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Tsybulin SV, Kaplanskiy MV, Antonov AS. Transition-Metal-Free Synthesis of 2-Substituted Benzo[cd]Indoles via the Reaction of 1-Halo-8-lithionaphthalenes with Nitriles. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303768. [PMID: 38197193 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
A simple and effective organolithium approach to the synthesis of 2-substituted benzo[cd]indoles from peri-dihalonaphthalenes and nitriles has been developed. The reaction proceeds via a surprisingly easy intramolecular aromatic nucleophilic substitution facilitated by the "clothespin effect". The discovered transformation provides good isolated yields, allows usage of an extensive range of nitriles, and demonstrates a good substituents tolerance. UV-absorption and NMR spectra of the obtained benzo[cd]indoles and their protonated forms demonstrated exclusive protonation to the indole nitrogen atom even in the presence of two NMe2 groups in positions 5 and 6 (i. e. "proton sponge" moiety).
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Affiliation(s)
- Semyon V Tsybulin
- St. Petersburg State University, 198504, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Mark V Kaplanskiy
- St. Petersburg State University, 198504, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander S Antonov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
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2
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Lee S, Lee J, Cho S. Aristolactam I inhibits cell migration and invasion through regulation of Twist1 in
MDA‐MB
‐231 breast cancer cells. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sewoong Lee
- College of Pharmacy Chung‐Ang University Seoul South Korea
| | - Junho Lee
- College of Pharmacy Chung‐Ang University Seoul South Korea
| | - Sayeon Cho
- College of Pharmacy Chung‐Ang University Seoul South Korea
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3
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Liu T, Wang Y, Wang J, Ren C, Chen H, Zhang J. DYRK1A inhibitors for disease therapy: Current status and perspectives. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 229:114062. [PMID: 34954592 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.114062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1 A (DYRK1A) is a conserved protein kinase that plays essential roles in various biological processes. It is located in the region q22.2 of chromosome 21, which is involved in the pathogenesis of Down syndrome (DS). Moreover, DYRK1A has been shown to promote the accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides leading to gradual Tau hyperphosphorylation, which contributes to neurodegeneration. Additionally, alterations in the DRK1A expression are also associated with cancer and diabetes. Recent years have witnessed an explosive increase in the development of DYRK1A inhibitors. A variety of novel DYRK1A inhibitors have been reported as potential treatments for human diseases. In this review, the latest therapeutic potential of DYRK1A for different diseases and the novel DYRK1A inhibitors discoveries are summarized, guiding future inhibitor development and structural optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Liu
- Targeted Tracer Research and development laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Joint Institute for Altitude Health, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Targeted Tracer Research and development laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Joint Institute for Altitude Health, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiaxing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, 38163, Tennessee, United States
| | - Changyu Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, 38163, Tennessee, United States
| | - Jifa Zhang
- Targeted Tracer Research and development laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Joint Institute for Altitude Health, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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4
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Banik T, Kaliappan KP. A Serendipitous One-Pot Cyanation/Hydrolysis/Enamide Formation: Direct Access to 3-Methyleneisoindolin-1-ones. Chemistry 2021; 27:628-633. [PMID: 32812249 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A direct, one-pot conversion of 2'-haloacetophenones to 3-methyleneisoindolin-1-one scaffolds using CuCN as the sole reagent without the need for moisture-free or anaerobic conditions is reported. This serendipitously discovered transformation with a broad substrate scope provides a significantly different route towards these important scaffolds. The scope of the method has also been further extended towards the synthesis of three special scaffolds, which are analogous to various bio-active drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha Banik
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Krishna P Kaliappan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
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Shin Y, Park CM, Kim HG, Kim DE, Choi MS, Kim JA, Choi BS, Yoon CH. Identification of Aristolactam Derivatives That Act as Inhibitors of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection and Replication by Targeting Tat-Mediated Viral Transcription. Virol Sin 2020; 36:254-263. [PMID: 32779073 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-020-00274-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART), efforts to develop new classes of antiviral agents have been hampered by the emergence of drug resistance. Dibenzo-indole-bearing aristolactams are compounds that have been isolated from various plants species and which show several clinically relevant effects, including anti-inflammatory, antiplatelet, and anti-mycobacterial actions. However, the effect of these compounds on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection has not yet been studied. In this study, we discovered an aristolactam derivative bearing dibenzo[cd,f]indol-4(5H)-one that had a potent anti-HIV-1 effect. A structure-activity relationship (SAR) study using nine synthetic derivatives of aristolactam identified the differing effects of residue substitutions on the inhibition of HIV-1 infection and cell viability. Among the compounds tested, 1,2,8,9-tetramethoxy-5-(2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethyl)-dibenzo[cd,f]indol-4(5H)-one (Compound 2) exhibited the most potent activity by inhibiting HIV-1 infection with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 1.03 μmol/L and a half-maximal cytotoxic concentration (CC50) of 16.91 μmol/L (selectivity index, 16.45). The inhibitory effect of the compounds on HIV-1 infection was linked to inhibition of the viral replication cycle. Mode-of-action studies showed that the aristolactam derivatives did not affect reverse transcription or integration; instead, they specifically inhibited Tat-mediated viral transcription. Taken together, these findings show that several aristolactam derivatives impaired HIV-1 infection by inhibiting the activity of Tat-mediated viral transcription, and suggest that these derivatives could be antiviral drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- YoungHyun Shin
