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Sharman A, Shaw JE, Shayanrad A, Shayesteh AA, Shengelia L, Shi Z, Shibuya K, Shimizu-Furusawa H, Shimony T, Shiri R, Shrestha N, Si-Ramlee K, Siani A, Siantar R, Sibai AM, Sidossis LS, Silitrari N, Silva AM, Silva CRDM, Silva DAS, Silva KS, Sim X, Simon M, Simons J, Simons LA, Sjöberg A, Sjöström M, Skoblina EV, Skoblina NA, Slazhnyova T, Slowikowska-Hilczer J, Slusarczyk P, Smeeth L, So HK, Soares FC, Sobek G, Sobngwi E, Sodemann M, Söderberg S, Soekatri MYE, Soemantri A, Sofat R, Solfrizzi V, Solovieva YV, Somi MH, Sonestedt E, Song Y, Soofi S, Sørensen TIA, Sørgjerd EP, Sossa Jérome C, Soto-Rojas VE, Soumaré A, Sousa-Poza A, Sovic S, Sparboe-Nilsen B, Sparrenberger K, Spencer PR, Spinelli A, Spiroski I, Staessen JA, Stamm H, Stang A, Starc G, Staub K, Stavreski B, Steene-Johannessen J, Stehle P, Stein AD, Steinsbekk S, Stergiou GS, Stessman J, Stevanović R, Stieber J, Stöckl D, Stokwiszewski J, Stoyanova E, Stratton G, Stronks K, Strufaldi MW, Sturua L, Suárez-Medina R, Suarez-Ortegón MF, Suebsamran P, Sugiyama M, Suka M, Sulo G, Sun CA, Sun L, Sund M, Sundström J, Sung YT, Sunyer J, Suriyawongpaisal P, Sweis NWG, Swinburn BA, Sy RG, Sylva RC, Szponar L, Tabone L, Tai ES, Takuro F, Tambalis KD, Tammesoo ML, Tamosiunas A, Tan EJ, Tang X, Tanrygulyyeva M, Tanser F, Tao Y, Tarawneh MR, Tarp J, Tarqui-Mamani CB, Taxová Braunerová R, Taylor A, Taylor J, Tchibindat F, Te Velde S, Tebar WR, Tell GS, Tello T, Tessema M, Tham YC, Thankappan KR, Theobald H, Theodoridis X, Thomas N, Thorand B, Thrift AG, Tichá Ľ, Timmermans EJ, Tjandrarini DH, Tjonneland A, Tolonen HK, Tolstrup JS, Tomaszewski M, Topbas M, Topór-Mądry R, Torheim LE, Tornaritis MJ, Torrent M, Torres-Collado L, Toselli S, Touloumi G, Traissac P, Tran TTH, Tremblay MS, Triantafyllou A, Trichopoulos D, Trichopoulou A, Trinh OTH, Trivedi A, Tshepo L, Tsigga M, Tsintavis P, Tsugane S, Tuitele J, Tuliakova AM, Tulloch-Reid MK, Tullu F, Tuomainen TP, Tuomilehto J, Twig G, Tynelius P, Tzala E, Tzotzas T, Tzourio C, Udoji N, Ueda P, Ugel E, Ukoli FAM, Ulmer H, Unal B, Usupova Z, Uusitalo HMT, Uysal N, Vaitkeviciute J, Valdivia G, Vale S, Valvi D, van Dam RM, van den Born BJ, Van der Heyden J, van der Schouw YT, Van Herck K, Van Lippevelde W, Van Minh H, Van Schoor NM, van Valkengoed IGM, Vanderschueren D, Vanuzzo D, Varbo A, Varela-Moreiras G, Vargas LN, Varona-Pérez P, Vasan SK, Vasques DG, Vatasescu R, Vega T, Veidebaum T, Velasquez-Melendez G, Velika B, Verloigne M, Veronesi G, Verschuren WMM, Victora CG, Viegi G, Viet L, Vik FN, Vilar M, Villalpando S, Vioque J, Viriyautsahakul N, Virtanen JK, Visser M, Visvikis-Siest S, Viswanathan B, Vladulescu M, Vlasoff T, Vocanec D, Vollenweider P, Völzke H, Vourli G, Voutilainen A, Vrijheid M, Vrijkotte TGM, Vuletić S, Wade AN, Waldhör T, Walton J, Wambiya EOA, Wan Bebakar WM, Wan Mohamud WN, Wanderley Júnior RDS, Wang C, Wang H, Wang MD, Wang N, Wang Q, Wang X, Wang YX, Wang YW, Wannamethee SG, Wareham N, Wartha O, Weber A, Wedderkopp N, Weghuber D, Wei W, Weres A, Werner B, Westbury LD, Whincup PH, Wichstrøm L, Wickramasinghe K, Widhalm K, Widyahening IS, Więcek A, Wild PS, Wilks RJ, Willeit J, Willeit P, Williams J, Wilsgaard T, Wirth JP, Wojtyniak B, Woldeyohannes M, Wolf K, Wong-McClure RA, Wong A, Wong EB, Wong JE, Wong TY, Woo J, Woodward M, Wu FC, Wu HY, Wu J, Wu LJ, Wu S, Wyszyńska J, Xu H, Xu L, Yaacob NA, Yamborisut U, Yan L, Yan W, Yang L, Yang X, Yang Y, Yardim N, Yasuharu T, Yépez García M, Yiallouros PK, Yngve A, Yoosefi M, Yoshihara A, Yotov Y, You QS, You SL, Younger-Coleman NO, Yu YL, Yu Y, Yusof SM, Yusoff AF, Zaccagni L, Zafiropulos V, Zainuddin AA, Zakavi SR, Zamani F, Zambon S, Zampelas A, Zamrazilová H, Zapata ME, Zargar AH, Zaw KK, Zayed AA, Zdrojewski T, Żegleń M, Zejglicova K, Zeljkovic Vrkic T, Zeng Y, Zentai A, Zhang B, Zhang L, Zhang ZY, Zhao D, Zhao MH, Zhao W, Zhecheva YV, Zhen S, Zheng W, Zheng Y, Zholdin B, Zhou M, Zhu D, Zimmet P, Zins M, Zitt E, Zocalo Y, Zoghlami N, Zuñiga Cisneros J, Zuziak M, Ezzati M. Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults. Lancet 2024; 403:1027-1050. [PMID: 38432237 PMCID: PMC7615769 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(23)02750-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. METHODS We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5-19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI <18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For school-aged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI <2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI >2 SD above the median). FINDINGS From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. INTERPRETATION The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesity. FUNDING UK Medical Research Council, UK Research and Innovation (Research England), UK Research and Innovation (Innovate UK), and European Union.
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Sember V, Đurić S, Starc G, Leskošek B, Sorić M, Kovač M, Jurak G. Secular trends in skill-related physical fitness among Slovenian children and adolescents from 1983 to 2014. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023; 33:2323-2339. [PMID: 37493345 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
It is vital from the public health and educational perspective to be familiar with changes in the fitness levels of individuals and populations since fitness is associated with several health outcomes and cognition. Skill-related physical fitness refers to performance in sports or occupation and is associated with motor skill performance. The aim of the present study was to examine secular trends in skill-related physical fitness of 16 678 participants in four youth generations of Slovenian children and adolescents in years 1983 (n = 3128), 1993/94 (n = 3413), 2003/04 (n = 5497), and 2013/14 (n = 4640). Using repeated cross-sectional design, we observed fitness level of all participants divided into three age groups: 6-10, 11-14, and 15-19 years. Skill-related physical performance was measured with seven fitness tests for speed, coordination, balance, and flexibility. Analysis of covariance was used to compare differences in fitness performance between decades in each age and sex group, adjusted for body height, body weight, and body mass index. Overall, large but inconsistent changes in coordination, a small improvement in speed, and a decline in flexibility were seen. The trends over the whole examined period were not linear throughout decades. Generally, positive trends were noticed in periods 1983-1993 (range 1.4%-17.9%; except flexibility) and 2003/04-2013/14 (range 0.2%-36.4%; except age group 15-19 years) while in the period 1993/94-2003/04 there are some particularities in secular trends according to individual components as well as age groups. In general, the secular trend showed a positive direction for both genders (p < 0.05), except for gross motor coordination, which demonstrated positive trends in 1993 and 2013 compared with a decade earlier (p < 0.05) and from 1983 to 2013/14, except for the youngest boys in 2003 and the youngest girls from 1993 to 2003 (p < 0.05). Our findings call for exercise programs aimed at improving speed and gross motor coordination in both sexes and all age groups, especially in the group of 15-19 years old.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedrana Sember
- Faculty of Sports, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Saša Đurić
- American University of the Middle East, Al-Egaila, Kuwait
| | - Gregor Starc
- Faculty of Sports, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bojan Leskošek
