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Jurić P, Dudley DA, Petocz P. Does incorporating high intensity interval training in physical education classes improve fitness outcomes of students? A cluster randomized controlled trial. Prev Med Rep 2023; 32:102127. [PMID: 36816767 PMCID: PMC9932703 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2023.102127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of a high intensity interval training (HIIT) intervention lasting 12 weeks on fitness (cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength, muscular endurance, power, speed, flexibility, and balance) and adiposity of 10- to 15-year-old students implemented during their physical education (PE). The focus of this study was to compare two approaches to increasing fitness level among school-aged children, one approach focusing on regular PE sessions in accordance with the curriculum and another one on regular PE classes augmented by HIIT. A cluster-randomized controlled trial was conducted (February-May 2022, Zagreb, Croatia). The total number of students across both groups was 207. General linear models were used to compare fitness and adiposity changes in both groups based on Eurofit test battery. A significant effect of the HIIT intervention was present for the 20-meter shuttle run test (p = 0.001; d = 0.31). The effect of the intervention compared to the control was estimated as an additional 181.2 m, 95 %CI (70.4 to 292.0). An additional intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis showed that the effect of the HIIT intervention on 20-meter shuttle run test remained statistically significant (p = 0.011), though the magnitude of the estimated effect was reduced from 181.2 m; SE = 55.4 to 119.6 m; SE = 46.4. Whilst it appears HIIT had the opposite of the expected effect on body fat percentiles, the effect on body composition was inconsistent. The intervention is registered at the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) [ACTRN12622000209796].
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Jurić
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Horvaćanski zavoj 15, Zagreb 10000, Croatia,Macquarie School of Education, Macquarie University, Balaclava Rd., Macquarie Park New South Wales 2109, Australia,Corresponding author at: Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Horvaćanski zavoj 15, Zagreb 10000, Croatia.
| | - Dean A. Dudley
- Macquarie School of Education, Macquarie University, Balaclava Rd., Macquarie Park New South Wales 2109, Australia,School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Peter Petocz
- Macquarie School of Education, Macquarie University, Balaclava Rd., Macquarie Park New South Wales 2109, Australia
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2
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Liu B, Liu X, Wang Q, Yan W, Hao M. Nutritional status, food consumption, lifestyle, and physical fitness in rural and urban elementary school children in Northeast China. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1044877. [PMID: 36407515 PMCID: PMC9667101 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1044877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood obesity is observed not only in developed countries but also in some developing countries in Asia, where low physical activity and poor physical fitness have been reported. The primary goal of weight loss is to reduce body fat mass, thereby reducing the risk of metabolic syndrome. Unfortunately, a concomitant decrease in lean mass, including muscle mass, is often observed when weight is lost. This study aimed to clarify the nutritional status and physical fitness of local elementary school children and to investigate the factors associated with nutritional status. This study evaluated measures that can reduce the tendency toward obesity and recommends exercise that can reduce weight while maintaining or increasing muscle strength. A total of 911 elementary school children were recruited for this study. All the participants completed anthropometric measurements, dietary surveys, and physical fitness tests. Compared with the Chinese obesity criteria, the proportions of obese and overweight subjects were generally high [22 (rural girls) to 47% (urban boys)], and urban children had a higher obesity rate than rural children. Overall, rural children had better physical fitness test results than urban children did. Skipping rope was correlated with muscle mass. Exercise time (β = −0.31, p < 0.01), skipping rope (β = −0.25, p < 0.01), screen time (β= 0.23, p < 0.01); sit-ups (β = −0.20, p < 0.01); 400-m run (β = −0.19, p < 0.01); urban or rural area (β = 0.18, p < 0.01); oil intake (β = 0.15, p < 0.01), family income (β = 0.11, p < 0.05); and sex (β = −0.10, p < 0.05) were significant predictive factors for overweight and obesity, respectively. The diet of schoolchildren can be improved by reducing the intake of grain and edible oils. Physical fitness of schoolchildren can be improved by increasing exercise time and selecting exercises with higher metabolic equivalents. Rope skipping appears to be the best option because it can ameliorate obesity by increasing muscle strength. The results of this study can provide a reference for the development of obesity intervention methods for children in China and worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bang Liu
- School of Public Health and Health Management, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Xuesheng Liu
- Liaoning Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Institute for the Prevention and Control of Infectious and Communicable Diseases, Shenyang, China
| | - Qi Wang
- School of Public Health and Health Management, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Wenjing Yan
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China,*Correspondence: Wenjing Yan
| | - Ming Hao
- School of Public Health and Health Management, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China,Ming Hao
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3