- Division of Viral Disease Research, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Min Park
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Gi Kim
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Eun Kim
- Division of Viral Disease Research, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Suk Choi
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Ah Kim
- Division of Viral Disease Research, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Sun Choi
- Division of Viral Disease Research, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Hee Yoon
- Division of Viral Disease Research, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk, 28159, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Albano G, Giuntini S, Aronica LA. Synthesis of 3-Alkylideneisoindolin-1-ones via Sonogashira Cyclocarbonylative Reactions of 2-Ethynylbenzamides. J Org Chem 2020; 85:10022-10034. [PMID: 32615762 PMCID: PMC8154568 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cyclocarbonylative Sonogashira reactions of ortho-ethynylbenzamides have been investigated. The process is carried out under CO pressure, in the presence of a very small amount of PdCl2(PPh3)2 (0.4 mol %) as a catalytic precursor and without the need for a Cu salt as the co-catalyst. 2-Ethynylbenzamide reacted successfully with iodoarenes bearing electron-withdrawing and electron-donating groups, giving rise to different classes of compounds depending on the solvent used. On the contrary, N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-ethynylbenzamide afforded exclusively polyfunctionalized isoindolinones with high stereoselectivity toward (E) isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluigi Albano
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Giuntini
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Ugo Schiff", Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Centro di Risonanze Magnetiche (CERM), Università degli Studi di Firenze and Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP), Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Laura Antonella Aronica
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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7
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Mehta S, Brahmchari D. Phosphazene Superbase-Mediated Regio- and Stereoselective Iodoaminocyclization of 2-(1-Alkynyl)benzamides for the Synthesis of Isoindolin-1-ones. J Org Chem 2019; 84:5492-5503. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Mehta
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Dhirendra Brahmchari
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, 110042, India
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8
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Jung YW, Lee BM, Ha MT, Tran MH, Kim JA, Lee S, Lee JH, Woo MH, Min BS. Lignans from Saururus chinensis exhibit anti-inflammatory activity by influencing the Nrf2/HO-1 activation pathway. Arch Pharm Res 2019; 42:332-343. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-018-1093-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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9
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Youn SW, Ko TY, Kim YH, Kim YA. Pd(II)/Cu(II)-Catalyzed Regio- and Stereoselective Synthesis of (E)-3-Arylmethyleneisoindolin-1-ones Using Air as the Terminal Oxidant. Org Lett 2018; 20:7869-7874. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b03409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- So Won Youn
- Center for New Directions in Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Tae Yun Ko
- Center for New Directions in Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Young Ho Kim
- Center for New Directions in Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Yun Ah Kim
- Center for New Directions in Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
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10
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Chen H, Liu J, Cui M, Chen J, Li X, Chen Y. Simultaneous determination of four amides in Saururus chinensis by matrix solid phase dispersion and high-performance liquid chromatography method. J Food Drug Anal 2018; 26:362-368. [PMID: 29389575 PMCID: PMC9332678 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A rapid and simple analytical method was established for the determination of four amides (N-p-trans-coumaroyltyramine, aristolactam AII, sauristolactam and aristolactam BII) in Saururus chinensis by matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD) and high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). In the optimized MSPD, 0.2 g S. chinensis powder was blended with 0.4 g silica gel, and 5 mL methanol was selected as elution solvent. The MSPD extraction achieved higher extraction recovery of four amides, and required less sample, solvent and preparation time, comparing with the conventional methods (Soxhlet and ultrasonic extraction). The assay was performed on a TSK gel ODS-100Z column (4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5 μm) at 30 °C. Acetonitrile and 0.4% acetic acid aqueous solution was used as mobile phase by gradient elution at the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The detection wavelength was 280 nm. All the analytes showed good linear regression (R2 ≥ 0.9998) within the concentration ranges. The validated method showed good precision and stability with relative standard deviations (RSDs) ≤ 3.18%. The recoveries were in the range of 96.57–99.65%, with RSDs less than 2.74%.
