal lipid levels, are at high risk for cholesterol polyps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, The First Clinical Medical College, Capital Medical University, No.45 Changchun Street, Beijing, China
| | - Changlin Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, The First Clinical Medical College, Capital Medical University, No.45 Changchun Street, Beijing, China
| | - Xuesong Bai
- Vascular Surgery Department, Xuanwu Hospital, The First Clinical Medical College, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guibin Yao
- Department of General Surgery, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Qian
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Pathology Department, Xuanwu Hospital, The First Clinical Medical College, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Huang
- Information Center of Xuanwu Hospital, Xuanwu Hospital, The First Clinical Medical College, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodong Tian
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shi Cheng
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yamin Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, The First Clinical Medical College, Capital Medical University, No.45 Changchun Street, Beijing, China.
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Zhao X, Zheng H, Shan S, Wang K, Zhang M, Xie S, Liu C. Association between the non-HDL-cholesterol-to-HDL-cholesterol ratio and the risk of gallbladder polyp formation among men: a retrospective cohort study. Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19:146. [PMID: 32576257 PMCID: PMC7313103 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-020-01322-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dyslipidaemia and male sex are associated with gallbladder polyp (GBP) formation. However, the potential relation between the non-high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol-to-high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (non-HDL-c/HDL-c) ratio and GBPs in men is unclear. Methods A total of 1866 eligible subjects were selected for this retrospective cohort study from Wuhan Union Hospital between April 1, 2013, and November 30, 2014. Clinical and laboratory data of subjects were collected. Patients with GBPs or cholecystectomy at baseline, with missing data for baseline lipid profiles, following abdominal ultrasonography or taking lipid-lowering drugs were excluded. The patients were divided into five groups based on their non-HDL-c/HDL-c ratios, and descriptive analyses of the baseline data were performed. A Cox proportional hazards model was applied to estimate the relationship between the non-HDL-c/HDL-c ratio and GBPs. Results After a median follow-up of 1 year, 7.34% (n = 137) of the subjects developed GBPs. Compared with subjects without GBPs, those who developed GBPs after follow-up had significantly higher triglyceride (TG) levels and non-HDL-c/HDL-c ratios. The prevalence of GBPs showed a linearity increment with age, peaked in the 30–39 years group, 40–49 years group and 50–59 years group, and then declined slightly. The results of univariate analysis showed that the non-HDL-c/HDL-c ratio (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.29, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.05–1.60, P = 0.0159) was positively correlated with GBPs. In the fully adjusted Cox regression model, the HRs were 2.24 for quintile 2 (95% CI: 1.13–4.44, P = 0.0203), 1.50 for quintile 3 (95% CI: 0.73–3.10, P = 0.269), 2.52 for quintile 4 (95% CI: 1.26–5.01, P = 0.0087) and 2.13 for quintile 5 (95% CI: 1.04–4.37, P = 0.0397). No interaction was found among the subgroups. Conclusions A higher non-HDL-c/HDL-c ratio is independently related to a higher risk of GBP formation in Chinese men. Further research is needed to investigate whether this association exists in different regions and races.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Zhao
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Huabo Zheng
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Shengshuai Shan
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Songpu Xie
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Chengyun Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China. .,The First People's Hospital of Jiangxia District, Wuhan City & Union Jiangnan Hospital, HUST, Wuhan, 430200, China.