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Tong Z, Kong Z, Jia X, Zhang H, Zhang Y. Multiscale Impact of Environmental and Socio-Economic Factors on Low Physical Fitness among Chinese Adolescents and Regionalized Coping Strategies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192013504. [PMID: 36294085 PMCID: PMC9602530 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
As low physical fitness in adolescents increases their risk of all-cause mortality in future adulthood as well as regional public health budgets, many scholars have studied the factors influencing physical fitness in adolescents. However, the spatial non-stationarity and scale between physical fitness and influencing factors in adolescents are often neglected. To rectify this situation, this study constructed a multi-scale geographically weighted regression model based on data from the China National Student Fitness Survey and the China Statistical Yearbook in 2018 to investigate the spatial patterns of factors influencing low physical fitness among adolescents. The results showed that the influencing factors for measuring the physical fitness of Chinese adolescents had significant spatial heterogeneity and multi-scale effects. The local R2 values were relatively low in the western region of China. Consideration should be given to increasing the lifestyle and ethnic and cultural characteristics of local residents when selecting influencing factors in the future. The physical fitness of men was mainly influenced by socio-economic factors, while that of women was influenced by natural environmental factors. According to the different spatial distribution patterns of MGWR, this study suggests that each region should develop regionalized strategies to cope with the low physical fitness of adolescents, including taking advantage of the natural environment to develop physical fitness promotion projects, accelerating the upgrading of industrial structures in the north-eastern and western regions, and the need to remain cautious of rapid urbanization in the east.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Tong
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Physical Fitness, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhenxing Kong
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Physical Fitness, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Physical Fitness, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hanyue Zhang
- Institute of Physical Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yimin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Physical Fitness, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
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4
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Lisowski P, Kantanista A, Bronikowski M. Moderate Effects of School-Based Time Increasing Physical Education Intervention on Physical Fitness and Activity of 7-Year Pupils—A Report from a Follow-Up of a HCSC Study. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9060882. [PMID: 35740818 PMCID: PMC9221894 DOI: 10.3390/children9060882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the effectiveness of a 15-week intervention that increased from three to five lessons of physical education (PE) a week on 7-year-old boys’ and girls’ physical fitness (PF), physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviour on week and weekend days. A total of 212 first grade pupils (mean age 6.95 ± 0.43) from two urban schools in Poznań were randomly assigned to the experimental or control groups. The PF was measured with a battery of field tests, while health-related behaviours were assessed with the Healthy Children in Sound Communities questionnaire. There were some interaction effects noticed in the PF scores in the case of a 20-min run for boys (F2,196 = 5.29, p = 0.0058) and for girls (F2,220 = 3.31, p = 0.0382) and the sit-ups test for boys (F2,196 = 1.93, p = 0.1478) and for girls (F2,220 = 3.98, p = 0.0201) and for the sit and reach test in the case of girls (F2,220 = 3.98, p = 0.0201). In terms of outdoor PA levels, there were no major differences between any of the examined groups. Differences were found between girls from the experimental and control groups in the post-test (p = 0.0107) and follow-up (p = 0.0390) during the weekdays, with no differences between the groups of boys. Despite the moderate effects of the extended PE time programme right after the intervention, there were some indications of progress in the follow-up experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Lisowski
- Department of School Practice, Poznań University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Adam Kantanista
- Department of Physical Education and Lifelong Sports, Poznań University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Michał Bronikowski
- Department of Didactics of Physical Activity, Poznań University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland;
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5
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Đurić S, Sember V, Starc G, Sorić M, Kovač M, Jurak G. Secular trends in muscular fitness from 1983 to 2014 among Slovenian children and adolescents. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 31:1853-1861. [PMID: 33910265 PMCID: PMC8453876 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Low physical fitness has been found to be associated with many chronic diseases and medical conditions. Knowledge of secular trends in physical fitness is important to initiate countermeasures for addressing negative trends. The aim of this study was to analyze secular trends in health-related muscular fitness in Slovenian children and adolescents between 1983 and 2014. Data were collected as part of "The Analysis of Children's Development in Slovenia (ACDSi)" study in 1983, 1993/94, 2003/04, and 2013/14. Anthropometry (body weight, height, BMI, and triceps skinfold) and muscular fitness (standing long jump, bent-arm hang, and sit-ups 60 s test) of 18730 (9168 female) students from primary and secondary schools were recorded. The secular trend was analyzed considering anthropometry. The results showed that anthropometric measures had an increasing trend and overall muscular fitness had a decreasing trend. Leg muscle power decreased over the decades in all age groups (relative difference between -1.5% and -2.6%), being more pronounced in boys. Arm muscle strength decreased in two younger age groups (range -21.1% to -42.7%, 6-10, and 11-14 years), but not in the oldest group (15-19 years), where the increase occurred in both genders (0.4% to 9.3%). In terms of decades, the largest negative changes (-30.1%) occurred from 1993/94 to 2003/04 and the smallest changes (-4.2%) from 2003/04 to 2013/14. The overall trend in repetitive core strength surprisingly increased (1.1% to 18.3%). There is a need to promote healthy lifestyles, raise parental awareness and use all government resources to redirect the negative trend in physical fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saša Đurić
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vedrana Sember
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Starc
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maroje Sorić
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marjeta Kovač
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Jurak
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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6
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Fühner T, Kliegl R, Arntz F, Kriemler S, Granacher U. An Update on Secular Trends in Physical Fitness of Children and Adolescents from 1972 to 2015: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2021; 51:303-320. [PMID: 33159655 PMCID: PMC7846517 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01373-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is evidence that physical fitness of children and adolescents (particularly cardiorespiratory endurance) has declined globally over the past decades. Ever since the first reports on negative trends in physical fitness, efforts have been undertaken by for instance the World Health Organization (WHO) to promote physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents. Therefore, it is timely to re-analyze the literature to examine whether previous reports on secular declines in physical fitness are still detectable or whether they need to be updated. OBJECTIVES The objective of this systematic review is to provide an 'update' on secular trends in selected components of physical fitness (i.e., cardiorespiratory endurance, relative muscle strength, proxies of muscle power, speed) in children and adolescents aged 6-18 years. DATA SOURCES A systematic computerized literature search was conducted in the electronic databases PubMed and Web of Science to locate studies that explicitly reported secular trends in physical fitness of children and adolescents. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Studies were included in this systematic review if they examined secular trends between at least two time points across a minimum of 5 years. In addition, they had to document secular trends in any measure of cardiorespiratory endurance, relative muscle strength, proxies of muscle power or speed in apparently healthy children and adolescents aged 6-18 years. STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS The included studies were coded for the following criteria: nation, physical fitness component (cardiorespiratory endurance, relative muscle strength, proxies of muscle power, speed), chronological age, sex (boys vs. girls), and year of assessment. Scores were standardized (i.e., converted to z scores) with sample-weighted means and standard deviations, pooled across sex and year of assessment within cells defined by study, test, and children's age. RESULTS The original search identified 524 hits. In the end, 22 studies met the inclusion criteria for review. The observation period was between 1972 and 2015. Fifteen of the 22 studies used tests for cardiorespiratory endurance, eight for relative muscle strength, eleven for proxies of muscle power, and eight for speed. Measures of cardiorespiratory endurance exhibited a large initial increase and an equally large subsequent decrease, but the decrease appears to have reached a floor for all children between 2010 and 2015. Measures of relative muscle strength showed a general trend towards a small increase. Measures of proxies of muscle power indicated an overall small negative quadratic trend. For measures of speed, a small-to-medium increase was observed in recent years. LIMITATIONS Biological maturity was not considered in the analysis because biological maturity was not reported in most included studies. CONCLUSIONS Negative secular trends were particularly found for cardiorespiratory endurance between 1986 and 2010-12, irrespective of sex. Relative muscle strength and speed showed small increases while proxies of muscle power declined. Although the negative trend in cardiorespiratory endurance appears to have reached a floor in recent years, because of its association with markers of health, we recommend further initiatives in PA and fitness promotion for children and adolescents. More specifically, public health efforts should focus on exercise that increases cardiorespiratory endurance to prevent adverse health effects (i.e., overweight and obesity) and muscle strength to lay a foundation for motor skill learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thea Fühner
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, Building 12, 14469, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Reinhold Kliegl
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, Building 12, 14469, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Fabian Arntz
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, Building 12, 14469, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Susi Kriemler
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Hirschengraben 84, 8001, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, Building 12, 14469, Potsdam, Germany.