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11
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Reddy MC, Jeganmohan M. Total synthesis of aristolactam alkaloids via synergistic C-H bond activation and dehydro-Diels-Alder reactions. Chem Sci 2017; 8:4130-4135. [PMID: 30155216 PMCID: PMC6100235 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc00161d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A concise total synthesis of aristolactam alkaloids by a synergistic combination of C–H bond activation and dehydro-Diels–Alder reactions is described.
A concise total synthesis of aristolactam alkaloids by a synergistic combination of C–H bond activation and dehydro-Diels–Alder reactions is described. To achieve the synthesis two new synthetic methodologies, namely the oxidative cyclization of benzamides with vinyl sulfone leading to 3-methyleneisoindolin-1-ones via a ruthenium-catalyzed C–H bond activation, and a dehydro-Diels–Alder reaction followed by the fluoride ion mediated desulfonylation of 3-methyleneisoindolin-1-ones with benzynes, were developed. The method presented allows the opportunity for the construction of all the rings of aristolactams from easily available starting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallu Chenna Reddy
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research , Pune 411021 , India .
| | - Masilamani Jeganmohan
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research , Pune 411021 , India . .,Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Madras , Chennai 600036 , Tamil Nadu , India .
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Alaklabi A, Arif IA, Ahamed A, Surendra Kumar R, Idhayadhulla A. Evaluation of antioxidant and anticancer activities of chemical constituents of the Saururus chinensis root extracts. Saudi J Biol Sci 2017; 25:1387-1392. [PMID: 30505186 PMCID: PMC6252013 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of antioxidant and anticancer activities were screened by various Saururus chinensis root extracts. Four solvents (ethyl acetate, methanol, ethanol, and water) extracts were investigated for their total flavonoids, phenol contents and their antioxidant activity of DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), NO (nitric oxide), H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide), ABTS 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonicacid)diammonium assays, FRAP (ferric reducing ability of plasma) assays and anticancer activity. The total phenolic and flavonoid content of extracts were determined by using FC (Folin–Ciocalteu) and AlCl3 colorimetric assay method. Total flavonoid content in these plants ranged from 24.7 to 72.1 mg g−1 and amount of free phenolic compounds was between 11.2 and 67.1 mg g−1 extract. The all extracts have significant levels of phenolics and flavonoids content. Anticancer activity was screened for MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. Ethanol extract shows significant of antioxidant activity and water extract shows significant of anticancer activity compared with standard (BHT) butylated hydroxy toluene. These ethanol and water extracts could be considered as a natural source for using antioxidant, and anticancer agents compared to commercial available synthetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Alaklabi
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biological Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim A Arif
- Prince Sultan Research Chair for Environment and Wildlife, Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud University (KSU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anis Ahamed
- Prince Sultan Research Chair for Environment and Wildlife, Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud University (KSU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Radhakrishnan Surendra Kumar
- PG & Research Department of Chemistry, Nehru Memorial College, Puthanampatti 621007, Tiruchirappalli (Dt), Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Akbar Idhayadhulla
- PG & Research Department of Chemistry, Nehru Memorial College, Puthanampatti 621007, Tiruchirappalli (Dt), Tamil Nadu, India