- Faculty of Sports, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maroje Sorić
- Faculty of Sports, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty for Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marjeta Kovač
- Faculty of Sports, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Jurak
- Faculty of Sports, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Morrison SA, Jurak G, Starc G, Kovač M, Golobič M, Pavletič Samardžija P, Gabrijelčič M, Kotnik P, Meh K, Primožič M, Sember V. Challenges of social change: The 2021 Republic of Slovenia report card on physical activity of children and adolescents. J Exerc Sci Fit 2023; 21:305-312. [PMID: 37520932 PMCID: PMC10372450 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Slovenian children are facing considerable health challenges from the rapid social changes that influence their opportunity to engage in daily physical activity. Objective To overlay the social changes to the established Report Card model as a means of contextualising the extreme changes in physical activity and fitness observed over several years. Methods Benchmarks were graded for 10 core indicators, plus two (Sleep, Seasonal Variations). Active Healthy Kids Slovenia members met (predominantly via zoom) liaising with team leader(s) on a flexible, individual basis, based on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) regulations, over the ∼2-year assessment period of the project. Data were separated to the years prior to, 'pre' 2018-2020, and 'during' the global pandemic (2020-2021). Where sufficient data existed for both timeframes, grades were averaged to produce an overall grade. Results Grade results are expressed as pre/during/final grade, where the final grade (bolded) is a straight average of the two preceding time epochs: Overall Physical Activity (A-/A-/A-), Organized Sport and Physical Activity (C+/C/C), Active Play (D/C+/C), Active Transport (C/INC/C), Sedentary Behaviour (B/C/C+), Physical Fitness (A+/A-/A), Family and Peers (B+/INC/B+), Schools (A/A/A), Community and Environment (A+/A+/A+), Government (A/F/D), Sleep (D-/INC/D-), Seasonal Variations (D/C-/D+). Conclusion Although Slovenia has some of the most consistently physically-active children in the world, the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic exerted significant reductions in physical activity opportunities, and especially when coupled with funding re-distributions, resulted in the steepest decline of child physical fitness observed within the >35-year history of Slovenia's well-established national fitness surveillance system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawnda A. Morrison
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gregor Jurak
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Starc
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marjeta Kovač
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mojca Golobič
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | | | - Primož Kotnik
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kaja Meh
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Vedrana Sember
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Meh K, Sember V, Sorić M, Vähä-Ypyä H, Rocha P, Jurak G. The dilemma of physical activity questionnaires: Fitter people are less prone to over reporting. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285357. [PMID: 37647304 PMCID: PMC10468079 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical activity questionnaires (PAQs) are a popular method of monitoring physical activity, although their validity is usually low. Descriptions of physical activity levels in questionnaires usually rely on physical responses to physical activity. Therefore, we hypothesised that the validity of PAQs would be higher in the more physically fit group of participants. To test this, we conducted a validation study with 179 adults whom we divided into three fitness groups based on their cardiovascular fitness and age. Participants were measured for one week using the UKK RM42 accelerometer and self-reported their physical activity using IPAQ-SF, GPAQ, and EHIS-PAQ. We analysed the differences between fitness groups in terms of validity for each PAQ using ANOVA. We also performed an equivalence testing to compare the data obtained with the PAQs and the accelerometers. The results showed a significant trend toward higher validity for moderate to vigorous physical activity from the low to high fitness group as assessed by GPAQ and IPAQ-SF (low, intermediate and high fitness group: 0.06-0.21; 0.26-0.29; 0.40, respectively). The equivalence testing showed that all fitness groups overestimated their physical activity and underestimated their sedentary behaviour, with the high fitness group overestimating their physical activity the least. However, EHIS-PAQ was found to agree best with accelerometer data in assessing moderate to vigorous physical activity, regardless of fitness group, and had a validity greater than 0.4 for all fitness groups. In conclusion, we confirmed that when using PAQs describing physical responses to physical activity, participants' fitness should be considered in the interpretation, especially when comparing results internationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Meh
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vedrana Sember
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maroje Sorić
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Paulo Rocha
- Portuguese Institute of Sport and Youth, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Gregor Jurak
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Mishra A, Zhou B, Rodriguez-Martinez A, Bixby H, Singleton RK, Carrillo-Larco RM, Sheffer KE, Paciorek CJ, Bennett JE, Lhoste V, Iurilli MLC, Di Cesare M, Bentham J, Phelps NH, Sophiea MK, Stevens GA, Danaei G, Cowan MJ, Savin S, Riley LM, Gregg EW, Aekplakorn W, Ahmad NA, Baker JL, Chirita-Emandi A, Farzadfar F, Fink G, Heinen M, Ikeda N, Kengne AP, Khang YH, Laatikainen T, Laxmaiah A, Ma J, Monroy-Valle M, Mridha MK, Padez CP, Reynolds A, Sorić M, Starc G, Wirth JP, Abarca-Gómez L, Abdeen ZA, Abdrakhmanova S, Ghaffar SA, Abdul Rahim HF, Abdurrahmonova Z, Abu-Rmeileh NM, Garba JA, Acosta-Cazares B, Adam I, Adamczyk M, Adams RJ, Adu-Afarwuah S, Afsana K, Afzal S, Agbor VN, Agdeppa IA, Aghazadeh-Attari J, Aguenaou H, Aguilar-Salinas CA, Agyemang C, Ahmad MH, Ahmadi A, Ahmadi N, Ahmadi N, Ahmed I, Ahmed SH, Ahrens W, Aitmurzaeva G, Ajlouni K, Al-Hazzaa HM, Al-Lahou B, Al-Raddadi R, Al Hourani HM, Al Qaoud NM, Alarouj M, AlBuhairan F, AlDhukair S, Aldwairji MA, Alexius S, Ali MM, Alkandari A, Alkerwi A, Alkhatib BM, Allin K, Alvarez-Pedrerol M, Aly E, Amarapurkar DN, Etxezarreta PA, Amoah J, Amougou N, Amouyel P, Andersen LB, Anderssen SA, Androutsos O, Ängquist L, Anjana RM, Ansari-Moghaddam A, Anufrieva E, Aounallah-Skhiri H, Araújo J, Ariansen I, Aris T, Arku RE, Arlappa N, Aryal KK, Aseffa N, Aspelund T, Assah FK, Assembekov B, Assunção MCF, Aung MS, Auvinen J, Avdičová M, Avi S, Azevedo A, Azimi-Nezhad M, Azizi F, Azmin M, Babu BV, Jørgensen MB, Baharudin A, Bahijri S, Bakacs M, Balakrishna N, Balanova Y, Bamoshmoosh M, Banach M, Banegas JR, Baran J, Baran R, Barbagallo CM, Filho VB, Barceló A, Baretić M, Barkat A, Barnoya J, Barrera L, Barreto M, Barros AJD, Barros MVG, Bartosiewicz A, Basit A, Bastos JLD, Bata I, Batieha AM, Batista AP, Batista RL, Battakova Z, Baur LA, Bayauli PM, Beaglehole R, Bel-Serrat S, Belavendra A, Ben Romdhane H, Benedics J, Benet M, Rolandi GEB, Bere E, Bergh IH, Berhane Y, Berkinbayev S, Bernabe-Ortiz A, Bernotiene