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7
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Masanovic B, Gardasevic J, Marques A, Peralta M, Demetriou Y, Sturm DJ, Popovic S. Trends in Physical Fitness Among School-Aged Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:627529. [PMID: 33363072 PMCID: PMC7759499 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.627529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction and Objective: This systematic review aimed to analyse the international evolution of fitness with its distributional changes in the performance on tests of physical fitness among school-aged children and adolescents. Methods: In accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, the search was undertaken in four international databases (ERIC, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) to identify the studies reporting temporal trends in the physical fitness among school-aged children and adolescents. Results: A total of 485 potential articles were identified, of which 19 articles were relevant for the qualitative synthesis; 1,746,023 children and adolescents from 14 countries (China, Finland, Sweden, Belgium, New Zealand, Denmark, Spain, Norway, Mozambique, Poland, USA, Lithuania, Portugal, Canada), for the period between 1969 and 2017 were included. The subjects were tested using 45 motor tests from eight battery tests. The quality of the study in eight articles was rated as strong, while in 11 articles it was rated as moderate. Discussion: The vast majority of studies show a constant decline in strength and endurance. Three Chinese studies show an increase in strength from 1985 to 1995 and then a decline until 2014. For endurance, similar patterns were found in the two most comprehensive Chinese studies. The decline in flexibility is also evident in European countries. For agility, speed, balance, and coordination, the trend differs among populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojan Masanovic
- Faculty for Sport and Physical Education, University of Montenegro, Niksic, Montenegro.,Montenegrosport, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Jovan Gardasevic
- Faculty for Sport and Physical Education, University of Montenegro, Niksic, Montenegro.,Montenegrin Sports Academy, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Adilson Marques
- Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Centro Interdisciplinar para o Estudo da Performance Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Miguel Peralta
- Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Centro Interdisciplinar para o Estudo da Performance Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Yolanda Demetriou
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - David Joseph Sturm
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stevo Popovic
- Faculty for Sport and Physical Education, University of Montenegro, Niksic, Montenegro.,Montenegrin Sports Academy, Podgorica, Montenegro
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8
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Gan X, Wen X, Lu Y, Yu K. Economic Growth and Cardiorespiratory Fitness of Children and Adolescents in Urban Areas: A Panel Data Analysis of 27 Provinces in China, 1985-2014. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E3772. [PMID: 31597246 PMCID: PMC6801901 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16193772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
With rapid economic development in China, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) of children and adolescents is on a decline. However, this appears to have slowed down, reaching stagnation in certain areas. However, it is unclear if the change in CRF is related to economic growth and development or not. This study describes trends in CRF of Chinese children and adolescents, and empirically tests the relationships between China's macro-economic developments and cardiorespiratory fitness of children and adolescents over the past 30 years using provincial panel data collected from one million samples. We used per capita disposable income as the economic indicator. CRF was assessed by using running tests: 50 m × 8 for boys and girls (7-12 years), 1000 m for boys (13-22 years), and 800 m for girls (13-22 years). The results show that economic growth has a U-shaped relationship with CRF of children and adolescents (both boys and girls). It appears that as incomes increased, CRF of urban male and female students in China gradually decreased to its lowest point, after which it showed an upward trend. From a horizontal perspective, it can be inferred that for low-developed provinces, increases in incomes cause a decrease in CRF levels. In contrast, for highly developed provinces, as incomes increase, CRF levels increase. This study provides the first empirical evidence of the relationship between macro-economy and CRF of youth, based on provincial panel data. The results presented here can be used to formulate health policies targeting the cardiorespiratory fitness of children and adolescents from middle-income provinces in China. This study also provides a reference for developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Gan
- Department of Sport Science, College of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China.
| | - Xu Wen
- Department of Sport Science, College of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China.
- Center for Sports Modernization and Development, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China.
| | - Yijuan Lu
- Department of Sport Science, College of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China.
| | - Kehong Yu
- Department of Sport Science, College of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China.
- Center for Sports Modernization and Development, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China.
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9
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Wyss T, Roos L, Studer F, Mäder U, Beuchat C, Staub K. Development of physical fitness performance in young Swiss men from 2006 to 2015. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2019; 29:586-596. [PMID: 30586205 PMCID: PMC6850616 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
From 1980 to 2000, physical fitness decreased and body mass index (BMI) increased in the population of many industrialized countries. Little is known about these trends after the year 2000. This study aimed to investigate physical fitness performance, physical activity (PA) behavior, and BMI of young, male Swiss adults between 2006 and 2015. For this purpose, results from the Swiss Armed Forces mandatory recruitment were used. A total of 306 746 male conscripts provided complete fitness test data, mean ± SD (range from 5th to 95th percentile): 20 ± 1 (18‐21) years, 178 ± 7 (168‐189) cm; 74 ± 13 (58‐97) kg, predicted maximal oxygen consumption of 49.9 ± 4.6 (41.8‐56.9) mL/kg/min (Conconi test), 125 ± 58 (43‐232) seconds in trunk muscle strength test (prone bridge), 2.31 ± 0.24 (1.90‐2.66) m in standing long jump, 6.46 ± 0.73 (5.30‐7.70) m in seated shot put (2 kg medical‐ball shot) and 45.6 ± 12.2 (29.9‐66.7) seconds in one‐leg standing test (sum of both legs; eyes closed after 10 seconds and head tilted back after 20 seconds). In the investigated population, 73.8% fulfilled basic PA recommendations, 46.2% were classified as regularly vigorously active. Performances in aerobic endurance and muscle power did not show secular changes over time. However, core stability performance and PA behavior increased, while balance ability decreased over this 10‐year period. Average BMI increased by 2.0% between 2006 and 2010 and did not change thereafter. Male Swiss adults are at least as physically fit as they were a decade ago. The secular trends of decreasing physical performances and increasing BMI have stopped, and self‐reported sport participation and leisure time PA have been increased in the observed population over the last 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wyss
- Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM, Magglingen, Switzerland
| | - Lilian Roos
- Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM, Magglingen, Switzerland
| | - Fabian Studer
- Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM, Magglingen, Switzerland
| | - Urs Mäder
- Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM, Magglingen, Switzerland
| | - Christiane Beuchat
- Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM, Magglingen, Switzerland
| | - Kaspar Staub
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine IEM, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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10
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Lang JJ, Tomkinson GR, Janssen I, Ruiz JR, Ortega FB, Léger L, Tremblay MS. Making a Case for Cardiorespiratory Fitness Surveillance Among Children and Youth. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2018; 46:66-75. [PMID: 29346159 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We review the evidence that supports cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) as an important indicator of current and future health among school-aged children and youth, independent of physical activity levels. We discuss the merit of CRF measurement for population health surveillance and propose the development of CRF guidelines to help support regional, national, and international surveillance efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J Lang
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity (HALO) Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Grant R Tomkinson
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity (HALO) Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Healthy Active Living and Obesity (HALO) Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ian Janssen
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity (HALO) Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonatan R Ruiz
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity (HALO) Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Healthy Active Living and Obesity (HALO) Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Francisco B Ortega
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity (HALO) Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Healthy Active Living and Obesity (HALO) Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luc Léger
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity (HALO) Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark S Tremblay
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity (HALO) Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Knapik JJ, Redmond JE, Grier TL, Sharp MA. Secular Trends in the Physical Fitness of United States Army Infantry Units and Infantry Soldiers, 1976–2015. Mil Med 2018; 183:e414-e426. [DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usx093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Knapik
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave, Natick, MA
- Henry M Jackson Foundation, 6720A Rockledge Dr, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jan E Redmond
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave, Natick, MA
| | - Tyson L Grier
- US Army Public Health Center, 5158 Blackhawk Rd, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD
| | - Marilyn A Sharp
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave, Natick, MA
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Knapik JJ, Sharp MA, Steelman RA. Secular Trends in the Physical Fitness of United States Army Recruits on Entry to Service, 1975-2013. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:2030-2052. [PMID: 28403029 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Knapik, JJ, Sharp, MA, and Steelman, RA. Secular trends in the physical fitness of United States Army recruits on entry to service, 1975-2013. J Strength Cond Res 31(7): 2030-2052, 2017-A systematic literature search was conducted to identify and analyze articles that reported on physical fitness of new US Army recruits. The National Library of Medicine's PubMed and the Defense Technical Information Center were searched using the keywords (military personnel OR trainee OR recruit OR soldier) AND (physical fitness OR strength OR endurance OR flexibility OR balance OR coordination OR muscle contraction OR running OR exercise OR physical conditioning). Reference lists of obtained articles and contact with authors enhanced the search. Studies were selected if they involved recruits in Basic Combat Training or One-Station Unit Training, provided a quantitative assessment of at least one fitness measure, and the fitness measure(s) were obtained early in training. Average values for each fitness measure were obtained, plotted by the year of data collection, and fitted to linear regression models (fitness measure × year). Fifty-three articles met the review criteria. Regression analysis indicated little temporal change in height, but body weight, body mass index, body fat, and fat-free mass increased over time. Limited V[Combining Dot Above]O2max data suggested no temporal change in male recruits, but those in female recruits V[Combining Dot Above]O2max seem to have slightly improved. Apparently contradicting the V[Combining Dot Above]O2max findings, performance on endurance runs (1- and 2-mile) declined, possibly because of the increase in body weight. Muscular endurance (push-ups, sit-ups) demonstrated little systematic change over time. Limited but multiple measures of muscular strength suggest a temporal increase in strength. Specific components of US Army recruit fitness seem to have changed over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Knapik
- 1US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts; 2US Army Public Health Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland; 3Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Belcamp, Maryland; and 4Defense Health Agency, Falls Church, Virginia
