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Laskoski LV, Batista JM, Bandeira DM, Corrêa JM, Rosset J, Conceição LHSM, Pinto FGS. Investigation of phytochemical composition and bioactivity evaluation of extracts from Myrsine umbellata Mart. BRAZ J BIOL 2024; 84:e276871. [PMID: 38451630 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.276871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of the study was to carry out phytochemical prospection through colorimetric tests to determine the groups of secondary metabolites and also to determine the total content of phenolic compounds (TPC) present in plant extracts methanol (ME), ethyl acetate (EAE), hexane (HE) and dichloromethane (DE) from the leaves of Myrsine umbellata, as well as to investigate the antimicrobial activity against twelve standard ATCC strains by the broth microdilution technique; the antioxidant potential by the DPPH method and the ABTS method and the antibiofilm potential on the biofilm biomass of standard bacteria by the crystal violet technique and tetrazolium salt reduction (MTT) assay. Phytochemical prospection detected the presence of saponins, steroids, alkaloids, anthocyanins, anthocyanidins, flavonoids, and tannins. The results of the quantitative phytochemical estimation revealed a higher content of total phenolics in DE (280.24 ± 0.037 µM GAE g ext. -1) followed by ME (159.01 ± 0.031 µM GAE g ext. -1). The ME showed the best biological activities when compared to the other extracts tested. We observed antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive Staphylococcus epidermidis strain (MIC 3.12 and MBC 6.25), antioxidant percentage of 92.58% against the DPPH radical and 420.31 µM Trolox g ext. -1 against the ABTS radical, finally showed antibiofilm action against Gram-positive strain Staphylococcus aureus, with eradication of the biomass in 92.58%. The results suggest that EM from M. umbellata represents an alternative source of plant bioactives for the development of natura products.
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Affiliation(s)
- L V Laskoski
- Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Laboratório de Microbiologia e Biotecnologia - LAMIBI, Cascavel, PR, Brasil
| | - J M Batista
- Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Laboratório de Microbiologia e Biotecnologia - LAMIBI, Cascavel, PR, Brasil
| | - D M Bandeira
- Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Laboratório de Microbiologia e Biotecnologia - LAMIBI, Cascavel, PR, Brasil
| | - J M Corrêa
- Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Laboratório de Microbiologia e Biotecnologia - LAMIBI, Cascavel, PR, Brasil
| | - J Rosset
- Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Laboratório de Microbiologia e Biotecnologia - LAMIBI, Cascavel, PR, Brasil
| | - L H S M Conceição
- Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, UNOP Herbário, Cascavel, PR, Brasil
| | - F G S Pinto
- Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Laboratório de Microbiologia e Biotecnologia - LAMIBI, Cascavel, PR, Brasil
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Radu AF, Negru PA, Radu A, Tarce AG, Bungau SG, Bogdan MA, Tit DM, Uivaraseanu B. Simulation-Based Research on Phytoconstituents of Embelia ribes Targeting Proteins with Pathophysiological Implications in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1467. [PMID: 37511842 PMCID: PMC10381729 DOI: 10.3390/life13071467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a heterogeneous inflammatory disease with an autoimmune origin and an incompletely elucidated pathophysiological mechanism. RA pharmacotherapy is based on chemically or biologically active substances that provide clinical alleviation and remission, but the disease is still incurable. As a result, there remains a need for significant therapeutic development, and adjuvant therapies may play an essential role in the search for novel RA treatment strategies. The aim of the present study was to investigate potential phytocompounds and phytocompound derivates as RA treatment agents, using in silico methodologies. In this regard, five phytoconstituents identified in different structures of Embelia ribes were evaluated by in silico methods for their potential action on target proteins of therapeutic interest in RA. The methodology involved identifying the phytocompound with the highest binding toward the target protein via molecular docking using AutoDock Vina 1.5.7, followed by a ligand-based virtual screening based on the structure of the most promising phytocompound using SwissSimilarity. This process led to the identification of ligands that are not currently utilized in medical practice, but that might have the potential to be used in the management of RA after further extensive experimental endorsements. ZINC000004024651 showed the highest binding affinity for the Bruton's tyrosine kinase protein, followed by ZINC000000434197 for p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases, ZINC000087606977 for interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4, and ZINC000014728393 for matrix metallopeptidase 9, the latter two showing higher affinity than the co-crystallized compound. The relatively high affinities to target proteins and the pharmacokinetic data obtained by in silico studies using SwisADME suggest a first step for the inclusion of promising new compounds in various more advanced studies, leading to the evaluation of efficacy and safety profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei-Flavius Radu
- Doctoral School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania; (A.-F.R.); (D.M.T.); (B.U.)