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Heitz L, Kratzer W, Gräter T, Schmidberger J. Gallbladder polyps - a follow-up study after 11 years. BMC Gastroenterol 2019; 19:42. [PMID: 30885181 PMCID: PMC6423886 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-019-0959-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of our study was to investigate the prevalence and natural long-term progression of gallbladder polyps in a random sample of the general population. Methods Four hundred and thirteen subjects (190 women, 223 men; aged 29–75 years) were studied first in 2002 and again eleven years later in 2013. All subjects were interviewed using a standardised questionnaire, anthropometric data were recorded, and an abdominal ultrasound scan was carried out. Results The prevalence of gallbladder polyps was 6.1% (115/1880) in the 2002 study and 12.1% (50/413) in the 2013 follow-up study. After eleven years, 36 subjects (8.7%, 36/413) had developed new polyps, thirteen subjects (48.1%, 13/27) no longer had gallbladder polyps, and 14 subjects (51.9%, 14/27) still had polyps. The number of polyps had increased in six of these subjects (43%, 6/14), decreased in a further six (43%, 6/14), and remained unchanged in two (14%, 2/14). The mean polyp size was 4.7 mm (± 2.2 mm, range 2–20 mm) in 2002 and 4.0 mm (± 1.9 mm, range 0.5–11 mm) at follow-up. A decrease in polyp size was noted in seven (50%) of the 14 subjects, an increase in size in five subjects (35.7%), and no change in two subjects (14.3%). The shape of the polyps had changed from pedunculated to sessile in two subjects (14.3%, 2/14) and from sessile to pedunculated in one subject (7.1%, 1/14). Conclusions In long-term follow-up, the prevalence of gallbladder polyps increased, with new lesions developing in 8.7% of the population. Polyps persisted in 51.9% of the subjects who had them in the original study and disappeared in the other 48.1%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Heitz
- Centre for Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kratzer
- Centre for Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Tilmann Gräter
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Julian Schmidberger
- Centre for Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
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Polypoid lesions of the gallbladder: analysis of 1204 patients with long-term follow-up. Surg Endosc 2016; 31:2776-2782. [PMID: 28039652 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-016-5286-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polypoid lesions of the gallbladder (PLG) are common, and most are benign. Few lesions are found to be malignant, but are not preoperatively distinguished as such using common imaging modalities. Therefore, we compared characteristics of benign and malignant PLGs in depth. METHODS We enrolled 1204 consecutive patients diagnosed with PLG at Taipei Veterans General Hospital between January 2004 and December 2013. Patients underwent either surgery or regular follow-up with various imaging modalities for at least 24 months. The mean follow-up duration was 72 ± 32 months. RESULTS Of 1204 patients, 194 underwent surgical treatment and 1010, regular follow-up. In addition, 73 % patients were asymptomatic. The mean PLG size was 6.9 ± 7.7 (range 0.8-129) mm; the PLGs of 337 patients (28 %) grew during their follow-up periods. The majority of PLGs (90.4 %) were single lesions, and 10.5 % of patients had associated gallstones. The PLGs of 20.1 % of surgical patients were malignant. Malignant PLGs were found in 32.4 % of patients ≥50 years old and in 4.7 % of those <50 years old (p < 0.001). Right quadrant abdominal pain, epigastric pain, and body weight loss were the three most common symptoms associated with malignancy. Malignant PLGs were significantly larger than benign lesions (means: 27.5 ± 18.4 mm vs. 12.3 ± 12.3 mm, respectively, p < 0.001). Notably, the size of 5 % of malignant PLGs was 3-5 mm, and that of 8 % was 5-10 mm. The negative predictive value for gallbladder malignancy was 92.8 % based on a size ≥10 mm and 100 % based on a size ≥3 mm. CONCLUSIONS Our study reassesses the PLG size that warrants more aggressive intervention. Cholecystectomy remains mandatory for PLGs > 10 mm, but should also be considered a definitive diagnostic and treatment modality for PLGs with diameters of 3-10 mm.
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Mao YS, Mai YF, Li FJ, Zhang YM, Hu KM, Hong ZL, Zhu ZW. Prevalence and risk factors of gallbladder polypoid lesions in Chinese petrochemical employees. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:4393-4399. [PMID: 23885152 PMCID: PMC3718909 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i27.4393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the prevalence and risk factors of polypoid lesions of the gallbladder (PLGs) in petrochemical employees in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China.
METHODS: All active and retired employees aged 20-90 years (n = 11098) of a refinery and chemical plant in eastern China were requested to participate in a health survey. The participants were subjected to interview, physical examination, laboratory assessments and ultrasonography. All the participants were invited to have a physical examination after a face-to-face interview. Fasting blood samples were obtained from the antecubital vein, and the samples were used for the analysis of biochemical values. Abdominal ultrasonography was conducted.
RESULTS: A total of 10461 (7331 men and 3130 women) current and former petrochemical employees attended for screening. The overall prevalence of post-cholecystectomy, gallstones and PLGs was 0.9%, 5.2% and 7.4%, respectively. Compared with the increased prevalence of either gallstones or post-cholecystectomy in older persons, PLGs were more common in the middle-aged, peaking in those aged 40-59 years. Excluding the patients with gallstones, gallstones mixed with PLGs, or those who had undergone cholecystectomy, in the remaining 9828 participants, the prevalence of PLGs in men (8.9%) was significantly higher than that in women (5.5%, P < 0.001). The analyzed risk factors with increased OR for the development of PLGs were male gender (OR = 1.799, P < 0.001), age ≥ 30 years (OR = 2.699, P < 0.001) and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positivity (OR = 1.374, P = 0.006).