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Gao X, He J, Wu XD, Peng LY, Shao LD, Li Y, Cheng X, Zhao QS. Sauruchinenols A and B, unprecedented monocyclic diterpenes with new carbon skeleton from the aerial parts of Saururus chinensis. Fitoterapia 2017; 116:116-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2016.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Lee JH, Lee JJ, Cho WK, Yim NH, Kim HK, Yun B, Ma JY. KBH-1, an herbal composition, improves hepatic steatosis and leptin resistance in high-fat diet-induced obese rats. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 16:355. [PMID: 27618865 PMCID: PMC5020448 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1265-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background KBH-1 is an herbal mixture of Saururus chinensis, Curcuma longa and Polygala tenuifolia. Each herb has been reported to have various pharmaceutical activities; however, the synergistic effect of this herbal composition on obesity has not yet been determined. We investigated the alleviation effect of KBH-1 and its possible molecular mechanism in obesity-induced hepatic steatosis and leptin resistance in the hypothalamus. Methods We used HepG2 cells, primary neuronal cells and a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity rat model to determine the effect of KBH-1 in vitro and in vivo on hepatic steatosis and leptin resistance accompanied by obesity. To identify the alleviation effect on lipid accumulation, HepG2 cells stimulated by FFA were stained with Oil Red O; in addition, immunoblotting and qPCR were performed to determine the effect of KBH-1 on the activation of proteins and nuclear enzymes in HepG2 cells and the steatotic liver of HFD-induced obesity rats. To examine the effect of KBH-1 on the leptin resistance of the hypothalamus and its possible molecular mechanism, we examined the effect of KBH-1 on the activation of the leptin resistance-related protein in primary cultured cortical neuron cells and the hypothalamus of an HFD-induced obesity rat model. In addition, we used HPLC analysis to identify the standard compound of KBH-1. Results KBH-1 not only suppressed the lipid deposition in HepG2 cells exposed to free fatty acids (FFA) but also significantly down-regulated major factors in lipogenesis and up-regulated major factors in lipolysis. Similarly, in a HFD-induced obesity model, KBH-1 improved hepatic steatosis by alleviating the effects on lipogenic genes and kinases. In addition, KBH-1 significantly improved the leptin-mediated signals impaired by obesity or FFA in the obesity model and primary cultured cortical neuron cells. In addition, KBH-1 was analyzed to include six standard compounds using HPLC analysis, among these compounds, onji-saponin B and curcumin were potently suppressed the level of triglycerides. Conclusions KBH-1 exhibits alleviating effects by improving hepatic steatosis and leptin resistance by up-regulating the activation of AMPK and suppressing the expression of PPARγ. These findings show the potential of KBH-1 as a functional food supplement or preventive agent in the treatment of obesity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12906-016-1265-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Mead B, Morgan H, Mann-Knowlton A, Tedeschi L, Sloan C, Lang S, Hines C, Gragg M, Stofer J, Riemann K, Derr T, Heller E, Collins D, Landis P, Linna N, Jones D. Reveromycin A-Induced Apoptosis in Osteoclasts Is Not Accompanied by Necrosis. J Cell Biochem 2015; 116:1646-57. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Mead
- Division of Natural Sciences; Department of Biology; Indiana Wesleyan University; South Washington Street Marion Indiana
| | - Heather Morgan
- Division of Natural Sciences; Department of Biology; Indiana Wesleyan University; South Washington Street Marion Indiana
| | - Alyssa Mann-Knowlton
- Division of Natural Sciences; Department of Biology; Indiana Wesleyan University; South Washington Street Marion Indiana
| | - Laura Tedeschi
- Division of Natural Sciences; Department of Biology; Indiana Wesleyan University; South Washington Street Marion Indiana
| | - Chris Sloan
- Division of Natural Sciences; Department of Biology; Indiana Wesleyan University; South Washington Street Marion Indiana
| | - Spenser Lang
- Division of Natural Sciences; Department of Biology; Indiana Wesleyan University; South Washington Street Marion Indiana
| | - Cory Hines
- Division of Natural Sciences; Department of Biology; Indiana Wesleyan University; South Washington Street Marion Indiana
| | - Megan Gragg
- Division of Natural Sciences; Department of Biology; Indiana Wesleyan University; South Washington Street Marion Indiana
| | - Jonathan Stofer
- Division of Natural Sciences; Department of Biology; Indiana Wesleyan University; South Washington Street Marion Indiana
| | - Kaitlin Riemann
- Division of Natural Sciences; Department of Biology; Indiana Wesleyan University; South Washington Street Marion Indiana
| | - Tyler Derr
- Division of Natural Sciences; Department of Biology; Indiana Wesleyan University; South Washington Street Marion Indiana
| | - Emily Heller
- Division of Natural Sciences; Department of Biology; Indiana Wesleyan University; South Washington Street Marion Indiana
| | - David Collins
- Division of Natural Sciences; Department of Biology; Indiana Wesleyan University; South Washington Street Marion Indiana
| | - Paul Landis
- Division of Natural Sciences; Department of Biology; Indiana Wesleyan University; South Washington Street Marion Indiana
| | - Nathan Linna