- Department of Preclinical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania
| | - Paul Andrei Negru
- Doctoral School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania; (A.-F.R.); (D.M.T.); (B.U.)
- Department of Preclinical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania
| | - Ada Radu
- Ducfarm Pharmacy, 410514 Oradea, Romania;
| | - Alexandra Georgiana Tarce
- Medicine Program of Study, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania;
| | - Simona Gabriela Bungau
- Doctoral School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania; (A.-F.R.); (D.M.T.); (B.U.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania;
| | - Mihaela Alexandra Bogdan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania;
| | - Delia Mirela Tit
- Doctoral School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania; (A.-F.R.); (D.M.T.); (B.U.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania;
| | - Bogdan Uivaraseanu
- Doctoral School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania; (A.-F.R.); (D.M.T.); (B.U.)
- Department of Surgery Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania
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Wróbel-Biedrawa D, Galanty A, Zagrodzki P, Podolak I. Optimization of Extraction Conditions and Cytotoxic Activity of Rapanone in Comparison to Its Homologue, Embelin. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27227912. [PMID: 36432013 PMCID: PMC9693145 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Rapanone is a plant-derived simple alkyl-dihydroxybenzoquinone structurally close to embelin, a well-known cytotoxic agent. The pharmacological characterization of rapanone is still incomplete, and to fill the data gap, a good source for its acquisition is required to conduct further research. This study aimed to optimize the conditions for the extraction of rapanone from the leaves of white-berried Ardisia crenata Sims. For this purpose, three methods were employed: heat reflux (HRE), shaking (SE), and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and such parameters as the extraction time, solvent, and the number of extractions from the same sample were set as experimental variables. Furthermore, cytotoxic activity toward prostate cancer, thyroid cancer, and colorectal carcinoma cell lines was investigated and compared with doxorubicin and embelin. The most effective and economical method for the extraction of rapanone was shown to be 20 min UAE with ethyl acetate or chloroform. Rapanone exhibited high cytotoxic activity against PC3 (IC50 = 6.50 μg/mL), Du145 (IC50 = 7.68 μg/mL), FTC133 (IC50 = 6.01 μg/mL), 8505C (IC50 = 7.84 μg/mL), and Caco-2 (IC50 = 8.79 μg/mL) cell lines after 24 h and against the HT29 cell line after 48 h (IC50 = 11.67 μg/mL). Furthermore, it revealed a more favorable safety profile than either its homologue, embelin, or doxorubicin. The set of optimal extraction parameters obtained may be utilized for scientific and industrial purposes to achieve the best rapanone yield. Moreover, this benzoquinone revealed a high cytotoxic activity with good selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmara Wróbel-Biedrawa
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Pharmaceutical Faculty, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Cracow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Galanty
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Pharmaceutical Faculty, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Cracow, Poland
| | - Paweł Zagrodzki
- Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Pharmaceutical Faculty, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Cracow, Poland
| | - Irma Podolak
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Pharmaceutical Faculty, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Cracow, Poland
- Correspondence:
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Toxic Potential of Cerrado Plants on Different Organisms. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073413. [PMID: 35408775 PMCID: PMC8998518 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerrado has many compounds that have been used as biopesticides, herbicides, medicines, and others due to their highly toxic potential. Thus, this review aims to present information about the toxicity of Cerrado plants. For this purpose, a review was performed using PubMed, Science Direct, and Web Of Science databases. After applying exclusion criteria, 187 articles published in the last 20 years were selected and analyzed. Detailed information about the extract preparation, part of the plant used, dose/concentration tested, model system, and employed assay was provided for different toxic activities described in the literature, namely cytotoxic, genotoxic, mutagenic, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, insecticidal, antiparasitic, and molluscicidal activities. In addition, the steps to execute research on plant toxicity and the more common methods employed were discussed. This review synthesized and organized the available research on the toxic effects of Cerrado plants, which could contribute to the future design of new environmentally safe products.
