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Liang L, Mei L, Shi Y, Huang L, Su Z, Zeng Y, Gao H, He X, Huang H, Huang Y, Li P, Chen J. Turner syndrome with Xp deletions and rare endometrial abnormalities: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e27571. [PMID: 34797278 PMCID: PMC8601299 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000027571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Turner syndrome (TS) is a genetic disorder associated with abnormalities of the X chromosome related to ovarian function, but whether it is associated with endometrial abnormalities is still not clear. PATIENT CONCERNS We report the case of a 26-year-old Han Chinese woman with TS and Xp11.2 deletion, presenting with short final stature, ovarian hypofunction, unexplained cystic dilatation of the entire endometrium, and endometrial thickening. DIAGNOSES The patient was diagnosed with chromosome Xp11.2 deletion through cytogenetic analysis and ultrasonic and endometrial pathology. INTERVENTIONS The patient was treated with conventional in vitro fertilization preimplantation genetic testing for 1 cycle. OUTCOMES Cytogenetic examination showed karyotype 45, X, del (X) del (p11, 2). Ultrasonic examination showed uneven endometrium thickness and a full-stage cystic dilation echo. After 1 cycle of in vitro fertilization treatment, 4 eggs were obtained without forming an available embryo. LESSONS To our knowledge, the present case is the first report of a patient with TS with Xp deletions and ultrasound imaging endometrial abnormalities. Our findings expand the phenotypic spectrum of TS and may provide a reference for other clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liang
- Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Libin Mei
- Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yingying Shi
- Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Lingling Huang
- Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Zhiying Su
- Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yu Zeng
- Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Haijie Gao
- Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xuemei He
- Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yanru Huang
- Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Ping Li
- Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Reproductive Medicine Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian, Xiamen, China
- Research Group for Reproductive Medicine and IVF Laboratory, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cologne University, Cologne, Germany
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Purwar N, Tiwari P, Mathur N, Sharma H, Sahlot R, Garg U, Sharma B, Saxena A, Mathur SK. Higher CNV Frequencies in Chromosome 14 of Girls With Turner Syndrome Phenotype. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e4935-e4955. [PMID: 34333639 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Precise genotype-phenotype correlations in Turner syndrome (TS) have not yet been deciphered. The chromosomal basis of the clinical TS phenotype in the absence of X chromosome aberrations on conventional karyotyping remains more and less unexplored. OBJECTIVE To elucidate the high-resolution chromosomal picture and analyze the genotype-phenotype associations in girls with clinical phenotype of TS by chromosomal microarray. DESIGN AND PATIENTS Cross sectional observational study conducted between October 2018 and January 2020 on 47 girls presenting the clinical TS phenotype and fulfilling the criteria for chromosomal analysis. SETTING Outpatient department at Department of Endocrinology and the Molecular Research Lab at tertiary care teaching institution. RESULTS The copy number variation (CNV) polymorphs were more frequent on autosomes than X chromosomes, and they were detected in 89.3%, 61.7%, and 92.8% of patients, respectively, on chromosome 14 or X or both. A total 445 and 64 CNV polymorphs were discovered on chromosome X and 14, respectively. The latter exhibited either gain at 14q32.33, loss at 14q11.2, or both. Karyotype was available for 27 patients; 55.6% of cases displayed X chromosome abnormalities while 44.4% cases had a normal karyotype. Functional interactomes of the genes that were present in chromosome 14 CNVs and those known to be associated with TS showed an overlap of 67% and enriched various development-related cellular pathways underlying TS phenotype. CONCLUSIONS On high-resolution karyotype analysis, clinical phenotype of TS can be associated with CNV defects in autosomes, specifically chromosome 14 or X chromosome or both. The syndrome of chromosome 14 CNV defects with and without X-chromosomal defects clinically mimics TS and shares a common genomic network that deserves further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naincy Purwar
- Department of Endocrinology, Sawai Man Singh Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur 302004, India
| | - Pradeep Tiwari
- Department of Endocrinology, Sawai Man Singh Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur 302004, India
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, India
| | - Nitish Mathur
- Department of Endocrinology, Sawai Man Singh Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur 302004, India
| | - Himanshu Sharma
- Department of Endocrinology, Sawai Man Singh Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur 302004, India
| | - Rahul Sahlot
- Department of Endocrinology, Sawai Man Singh Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur 302004, India
