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Huang CW, Tu KH, Fan KC, Tsai CH, Wang WT, Wang SY, Wu CY, Hu YH, Huang SH, Liu HW, Tseng FY, Wu WC, Chang CC, Lin YH, Wu VC, Hwu CM. The role of confirmatory tests in the diagnosis of primary aldosteronism. J Formos Med Assoc 2024; 123 Suppl 2:S104-S113. [PMID: 37173227 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2023.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Confirmatory tests for diagnosis of primary aldosteronism (PA) play an important role in sparing patients with a false-positive aldosterone-to-renin ratio (ARR) screening test from undergoing invasive subtyping procedures. We recommend that patients with a positive ARR test should undergo at least one confirmatory test to confirm or exclude the diagnosis of PA before directly proceeding to subtype studies, except for patients with significant PA phenotypes, including spontaneous hypokalemia, plasma aldosterone concentration >20 ng/dL plus plasma renin activity below a detectable level. Although a gold standard confirmatory test has not been identified, we recommend that saline infusion test and captopril challenge test, which were widely used in Taiwan. Patients with PA have been reported to have a higher prevalence of concurrent autonomous cortisol secretion (ACS). ACS is a biochemical condition of mild cortisol overproduction from adrenal lesions, but without the typical clinical features of overt Cushing's syndrome. Concurrent ACS may result in incorrect interpretation of adrenal venous sampling (AVS) and may lead to adrenal insufficiency after adrenalectomy. We recommend screening for ACS in patients with PA scheduled for AVS examinations as well as for adrenalectomy. We recommend the 1-mg overnight dexamethasone suppression test as screening method to detect ACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Wei Huang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, School of Medicine, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Hua Tu
- Kidney Research Center, Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kang-Chih Fan
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsinchu Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsuan Tsai
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Yi Wang
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yi Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hui Hu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, The Buddhist Medical Foundation, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Heng Huang
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Han-Wen Liu
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fen-Yu Tseng
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Chen Wu
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chin-Chen Chang
- Department of Medical Imaging, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Department and Graduate Institute of Forensic Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hung Lin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Primary Aldosteronism Center at National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Vin-Cent Wu
- Primary Aldosteronism Center at National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chii-Min Hwu
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Phonanuwong R, Jannoo S, Chanthanuwat S, Soonthornpun S. Using plasma aldosterone concentrations at 1 h of saline infusion test for the diagnosis of primary aldosteronism. J Hypertens 2023; 41:1493-1497. [PMID: 37432888 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Saline infusion test (SIT) requires 2 l of isotonic saline for intravenous infusion over 4 h to suppress plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC). To shorten the procedure time and minimize the volume load, we study the performance of SIT at 1, 2 and 4 h for diagnosing primary aldosteronism. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study. PAC was measured before and 1, 2 and 4 h after saline infusion at a rate of 500 ml/h in patients suspected to have primary aldosteronism. Primary aldosteronism was diagnosed based on 4 h PAC, adrenal imaging and/or adrenal venous sampling (AVS). RESULTS Of the 93 patients, 32 had primary aldosteronism. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of the 1, 2 and 4 h PAC were not statistically different. All of the nonprimary aldosteronism group had a 1 h PAC lower than 15 ng/dl and all of the primary aldosteronism group had a 1 h PAC higher than 5 ng/dl. Nearly 30% of the nonprimary aldosteronism and primary aldosteronism groups had a 1 h PAC between 5 and 15 ng/dl (equivocal range) and could be discriminated by using percentage suppression of 1 h PAC from baseline. Using 1 h PAC of more than 15 ng/dl together with percentage suppression of 1 h PAC from baseline of less than 60 when 1 h PAC was 5-15 ng/dl, primary aldosteronism could be detected with a sensitivity of 93.7% and specificity of 96.7%. CONCLUSION The 1 h SIT has a similar diagnostic performance to the standard SIT. Using 1 h PAC together with percentage suppression from baseline when 1 h PAC is equivocal, primary aldosteronism can be diagnosed with good accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratikorn Phonanuwong
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine. Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
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Kurtz M, Fabrès V, Dumont R, Chetboul V, Chahory S, Saponaro V, Trehiou E, Poissonnier C, Passavin P, Jondeau C, Bott M, Buronfosse T, Benchekroun G. Prospective evaluation of a telmisartan suppression test as a diagnostic tool for primary hyperaldosteronism in cats. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:1348-1357. [PMID: 37246725 PMCID: PMC10365049 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In a previous study, telmisartan suppressed aldosterone secretion in healthy cats but not in cats with primary hyperaldosteronism (PHA). HYPOTHESES Telmisartan suppresses aldosterone secretion in middle-aged healthy cat and cats with diseases that may result in secondary hyperaldosteronism, but not in those with PHA. ANIMALS Thirty-eight cats: 5 with PHA; 16 with chronic kidney disease (CKD), subclassified as hypertensive (CKD-H) or non-hypertensive (CKD-NH); 9 with hyperthyroidism (HTH); 2 with idiopathic systemic arterial hypertension (ISH); and 6 healthy middle-aged cats. METHODS Prospective, cross-sectional study. Serum aldosterone concentration, potassium concentration, and systolic blood pressure were measured before and 1 and 1.5 hours after PO administration of 2 mg/kg of telmisartan. The aldosterone variation rate (AVR) was calculated for each cat. RESULTS No significant difference in the minimum AVR was observed among groups (median [quartile 1 (Q1); quartile 3 (Q3)]: 25 [0; 30]; 5 [-27; -75]; 10 [-6; -95]; 53 [19; 86]; 29 [5; 78]) for PHA, CKD, HTH, ISH, and healthy cats, respectively (P = .05). Basal serum aldosterone concentration (pmol/L) was significantly higher in PHA cats (median [Q1; Q3]: 2914 [2789; 4600]) than in CKD-H cats (median [Q1; Q3]: 239 [189; 577], corrected P value = .003) and CKD-NH cats (median [Q1; Q3]: 353 [136; 1371], corrected P value = .004). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The oral telmisartan suppression test using a single dose of 2 mg/kg telmisartan did not discriminate cats with PHA from healthy middle-aged cats or cats with diseases that may result in secondary hyperaldosteronism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Kurtz
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort - CHUVA, Service de Médecine Interne, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Virginie Fabrès
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort - CHUVA, Service de Médecine Interne, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Aquivet Clinique Veterinaire - Service de Médecine Interne, Eysines, France
| | - Renaud Dumont
- Centre Hospitalier Veterinaire Fregis, Arcueil, France
| | - Valérie Chetboul
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort - CHUVA, Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sabine Chahory
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort - CHUVA, Unité d'Ophtalmologie, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Vittorio Saponaro
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort - CHUVA, Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Emilie Trehiou
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort - CHUVA, Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Camille Poissonnier
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort - CHUVA, Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Peggy Passavin
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort - CHUVA, Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Coline Jondeau
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort - CHUVA, Unité d'Ophtalmologie, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Matthieu Bott