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Laskoski LV, Bandeira DM, Batista JM, Costa WFD, Baeza LC, Kuo LH, Pinto FGDS. Phytochemical prospection and evaluation of antimicrobial, antioxidant and antibiofilm activities of extracts and essential oil from leaves of Myrsine umbellata Mart. (Primulaceae). BRAZ J BIOL 2022; 82:e263865. [DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.263865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract The species Myrsine umbellata is a native plant of Brazil, whose barks are traditionally used in herbal medicine to treat liver disorders and combat leprosy. Therefore, the aim of the study was to identify the phytochemical prospection of ethanolic (EE) and acetonic (EA) extracts by colorimetric tests and by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) of the essential oil (EO) of M. umbellata leaves; evaluate the antimicrobial activity in front of standard ATCC strains by the broth microdilution technique; the antioxidant potential by DPPH reduction method and antibiofilm action by crystal violet assay and cell viability was determined using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) based on optical density. Phytochemical prospection of EE and EA detected the presence of free steroids, alkaloids, flavonoids (flavones, flavononoids, flavonols and xanthons) and tannins in both extracts (EE and EA) and saponins only in EE. In EO, the majority compounds identified were elixene, caryophyllene (E), spatulenol, d-Cadinene and aromadendrene. EA showed antimicrobial activity with MIC and MBC/MFC values ranging from 3.12 to 100 mg.mL-1, highlighting its efficiency on the Gram-positive strain S. epidermidis. EE showed antimicrobial potential in the range of 3.12 to 200 mg.mL-1, and the Gram-negative E. coli strain was the most susceptible. However, OE showed bacteriostatic potential against S. Typhimurium, S. Abaetetuba, P. aeruginosa, and S. epidermidis strains. The ability to sequester free radicals was evident in EA extract with antioxidant activity of 89.55% and in EE with 63.05%. The antibiofilm potential was observed in EE extract which eradicated the mature biofilm biomass of all tested bacteria with high activity (50% to 84.28%) and EO also showed antibiofilm effect on mature biofilm of UEL enteroaggregative E. coli, S. aureus and S. Enteritidis strains with biomass reduction percentage of 63.74%, 68.04% and 86.19%, respectively. These results indicate the potential of M. umbellata extracts and as a source of plant bioactivity for the development of new alternative strategies for the control of planktonic or biofilm-resistant microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - L. C. Baeza
- Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Brasil
| | - L. H. Kuo
- Università degli studi di Padova, Italia
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de Jesus GS, Micheletti AC, Padilha RG, de Souza de Paula J, Alves FM, Leal CRB, Garcez FR, Garcez WS, Yoshida NC. Antimicrobial Potential of Essential Oils from Cerrado Plants against Multidrug-Resistant Foodborne Microorganisms. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25143296. [PMID: 32708062 PMCID: PMC7397120 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Foodborne pathogens are a real public health concern in an escalating antimicrobial resistance scenario. Natural products represent a promising source of bioactive molecules, and essential oils have attracted much attention due to their myriad of biological properties, including antibacterial activities. In this context, essential oils obtained from the leaves of Chromolaena squalida, Campomanesia sessiliflora, Myrsine guianensis, Matayba guianensis, Siparuna guianensis, Ocotea minarum and Endlicheria paniculata—species from the Cerrado biome of Midwest Brazil—were extracted and evaluated for their antibacterial activity against a panel of four standard and three clinical multidrug−resistant bacterial strains. All tested oils showed moderate to good activity against at least four bacterial strains, including Salmonella Typhi and oxacillin−resistant Staphylococcus. The essential oils from C. squalida, C. sessiliflora, My. guianensis and Ma. guianensis showed strong inhibition of clinical Staphylococcus strains, which cause bovine mastitis and are related to milk−borne diseases. Their chemical profiles were investigated by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS), which revealed a predominance of mono− and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, some of which with well−known antimicrobial properties. The essential oil from Cerrado plants proved active against resistant Gram−positive and Gram−negative bacteria, revealing their potentialities for the development of new alternative agents to prevent the spreading of resistant bacterial contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genilson Silva de Jesus
- Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Av. Senador Filinto Müller 1555, Campo Grande MS 79074460, Brazil; (G.S.d.J.); (A.C.M.); (R.G.P.); (J.d.S.d.P.); (F.R.G.); (W.S.G.)