| | - Umesh Garg
- Department of Endocrinology, Sawai Man Singh Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur 302004, India
| | - Balram Sharma
- Department of Endocrinology, Sawai Man Singh Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur 302004, India
| | - Aditya Saxena
- Department of Computer Engineering & Applications, Institute of Engineering & Technology, GLA University, Mathura, India
| | - Sandeep K Mathur
- Department of Endocrinology, Sawai Man Singh Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur 302004, India
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A hypothesis: Could telomere length and/or epigenetic alterations contribute to infertility in females with Turner syndrome? AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2019; 181:108-116. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Chauhan P, Jaiswal SK, Lakhotia AR, Rai AK. Molecular cytogenetic characterization of two Turner syndrome patients with mosaic ring X chromosome. J Assist Reprod Genet 2016; 33:1161-8. [PMID: 27387888 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-016-0761-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In the present study, we reported two cases of TS with mosaic ring X chromosome showing common clinical characteristics of TS like growth retardation and ovarian dysfunction. The purpose of the present study was to cytogenetically characterize both cases. METHODS Whole blood culture and G-banding were performed for karyotyping the cases following standard protocol. Origin of the ring chromosome and degree of mosaicism were further determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Breakpoints and loss of genetic material in formation of different ring X chromosomes r (X) in cases were determined with the help of cytogenetic microarray. RESULTS Cases 1 and 2 with ring chromosome were cytogenetically characterized as 45, X [114]/46Xr (X) (p22.11q21.32) [116] and 45, X [170]/46, Xr (X) (p22.2q21.33) [92], respectively. Sizes of these ring X chromosomes were found to be ~75 and ~95 Mb in cases 1 and 2, respectively, using visual estimation as part of cytogenetic observation. In both cases, we observed breakpoints on Xq chromosome were within relatively narrow region between Xq21.33 and Xq22.1 compared to regions in previously reported cases associated with ovarian dysgenesis. CONCLUSIONS Our observation agrees with the fact that despite of large heterogeneity, severity of the cases with intact X-inactive specific transcript (XIST) is dependent on degree of mosaicism and extent of Xq deletion having crucial genes involved directly or indirectly in various physiological involving ovarian cyclicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Chauhan
- Centre for Genetic Disorders, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Sushil Kumar Jaiswal
- Centre for Genetic Disorders, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | | | - Amit Kumar Rai
- Centre for Genetic Disorders, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
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Hong YH, Shin YL. Turner syndrome masquerading as normal early puberty. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2014; 19:225-8. [PMID: 25654070 PMCID: PMC4316414 DOI: 10.6065/apem.2014.19.4.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 50% of patients with Turner syndrome (TS) have complete loss of one X chromosome, whereas the rest of the patients with TS display mosaicism or structural abnormalities of the X chromosome. Most well-known common features are short stature and gonadal failure. Approximately one third of girls with TS may enter spontaneous puberty, but only half those completed with menarche. However, some atypical features of TS have been described. Many studies have been conducted to verify and delineate proposed loci for genes pertaining to the TS phenotype, and correlations between karyotype and phenotype. A few rare cases of precocious puberty with TS have been described. Here we describe a case of TS with the Xp22.1 deletion presenting with short final stature, early normal onset of spontaneous puberty, and Graves' disease, without short stature during puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hee Hong
- Department of Pediatrics, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Young Lim Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon, Korea
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Venkateshwari A, Srimanjari K, Srilekha A, Begum A, Sujatha M, Sunitha T, Nallari P, Jyothy A. Mosaic triple X syndrome in a female with primary amenorrhea. INDIAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS 2012; 18:246-9. [PMID: 23162306 PMCID: PMC3491304 DOI: 10.4103/0971-6866.100790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Turner's syndrome is the most common chromosomal abnormality in females, affecting 1 in 2,500 live female births. It is a result of absence of an X chromosome or the presence of a structurally abnormal X chromosome. Its most consistent clinical features are short stature and ovarian failure. AIM: The aim of the study was to report a rare case of mosaic triple X syndrome in a female with primary amenorrhea. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The chromosomal analysis using GTG banding was carried out, which revealed a mosaicism with 45,XO/47,XXX chromosomal constitution. Fluorescent in situ hybridization was also carried out to further confirm the observation made in the study. CONCLUSION: The physical features presented by the female could be due to the 45,XO/47,XXX mosaicism and the karyotype analysis was consistent with the diagnosis and clinical symptoms. Triple X mosaicism was confirmed with conventional and molecular cytogenetic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Venkateshwari