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Ramírez‐Vélez R, Palacios‐López A, Humberto Prieto‐Benavides D, Enrique Correa‐Bautista J, Izquierdo M, Alonso‐Martínez A, Lobelo F. Normative reference values for the 20 m shuttle-run test in a population-based sample of school-aged youth in Bogota, Colombia: the FUPRECOL study. Am J Hum Biol 2017; 29:e22902. [PMID: 27500986 PMCID: PMC5298048 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our aim was to determine the normative reference values of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and to establish the proportion of subjects with low CRF suggestive of future cardio-metabolic risk. METHODS A total of 7244 children and adolescents attending public schools in Bogota, Colombia (55.7% girls; age range of 9-17.9 years) participated in this study. We expressed CRF performance as the nearest stage (minute) completed and the estimated peak oxygen consumption (V˙O2peak ). Smoothed percentile curves were calculated. In addition, we present the prevalence of low CRF after applying a correction factor to account for the impact of Bogota's altitude (2625 m over sea level) on CRF assessment, and we calculated the number of participants who fell below health-related FITNESSGRAM cut-points for low CRF. RESULTS Shuttles and V˙O2peak were higher in boys than in girls in all age groups. In boys, there were higher levels of performance with increasing age, with most gains between the ages of 13 and 17. The proportion of subjects with a low CRF, suggestive of future cardio-metabolic risk (health risk FITNESSGRAM category) was 31.5% (28.2% for boys and 34.1% for girls; X2 P = .001). After applying a 1.11 altitude correction factor, the overall prevalence of low CRF was 11.5% (9.6% for boys and 13.1% for girls; X2 P = .001). CONCLUSIONS Our results provide sex- and age-specific normative reference standards for the 20 m shuttle-run test and estimated V˙O2peak values in a large, population-based sample of schoolchildren from a large Latin-American city at high altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robinson Ramírez‐Vélez
- Centro de Estudios en Medición de la Actividad Física (CEMA), Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del RosarioBogotáD.CColombia
| | - Adalberto Palacios‐López
- Centro de Estudios en Medición de la Actividad Física (CEMA), Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del RosarioBogotáD.CColombia
| | - Daniel Humberto Prieto‐Benavides
- Centro de Estudios en Medición de la Actividad Física (CEMA), Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del RosarioBogotáD.CColombia
| | - Jorge Enrique Correa‐Bautista
- Centro de Estudios en Medición de la Actividad Física (CEMA), Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del RosarioBogotáD.CColombia
| | - Mikel Izquierdo
- Grupo GICAEDS, Facultad de Cultura Física, Deporte y Recreación, Universidad Santo TomásBogotáD.CColombia
- Department of Health SciencesPublic University of NavarraNavarraSpain
| | | | - Felipe Lobelo
- Hubert Department of Global HealthRollins School of Public Health, Emory UniversityAtlantaGeorgia
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Secular trends in physical fitness and body size in Lithuanian children and adolescents between 1992 and 2012. J Epidemiol Community Health 2016; 71:181-187. [DOI: 10.1136/jech-2016-207307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Scudder MR, Drollette ES, Szabo-Reed AN, Lambourne K, Fenton CI, Donnelly JE, Hillman CH. Tracking the relationship between children's aerobic fitness and cognitive control. Health Psychol 2016; 35:967-78. [PMID: 27089460 DOI: 10.1037/hea0000343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate if changes in aerobic fitness over a 3-year period are associated with modulations in children's cognitive control. METHOD A sample of 2nd/3rd-grade children (N = 290) completed baseline measures in Fall of 2011, and again in Spring of 2014 at the end of 4th/5th grade. Children completed the Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run (PACER) test to measure aerobic capacity, a flanker task to evaluate inhibitory control, and an n-back task to assess working memory. Aerobic fitness was included as an independent variable in hierarchical regression analyses conducted at both time points, in addition to analyses examining changes in cognition over time. RESULTS At baseline, higher fit children exhibited shorter overall flanker reaction time (RT), as well as superior accuracy and d' scores (i.e., target discrimination) for both 1- and 2-back conditions. Approximately 3 years later, higher levels of fitness were associated with better performance for only the most difficult conditions of each task, including greater incongruent flanker accuracy and less interference during the compatible condition, as well as better accuracy and target discrimination for the 2-back condition of the n-back task. Importantly, increases in fitness were independently related to improvements in incongruent flanker accuracy and 2-back d' scores. CONCLUSIONS The current findings indicate that both higher aerobic fitness levels as well as increases in children's fitness are associated with better performance for task conditions eliciting greater cognitive demand. Such evidence is vital for implementing future health recommendations intended to foster improved cognitive performance in children. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Scudder
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Eric S Drollette
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Amanda N Szabo-Reed
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center
| | - Kate Lambourne
- Department of Health, Sport, and Exercise Sciences, University of Kansas
| | - Cameron I Fenton
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Joseph E Donnelly
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center
| | - Charles H Hillman
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
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Laurson KR, Saint-Maurice PF, Karsai I, Csányi T. Cross-Validation of FITNESSGRAM® Health-Related Fitness Standards in Hungarian Youth. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2015; 86 Suppl 1:S13-S20. [PMID: 26054951 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2015.1042800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to cross-validate FITNESSGRAM® aerobic and body composition standards in a representative sample of Hungarian youth. METHOD A nationally representative sample (N = 405) of Hungarian adolescents from the Hungarian National Youth Fitness Study (ages 12-18.9 years) participated in an aerobic capacity assessment via treadmill test to maximum to determine peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) and a bioelectrical impedance assessment to estimate percent body fat (%BF). Additionally, metabolic syndrome status was assessed via finger-stick blood sample. Youth were categorized into Healthy Fitness Zone (HFZ) and Needs Improvement (NI) groups based on Fitnessgram standards. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome was calculated and logistic regression was used to estimate odds of metabolic syndrome. RESULTS Hungarian youth were generally fit with a low prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Approximately 69% to 77% of boys and 55% to 57% of girls were classified into the HFZ based on %BF and VO2peak. Youth in the NI health risk zones for VO2peak and %BF were 4 times to 5 and 2 times to 3 times more likely to have metabolic syndrome than children in the lower-risk groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Fitnessgram standards for aerobic capacity and body composition were associated with metabolic syndrome status, though odds ratios were larger for VO2peak than for %BF and varied by sex. Even though these standards were developed in U.S. youth, they can be applied in Hungary and still provide a criterion-referenced indication of fitness.