| | - Ana Camila Micheletti
- Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Av. Senador Filinto Müller 1555, Campo Grande MS 79074460, Brazil; (G.S.d.J.); (A.C.M.); (R.G.P.); (J.d.S.d.P.); (F.R.G.); (W.S.G.)
| | - Rafael Gonçalves Padilha
- Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Av. Senador Filinto Müller 1555, Campo Grande MS 79074460, Brazil; (G.S.d.J.); (A.C.M.); (R.G.P.); (J.d.S.d.P.); (F.R.G.); (W.S.G.)
| | - Jessica de Souza de Paula
- Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Av. Senador Filinto Müller 1555, Campo Grande MS 79074460, Brazil; (G.S.d.J.); (A.C.M.); (R.G.P.); (J.d.S.d.P.); (F.R.G.); (W.S.G.)
| | - Flavio Macedo Alves
- Institute of Biosciences, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Av. Costa e Silva s/n, Campo Grande MS 79070900, Brazil;
| | - Cassia Rejane Brito Leal
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Av. Senador Filinto Müller 2443, Campo Grande MS 79070900, Brazil;
| | - Fernanda Rodrigues Garcez
- Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Av. Senador Filinto Müller 1555, Campo Grande MS 79074460, Brazil; (G.S.d.J.); (A.C.M.); (R.G.P.); (J.d.S.d.P.); (F.R.G.); (W.S.G.)
| | - Walmir Silva Garcez
- Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Av. Senador Filinto Müller 1555, Campo Grande MS 79074460, Brazil; (G.S.d.J.); (A.C.M.); (R.G.P.); (J.d.S.d.P.); (F.R.G.); (W.S.G.)
| | - Nidia Cristiane Yoshida
- Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Av. Senador Filinto Müller 1555, Campo Grande MS 79074460, Brazil; (G.S.d.J.); (A.C.M.); (R.G.P.); (J.d.S.d.P.); (F.R.G.); (W.S.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-67-3345-3554
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Wróbel-Biedrawa D, Grabowska K, Galanty A, Sobolewska D, Żmudzki P, Podolak I. Anti-melanoma potential of two benzoquinone homologues embelin and rapanone - a comparative in vitro study. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 65:104826. [PMID: 32169436 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rapanone and embelin are simple alkyl benzoquinone derivatives, mainly distributed in the Primulaceae. They have an interesting scope of biological activities including cytotoxicity. As melanoma is one of the most common types of cancer, in many cases resistant to current treatment regimens, the aim of this study was to assess and compare anti-melanoma activity of the two benzoquinones. Cytotoxicity of both compounds towards different melanoma cell lines (A375, HTB140, WM793) and selectivity with respect to normal keratinocytes (HaCaT) were investigated. Furthermore, interactions with a reference chemotherapeutic, doxorubicine, were assessed. Finally, analysis of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activities of both benzoquinones was conducted as well. Rapanone showed selective and higher than doxorubicine cytotoxic potential against primary melanoma cell line, WM793. Although embelin was also highly cytotoxic, its selectivity was much poorer. Interestingly, in case of HTB140 and HaCaT cell lines a combination of each benzoquinone with doxorubicine potentiated the cytotoxic potential in a synergistic manner. Embelin revealed higher albumin anti-denaturation potential than rapanone but lower than diclofenac sodium. Anti-hyaluronidase effect of both benzoquinones was higher than quercetin. Both compounds showed antioxidant potential although significantly lower as compared to vitamin C. Finally, neither embelin nor rapanone had any inhibitory effect on tyrosinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmara Wróbel-Biedrawa
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Pharmaceutical Faculty, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Karolina Grabowska
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Pharmaceutical Faculty, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Galanty
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Pharmaceutical Faculty, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Danuta Sobolewska
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Pharmaceutical Faculty, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Paweł Żmudzki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Faculty, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Irma Podolak
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Pharmaceutical Faculty, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Cracow, Poland.