- Division of Natural Sciences; Department of Biology; Indiana Wesleyan University; South Washington Street Marion Indiana
| | - Daniel Jones
- Division of Natural Sciences; Department of Biology; Indiana Wesleyan University; South Washington Street Marion Indiana
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Li N, Tuo ZD, Qi SZ, Xing SS, Lee HS, Chen JG, Cui L. Two new lignans from Saururus chinensis and their DGAT inhibitory activity. Fitoterapia 2015; 101:46-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2014.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Speck K, Magauer T. The chemistry of isoindole natural products. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:2048-78. [PMID: 24204418 PMCID: PMC3817534 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review highlights the chemical and biological aspects of natural products containing an oxidized or reduced isoindole skeleton. This motif is found in its intact or modified form in indolocarbazoles, macrocyclic polyketides (cytochalasan alkaloids), the aporhoeadane alkaloids, meroterpenoids from Stachybotrys species and anthraquinone-type alkaloids. Concerning their biological activity, molecular structure and synthesis, we have limited this review to the most inspiring examples. Within different congeners, we have selected a few members and discussed the synthetic routes in more detail. The putative biosynthetic pathways of the presented isoindole alkaloids are described as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Speck
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5–13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Thomas Magauer
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5–13, 81377 München, Germany
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Lim CJ, Cuong TD, Hung TM, Ryoo SW, Lee JH, Kim EH, Woo MH, Choi JS, Min BS. Arginase II Inhibitory Activity of Phenolic Compounds from Saururus chinensis. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2012. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2012.33.9.3079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Chanakul W, Tuchinda P, Anantachoke N, Pohmakotr M, Piyachaturawat P, Jariyawat S, Suksen K, Jaipetch T, Nuntasaen N, Reutrakul V. Cytotoxic alkaloids from stems, leaves and twigs of Dasymaschalon blumei. Fitoterapia 2011; 82:964-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2011.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Chin YW, Cai XF, Ahn KS, Lee HK, Oh SR. Cytotoxic Sesquilignans from the Roots of Saururus chinensis. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2010. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2010.31.7.2088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Simultaneous determination of eleven bioactive compounds in Saururus chinensis from different harvesting seasons by HPLC-DAD. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 51:1142-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Revised: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 11/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Yoon JS, Yang H, Kim SH, Sung SH, Kim YC. Limonoids from Dictamnus dasycarpus protect against glutamate-induced toxicity in primary cultured rat cortical cells. J Mol Neurosci 2010; 42:9-16. [PMID: 20155333 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-010-9333-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In our previous report, four limonoids, obacunone, limonin, fraxinellone, and calodendrolide, isolated from Dictamnus dasycarpus showed significant neuroprotective activity against glutamate toxicity in primary cultured rat cortical cells. This study investigated neuroprotective mechanism of these compounds using the same in vitro culture system. These four compounds showed significant neuroprotective activity at the concentration of 0.1 muM. They effectively inhibited calcium influx and overproduction of cellular nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species accompanied by glutamate-induced neurotoxicity. In addition, these compounds significantly preserved mitochondrial membrane potential and activities of antioxidative enzymes. Our results showed that obacunone, limonin, fraxinellone, and calodendrolide significantly protect primary culture cortical cells against glutamate-induced toxicity by preserving the antioxidant defense system. These compounds might offer potential drug development candidate for various neurodegenerative diseases involved with glutamate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Seon Yoon
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Sillim-Dong, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