CONCLUSION: PLGs are not rare among Chinese petrochemical employees. Male gender, HBsAg positivity, and middle age are risk factors for developing PLGs.
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[Surgical indications in gallbladder polyps]. Cir Esp 2012; 91:324-30. [PMID: 23245932 DOI: 10.1016/j.ciresp.2012.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The surgery of gallbladder polyps is not well defined due to the lack of evidence-based clinical guidelines. OBJECTIVE To analyse the management of polyps in Spain, and a review of the literature and treatment standards. MATERIAL AND METHODS The reports on cholecystectomy with gallbladder polyps (GBP) were extracted from the Pathology data base. Patients subjected to surgery with a diagnosis of GBP were identified in the Surgery data base. A single list was prepared and a review was made of the clinical histories, including, age, gender, clinical data, ultrasound report, and histopathology report. RESULTS A total of 30 patients, with a median age of 51 years (range 22-83), 21 of whom were female, were included. The ultrasound diagnosis was GBP in 19 patients, GBP and calculi in 7 cases, and calculi with no polyps in 4 cases. Other diagnoses concurrent with GBP were multiple haemangiomas (3), large single simple cyst (1), and multiple simple cysts (1). Eleven patients had typical pain (biliary origin), 5 of which showed no calculi on ultrasound. Eight had non-specific pain, which persisted in 3 cases after the cholecystectomy. Pseudopolyps were found in 20 gallbladders, and true polyps in 4 cases. In 3 cases, polyps were not found in the pathology study. CONCLUSIONS The ultrasound report must specify the size, shape, and number of polyps. Patients with biliary type pain would benefit from a cholecystectomy. The probability of malignancy is minimum if the GBP is less than 10mm and aged under 50 years, and a cholecystectomy is not required. A GBP greater than 10mm should be an indication of cholecystectomy.
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Yang HL, Kong L, Hou LL, Shen HF, Wang Y, Gu XG, Qin JM, Yin PH, Li Q. Analysis of risk factors for polypoid lesions of gallbladder among health examinees. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:3015-9. [PMID: 22736927 PMCID: PMC3380331 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i23.3015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the prevalence and risk factors of polypoid lesions of gallbladder (PLG) among the health examinees in the Shanghai region, China.
METHODS: A total of 11 816 subjects who underwent health examinations in our hospital between August 2010 and February 2011 were analyzed retrospectively. Among them, there were 7174 men and 4642 women. PLG was diagnosed by the real-time ultrasonography. Those with the body mass index (BMI) ≥ 28 were considered to be obese. Blood biochemical indices were detected with the fully automatic biochemical analyzer and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was tested by the automated enzyme immunoassay. The correlations between the prevalence of PLG and age, sex, BMI, serum cholesterol (T-Cho), triglycerides (TG), blood sugar, HBsAg, high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), gallstone and fatty liver were investigated. After univariate analysis of 11 variables, stepwise logistic regression analysis was performed to explore the risk factors of PLG.
RESULTS: There was a significant difference in sex, T-Cho, HBsAg, HDL-C, LDL-C and fatty liver between the PLG-positive group and the PLG-negative group (332/163 vs 6842/4479, P = 0.003; 22/473 vs 295/11 026, P =0.013; 92/403 vs 993/10 328, P = 0.001; 47/448 vs 332/10 989, P = 0.001; 32/463 vs 381/10 940, P = 0.001; 83/412 vs 3260/8061, P = 0.001). No significant difference was found in the age, BMI, TG, blood sugar and gallstone between the two groups (47.3 ± 26 vs 45.1 ± 33, P = 0.173; 59/436 vs 1097/10 224, P = 0.102; 52/443 vs 982/10 339, P = 0.158; 17/478 vs 295/11 026, P = 0.26; 24/471 vs 395/10 926, P = 0.109). Logistic regression analysis showed that the sex, HBsAg and HDL-C were independent risk factors for the development of PLG in a descending order of HDL-C > HBsAg > sex.
CONCLUSION: In healthy people, the male gender, positive HBsAg, and low HDL-C confer higher risks of PLG development.