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Rapanone, a naturally occurring benzoquinone, inhibits mitochondrial respiration and induces HepG2 cell death. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 63:104737. [PMID: 31756542 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Rapanone is a natural occurring benzoquinone with several biological effects including unclear cytotoxic mechanisms. Here we addressed if mitochondria are involved in the cytotoxicity of rapanone towards cancer cells by employing hepatic carcinoma (HepG2) cells and isolated rat liver mitochondria. In the HepG2, rapanone (20-40 μM) induced a concentration-dependent mitochondrial membrane potential dissipation, ATP depletion, hydrogen peroxide generation and, phosphatidyl serine externalization; the latter being indicative of apoptosis induction. Rapanone toxicity towards primary rats hepatocytes (IC50 = 35.58 ± 1.50 μM) was lower than that found for HepG2 cells (IC50 = 27.89 ± 0.75 μM). Loading of isolated mitochondria with rapanone (5-20 μM) caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of phosphorylating and uncoupled respirations supported by complex I (glutamate and malate) or the complex II (succinate) substrates, being the latter eliminated by complex IV substrate (TMPD/ascorbate). Rapanone also dissipated mitochondrial membrane potential, depleted ATP content, released Ca2+ from Ca2+-loaded mitochondria, increased ROS generation, cytochrome c release and membrane fluidity. Further analysis demonstrated that rapanone prevented the cytochrome c reduction in the presence of decylbenzilquinol, identifying complex III as the site of its inhibitory action. Computational docking results of rapanone to cytochrome bc1 (Cyt bc1) complex from the human sources found spontaneous thermodynamic processes for the quinone-Qo and Qi binding interactions, supporting the experimental in vitro assays. Collectively, these observations suggest that rapanone impairs mitochondrial respiration by inhibiting electron transport chain at Complex III and promotes mitochondrial dysfunction. This property is potentially involved in rapanone toxicity on cancer cells.
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Allijn IE, Brinkhuis RP, Storm G, Schiffelers RM. Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Plant Derived Natural Products - A Systematic Review. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:4506-4536. [PMID: 31119997 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666190523123357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, natural medicines have been administered as plant extracts, which are composed of a mixture of molecules. The individual molecular species in this mixture may or may not contribute to the overall medicinal effects and some may even oppose the beneficial activity of others. To better control therapeutic effects, studies that characterized specific molecules and describe their individual activity that have been performed over the past decades. These studies appear to underline that natural products are particularly effective as antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents. In this systematic review we aimed to identify potent anti-inflammatory natural products and relate their efficacy to their chemical structure and physicochemical properties. To identify these compounds, we performed a comprehensive literature search to find those studies, in which a dose-response description and a positive control reference compound was used to benchmark the observed activity. Of the analyzed papers, 7% of initially selected studies met these requirements and were subjected to further analysis. This analysis revealed that most selected natural products indeed appeared to possess anti-inflammatory activities, in particular anti-oxidative properties. In addition, 14% of the natural products outperformed the remaining natural products in all tested assays and are attractive candidates as new anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris E Allijn
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, Netherlands
| | - René P Brinkhuis
- 20Med Therapeutics B.V., P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Gert Storm
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, Netherlands.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Raymond M Schiffelers
- Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands
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Podolak I, Mynarski A, Wróbel D, Grabowska K, Galanty A. Bioactive benzoquinones content variability in red-berry and white-berry varieties of Ardisia crenata Sims. and assessment of cytotoxic activity. Nat Prod Res 2019; 35:157-161. [PMID: 31135229 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1614575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ardisia crenata Sims (Myrsinaceae) occurs in two varieties differing in the fruit color, the red berries being common while the white ones are rare. The roots of red-berried A. crenata are a valued TCM product which contains bioactive benzoquinones such as embelin and rapanone. In this study we compared their profiles in different organs of the plant to provide an insight in the pattern of their accumulation within the two varieties. Moreover, cytotoxic activity against human melanoma and prostate cancer cells was evaluated. Quantitative HPLC revealed that the white-berried variety differs profoundly in the content of rapanone, with its total level of 606.5 mg/100 g d.w., as compared to 16.2 mg/100 g d.w. in A. crenata 'red'. Embelin was less distributed and found in minor amounts in both varieties. This is the first report on rapanone content in various parts of Ardisia crenata and on benzoquinones in the white-berried variety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma Podolak