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Charlton R, Gravenor MB, Rees A, Knox G, Hill R, Rahman MA, Jones K, Christian D, Baker JS, Stratton G, Brophy S. Factors associated with low fitness in adolescents--a mixed methods study. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:764. [PMID: 25074589 PMCID: PMC4132898 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fitness and physical activity are important for cardiovascular and mental health but activity and fitness levels are declining especially in adolescents and among girls. This study examines clustering of factors associated with low fitness in adolescents in order to best target public health interventions for young people. METHODS 1147 children were assessed for fitness, had blood samples, anthropometric measures and all data were linked with routine electronic data to examine educational achievement, deprivation and health service usage. Factors associated with fitness were examined using logistic regression, conditional trees and data mining cluster analysis. Focus groups were conducted with children in a deprived school to examine barriers and facilitators to activity for children in a deprived community. RESULTS Unfit adolescents are more likely to be deprived, female, have obesity in the family and not achieve in education. There were 3 main clusters for risk of future heart disease/diabetes (high cholesterol/insulin); children at low risk (not obese, fit, achieving in education), children 'visibly at risk' (overweight, unfit, many hospital/GP visits) and 'invisibly at risk' (unfit but not overweight, failing in academic achievement). Qualitative findings show barriers to physical activity include cost, poor access to activity, lack of core physical literacy skills and limited family support. CONCLUSIONS Low fitness in the non-obese child can reveal a hidden group who have high risk factors for heart disease and diabetes but may not be identified as they are normal weight. In deprived communities low fitness is associated with non-achievement in education but in non-deprived communities low fitness is associated with female gender. Interventions need to target deprived families and schools in deprived areas with community wide campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anwen Rees
- />School of Sport, University of Wales Institute Cardiff, Cardiff, CF23 6XD UK
| | - Gareth Knox
- />Applied Sport Science University of West of England (Hartpury College), Gloucester, England
| | - Rebecca Hill
- />College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP UK
| | | | - Kerina Jones
- />College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP UK
| | - Danielle Christian
- />College of Health and Human Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 9PP UK
| | - Julien S Baker
- />Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Science, School of Science, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, Lanarkshire, ML3 OJB Scotland
| | - Gareth Stratton
- />College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP UK
| | - Sinead Brophy
- />College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP UK
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Santos R, Mota J, Santos DA, Silva AM, Baptista F, Sardinha LB. Physical fitness percentiles for Portuguese children and adolescents aged 10–18 years. J Sports Sci 2014; 32:1510-8. [PMID: 24825623 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2014.906046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Tomkinson GR, Macfarlane D, Noi S, Kim DY, Wang Z, Hong R. Temporal Changes in Long-Distance Running Performance of Asian Children between 1964 and 2009. Sports Med 2012; 42:267-79. [DOI: 10.2165/11599160-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Ekblom ÖB, Bak EAME, Ekblom BT. Cross-sectional trends in cardiovascular fitness in Swedish 16-year-olds between 1987 and 2007. Acta Paediatr 2011; 100:565-9. [PMID: 21214885 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2010.02135.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM We sought to investigate the temporal trends in estimated maximal aerobic capacity in adolescents (mean age 16.1). METHODS Analyses were based on data from three population-based samples, collected in 1987 (n=221), 2001 (n=537) and 2007 (n=265). Subjects underwent sub-maximal ergometer testing. Absolute and relative aerobic capacities were estimated using the Åstrand-Ryhming nomogram. RESULTS Compared to 1987, values for estimated relative and absolute maximal aerobic capacities were lower in 2001 and 2007, and values in 2007 were lower compared to 2001, in both boys and girls, except for absolute capacity between 1987 and 2001 in girls. The differences over time did not differ between genders. Absolute values changed from 3.0 and 2.5 L/min in 1987 to 2.5 and 2.2 L/min in 2007, for boys and girls, respectively. Relative values changed from 46.5 and 45.9 mL/min/kg in 1987 to 35.0 and 36.6 mL/min/kg, in 2007, for boys and girls, respectively. CONCLUSION Based on earlier reports on the relationship between aerobic capacity and metabolic risk, the results from the present study provide argument that future public health will be affected negatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Örjan B Ekblom
- Åstrand Laboratory of Work Physiology, Swedish School of Sport Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Machado-Rodrigues AM, Coelho-e-Silva MJ, Mota J, Cumming SP, Riddoch C, Malina RM. Correlates of aerobic fitness in urban and rural Portuguese adolescents. Ann Hum Biol 2011; 38:479-84. [PMID: 21329480 DOI: 10.3109/03014460.2011.554865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improving physical fitness is often an objective of programmes aimed at preventing obesity among youth. AIM To evaluate the association between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and area of residence controlling for several correlates in adolescents. SUBJECTS AND METHODS CRF was assessed with the progressive aerobic cardiovascular endurance run (PACER) test in a cross-sectional sample of 362 Portuguese adolescents (165 males, 197 females) of 13-16 years of age. Youth were classified by area of residence as urban or rural. Gender, age, weight status, parental education, screen time (inactivity) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) were statistically controlled. Logistic regression analysis was used. RESULTS Adolescents of both sexes from rural settings were 76% more likely to be classified as aerobically fit compared to those from urban areas. The odds ratio for CRF in the final model was similar in boys (OR = 0.24, 95% CI 0.06-0.99, p < 0.05) and girls (OR = 0.24, 95% CI 0.07-0.76, p < 0.05). MVPA and weight status were important predictors of CRF in Portuguese adolescents of 13-16 years of age. Maternal education was an additional predictor in girls. CONCLUSION CRF and rural/urban settings were significantly related in this sample of Portuguese adolescents of both sexes.