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Kim MH, Ryu SY, Choi JS, Min YK, Kim SH. Saurolactam inhibits osteoclast differentiation and stimulates apoptosis of mature osteoclasts. J Cell Physiol 2009; 221:618-28. [PMID: 19653230 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL) plays a critical role in the differentiation and bone resorptive activity of osteoclasts. Recently, the development of anti-resorptive agents from natural substances has become a subject of interest. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of 222 natural compounds on the RANKL-induced tartrate-resistance acid phosphatase (TRAP; a marker for osteoclast differentiation) activity and multinucleated osteoclast formation in RAW264.7 murine macrophage cells. We found that saurolactam was one of the compounds inhibiting the RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis; it significantly inhibited the RANKL-induced TRAP activity and formation of multinucleated osteoclasts without any cytotoxicity. Interestingly, saurolactam prevented RANKL-induced activation of MAP kinases and NF-kappaB, and mRNA expression of osteoclast-related genes and transcription factors (c-Fos, Fra-2, and NFATc1). We also observed the inhibitory effect of saurolactam on the differentiation of mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages into osteoclasts. Furthermore, saurolactam inhibited the bone resorptive activity of mature osteoclasts with the induction of apoptotic signaling cascade and the inhibition of survival signaling pathways such as c-Src/PI3K/Akt, Ras/ERK, and JNK/c-Jun. In conclusion, although further studies are needed to determine the precise mechanism and biological efficacy of saurolactam in osteoclast-mediated bone disorders, our results demonstrate that saurolactam potentially inhibits osteoclast differentiation by preventing the activation of MAP kinases and transcription factors that consequently affect the regulation of genes required for osteoclastogenesis, and the bone resorptive activity of mature osteoclasts by inhibiting osteoclast survival-related signaling pathways and triggering the apoptotic signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung Hee Kim
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
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Choi YL, Kim JK, Choi SU, Min YK, Bae MA, Kim BT, Heo JN. Synthesis of aristolactam analogues and evaluation of their antitumor activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:3036-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Revised: 04/03/2009] [Accepted: 04/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Ma CJ, Kim SH, Lee KY, Oh T, Kim SY, Sung SH, Kim YC. ESP-102, a combined extract ofAngelica gigas,Saururus chinensisandSchizandra chinensis, protects against glutamate-induced toxicity in primary cultures of rat cortical cells. Phytother Res 2009; 23:1587-91. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Ryu SY, Oh KS, Kim YS, Lee BH. Antihypertensive, vasorelaxant and inotropic effects of an ethanolic extract of the roots of Saururus chinensis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 118:284-289. [PMID: 18495395 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2008] [Revised: 03/10/2008] [Accepted: 04/09/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY The present study was performed to evaluate the cardiovascular effects of ethanolic extract of the roots of Saururus chinensis (EERSC) in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effects of EERSC on the vascular responses of isolated rat aorta, the cardiac functions in isolated rat heart, and the antihypertensive effects in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) were evaluated. RESULTS In isolated rat aortic preparations, EERSC exhibited a potent vasorelaxant effect with EC(50) value of 9.1 microg/ml. This relaxation was significantly inhibited by denudation of endothelial layer or by pretreatment with N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester. In addition, the raising extracellular K(+) (45 mM), or pretreatment with tetraethylammonium (10 mM) significantly inhibited EERSC-induced vasorelaxation in endothelium-denuded aortic rings. In isolated rat hearts, EERSC significantly reduced cardiac functions such as left ventricle pressure and heart rate. In an antihypertensive study with SHRs, long-term oral administrations of EERSC decreased blood pressure of SHRs (approximately 20 mmHg). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that chronic treatment with EERSC exerts an antihypertensive effect in SHRs, and its direct vasorelaxant properties and negative inotropic actions may contribute to reduce the elevated blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Yong Ryu
- Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 100 Jangdong, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-343, Republic of Korea