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Adam Mynarski
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Dagmara Wróbel
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Karolina Grabowska
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Galanty
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
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Huo D, Sun L, Zhang L, Ru X, Liu S, Yang H. Metabolome responses of the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus to multiple environmental stresses: Heat and hypoxia. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 138:407-420. [PMID: 30660290 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Economically important marine organisms face severe environmental challenges, such as high temperature and low dissolved oxygen, from global climate change. Adverse environmental factors impact the survival and growth of economically important marine organisms, thereby negatively influencing the aquaculture industry. However, little is known about the responses of sea cucumbers to combined environmental co-stressors till now. In this study, ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) was utilized to obtain metabolic profiles of sea cucumbers. Changes in the concentrations of 84, 68, and 417 metabolites related to the responses of sea cucumbers to heat (26 °C), hypoxia (2 mg/L) and the combined stress, respectively, were observed and analyzed. Representative biomarkers were discussed in detail, including deltaline, fusarin C, halichondrin B and rapanone. The concentration of metabolites involved in the regulation of energy metabolism, including amino acid, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism were significantly changed, and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA)-cycle was significantly altered under heat plus hypoxia. We interpreted these changes partly as an adaptation mechanism in response to environmental stress. Based on the decreased accumulation of glutamine, we hypothesized that heat stress is the main factor that interferes with the process of glutamic acid-glutamine metabolism. The present study showed that combined environmental stressors have a more extensive impact on the metabolites of the respiratory tree in sea cucumbers than single stress. These results would facilitate further development of the sea cucumber as an echinoderm model to study mechanisms of response to adverse environments, as well as to help advance knowledge of the adaptation of marine organisms to global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Huo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lina Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Libin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiaoshang Ru
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Shilin Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Hongsheng Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
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12
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de la Vega-Hernández K, Antuch M, Cuesta-Rubio O, Núñez-Figueredo Y, Pardo-Andreu GL. Discerning the antioxidant mechanism of rapanone: A naturally occurring benzoquinone with iron complexing and radical scavenging activities. J Inorg Biochem 2017; 170:134-147. [PMID: 28237732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2017.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress resulting from iron and reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis breakdown has been implicated in several diseases. Therefore, molecules capable of binding iron and/or scavenging ROS may be reasonable strategies for protecting cells. Rapanone is a naturally occurring hydroxyl-benzoquinone with a privileged chelating structure. In this work, we addressed the antioxidant properties of rapanone concerning its iron-chelating and scavenging activities, and its protective potential against iron and tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced damage to mitochondria. Experimental determinations revealed the formation of rapanone-Fe(II)/Fe(III) complexes. Additionally, the electrochemical assays indicated that rapanone oxidized Fe(II) and O2-, thus inhibiting Fenton-Haber-Weiss reactions. Furthermore, rapanone displayed an increased 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging ability in the presence of Fe(II). The above results explained the capacity of rapanone to provide near-full protection against iron and tert-butyl hydroperoxide induced mitochondrial lipid peroxidation in energized organelles, which fail under non-energized condition. We postulate that rapanone affords protection against iron and reactive oxygen species by means of both iron chelating and iron-stimulated free radical scavenging activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen de la Vega-Hernández
- Departamento de Farmacia, Instituto de Farmacia y Alimentos, Universidad de La Habana, Ave. 23 # 21425 e/ 214 y 222, La Coronela, La Lisa, CP 13600, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Manuel Antuch
- Departamento de Química-Física, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la Habana, Ave. Zapata y G, Vedado, CP 10400 La Habana, Cuba
| | | | | | - Gilberto L Pardo-Andreu
- Centro de Estudio para las Investigaciones y Evaluaciones Biológicas, Instituto de Farmacia y Alimentos, Universidad de La Habana, Calle 222, No. 2317 entre 23 y 31, La Coronela, La Lisa, CP 13600 La Habana, Cuba.