- Institute of Genetics and Hospital for Genetic Diseases, Osmania University, Begumpet, India
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Baek JU, Park HK, Shim EJ, Hwang IT. Precocious puberty in Turner syndrome variant. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2012; 25:e113-4. [PMID: 22841375 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2012.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Turner syndrome is due to the absence of all or significant parts of one of the sex chromosomes in females. Turner syndrome is a common cause of ovarian failure, and hypergonadotropic hypogonadism occurs in virtually all affected individuals. One case of a variant Turner syndrome with precocious puberty is presented. CASE An eight-year-old girl was referred with complaints of short stature and breast budding. A physical examination revealed a Tanner stage III for breast development and her bone age was 11 years. Chromosome analysis showed a karyotype of 46,X,del(x)(p11.2). SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION To preserve growth potential, careful examinations are recommended for pediatric patients with an unusual growth pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Uk Baek
- Department of Pediatrics, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Korea
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8
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Lear T, McGee R. Disorders of Sexual Development in the Domestic Horse, Equus caballus. Sex Dev 2012; 6:61-71. [DOI: 10.1159/000334048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Yu H, Bian XM, Liu JT, Hao N, Zhou J, Liu SY. Cytogenetic and Clinical Analysis of 340 Chinese Patients with Primary Amenorrhea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 26:163-7. [DOI: 10.1016/s1001-9294(11)60042-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Berletch JB, Yang F, Xu J, Carrel L, Disteche CM. Genes that escape from X inactivation. Hum Genet 2011; 130:237-45. [PMID: 21614513 PMCID: PMC3136209 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-011-1011-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
To achieve a balanced gene expression dosage between males (XY) and females (XX), mammals have evolved a compensatory mechanism to randomly inactivate one of the female X chromosomes. Despite this chromosome-wide silencing, a number of genes escape X inactivation: in women about 15% of X-linked genes are bi-allelically expressed and in mice, about 3%. Expression from the inactive X allele varies from a few percent of that from the active allele to near equal expression. While most genes have a stable inactivation pattern, a subset of genes exhibit tissue-specific differences in escape from X inactivation. Escape genes appear to be protected from the repressive chromatin modifications associated with X inactivation. Differences in the identity and distribution of escape genes between species and tissues suggest a role for these genes in the evolution of sex differences in specific phenotypes. The higher expression of escape genes in females than in males implies that they may have female-specific roles and may be responsible for some of the phenotypes observed in X aneuploidy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel B. Berletch
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
| | - Laura Carrel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Christine M. Disteche
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Abstract
A subset of X-linked genes escapes silencing by X inactivation and is expressed from both X chromosomes in mammalian females. Species-specific differences in the identity of these genes have recently been discovered, suggesting a role in the evolution of sex differences. Chromatin analyses have aimed to discover how genes remain expressed within a repressive environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel B Berletch
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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Yang F, Babak T, Shendure J, Disteche CM. Global survey of escape from X inactivation by RNA-sequencing in mouse. Genome Res 2010; 20:614-22. [PMID: 20363980 DOI: 10.1101/gr.103200.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
X inactivation equalizes the dosage of gene expression between the sexes, but some genes escape silencing and are thus expressed from both alleles in females. To survey X inactivation and escape in mouse, we performed RNA sequencing in Mus musculus x Mus spretus cells with complete skewing of X inactivation, relying on expression of single nucleotide polymorphisms to discriminate allelic origin. Thirteen of 393 (3.3%) mouse genes had significant expression from the inactive X, including eight novel escape genes. We estimate that mice have significantly fewer escape genes compared with humans. Furthermore, escape genes did not cluster in mouse, unlike the large escape domains in human, suggesting that expression is controlled at the level of individual genes. Our findings are consistent with the striking differences in phenotypes between female mice and women with a single X chromosome--a near normal phenotype in mice versus Turner syndrome and multiple abnormalities in humans. We found that escape genes are marked by the absence of trimethylation at lysine 27 of histone H3, a chromatin modification associated with genes subject to X inactivation. Furthermore, this epigenetic mark is developmentally regulated for some mouse genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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Oldenburg R, van Dooren M, de Graaf B, Simons E, Govaerts L, Swagemakers S, Verkerk J, Oostra B, Bertoli-Avella A. A genome-wide linkage scan in a Dutch family identifies a premature ovarian failure susceptibility locus. Hum Reprod 2008; 23:2835-41. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/den278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Puusepp H, Zordania R, Paal M, Bartsch O, Ounap K. Girl with partial Turner syndrome and absence epilepsy. Pediatr Neurol 2008; 38:289-92. [PMID: 18358412 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2007.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2007] [Revised: 09/17/2007] [Accepted: 11/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This report describes a 16-year-old girl with short stature (-5 standard deviations), normal puberty, panic attacks, absence epilepsy, some stigmata of Turner syndrome, and a Madelung deformity. Routine chromosomal analysis revealed a female karyotype with one abnormal chromosome X, with the suspicion of additional material on the short arm. With fluorescent in situ hybridization and array-multiplex amplifiable probe hybridization methodology, a complex aberration was detected, with a deletion of the distal part of Xp22.33 (including the short-stature homeobox gene) and a duplication of Xp22.32-p22.12 proximal to the deleted segment. The deletion in our patient involves the Xp22.33 region. Two genes in this region may contribute to the patient's phenotype: short-stature homeobox, and visuospatial/perceptual abilities. The duplication in our patient involves the Xp22.12-p22.32 region, which, according to the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man database, contains at least 93 genes, 49 of which are of unknown function. It is difficult to conjecture which gene overexpression in this region may have contributed to the phenotype of our patient. To our knowledge, this small, complex chromosome X aberration was not described previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Puusepp
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Gallardo TD, John GB, Bradshaw K, Welt C, Reijo-Pera R, Vogt PH, Touraine P, Bione S, Toniolo D, Nelson LM, Zinn AR, Castrillon DH. Sequence variation at the human FOXO3 locus: a study of premature ovarian failure and primary amenorrhea. Hum Reprod 2007; 23:216-21. [PMID: 17959613 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dem255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The forkhead transcription factor Foxo3 is a master regulator and potent suppressor of primordial follicle activation. Loss of Foxo3 function in the mouse leads to premature ovarian failure (POF) due to global follicle activation. METHODS AND RESULTS Here, we show that the mouse Foxo3 locus is haploinsufficient, and that Foxo3-/+ females undergo early reproductive senescence consistent with an increased rate of primordial follicle utilization. Then, to determine if heterozygous or homozygous polymorphisms or mutations of the human orthologue FOXO3 contribute to POF or idiopathic primary amenorrhea (PA), we sequenced the exons and flanking splice sequences of the gene in a large number of women with idiopathic POF (n = 273) or PA (n = 29). A total of eight single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified, revealing a substantial amount of genetic variation at this locus. Allelic frequencies in control samples excluded several of these variants as causal. For the remaining variants, site-directed mutagenesis was performed to assess their functional impact. However, these rare sequence variants were not associated with significant decreases in FOXO3 activity. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our findings suggest that, despite the potential for FOXO3 haploinsufficiency to cause ovarian failure, FOXO3 mutations or common SNPs are not a common cause of either POF or PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa D Gallardo
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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Schröer A, Vogt P, Griesinger G, Fischer D, Diedrich K, Strowitzki T. Genetik ovarieller Störungen. GYNAKOLOGISCHE ENDOKRINOLOGIE 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10304-006-0171-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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18
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Screening for FOXL2 gene mutations in women with premature ovarian failure: an Indian experience. Reprod Biomed Online 2007; 15:554-60. [DOI: 10.1016/s1472-6483(10)60388-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Cheng MK, Nguyen DK, Disteche CM. Dosage compensation of the X chromosome and Turner syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ics.2006.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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20
