1
|
LaMontagne E, Muotri AR, Engler AJ. Recent advancements and future requirements in vascularization of cortical organoids. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1048731. [PMID: 36406234 PMCID: PMC9669755 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1048731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The fields of tissue engineering and disease modeling have become increasingly cognizant of the need to create complex and mature structures in vitro to adequately mimic the in vivo niche. Specifically for neural applications, human brain cortical organoids (COs) require highly stratified neurons and glial cells to generate synaptic functions, and to date, most efforts achieve only fetal functionality at best. Moreover, COs are usually avascular, inducing the development of necrotic cores, which can limit growth, development, and maturation. Recent efforts have attempted to vascularize cortical and other organoid types. In this review, we will outline the components of a fully vascularized CO as they relate to neocortical development in vivo. These components address challenges in recapitulating neurovascular tissue patterning, biomechanical properties, and functionality with the goal of mirroring the quality of organoid vascularization only achieved with an in vivo host. We will provide a comprehensive summary of the current progress made in each one of these categories, highlighting advances in vascularization technologies and areas still under investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin LaMontagne
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Alysson R. Muotri
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Adam J. Engler
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zou F, Zhuang ZB, Zou SS, Wang B, Zhang ZH. BML-111 alleviates inflammatory response of alveolar epithelial cells via miR-494/Slit2/Robo4 signalling axis to improve acute lung injury. Autoimmunity 2022; 55:318-327. [PMID: 35656971 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2022.2065671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province, P.R. China
| | - Zhong-Bao Zhuang
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province, P.R. China
| | - Shuang-Shuang Zou
- Guangzhou Liwan Stomatological Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, P.R. China
| | - Bu Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Hua Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Slit2/Robo4 signaling pathway modulates endothelial hyper-permeability in a two-event in vitro model of transfusion-related acute lung injury. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2018; 76:7-12. [PMID: 30846360 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) remains the leading cause of transfusion-related mortality. Endothelium semipermeable barrier function plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI). Recently, Roundabout protein 4 (Robo4), interaction with its ligand Slit 2, was appreciated as a modulator of endothelial permeability and integrity. However, not much is known about the role of Slit2/Robo4 signaling pathway in the pathophysiology of TRALI. In this study, the TRALI model was performed by the "two-event" model of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN)-mediated pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs) damage. We investigated the expression of Slit2/Robo4 and VE-cadherin and examined the pulmonary endothelial hyper-permeability in TRALI model. We found that the expression of Slit2/Robo4 and VE-cadherin were significantly decreased in a time-dependent manner, whereas the PMVECs permeability was gradually increased over time in TRALI model. Moreover, the treatment with Slit2-N, an active fragment of Slit2, increased the expression of Slit2/Robo4 and VE-cadherin to protect PMVECs from PMN-mediated pulmonary endothelial hyper-permeability. These results indicate that targeting Slit2/Robo4 signaling pathway may modulate the permeability as well as protect the integrity of endothelial barrier. In addition, Slit2-N appears to be a promising candidate for developing novel therapies against TRALI.
Collapse
|
4
|
Fernando R, Grisolia ABD, Lu Y, Atkins S, Smith TJ. Slit2 Modulates the Inflammatory Phenotype of Orbit-Infiltrating Fibrocytes in Graves' Disease. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2018; 200:3942-3949. [PMID: 29752312 PMCID: PMC6070359 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Human CD34+ fibrocytes, circulating monocyte lineage progenitor cells, have recently been implicated in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO), the ocular manifestation of Graves' disease (GD). Fibrocytes express constitutive MHC class II (MHC-2) and, surprisingly, thyroglobulin (Tg) and functional thyrotropin (TSH) receptor (TSHR). Underlying expression of these thyroid proteins is the autoimmune regulator protein (AIRE). Fibrocytes respond robustly to TSH and thyroid-stimulating Igs by generating extremely high levels of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6. In TAO, they appear to infiltrate the orbit, where they transition to CD34+ orbital fibroblasts (OF). There, they coexist with CD34- OF as a mixed fibroblast population (GD-OF). In contrast to fibrocytes, GD-OF express vanishingly low levels of MHC-2, Tg, TSHR, and AIRE. Further, the amplitude of IL-6 induction by TSH in GD-OF is substantially lower. The molecular basis for this divergence between fibrocytes and CD34+ OF remains uncertain. In this article, we report that Slit2, an axon guidance glycoprotein, is constitutively expressed by the CD34- OF subset of GD-OF. Culture conditioned medium (CM) generated by incubating with GD-OF and CD34- OF substantially reduces levels of MHC-2, Tg, TSHR, and AIRE in fibrocytes. Expression can be restored by specifically depleting CM of Slit2. The effects of CD34- OF CM are mimicked by recombinant human Slit2. TSH induces Slit2 levels in GD-OF by enhancing both Slit2 gene transcription and mRNA stability. These findings suggest that Slit2 represents a TSH-inducible factor within the TAO orbit that can modulate the inflammatory phenotype of CD34+ OF and therefore may determine the activity and severity of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roshini Fernando
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105; and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105
| | - Ana Beatriz Diniz Grisolia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105; and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105; and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105
| | - Stephen Atkins
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105; and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105
| | - Terry J Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105; and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105
| |
Collapse
|