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort - CHUVA, Unité d'Ophtalmologie, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Ghita Benchekroun
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort - CHUVA, Service de Médecine Interne, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort - University Paris-Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, Maisons-Alfort, France
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Kaneko H, Umakoshi H, Fukumoto T, Wada N, Ichijo T, Sakamoto S, Watanabe T, Ishihara Y, Tagami T, Ogata M, Iwahashi N, Yokomoto-Umakoshi M, Matsuda Y, Sakamoto R, Ogawa Y. Do multiple types of confirmatory tests improve performance in predicting subtypes of primary aldosteronism? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2023; 98:473-480. [PMID: 36415024 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The clinical practice guideline for primary aldosteronism (PA) places a high value on confirmatory tests to sparing patients with false-positive results in case detection from undergoing adrenal venous sampling (AVS). However, it is unclear whether multiple types of confirmatory tests are more useful than a single type. To evaluate whether the machine-learned combination of two confirmatory tests is more useful in predicting subtypes of PA than each test alone. DESIGN A retrospective cross-sectional study in referral centres. PATIENTS This study included 615 patients with PA randomly assigned to the training and test data sets. The participants underwent saline infusion test (SIT) and captopril challenge test (CCT) and were subtyped by AVS (unilateral, n = 99; bilateral, n = 516). MEASUREMENTS The area under the curve (AUC) and clinical usefulness using decision curve analysis for the subtype prediction in the test data set. RESULTS The AUCs for the combination of SIT and CCT, SIT alone and CCT alone were 0.850, 0.813 and 0.786, respectively, with no significant differences between them. The AUC for the baseline clinical characteristics alone was 0.872, whereas the AUCs for these combined with SIT, combined with CCT and combined with both SIT and CCT were 0.868, 0.854 and 0.855, respectively, with no significant improvement in AUC. The additional clinical usefulness of the second confirmatory test was unremarkable on decision curve analysis. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that patients with positive case detection undergo one confirmatory test to determine the indication for AVS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kaneko
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hironobu Umakoshi
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tazuru Fukumoto
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Norio Wada
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Sapporo City General Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takamasa Ichijo
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Saiseikai Yokohamashi Tobu Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shohei Sakamoto
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tetsuhiro Watanabe
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuki Ishihara
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Tagami
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Ogata
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Norifusa Iwahashi
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Maki Yokomoto-Umakoshi
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yayoi Matsuda
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Sakamoto
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ogawa
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Leung AA, Symonds CJ, Hundemer GL, Ronksley PE, Lorenzetti DL, Pasieka JL, Harvey A, Kline GA. Performance of Confirmatory Tests for Diagnosing Primary Aldosteronism: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Hypertension 2022; 79:1835-1844. [PMID: 35652330 PMCID: PMC9278709 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.122.19377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background: Confirmatory tests are recommended for diagnosing primary aldosteronism, but the supporting evidence is unclear. Methods: We searched Medline, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Studies evaluating any guideline-recommended confirmatory test (ie, saline infusion test, salt loading test, fludrocortisone suppression test, and captopril challenge test), compared with a reference standard were included. The Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 tool was used to assess the risk of bias. Meta-analyses were conducted using hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic models. Results: Fifty-five studies were included, comprising 26 studies (3654 participants) for the recumbent saline infusion test, 4 studies (633 participants) for the seated saline infusion test, 2 studies (99 participants) for the salt loading test, 7 studies (386 participants) for the fludrocortisone suppression test, and 25 studies (2585 participants) for the captopril challenge test. Risk of bias was high, affecting more than half of studies, and across all domains. Studies with case-control sampling overestimated accuracy by 7-fold (relative diagnostic odds ratio, 7.26 [95% CI, 2.46–21.43]) and partial verification or use of inconsistent reference standards overestimated accuracy by 5-fold (5.12 [95% CI, 1.48–17.77]). There were large variations in how confirmatory tests were conducted, interpreted, and verified. Under most scenarios, confirmatory testing resulted in an excess of missed cases. The certainty of evidence underlying each test (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations) was very low. Conclusions: Recommendations for confirmatory testing in patients with abnormal screening tests and high probability features of primary aldosteronism are based on very low-quality evidence and their routine use should be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Leung
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine (A.A.L., C.J.S., G.A.K.), University of Calgary, AB.,Department of Community Health Sciences (A.A.L., P.E.R., D.L.L.), University of Calgary, AB
| | - Christopher J Symonds
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine (A.A.L., C.J.S., G.A.K.), University of Calgary, AB
| | - Gregory L Hundemer
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, ON (G.L.H.)
| | - Paul E Ronksley
- Department of Community Health Sciences (A.A.L., P.E.R., D.L.L.), University of Calgary, AB
| | - Diane L Lorenzetti
- Department of Community Health Sciences (A.A.L., P.E.R., D.L.L.), University of Calgary, AB
| | - Janice L Pasieka
- Department of Surgery (J.L.P., A.H.), University of Calgary, AB.,Department of Oncology (J.L.P., A.H.), University of Calgary, AB
| | - Adrian Harvey
- Department of Surgery (J.L.P., A.H.), University of Calgary, AB.,Department of Oncology (J.L.P., A.H.), University of Calgary, AB
| | - Gregory A Kline
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine (A.A.L., C.J.S., G.A.K.), University of Calgary, AB
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Tezuka Y, Yamazaki Y, Nakamura Y, Sasano H, Satoh F. Recent Development toward the Next Clinical Practice of Primary Aldosteronism: A Literature Review. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9030310. [PMID: 33802814 PMCID: PMC8002562 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9030310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
For the last seven decades, primary aldosteronism (PA) has been gradually recognized as a leading cause of secondary hypertension harboring increased risks of cardiovascular incidents compared to essential hypertension. Clinically, PA consists of two major subtypes, surgically curable and uncurable phenotypes, determined as unilateral or bilateral PA by adrenal venous sampling. In order to further optimize the treatment, surgery or medications, diagnostic procedures from screening to subtype differentiation is indispensable, while in the general clinical practice, the work-up rate is extremely low even in the patients with refractory hypertension because of the time-consuming and labor-intensive nature of the procedures. Therefore, a novel tool to simplify the diagnostic flow has been recently in enormous demand. In this review, we focus on recent progress in the following clinically important topics of PA: prevalence of PA and its subtypes, newly revealed histopathological classification of aldosterone-producing lesions, novel diagnostic biomarkers and prediction scores. More effective strategy to diagnose PA based on better understanding of its epidemiology and pathology should lead to early detection of PA and could decrease the cardiovascular and renal complications of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Tezuka
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan;
| | - Yuto Yamazaki
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; (Y.Y.); (H.S.)