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Kim JK, Kim YH, Nam HT, Kim BT, Heo JN. Total synthesis of aristolactams via a one-pot suzuki-miyaura coupling/aldol condensation cascade reaction. Org Lett 2008; 10:3543-6. [PMID: 18642834 DOI: 10.1021/ol801291k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A direct one-pot synthesis of phenanthrene lactams, which employs a Suzuki-Miyaura coupling/aldol condensation cascade reaction of isoindolin-1-one with 2-formylphenylboronic acid, has been developed. The approach is used to efficiently produce a number of natural aristolactams, such as aristolactam BII (cepharanone B), aristolactam BIII, aristolactam FI (piperolactam A), N-methyl piperolactam A, and sauristolactam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joa Kyum Kim
- Center for Medicinal Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 100 Jang-dong, Daejeon 305-600, Korea
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Koo KA, Lee MK, Kim SH, Jeong EJ, Kim SY, Oh TH, Kim YC. Pinusolide and 15-methoxypinusolidic acid attenuate the neurotoxic effect of staurosporine in primary cultures of rat cortical cells. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 150:65-71. [PMID: 17143305 PMCID: PMC2013848 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2006] [Revised: 08/24/2006] [Accepted: 09/20/2006] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Apoptosis is a fundamental process required for neuronal development but also occurs in most of the common neurodegenerative disorders. In an attempt to obtain an anti-apoptotic neuroprotective compound from natural products, we isolated the diterpenoids, pinusolide and 15-MPA, from B. orientalis and investigated their neuroprotective activity against staurosporine (STS) -induced neuronal apoptosis. In addition, we determined the anti-apoptotic mechanism of these compounds in rat cortical cells. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Primary cultures of rat cortical cells injured by STS were used as an in vitro assay system. Cells were pretreated with pinusolide or 15-MPA before exposure to STS. Anti-apoptotic activities were evaluated by the measurement of cytoplasmic condensation and nuclear fragmentation. The levels of cellular peroxide, malondialdehyde (MDA) and [Ca(2+)]i, as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and caspase-3/7, were measured. KEY RESULTS Pinusolide and 15-MPA, at a concentration of 5.0 ìM, reduced the condensed nuclei and rise in [Ca(2+)]i that accompanies apoptosis induced by 100 nM STS. Pinusolide and 15-MPA also protected the cellular activity of SOD, an antioxidative enzyme reduced by STS insult. Furthermore, the overproduction of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation induced by STS was significantly reduced in pinusolide and 15-MPA treated cells. In addition, pinusolide and 15-MPA inhibited STS-induced caspase-3/7 activation. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These results show that pinusolide and 15-MPA protect neuronal cells from STS-induced apoptosis, probably by preventing the increase in [Ca(2+)]i and cellular oxidation caused by STS, and indicate that they could be used to treat neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Koo
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Shillim-Dong, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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Ma CJ, Lee MK, Kim YC. meso-Dihydroguaiaretic acid attenuates the neurotoxic effect of staurosporine in primary rat cortical cultures. Neuropharmacology 2006; 50:733-40. [PMID: 16427665 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2005.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2005] [Revised: 11/25/2005] [Accepted: 11/29/2005] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The effect of meso-dihydroguaiaretic acid (MDGA) on the staurosporine-induced neuronal apoptosis and its potential mechanism were investigated using primary cultures of rat cortical cells as an assay system. Treatment of MDGA at the concentrations of 0.1, 1.0 and 10 microM significantly protected neuronal cells against Staurosporine-induced apoptosis. The neuroprotective activity of MDGA was the most potent at the concentration of 1.0 microM and was not increased at higher concentration. MDGA reduced apoptotic characteristics induced by STS; MDGA reduced the condensed nuclei in staurosporine-injured rat cortical cells. MDGA diminished the calcium influx that accompanies the staurosporine-induced apoptosis, and inhibited the subsequent overproduction of reactive oxygen species and peroxide to the level of control cells. It also preserved cellular activity of superoxide dismutase, an antioxidative enzyme reduced by staurosporine insult. In addition, MDGA significantly inhibited caspase-3/7 activation and cytochrome c release. Taken together, these results suggested that MDGA protected neuronal cells against staurosporine-induced apoptosis through the inhibition of Ca(2+) influx, cellular oxidation, cytochrome c release and caspase-3/7 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choong Je Ma