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Xu Q, Tao LY, Wu Q, Gao F, Zhang FL, Yuan L, He XD. Prevalences of and risk factors for biliary stones and gallbladder polyps in a large Chinese population. HPB (Oxford) 2012. [PMID: 22568413 DOI: 10.1111/j.1477-2574.2012.00457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to identify the prevalences of and risk factors associated with the development of gallbladder stones and polyps in a large Chinese population. METHODS Prevalences of and risk factors for biliary stones and gallbladder polyps were retrospectively investigated among subjects who underwent a general check-up at the Health Screening Centres of Peking Union Medical College Hospital and Beijing Charity Hospital between January 2007 and June 2010. RESULTS A total of 60,064 people were enrolled in the study. Overall prevalences of biliary stones and gallbladder polyps were 4.2% (n= 2527) and 6.9% (n= 4119), respectively. Risk factors associated with increased odds ratios (ORs) for the development of biliary stones were female gender (OR = 1.51), age ≥ 50 years (OR = 2.09), history of hypertension (OR = 1.37), thickened gallbladder wall (cholecystitis) (OR = 1.98), fasting blood glucose ≥ 6.10 mmol/l (OR = 1.27), body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m(2) (OR = 1.25), systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg (OR = 1.31) and diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg (OR = 1.44). Factors associated with gallbladder polyps were female gender (OR = 0.66), thickened gallbladder wall (OR = 2.09), negativity for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and positivity for hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc) (OR = 2.61), and positivity for both HBsAg and anti-HBc (OR = 3.21). CONCLUSIONS Prevalences of biliary stones and gallbladder polyps among Chinese people are similar to those reported for other populations. Biliary stones appear to be associated with female gender, age, obesity, blood glucose, blood pressure and cholecystitis. Male gender, hepatitis B virus infection and cholecystitis were strong risk factors for the formation of gallbladder polyps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xu
- Department of Surgery, Beijing Charity Hospital, China Rehabilitation Research Centre and Rehabilitation College of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Xu Q, Tao LY, Wu Q, Gao F, Zhang FL, Yuan L, He XD. Prevalences of and risk factors for biliary stones and gallbladder polyps in a large Chinese population. HPB (Oxford) 2012; 14:373-81. [PMID: 22568413 PMCID: PMC3384861 DOI: 10.1111/j.1477-2574.2012.00457.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to identify the prevalences of and risk factors associated with the development of gallbladder stones and polyps in a large Chinese population. METHODS Prevalences of and risk factors for biliary stones and gallbladder polyps were retrospectively investigated among subjects who underwent a general check-up at the Health Screening Centres of Peking Union Medical College Hospital and Beijing Charity Hospital between January 2007 and June 2010. RESULTS A total of 60,064 people were enrolled in the study. Overall prevalences of biliary stones and gallbladder polyps were 4.2% (n= 2527) and 6.9% (n= 4119), respectively. Risk factors associated with increased odds ratios (ORs) for the development of biliary stones were female gender (OR = 1.51), age ≥ 50 years (OR = 2.09), history of hypertension (OR = 1.37), thickened gallbladder wall (cholecystitis) (OR = 1.98), fasting blood glucose ≥ 6.10 mmol/l (OR = 1.27), body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m(2) (OR = 1.25), systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg (OR = 1.31) and diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg (OR = 1.44). Factors associated with gallbladder polyps were female gender (OR = 0.66), thickened gallbladder wall (OR = 2.09), negativity for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and positivity for hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc) (OR = 2.61), and positivity for both HBsAg and anti-HBc (OR = 3.21). CONCLUSIONS Prevalences of biliary stones and gallbladder polyps among Chinese people are similar to those reported for other populations. Biliary stones appear to be associated with female gender, age, obesity, blood glucose, blood pressure and cholecystitis. Male gender, hepatitis B virus infection and cholecystitis were strong risk factors for the formation of gallbladder polyps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xu
- Department of Surgery, Beijing Charity Hospital, China Rehabilitation Research Centre and Rehabilitation College of Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Lian-yuan Tao
- Department of Surgery, Beijing Charity Hospital, China Rehabilitation Research Centre and Rehabilitation College of Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China,Department of Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China
| | - Qiao Wu
- Department of Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Department of Surgery, Beijing Charity Hospital, China Rehabilitation Research Centre and Rehabilitation College of Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Feng-liang Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Beijing Charity Hospital, China Rehabilitation Research Centre and Rehabilitation College of Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Li Yuan
- Department of Surgery, Beijing Charity Hospital, China Rehabilitation Research Centre and Rehabilitation College of Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Xiao-dong He
- Department of Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China
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