| | - Yasuhiro Nakamura
- Division of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai 981-8558, Japan;
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; (Y.Y.); (H.S.)
| | - Fumitoshi Satoh
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan;
- Division of Clinical Hypertension, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
- Correspondence:
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Adilijiang M, Luo Q, Wang M, Zhang D, Yao X, Wang G, Zhou K, Li N. Minor Change of Plasma Renin Activity during the Saline Infusion Test Provide an Auxiliary Diagnostic Value for Primary Aldosteronism. Int J Endocrinol 2021; 2021:5757305. [PMID: 33679972 PMCID: PMC7904345 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5757305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To clarify whether it has some hidden diagnostic values for PA, especially in the case of an inconclusive SIT result, we investigated the difference in changes of plasma renin activity (PRA) during SIT between patients with PA and non-PA. METHODS We measured and compared the SIT parameters of 159 PA patients, 368 non-PA patients, and 43 inconclusive patients who were included in this study. RESULTS The PA group showed a minor change of PRA during the SIT (ΔPRA, defined as (pre-SIT PRA-post-SIT PRA)) compared with the non-PA group (0.17 ng/ml/h vs. 1.07 ng/ml/h, P < 0.001). According to ROC analysis, ΔPRA showed a greater AUC than post-SIT PRA (0.897 vs. 0.855, P < 0.001). The cutoff value was 0.5 ng/ml/h, with 90.3% sensitivity and 78.6% specificity. When combined with ARR post-SIT, it showed 81.6% sensitivity and 97.0% specificity for PA diagnosis. Further analysis of 43 patients with an inconclusive SIT result who completed AVS found that ΔPRA was smaller in the confirmed PA group compared with the unconfirmed PA group (0.19 ng/ml/h vs. 0.29 ng/ml/h, P < 0.05); there was no significant difference in PAC post-SIT between two groups. ΔPRA ≤ 0.21 ng/ml/h provides 71.4% sensitivity, 80.0% specificity, and 87.0% PPV for their PA diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS PA patients show minor PRA change during SIT; the change of PRA during SIT provides an auxiliary diagnostic value for PA, especially in patients with an inconclusive SIT result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munire Adilijiang
- Hypertension Center of People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Hypertension Institute, National Health Committee Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research, Urumqi, China
| | - Qin Luo
- Hypertension Center of People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Hypertension Institute, National Health Committee Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research, Urumqi, China
| | - Menghui Wang
- Hypertension Center of People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Hypertension Institute, National Health Committee Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research, Urumqi, China
| | - Delian Zhang
- Hypertension Center of People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Hypertension Institute, National Health Committee Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research, Urumqi, China
| | - Xiaoguang Yao
- Hypertension Center of People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Hypertension Institute, National Health Committee Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research, Urumqi, China
| | - Guoliang Wang
- Hypertension Center of People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Hypertension Institute, National Health Committee Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research, Urumqi, China
| | - Keming Zhou
- Hypertension Center of People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Hypertension Institute, National Health Committee Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research, Urumqi, China
| | - Nanfang Li
- Hypertension Center of People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Hypertension Institute, National Health Committee Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research, Urumqi, China
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8
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Vorselaars WMCM, van Beek DJ, Suurd DPD, Postma E, Spiering W, Borel Rinkes IHM, Valk GD, Vriens MR. Adrenalectomy for Primary Aldosteronism: Significant Variability in Work-Up Strategies and Low Guideline Adherence in Worldwide Daily Clinical Practice. World J Surg 2021; 44:1905-1915. [PMID: 32025781 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-020-05408-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various diagnostic tests are available to establish the primary aldosteronism (PA) diagnosis and to determine the disease laterality. Combined with the controversies in the literature, unawareness of guidelines and technical demands and high costs of some of these diagnostics, this could lead to significant differences in work-up strategies worldwide. Therefore, we investigated the work-up before surgery for PA in daily clinical practice within a multicenter study. METHODS Patients who underwent unilateral adrenalectomy for PA within 16 centers in Europe, Canada, Australia and the USA between 2010 and 2016 were included. We did not exclude patients based on the performed diagnostic tests during work-up to make our data representative for current clinical practice. Adherence to the Endocrine Society Guideline and variables associated with not performing adrenal venous sampling (AVS) were analyzed. RESULTS In total, 435 patients were eligible. An aldosterone-to-renin ratio, confirmatory test, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging and AVS were performed in 82.9%, 32.9%, 86.9%, 17.0% and 65.3% of patients, respectively. A complete work-up, as recommended by the guideline, was performed in 13.1% of patients. Bilateral disease or normal adrenal anatomy on CT (OR 16.19; CI 3.50-74.99), smaller tumor size on CT (OR 0.06; CI 0.04-0.08) and presence of hypokalemia (OR 2.00; CI 1.19-3.32) were independently associated with performing AVS. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to examine the daily clinical practice work-up of PA within a worldwide cohort of surgical patients. The results demonstrate significant variability in work-up strategies and low adherence to The Endocrine Society guideline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wessel M C M Vorselaars
- Department of Surgical Oncology and Endocrine Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Room G04.228, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk-Jan van Beek
- Department of Surgical Oncology and Endocrine Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Room G04.228, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Diederik P D Suurd
- Department of Surgical Oncology and Endocrine Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Room G04.228, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Emily Postma
- Department of Surgical Oncology and Endocrine Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Room G04.228, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wilko Spiering
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Inne H M Borel Rinkes
- Department of Surgical Oncology and Endocrine Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Room G04.228, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerlof D Valk
- Department of Endocrine Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Menno R Vriens