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Seoul National University, San56-1, Sillim-Dong, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
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Ma CJ, Kim SR, Kim J, Kim YC. Meso-dihydroguaiaretic acid and licarin A of Machilus thunbergii protect against glutamate-induced toxicity in primary cultures of a rat cortical cells. Br J Pharmacol 2006; 146:752-9. [PMID: 16151440 PMCID: PMC1751201 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
1 We previously reported that four lignans isolated from the bark of Machilus thunbergii Sieb. et Zucc. (Lauraceae) protected primary cultures of rat cortical neurons from neurotoxicity induced by glutamate. 2 Among the lignans, meso-dihydroguaiarectic acid (MDGA) and licarin A significantly attenuated glutamate-induced neurotoxicity when added prior to or right after the excitotoxic glutamate challenge. 3 The neuroprotective activities of two lignans appeared to be more effective in protecting neurons against neurotoxicity induced by NMDA than that induced by kainic acid. 4 MDGA and licarin A diminished the calcium influx that routinely accompanies with the glutamate-induced neurotoxicity, and inhibited the subsequent overproduction of cellular nitric oxide and peroxide to the level of control cells. They also preserved cellular activities of antioxidative enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase reduced in the glutamate-injured neuronal cells. 5 Thus, our results suggest that MDGA and licarin A significantly protect primary cultured neuronal cells against glutamate-induced oxidative stress, via antioxidative activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choong Je Ma
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Seoul National University, San56-1, Shillim-Dong, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - So Ra Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Seoul National University, San56-1, Shillim-Dong, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwoong Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Seoul National University, San56-1, Shillim-Dong, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Choong Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Seoul National University, San56-1, Shillim-Dong, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
- Author for correspondence:
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Kang SY, Lee KY, Koo KA, Yoon JS, Lim SW, Kim YC, Sung SH. ESP-102, a standardized combined extract of Angelica gigas, Saururus chinensis and Schizandra chinensis, significantly improved scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice. Life Sci 2005; 76:1691-705. [PMID: 15698848 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2004.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2004] [Accepted: 07/22/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the effects of oral treatments of ESP-102, a standardized combined extract of Angelica gigas, Saururus chinensis and Schizandra chinensis, on learning and memory deficit. The cognition-enhancing effect of ESP-102 was investigated in scopolamine-induced (1 mg/kg body weight, s.c.) amnesic mice with both passive avoidance and Morris water maze performance tests. Acute oral treatment (single administration prior to scopolamine treatment) of mice with ESP-102 (doses in the range of 10 to 100 mg/kg body weight) significantly reduced scopolamine-induced memory deficits in the passive avoidance performance test. Another noteworthy result included the fact that prolonged oral daily treatments of mice with much lower amounts of ESP-102 (1 and 10 mg/kg body weight) for ten days reversed scopolamine-induced memory deficits. In the Morris water maze performance test, both acute and prolonged oral treatments with ESP-102 (single administration of 100 mg/kg body weight or prolonged daily administration of 1 and 10 mg/kg body weight for ten days, respectively, significantly ameliorated scopolamine-induced memory deficits as indicated by the formation of long-term and/or short-term spatial memory. In addition, we investigated the effects of ESP-102 on neurotoxicity induced by amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta25-35) or glutamate in primary cultured cortical neurons of rats. Pretreatment of cultures with ESP-102 (0.001, 0.01 and 0.1 mug/ml) significantly protected neurons from neurotoxicity induced by either glutamate or Abeta25-35. These results suggest that ESP-102 may have some protective characteristics against neuronal cell death and cognitive impairments often observed in Alzheimer's disease, stroke, ischemic injury and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Young Kang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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