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Rajpert-De Meyts E. Developmental model for the pathogenesis of testicular carcinoma in situ: genetic and environmental aspects. Hum Reprod Update 2006; 12:303-23. [PMID: 16540528 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmk006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Carcinoma in situ testis (CIS), also known as intratubular germ cell neoplasia (ITGCN), is a pre-invasive precursor of testicular germ cell tumours, the commonest cancer type of male adolescents and young adults. In this review, evidence supporting the hypothesis of developmental origin of testicular germ cell cancer is summarized, and the current concepts regarding aetiology and pathogenesis of this disease are critically discussed. Comparative studies of cell surface proteins (e.g. PLAP and KIT), some of the germ cell-specific markers (e.g. MAGEA4, VASA, TSPY and NY-ESO-1), supported by studies of regulatory elements of the cell cycle (e.g. p53, CHK2 and p19-INK4d) demonstrated a close similarity of CIS to primordial germ cells and gonocytes, consistent with the pre-meiotic origin of CIS. Recent gene expression profiling studies showed that CIS cells closely resemble embryonic stem cells (ESCs). The abundance of factors associated with pluripotency (NANOG and OCT-3/4) and undifferentiated state (AP-2gamma) may explain the remarkable pluripotency of germ cell neoplasms, which are capable of differentiating to various somatic tissue components of teratomas. Impaired gonadal development resulting in the arrest of gonocyte differentiation and retention of its embryonic features, associated with an increasing genomic instability, is the most probable model for the pathogenesis of CIS. Genomic amplification of certain chromosomal regions, e.g. 12p, may facilitate survival of CIS and further invasive progression. Genetic studies, have so far not identified gene polymorphisms predisposing to the most common non-familial testicular cancer, but this research has only recently begun. Association of CIS with other disorders, such as congenital genital malformations and some forms of impaired spermatogenesis, all rising in incidence in a synchronous manner, led to the hypothesis that CIS might be a manifestation of testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS). The aetiology of TDS including testicular cancer remains to be elucidated, but epidemiological trends suggest a primary role for environmental factors, probably combined with genetic susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Rajpert-De Meyts
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Lachlan KL, Youings S, Costa T, Jacobs PA, Thomas NS. A clinical and molecular study of 26 females with Xp deletions with special emphasis on inherited deletions. Hum Genet 2005; 118:640-51. [PMID: 16283387 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-005-0081-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2005] [Accepted: 09/23/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We have undertaken a clinical study of 26 females with deletions of Xp including five mother-daughter pairs. Cytogenetic and molecular analyses have mapped the breakpoints of the deletions. We determined the parental origin of each abnormality and studied the X-inactivation patterns. We describe the clinical features and compare them with the amount of Xp material lost. We discuss the putative loci for features of Turner syndrome and describe how our series contributes further to their delineation. We conclude that (1) fertility can be retained even with the loss of two-thirds of Xp, thus, if there are genes on Xp for ovarian development, they must be at Xp11-Xp11.2; (2) in our sample of patients there is no evidence to support the existence of a single lymphogenic gene on Xp; (3) there is no evidence for a second stature locus in proximal Xp; (4) there is no evidence to support the existence of a single gene for naevi; (5) we suggest that the interval in Xp21.1-Xp11.4 between DXS997 and DXS1368 may contain a gene conferring a predisposition to hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Lachlan
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, UK.
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Xu J, Taya S, Kaibuchi K, Arnold AP. Sexually dimorphic expression of Usp9x is related to sex chromosome complement in adult mouse brain. Eur J Neurosci 2005; 21:3017-22. [PMID: 15978012 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04134.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We found the expression of Usp9x, an X-linked gene which encodes a ubiquitin protease implicated in synaptic development, to be significantly higher in the adult female mouse brains than in male brains. The sex difference in expression of Usp9x was localized to specific brain regions such as neocortex. Furthermore, in gonadally intact and gonadectomized mice, XX mice expressed Usp9x mRNA and protein more highly than XY mice irrespective of their gonadal type. No sex difference was found in the neonatal brain or peripheral tissues such as the adult kidney. This finding implies that the difference in sex chromosome complement between XY males and XX females could potentially contribute to sexual differentiation of brain structure and function. The relation of genomic dose and Usp9x expression could help explain the neural and behavioural phenotype of women with XO Turner syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Xu
- Department of Physiological Science and Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology of the Brain Research Institute, University of California, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia P Sybert
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, USA
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24
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