- Department of Surgical Oncology and Endocrine Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Room G04.228, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Fuss CT, Brohm K, Kurlbaum M, Hannemann A, Kendl S, Fassnacht M, Deutschbein T, Hahner S, Kroiss M. Confirmatory testing of primary aldosteronism with saline infusion test and LC-MS/MS. Eur J Endocrinol 2021; 184:167-178. [PMID: 33112272 PMCID: PMC7709890 DOI: 10.1530/eje-20-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Saline infusion testing (SIT) for confirmation of primary aldosteronism (PA) is based on impaired aldosterone suppression in PA compared to essential hypertension (EH). In the past, aldosterone was quantified using immunoassays (IA). Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is increasingly used in clinical routine. We aimed at a method-specific aldosterone threshold for the diagnosis of PA during SIT and explored the diagnostic utility of steroid panel analysis. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study of 187 paired SIT samples (2009-2018). Diagnosis of PA (n = 103) and EH (n = 84) was established based on clinical routine workup without using LC-MS/MS values. SETTING Tertiary care center. METHODS LC-MS/MS using a commercial steroid panel. Receiver operator characteristics analysis was used to determine method-specific cut-offs using a positive predictive value (PPV) of 90% as criterion. RESULTS Aldosterone measured by IA was on average 31 ng/L higher than with LC-MS/MS. The cut-offs for PA confirmation were 54 ng/L for IA (sensitivity: 95%, 95% CI: 89.0-98.4; specificity: 87%, 95% CI: 77.8-93.3; area under the curve (AUC): 0.955, 95% CI: 0.924-0.986; PPV: 90%, 95% CI: 83.7-93.9) and 69 ng/L for LC-MS/MS (79%, 95% CI: 69.5-86.1; 89%, 95% CI: 80.6-95.0; 0.902, 95% CI: 0.857-0.947; 90%, 95% CI: 82.8-94.4). Other steroids did not improve SIT. CONCLUSIONS Aldosterone quantification with LC-MS/MS and IA yields comparable SIT-cut-offs. Lower AUC for LC-MS/MS is likely due to the spectrum of disease in PA and previous decision making based on IA results. Until data of a prospective trial with clinical endpoints are available, the suggested cut-off can be used in clinical routine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmina Teresa Fuss
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Brohm
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Max Kurlbaum
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Central Laboratory, Core Unit Clinical Mass Spectrometry, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anke Hannemann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sabine Kendl
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Fassnacht
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Timo Deutschbein
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Hahner
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Kroiss
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Central Laboratory, Core Unit Clinical Mass Spectrometry, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Aldosterone-Mediated Sodium Retention Is Reflected by the Serum Sodium to Urinary Sodium to (Serum Potassium) 2 to Urinary Potassium (SUSPPUP) Index. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10080545. [PMID: 32751768 PMCID: PMC7460433 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10080545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The serum sodium to urinary sodium ratio divided by the (serum potassium)2 to urinary potassium ratio (SUSPPUP formula) reflects aldosterone action. We here prospectively investigated into the usefulness of the SUSPPUP ratio as a diagnostic tool in primary hyperaldosteronism. Parallel measurements of serum and urinary sodium and potassium concentrations (given in mmol/L) in the fasting state were done in 225 patients. Of them, 69 were diagnosed with primary aldosteronism (PA), 102 with essential hypertension (EH), 26 with adrenal insufficiency (AI) and 28 did not suffer from the above-mentioned disorders and were assigned to the reference group (REF). The result of the SUSPPUP formula was highest in the PA group (7.4, 4.2–12.3 L/mmol), followed by EH (3.2, 2.3–4.3 L/mmol), PA after surgery (3.9, 3.0–6.0 L/mmol), REF (3.4 ± 1.4 L/mmol) and AI (2.9 +/− 1.2 L/mmol). The best sensitivity in distinguishing PA from EH was reached by multiplication of the aldosterone to renin-ratio (ARR) with the SUSPPUP formula (92.7% at a cut off > 110 L/mmol), highest specificity was reached by the SUSPPUP determinations (87.2%). The integration of the SUSPPUP ratio into the ARR helps to improve the diagnosis of hyperaldosteronism substantially.
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Lin C, Yang J, Fuller PJ, Jing H, Song Y, He W, Du Z, Luo T, Cheng Q, Yang S, Wang H, Li Q, Hu J. A combination of captopril challenge test after saline infusion test improves diagnostic accuracy for primary aldosteronism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2020; 92:131-137. [PMID: 31774187 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The saline infusion test (SIT) is a common confirmatory test for primary aldosteronism (PA). According to the guideline, a postinfusion plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) of 5-10 ng/dL is considered indeterminate, and recommendations for diagnostic strategies are currently limited in this situation. OBJECTIVE To explore whether an addition of the captopril challenge test (CCT) could improve the diagnostic accuracy in patients with indeterminate SIT. METHODS A total of 280 hypertensive patients with high risk of PA completed this study. Subjects were defined as SIT indeterminate based on their PAC post-SIT. These patients then underwent the CCT where PACs post-CCT >11 ng/dL were considered positive. Using fludrocortisone suppression test (FST) as the reference standard, diagnostic parameters including area under the receiver-operator characteristic curves (AUC), sensitivity and specificity were calculated. RESULTS There were 65 subjects (23.2%) diagnosed as PA indeterminate after SIT. With the addition of CCT, true-positive numbers increased from 134 to 147, and false-negative numbers decreased from 27 to 14. Compared to SIT alone, a combination of SIT and CCT showed a higher AUC (0.91 [0.87,0.94] vs 0.87 [0.83,0.91], P = .041) and an increased sensitivity for the diagnosis of PA (0.91 [0.86,0.95] vs 0.83 [0.76,0.89], P = .028), while the specificity remained similar. In the subgroup with indeterminate SIT results, using PAC post-CCT resulted in a 36% higher AUC than using PAC post-SIT alone for the diagnosis of PA. CONCLUSION For patients under investigation for possible PA who have indeterminate SIT results, an addition of CCT improves the diagnostic accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Lin
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash Universit, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter J Fuller
- Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Huan Jing
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Song
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenwen He
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhipeng Du
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting Luo
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingfeng Cheng
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shumin Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongman Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Qifu Li