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Moliner-Urdiales D, Ruiz J, Ortega F, Jiménez-Pavón D, Vicente-Rodriguez G, Rey-López J, Martínez-Gómez D, Casajús J, Mesana M, Marcos A, Noriega-Borge M, Sjöström M, Castillo M, Moreno L. Secular trends in health-related physical fitness in Spanish adolescents: The AVENA and HELENA Studies. J Sci Med Sport 2010; 13:584-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2010.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Revised: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Cohen DD, Voss C, Taylor MJD, Stasinopoulos DM, Delextrat A, Sandercock GRH. Handgrip strength in English schoolchildren. Acta Paediatr 2010; 99:1065-72. [PMID: 20178516 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2010.01723.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aims of this study were to evaluate patterns of handgrip (HG) strength in relation to gender and age in English schoolchildren and to compare this with existing data and produce reference data for this population. METHODS The HG of 7147 English schoolchildren (3773 boys and 3374 girls) aged 10-15.9 years was measured using a portable Takei handgrip dynamometer (Takei Scientific Instruments Co. Ltd, Tokyo, Japan). Centile data were produced using the Generalized Additive Models for Location, Scale and Shape. Z-scores were generated using existing data for European children. Age and gender interactions were analysed using analysis of covariance. RESULTS In boys and girls, significant increases in HG were found between every age-group (p < 0.001). Boys were significantly stronger than girls at every age (p < 0.001) and the boys' age-related increase was significantly greater than the girls' (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION This study provides reference data for handgrip strength in English schoolchildren. Handgrip strength in English children is broadly similar to existing European data, after adjusting for mass and stature. These data could be used for clinical or athletic screening of low and high strength in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Cohen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK.
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Powell KE, Roberts AM, Ross JG, Phillips MAC, Ujamaa DA, Zhou M. Low physical fitness among fifth- and seventh-grade students, Georgia, 2006. Am J Prev Med 2009; 36:304-10. [PMID: 19201145 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2008.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Revised: 10/13/2008] [Accepted: 11/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nationwide epidemic of obesity may be due, in part, to declining levels of physical activity, raising the possibility that other components of health-related physical fitness may also be in decline. Few data are available to describe and monitor the physical fitness of children and youth. The Georgia Youth Fitness Assessment was conducted to assess health-related fitness in Georgia's fifth- and seventh-grade students, provide a baseline against which future progress could be measured, and guide public and private leaders and decision makers. METHODS A statewide probability sample of fifth- and seventh-grade students designed to enable grade-specific comparisons by gender, race/ethnicity, and urban/rural status was drawn. Measurements included aerobic capacity; body composition; and muscular strength, endurance, and flexibility. Physical activity during the most recent 3 days was assessed. The survey was conducted in 2006; the data were analyzed in 2007-2008. RESULTS Ninety-three schools (86% response rate) and 5248 students (77% response rate) participated. Fifty-two percent of students did not meet the standard for healthy aerobic fitness; 23% did not meet the standard for muscular strength, endurance, and flexibility; 30% were outside the recommended range for BMI. Twenty-two percent did not achieve the recommended 60 minutes of daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. All subgroups (e.g., boys/girls, urban/rural) scored poorly. CONCLUSIONS Substantial numbers of Georgia's fifth- and seventh-grade students exhibit unhealthy levels of physical fitness. These data are consistent with the suggestion that physical inactivity has led to deficient levels of health-related fitness in more areas than just body composition. Monitoring all components of health-related fitness would provide helpful information about the health of children and youth.
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