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Charneau S, de Mesquita ML, Bastos IMD, Santana JM, de Paula JE, Grellier P, Espindola LS. In vitro investigation of Brazilian Cerrado plant extract activity against Plasmodium falciparum, Trypanosoma cruzi and T. brucei gambiense. Nat Prod Res 2015. [PMID: 26222897 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2015.1055264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The threatened Brazilian Cerrado biome is an important biodiversity hotspot but still few explored that constitutes a potential reservoir of molecules to treat infectious diseases. We selected eight Cerrado plant species for screening against the erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium falciparum, human intracellular stages of Trypanosoma cruzi and bloodstream forms of T. brucei gambiense, and for their cytotoxicity upon the rat L6-myoblast cell line. Bioassays were performed with 37 hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts prepared from different plant organs. Activities against parasites were observed for 24 extracts: 9 with anti-P. falciparum, 4 with anti-T. cruzi and 11 with anti-T. brucei gambiense activities. High anti-protozoal activity (IC50 values < 10 μg/mL) without obvious cytotoxicity to L6 cells was observed for eight extracts from plants: Connarus suberosus, Blepharocalyx salicifolius, Psidium laruotteanum and Myrsine guianensis. Overall, studies of plant extracts will contribute to increase the biodiversity knowledge essential for Cerrado conservation and sustainable development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Charneau
- a Laboratório de Bioquímica e Química de proteínas, Departamento de Biologia Celular , Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília , Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, 70910-900 Brasília , DF , Brazil
| | - Mariana Laundry de Mesquita
- b Laboratório de Farmacognosia , Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Brasília , Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, 70910-900 Brasília , DF , Brazil
| | - Izabela Marques Dourado Bastos
- c Laboratório de Interação Patógeno-Hospedeiro, Departamento de Biologia Celular , Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília , Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, 70910-900 Brasília , DF , Brazil
| | - Jaime Martins Santana
- c Laboratório de Interação Patógeno-Hospedeiro, Departamento de Biologia Celular , Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília , Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, 70910-900 Brasília , DF , Brazil
| | - José Elias de Paula
- d Laboratório de Anatomia Vegetal, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas , Universidade de Brasília , Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, 70910-900 Brasília , DF , Brazil
| | - Philippe Grellier
- e Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle , UMR 7245 CNRS - Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes , CP52, 61 rue Buffon , 75231 Paris Cedex 05 , France
| | - Laila Salmen Espindola
- b Laboratório de Farmacognosia , Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Brasília , Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, 70910-900 Brasília , DF , Brazil
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14
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Alonso-Castro AJ, Zavala-Sánchez MA, Pérez-Ramos J, Sánchez-Mendoza E, Pérez-Gutiérrez S. Antinociceptive and anti-arthritic effects of kramecyne. Life Sci 2014; 121:70-7. [PMID: 25476830 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to evaluate the antinociceptive (acute assays) and anti-inflammatory (chronic assays) effects of kramecyne (KACY), a peroxide isolated from Krameria cytisoides. MAIN METHODS The antinociceptive activity of KACY was evaluated using the hot plate, acetic acid and formalin tests. The effects of KACY on heat-induced hemolysis in rat erythrocytes were also evaluated. The in vivo anti-inflammatory assays were performed using the chronic TPA (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate) method to induce ear edema and carrageenan-kaolin induced arthritis (CKIA). In the CKIA model, the hot plate test was performed, serum samples were obtained for the quantitation of pro-inflammatory (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory (IL-4 and IL-10) cytokines. KEY FINDINGS KACY possess antinociceptive effects with comparable activity to naproxen (NPX). KACY inhibited hemolysis (EC50 = 180 μg/mL), in comparison to the untreated group and with a higher potency than NPX (EC50 = 263 μg/mL). KACY at 50 mg/kg decreased inflammation by 38% (chronic TPA-induced edema model) and by 26% (CKIA model), in comparison with the vehicle group and with similar activity to the positive controls 8 mg/kg indomethacin (IND) and 1 mg/kg methotrexate (MTX), respectively. In the CKIA model, KACY increased the release of anti-inflammatory (IL-4 and IL-10) cytokines but reduced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-α). KACY at 50 and 100 mg/kg showed antinociceptive effects by 27% and 23%, respectively, in mice with mono-arthritis. SIGNIFICANCE KACY might be a good alternative for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) due its antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Julia Pérez-Ramos
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana - Xochimilco, Mexico
| | - Ernesto Sánchez-Mendoza
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana - Xochimilco, Mexico
| | - Salud Pérez-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana - Xochimilco, Mexico.