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinbo Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Wu S, Yang J, Hu J, Song Y, He W, Yang S, Luo R, Li Q. Confirmatory tests for the diagnosis of primary aldosteronism: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2019; 90:641-648. [PMID: 30721529 DOI: 10.1111/cen.13943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Saline infusion test (SIT), captopril challenge test (CCT), fludrocortisone suppression test (FST) and oral sodium loading test (SLT) are recommended by the Endocrine Society's Clinical Practice Guidelines to diagnose primary aldosteronism, but which one is the best remains controversial. We aimed to summarize the available comparative data and evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of these four tests. DESIGN We searched PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library for relevant studies published between January 1980 and January 2018. PATIENTS Eligible studies reported on the accuracy of one or more of the four confirmatory tests in patients suspected of PA. MEASUREMENTS Two reviewers independently conducted the data extraction of all selected studies, which consisted of study characteristics and data to estimate the summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve and the corresponding summary area under the curve (SAUC), pooled sensitivity and specificity, diagnostic odds ratios (DOR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS We identified 26 articles including 3686 patients. Fifteen articles evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of CCT, 10 of SIT, 1 of FST and none of SLT. For CCT, the SAUC was 0.9207, and the pooled sensitivity and specificity were 0.87 (95% CI: 0.84-0.89) and 0.84 (95% CI: 0.81-0.86), respectively. For SIT, the SAUC was 0.9232, and the pooled sensitivity and specificity were 0.85 (95% CI: 0.82-0.87) and 0.87 (95% CI: 0.85-0.89), respectively. For FST, the pooled sensitivity and specificity were 0.87 (95% CI: 0.66-0.97) and 0.95 (95% CI: 0.82-0.99), respectively. Overall, we found no significant differences in the diagnostic accuracy of CCT and SIT. CONCLUSIONS CCT and SIT exhibit high and comparable accuracy for diagnosing PA. CCT may be a more feasible alternative as it is safe and much easier to perform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sicen Wu
- Medical Examination Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Cardiovascular Endocrinology Laboratory, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Vic, Australia
| | - Jinbo Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Song
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenwen He
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shumin Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rong Luo
- Medical Examination Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qifu Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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13
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Song Y, Yang S, He W, Hu J, Cheng Q, Wang Y, Luo T, Ma L, Zhen Q, Zhang S, Mei M, Wang Z, Qing H, Bruemmer D, Peng B, Li Q. Confirmatory Tests for the Diagnosis of Primary Aldosteronism: A Prospective Diagnostic Accuracy Study. Hypertension 2017; 71:118-124. [PMID: 29158354 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.10197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis of primary aldosteronism typically requires at least one confirmatory test. The fludrocortisone suppression test is generally accepted as a reliable confirmatory test, but it is cumbersome. Evidence from accuracy studies of the saline infusion test (SIT) and the captopril challenge test (CCT) has provided conflicting results. This prospective study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the SIT and CCT using fludrocortisone suppression test as the reference standard. One hundred thirty-five patients diagnosed with primary aldosteronism and 101 patients diagnosed with essential hypertension who completed the 3 confirmatory tests were included for the diagnostic accuracy analysis. The areas under the receiver-operator characteristics curves of the CCT and SIT were 0.96 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.92-0.98) and 0.96 (95% CI, 0.92-0.98), respectively, using post-test plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) for diagnosis. However, the areas under the receiver-operator characteristics curves of the CCT decreased to 0.71 (95% CI, 0.65-0.77) when the PAC suppression percentage was used to diagnose primary aldosteronism. The optimal cutoff of PAC post-CCT was set at 11 ng/dL, resulting in a sensitivity of 0.90 (95% CI, 0.84-0.95) and a specificity of 0.90 (95% CI, 0.83-0.95), which were not significantly different from those of SIT (with PAC post-SIT set at 8 ng/dL, sensitivity: 0.85 [95% CI, 0.78-0.91], P=0.192; specificity: 0.92 [95% CI, 0.85-0.97], P=0.551). In conclusion, both CCT and SIT are accurate alternatives to the more complex fludrocortisone suppression test. Because CCT is safe and much easier to perform, it may serve as a more feasible alternative. When interpreting the results of CCT, PAC post-CCT is highly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Song
- From the Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (Y.S., S.Y., W.H., J.H., Q.C., Y.W., T.L., L.M., Q.Z., S.Z., M.M., Z.W., H.Q., Q.L.) and School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University (B.P.), China; and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA (D.B.)
| | - Shumin Yang
- From the Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (Y.S., S.Y., W.H., J.H., Q.C., Y.W., T.L., L.M., Q.Z., S.Z., M.M., Z.W., H.Q., Q.L.) and School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University (B.P.), China; and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA (D.B.)
| | - Wenwen He
- From the Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (Y.S., S.Y., W.H., J.H., Q.C., Y.W., T.L., L.M., Q.Z., S.Z., M.M., Z.W., H.Q., Q.L.) and School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University (B.P.), China; and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA (D.B.)
| | - Jinbo Hu
- From the Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (Y.S., S.Y., W.H., J.H., Q.C., Y.W., T.L., L.M., Q.Z., S.Z., M.M., Z.W., H.Q., Q.L.) and School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University (B.P.), China; and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA (D.B.)
| | - Qingfeng Cheng
- From the Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (Y.S., S.Y., W.H., J.H., Q.C., Y.W., T.L., L.M., Q.Z., S.Z., M.M., Z.W., H.Q., Q.L.) and School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University (B.P.), China; and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA (D.B.)
| | - Yue Wang
- From the Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (Y.S., S.Y., W.H., J.H., Q.C., Y.W., T.L., L.M., Q.Z., S.Z., M.M., Z.W., H.Q., Q.L.) and School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University (B.P.), China; and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA (D.B.)
| | - Ting Luo
- From the Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (Y.S., S.Y., W.H., J.H., Q.C., Y.W., T.L., L.M., Q.Z., S.Z., M.M., Z.W., H.Q., Q.L.) and School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University (B.P.), China; and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA (D.B.)
| | - Linqiang Ma
- From the Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (Y.S., S.Y., W.H., J.H., Q.C., Y.W., T.L., L.M., Q.Z., S.Z., M.M., Z.W., H.Q., Q.L.) and School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University (B.P.), China; and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA (D.B.)
| | - Qianna Zhen
- From the Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (Y.S., S.Y., W.H., J.H., Q.C., Y.W., T.L., L.M., Q.Z., S.Z., M.M., Z.W., H.Q., Q.L.) and School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University (B.P.), China; and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA (D.B.)
| | - Suhua Zhang
- From the Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (Y.S., S.Y., W.H., J.H., Q.C., Y.W., T.L., L.M., Q.Z., S.Z., M.M., Z.W., H.Q., Q.L.) and School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University (B.P.), China; and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA (D.B.)
| | - Mei Mei
- From the Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (Y.S., S.Y., W.H., J.H., Q.C., Y.W., T.L., L.M., Q.Z., S.Z., M.M., Z.W., H.Q., Q.L.) and School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University (B.P.), China; and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA (D.B.)
| | - Zhihong Wang
- From the Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (Y.S., S.Y., W.H., J.H., Q.C., Y.W., T.L., L.M., Q.Z., S.Z., M.M., Z.W., H.Q., Q.L.) and School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University (B.P.), China; and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA (D.B.)
| | - Hua Qing
- From the Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (Y.S., S.Y., W.H., J.H., Q.C., Y.W., T.L., L.M., Q.Z., S.Z., M.M., Z.W., H.Q., Q.L.) and School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University (B.P.), China; and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA (D.B.)
| | - Dennis Bruemmer
- From the Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (Y.S., S.Y., W.H., J.H., Q.C., Y.W., T.L., L.M., Q.Z., S.Z., M.M., Z.W., H.Q., Q.L.) and School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University (B.P.), China; and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA (D.B.)
| | - Bin Peng
- From the Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (Y.S., S.Y., W.H., J.H., Q.C., Y.W., T.L., L.M., Q.Z., S.Z., M.M., Z.W., H.Q., Q.L.) and School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University (B.P.), China; and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA (D.B.)
| | - Qifu Li
- From the Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (Y.S., S.Y., W.H., J.H., Q.C., Y.W., T.L., L.M., Q.Z., S.Z., M.M., Z.W., H.Q., Q.L.) and School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University (B.P.), China; and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA (D.B.).
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Wolley MJ, Stowasser M. New Advances in the Diagnostic Workup of Primary Aldosteronism. J Endocr Soc 2017; 1:149-161. [PMID: 29264474 PMCID: PMC5686599 DOI: 10.1210/js.2016-1107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary aldosteronism is an important and common cause of hypertension that carries a high burden of morbidity. Outcomes, however, are excellent if diagnosed and treated appropriately. The diagnostic workup for primary aldosteronism is complex and comprises three steps: (1) screening, (2) confirmatory testing, and (3) subtype differentiation. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the diagnostic workup for primary aldosteronism. The development of accurate mass spectroscopy-based assays for measuring aldosterone will lead to improved confidence in all diagnostic aspects involving measurement of aldosterone, and accurate measurement of angiotensin II may soon advance us beyond the measurement of renin. We now have a greater understanding of hormonal influences on the aldosterone/renin ratio, which are particularly important when screening premenopausal women or those taking estrogen-containing preparations. Confirmatory testing is important, but there are limitations to the commonly used methods that have recently become more apparent, with new approaches offering a way forward. Adrenal venous sampling (AVS) is a challenging procedure but is important for deciding on treatment options. Success rates may be improved by the use of Synacthen stimulation and of rapid intraprocedural measurement of cortisol. Better understanding of AVS interpretation criteria allows improved prognostication and aids treatment decisions. The use of labeled metomidate positron emission tomography computed tomography scanning may also offer an alternative to AVS in some units. Although the diagnostic approach to patients with primary aldosteronism remains a complex multistep process in which attention to detail is important, recent advances will improve patient care and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Wolley
- Endocrine Hypertension Research Centre, University of Queensland School of Medicine, Greenslopes Hospital, Greenslopes and Princess Alexandra Hospitals, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia 4102
| | - Michael Stowasser
- Endocrine Hypertension Research Centre, University of Queensland School of Medicine, Greenslopes Hospital, Greenslopes and Princess Alexandra Hospitals, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia 4102
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Stowasser M, Gordon RD. Primary Aldosteronism: Changing Definitions and New Concepts of Physiology and Pathophysiology Both Inside and Outside the Kidney. Physiol Rev 2016; 96:1327-84. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00026.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the 60 years that have passed since the discovery of the mineralocorticoid hormone aldosterone, much has been learned about its synthesis (both adrenal and extra-adrenal), regulation (by renin-angiotensin II, potassium, adrenocorticotrophin, and other factors), and effects (on both epithelial and nonepithelial tissues). Once thought to be rare, primary aldosteronism (PA, in which aldosterone secretion by the adrenal is excessive and autonomous of its principal regulator, angiotensin II) is now known to be the most common specifically treatable and potentially curable form of hypertension, with most patients lacking the clinical feature of hypokalemia, the presence of which was previously considered to be necessary to warrant further efforts towards confirming a diagnosis of PA. This, and the appreciation that aldosterone excess leads to adverse cardiovascular, renal, central nervous, and psychological effects, that are at least partly independent of its effects on blood pressure, have had a profound influence on raising clinical and research interest in PA. Such research on patients with PA has, in turn, furthered knowledge regarding aldosterone synthesis, regulation, and effects. This review summarizes current progress in our understanding of the physiology of aldosterone, and towards defining the causes (including genetic bases), epidemiology, outcomes, and clinical approaches to diagnostic workup (including screening, diagnostic confirmation, and subtype differentiation) and treatment of PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Stowasser
- Endocrine Hypertension Research Centre, University of Queensland School of Medicine, Greenslopes and Princess Alexandra Hospitals, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Richard D. Gordon
- Endocrine Hypertension Research Centre, University of Queensland School of Medicine, Greenslopes and Princess Alexandra Hospitals, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Reznik Y, Amar L, Tabarin A. SFE/SFHTA/AFCE consensus on primary aldosteronism, part 3: Confirmatory testing. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2016; 77:202-7. [PMID: 27318644 DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aldosterone/renin ratio (ARR) identifies patients at high or low risk of primary aldosteronism (PA), but sensitivity and especially specificity are suboptimal and confirmatory testing may therefore be necessary, in some but not all patients. In patients with elevated ARR and plasma aldosterone concentration above 550pmol/L (20ng/dL) on two assessments, PA can be diagnosed without confirmatory testing. Conversely, PA can be ruled out without confirmatory testing in patients with normal ARR and plasma aldosterone concentration below 240pmol/L (9ng/dL) on two assessments. In patients not corresponding to either of the previous conditions, dynamic confirmatory testing is mandatory. Several tests are available, based on aldosterone suppression by saline loading, fludrocortisone administration or converting enzyme inhibition by captopril. One test is based on renin stimulation by furosemide administration. Each of these tests has its limitations, and validation is incomplete. We recommend aldosterone suppression by saline infusion test. Renin stimulation by captopril may be used if sodium loading is contraindicated by impaired cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Reznik
- Service d'endocrinologie et maladies métaboliques, CHU Côte-de-Nacre, 14033 Caen cedex, France.