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Molinari A, Oliva A, Ojeda C, del Corral JMM, Castro MA, Cuevas C, San Feliciano A. Synthesis and Cytotoxic Evaluation of 6-(3-Pyrazolylpropyl) Derivatives of 1,4-Naphthohydroquinone-1,4-diacetate. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2009; 342:591-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.200900041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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16
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Podolak I, Strzałka M. Qualitative and Quantitative LC Profile of Embelin and Rapanone in Selected Lysimachia Species. Chromatographia 2008. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-007-0511-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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17
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Chaaban I, EL-Khawass ES, Mahran M, El-Sayed O, El-Saidi H, Aboul-Enen H. Design, synthesis, and in vitro evaluation of cytotoxic activity of new substituted 1,4-benzoquinones and hydroquinones. Med Chem Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-007-9001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Araico A, Terencio MC, Alcaraz MJ, Domínguez JN, León C, Ferrándiz ML. Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of Me-UCH9, a dual cyclooxygenase-2/5-lipoxygenase inhibitor. Life Sci 2007; 80:2108-2117. [PMID: 17490689 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2007.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2006] [Revised: 03/14/2007] [Accepted: 03/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we reported the dual inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) activity by some phenylsulphonyl urenyl chalcone derivatives. 2,4-dichloro-4'N[N'(4''methylphenylsulphonyl)urenyl] chalcone (Me-UCH9), was selected in the present study to determine its potential anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect after oral administration in several animal models related to the activation of COX-2 and 5-LO pathways. In the zymosan stimulated mouse air pouch model, Me-UCH9, reduced in a dose-dependent manner leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)) levels in pouch exudates obtained at 4 h, as well as prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) generated through COX-2 activation at 24 h. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and myeloperoxidase activity were also strongly inhibited in this model. Me-UCH9 significantly reduced granuloma size and vascular index determined in the murine air pouch granuloma model of angiogenesis. In the carrageenan-induced paw edema, this compound inhibited inflammatory response and pain, as well as PGE(2) and LTB(4) content in paw edematous fluid. Analgesic properties were corroborated in the murine phenyl-p-benzoquinone-induced writhing test. Finally, Me-UCH9 exerted anti-inflammatory effects in the chronic model of rat adjuvant-induced arthritis, both inhibiting paw swelling and reducing PGE(2) content. Our findings confirm that Me-UCH9 can modulate inflammatory and nociceptive responses in relation to the dual inhibition of COX-2 and 5-LO activities presented by this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Araico
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - M C Terencio
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - M J Alcaraz
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - J N Domínguez
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas 1051, Venezuela
| | - C León
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas 1051, Venezuela
| | - M L Ferrándiz
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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New Guinean mangroves — traditional usage and chemistry of natural products. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03043698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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20
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Delano DL, Montesinos MC, Desai A, Wilder T, Fernandez P, D’Eustachio P, Wiltshire T, Cronstein BN. Genetically based resistance to the antiinflammatory effects of methotrexate in the air-pouch model of acute inflammation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 52:2567-75. [PMID: 16059892 PMCID: PMC1343510 DOI: 10.1002/art.21208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Low-dose methotrexate (MTX), a mainstay in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, is effective in only 60-70% of patients, a finding mirrored by poor antiinflammatory efficacy in some animal models, most notably collagen-induced arthritis. To determine whether genetic factors or the model itself is responsible for the poor response to MTX, we directly compared the responses of 4 inbred mouse strains to MTX in the air-pouch model of acute inflammation. METHODS The exudate leukocyte count and adenosine concentration were determined in inbred mice treated with MTX (0.75 mg/kg intraperitoneally every week for 4 weeks) or vehicle 4 hours after injection of carrageenan into the air pouch using previously described methods. Quantitative trait locus mapping was performed using an in silico, or computer-based, method to identify loci potentially associated with each phenotype. RESULTS MTX significantly reduced the exudate leukocyte count in C57BL/6J and BALB/cJ mice, but not DBA/1J (the strain used in the collagen-induced arthritis model) or DBA/2J mice. In a parallel manner, MTX increased adenosine concentration in inflammatory exudates of C57BL/6J and BALB/cJ mice, but not DBA/1J or DBA/2J mice. Antiinflammatory and adenosine responses to MTX in DBA/1J x C57BL/6J F(1) and F(2) offspring were most consistent with single genetic loci being responsible for each phenotype. In silico mapping identified partially overlapping loci containing candidate genes involved in both responses. CONCLUSION Genetic factors contribute to the antiinflammatory efficacy of MTX, and a single locus involved in MTX-induced adenosine up-regulation is likely responsible for the observed resistance to MTX in DBA/1J mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Avani Desai
- New York University Medical Center, New York, NY 10016
| | - Tuere Wilder
- New York University Medical Center, New York, NY 10016
| | | | | | - Tim Wiltshire
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121
| | - Bruce N. Cronstein
- New York University Medical Center, New York, NY 10016
- Bruce N. Cronstein, MD, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Ave. NB16N1, New York, NY 10016, Tel: 212-263-6404, Fax: 212-263-1048,
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