| | - Laurence Amar
- Unité d'hypertension artérielle, université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, hôpital européen Georges-Pompidou, 75098 Paris cedex 15, France
| | - Antoine Tabarin
- Service d'endocrinologie, hôpital Haut-Lévêque, CHU de Bordeaux, avenue de Magellan, 33600 Pessac, France
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Funder JW, Carey RM, Mantero F, Murad MH, Reincke M, Shibata H, Stowasser M, Young WF. The Management of Primary Aldosteronism: Case Detection, Diagnosis, and Treatment: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101:1889-916. [PMID: 26934393 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-4061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1555] [Impact Index Per Article: 194.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop clinical practice guidelines for the management of patients with primary aldosteronism. PARTICIPANTS The Task Force included a chair, selected by the Clinical Guidelines Subcommittee of the Endocrine Society, six additional experts, a methodologist, and a medical writer. The guideline was cosponsored by American Heart Association, American Association of Endocrine Surgeons, European Society of Endocrinology, European Society of Hypertension, International Association of Endocrine Surgeons, International Society of Endocrinology, International Society of Hypertension, Japan Endocrine Society, and The Japanese Society of Hypertension. The Task Force received no corporate funding or remuneration. EVIDENCE We searched for systematic reviews and primary studies to formulate the key treatment and prevention recommendations. We used the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation group criteria to describe both the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendations. We used "recommend" for strong recommendations and "suggest" for weak recommendations. CONSENSUS PROCESS We achieved consensus by collecting the best available evidence and conducting one group meeting, several conference calls, and multiple e-mail communications. With the help of a medical writer, the Endocrine Society's Clinical Guidelines Subcommittee, Clinical Affairs Core Committee, and Council successfully reviewed the drafts prepared by the Task Force. We placed the version approved by the Clinical Guidelines Subcommittee and Clinical Affairs Core Committee on the Endocrine Society's website for comments by members. At each stage of review, the Task Force received written comments and incorporated necessary changes. CONCLUSIONS For high-risk groups of hypertensive patients and those with hypokalemia, we recommend case detection of primary aldosteronism by determining the aldosterone-renin ratio under standard conditions and recommend that a commonly used confirmatory test should confirm/exclude the condition. We recommend that all patients with primary aldosteronism undergo adrenal computed tomography as the initial study in subtype testing and to exclude adrenocortical carcinoma. We recommend that an experienced radiologist should establish/exclude unilateral primary aldosteronism using bilateral adrenal venous sampling, and if confirmed, this should optimally be treated by laparoscopic adrenalectomy. We recommend that patients with bilateral adrenal hyperplasia or those unsuitable for surgery should be treated primarily with a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Funder
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research (J.W.F.), Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; University of Virginia Health System (R.M.C.), Charlottesville, Virginia 22908; University of Padova (F.M.), 35122 Padua, Italy; Mayo Clinic, Evidence-based Practice Center (M.H.M.), Rochester, Minnesota 55905; Klinikum of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich (M.R.), 80366 München, Bavaria, Germany; Oita University (H.S.), Oita 870-1124, Japan; University of Queensland (M.S.), Brisbane, Australia; and Mayo Clinic (W.F.Y.), Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Robert M Carey
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research (J.W.F.), Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; University of Virginia Health System (R.M.C.), Charlottesville, Virginia 22908; University of Padova (F.M.), 35122 Padua, Italy; Mayo Clinic, Evidence-based Practice Center (M.H.M.), Rochester, Minnesota 55905; Klinikum of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich (M.R.), 80366 München, Bavaria, Germany; Oita University (H.S.), Oita 870-1124, Japan; University of Queensland (M.S.), Brisbane, Australia; and Mayo Clinic (W.F.Y.), Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Franco Mantero
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research (J.W.F.), Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; University of Virginia Health System (R.M.C.), Charlottesville, Virginia 22908; University of Padova (F.M.), 35122 Padua, Italy; Mayo Clinic, Evidence-based Practice Center (M.H.M.), Rochester, Minnesota 55905; Klinikum of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich (M.R.), 80366 München, Bavaria, Germany; Oita University (H.S.), Oita 870-1124, Japan; University of Queensland (M.S.), Brisbane, Australia; and Mayo Clinic (W.F.Y.), Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - M Hassan Murad
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research (J.W.F.), Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; University of Virginia Health System (R.M.C.), Charlottesville, Virginia 22908; University of Padova (F.M.), 35122 Padua, Italy; Mayo Clinic, Evidence-based Practice Center (M.H.M.), Rochester, Minnesota 55905; Klinikum of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich (M.R.), 80366 München, Bavaria, Germany; Oita University (H.S.), Oita 870-1124, Japan; University of Queensland (M.S.), Brisbane, Australia; and Mayo Clinic (W.F.Y.), Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Martin Reincke
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research (J.W.F.), Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; University of Virginia Health System (R.M.C.), Charlottesville, Virginia 22908; University of Padova (F.M.), 35122 Padua, Italy; Mayo Clinic, Evidence-based Practice Center (M.H.M.), Rochester, Minnesota 55905; Klinikum of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich (M.R.), 80366 München, Bavaria, Germany; Oita University (H.S.), Oita 870-1124, Japan; University of Queensland (M.S.), Brisbane, Australia; and Mayo Clinic (W.F.Y.), Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Hirotaka Shibata
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research (J.W.F.), Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; University of Virginia Health System (R.M.C.), Charlottesville, Virginia 22908; University of Padova (F.M.), 35122 Padua, Italy; Mayo Clinic, Evidence-based Practice Center (M.H.M.), Rochester, Minnesota 55905; Klinikum of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich (M.R.), 80366 München, Bavaria, Germany; Oita University (H.S.), Oita 870-1124, Japan; University of Queensland (M.S.), Brisbane, Australia; and Mayo Clinic (W.F.Y.), Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Michael Stowasser
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research (J.W.F.), Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; University of Virginia Health System (R.M.C.), Charlottesville, Virginia 22908; University of Padova (F.M.), 35122 Padua, Italy; Mayo Clinic, Evidence-based Practice Center (M.H.M.), Rochester, Minnesota 55905; Klinikum of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich (M.R.), 80366 München, Bavaria, Germany; Oita University (H.S.), Oita 870-1124, Japan; University of Queensland (M.S.), Brisbane, Australia; and Mayo Clinic (W.F.Y.), Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - William F Young
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research (J.W.F.), Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; University of Virginia Health System (R.M.C.), Charlottesville, Virginia 22908; University of Padova (F.M.), 35122 Padua, Italy; Mayo Clinic, Evidence-based Practice Center (M.H.M.), Rochester, Minnesota 55905; Klinikum of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich (M.R.), 80366 München, Bavaria, Germany; Oita University (H.S.), Oita 870-1124, Japan; University of Queensland (M.S.), Brisbane, Australia; and Mayo Clinic (W.F.Y.), Rochester, Minnesota 55905
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An automated assay for the clinical measurement of plasma renin activity by immuno-MALDI (iMALDI). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2014; 1854:547-58. [PMID: 25461795 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Plasma renin activity (PRA) is essential for the screening and diagnosis of primary aldosteronism (PA), a form of secondary hypertension, which affects approximately 100 million people worldwide. It is commonly determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and, more recently, by relatively low-throughput LC-MS/MS methods. In order to circumvent the negative aspects of RIAs (radioisotopes, cross-reactivity) and the low throughput of LC-MS based methods, we have developed a high-throughput immuno-MALDI (iMALDI)-based assay for PRA determination using an Agilent Bravo for automated liquid handling and a Bruker Microflex LRF instrument for MALDI analysis, with the goal of implementing the assay in clinical laboratories. The current assay allows PRA determination of 29 patient samples (192 immuno-captures), within ~6 to 7h, using a 3-hour Ang I generation period, at a 7.5-fold faster analysis time than LC-MS/MS. The assay is performed on 350μL of plasma, and has a linear range from 0.08 to 5.3ng/L/s in the reflector mode, and 0.04 to 5.3ng/L/s in the linear mode. The analytical precision is 2.0 to 9.7% CV in the reflector mode, and 1.5 to 14.3% CV in the linear mode. A method comparison to a clinically employed LC-MS/MS assay for PRA determination showed excellent correlation within the linear range, with an R(2) value of ≥0.98. This automated high throughput iMALDI platform has clinically suitable sensitivity, precision, linear range, and correlation with the standard method for PRA determination. Furthermore, the developed workflow based on the iMALDI technology can be used for the determination of other proteomic biomarkers. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Medical Proteomics.
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Ahmed AH, Cowley D, Wolley M, Gordon RD, Xu S, Taylor PJ, Stowasser M. Seated saline suppression testing for the diagnosis of primary aldosteronism: a preliminary study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:2745-53. [PMID: 24762111 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-1153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Failure of aldosterone suppression by sodium loading during fludrocortisone suppression testing (FST) or saline suppression testing (SST) confirms primary aldosteronism (PA). We previously found recumbent SST (RSST) to lack sensitivity. Aldosterone levels can be higher upright (e.g. seated) than recumbent in patients with PA and upright levels are used during FST. We therefore hypothesized that seated SST (SSST) is more sensitive than RSST, especially for posture-responsive PA. SETTING AND DESIGN Of 66 patients who underwent FST (upright plasma aldosterone levels measured at 10am basally and after 4 days fludrocortisone 0.1 mg 6-hourly and oral salt loading), 31 underwent SST (aldosterone levels measured basally at 8am and after infusion of 2 L normal saline over 4h) both recumbent and seated in randomized order and at least 2 weeks apart. RESULTS FST confirmed PA in 23 of 31 patients (day 4 upright aldosterone level >165 pmol/L), excluded PA in three and was originally "inconclusive" in five. However, one with "inconclusive" FST had PA confirmed by lateralizing AVS and was reclassified "unilateral PA". Of 24 with confirmed PA (eight unilateral, 11 bilateral, and five undetermined subtype), 23 (96%) tested positive by SSST (4-h aldosterone level >165 pmol/L) compared with 8 (33%) by RSST (4-h plasma aldosterone level >140 pmol/L) (P < .001). RSST missed one unilateral, all bilateral, and four with as-yet undetermined subtype. RSST was positive in 7 of 10 (70%) posture-unresponsive vs one of 14 (7.1%) posture-responsive patients (P < .005). CONCLUSION These preliminary results suggest that seated SST may be superior to recumbent SST in terms of sensitivity for detecting PA, especially posture-responsive forms, and may represent a reliable alternative to FST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf H Ahmed
- Endocrine Hypertension Research Centre, University of Queensland School of Medicine, Greenslopes and Princess Alexandra Hospitals, Brisbane 4102, Australia
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Kline GA, Pasieka JL, Harvey A, So B, Dias VC. High-probability features of primary aldosteronism may obviate the need for confirmatory testing without increasing false-positive diagnoses. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2014; 16:488-96. [PMID: 24863855 DOI: 10.1111/jch.12342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This retrospective review examined all primary aldosteronism (PA) adrenal vein sampling (AVS), diagnoses, and outcomes from an endocrine hypertension unit where confirmatory testing was abandoned in 2005 to determine the potential rate of false-positive diagnoses. Patients with outcome-verified PA (surgical patients) were compared with patients with high-probability PA (nonsurgical but high aldosterone-renin ratio, imaging abnormalities, and/or hypokalemia) or possible PA (nonsurgical, no features besides mild elevation of aldosterone-renin ratio, a potential false diagnosis of PA). Of 83 patients, 58% had unilateral PA and 42% had bilateral aldosteronism. Less than 3% of the cohort showed bilateral aldosteronism without hypokalemia or computed tomographic findings, potentially representing the false-positive PA diagnosis rate with omission of confirmatory tests in this population. In a hypertension referral unit enriched in high-probability PA cases and where high AVS success is achieved, omission of a PA confirmatory test yields a high rate of surgical diagnosis with few potential false-positive diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Kline
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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