G, Carrasola XB, Bettiol H, Beutel ME, Beybey AF, Bezerra J, Bhagyalaxmi A, Bharadwaj S, Bhargava SK, Bi H, Bi Y, Bia D, Biasch K, Lele ECB, Bikbov MM, Bista B, Bjelica DJ, Bjerregaard AA, Bjerregaard P, Bjertness E, Bjertness MB, Björkelund C, Bloch KV, Blokstra A, Magnazu MB, Bo S, Bobak M, Boddy LM, Boehm BO, Boer JMA, Boggia JG, Bogova E, Boissonnet CP, Bojesen SE, Bonaccio M, Bongard V, Bonilla-Vargas A, Bopp M, Borghs H, Bovet P, Boymatova K, Braeckevelt L, Braeckman L, Bragt MCE, Brajkovich I, Branca F, Breckenkamp J, Breda J, Brenner H, Brewster LM, Brian GR, Briceño Y, Brinduse L, Brito M, Brophy S, Brug J, Bruno G, Bugge A, Buntinx F, Buoncristiano M, Burazeri G, Burns C, de León AC, Cacciottolo J, Cai H, Caixeta RB, Cama T, Cameron C, Camolas J, Can G, Cândido APC, Cañete F, Capanzana MV, Čapková N, Capuano E, Capuano R, Capuano V, Cardol M, Cardoso VC, Carlsson AC, Carmuega E, Carvalho J, Casajús JA, Casanueva FF, Casas M, Celikcan E, Censi L, Cervantes‐Loaiza M, Cesar JA, Chamukuttan S, Chan A, Chan Q, Chaturvedi HK, Chaturvedi N, Rahim NCA, Chee ML, Chen CJ, Chen F, Chen H, Chen S, Chen Z, Cheng CY, Cheng YJ, Cheraghian B, Chetrit A, Chikova-Iscener E, Chinapaw MJM, Chinnock A, Chiolero A, Chiou ST, Chirlaque MD, Cho B, Christensen K, Christofaro DG, Chudek J, Cifkova R, Cilia M, Cinteza E, Cirillo M, Claessens F, Clarke J, Clays E, Cohen E, Compañ-Gabucio LM, Concin H, Confortin SC, Cooper C, Coppinger TC, Corpeleijn E, Cortés LY, Costanzo S, Cottel D, Cowell C, Craig CL, Crampin AC, Cross AJ, Crujeiras AB, Cruz JJ, Csányi T, Csilla S, Cucu AM, Cui L, Cureau FV, Cuschieri S, Czenczek-Lewandowska E, D’Arrigo G, d’Orsi E, Dacica L, Dallongeville J, Damasceno A, Damsgaard CT, Dankner R, Dantoft TM, Dasgupta P, Dastgiri S, Dauchet L, Davletov K, de Assis MAA, De Backer G, De Bacquer D, De Curtis A, de Fragas Hinnig P, de Gaetano G, De Henauw S, De Miguel-Etayo P, de Oliveira PD, De Ridder D, De Ridder K, de Rooij SR, De Smedt D, Deepa M, Deev AD, DeGennaro V, Delisle H, Delpeuch F, Demarest S, Dennison E, Dereń K, Deschamps V, Dhimal M, Di Castelnuovo A, Dias-da-Costa JS, Díaz-Sánchez ME, Diaz A, Fernández PD, Ripollés MPD, Dika Z, Djalalinia S, Djordjic V, Do HTP, Dobson AJ, Dominguez L, Donati MB, Donfrancesco C, Dong G, Dong Y, Donoso SP, Döring A, Dorobantu M, Dorosty AR, Doua K, Dragano N, Drygas W, Duan JL, Duante CA, Duboz P, Duleva VL, Dulskiene V, Dumith SC, Dushpanova A, Dyussupova A, Dzerve V, Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk E, Echeverría G, Eddie R, Eftekhar E, Egbagbe EE, Eggertsen R, Eghtesad S, Eiben G, Ekelund U, El-Khateeb M, El Ammari L, El Ati J, Eldemire-Shearer D, Eliasen M, Elliott P, Endevelt R, Engle-Stone R, Erasmus RT, Erbel R, Erem C, Ergor G, Eriksen L, Eriksson JG, Escobedo-de la Peña J, Eslami S, Esmaeili A, Evans A, Faeh D, Fakhradiyev I, Fakhretdinova AA, Fall CH, Faramarzi E, Farjam M, Sant’Angelo VF, Fattahi MR, Fawwad A, Fawzi WW, Feigl E, Felix-Redondo FJ, Ferguson TS, Fernandes RA, Fernández-Bergés D, Ferrante D, Ferrao T, Ferrari G, Ferrari M, Ferrario MM, Ferreccio C, Ferreira HS, Ferrer E, Ferrieres J, Figueiró TH, Fijalkowska A, Fisberg M, Fischer K, Foo LH, Forsner M, Fouad HM, Francis DK, do Carmo Franco M, Fras Z, Frontera G, Fuchs FD, Fuchs SC, Fujiati II, Fujita Y, Fumihiko M, Furdela V, Furusawa T, Gaciong Z, Gafencu M, Cuesta MG, Galbarczyk A, Galenkamp H, Galeone D, Galfo M, Galvano F, Gao J, Gao P, Garcia-de-la-Hera M, Mérida MJG, Solano MG, Gareta D, Garnett SP, Gaspoz JM, Gasull M, Gaya ACA, Gaya AR, Gazzinelli A, Gehring U, Geiger H, Geleijnse JM, George R, Ghaderi E, Ghanbari A, Ghasemi E, Gheorghe-Fronea OF, Gialluisi A, Giampaoli S, Gianfagna F, Gieger C, Gill TK, Giovannelli J, Gironella G, Giwercman A, Gkiouras K, Glushkova N, Gluškova N, Godara R, Godos J, Gogen S, Goldberg M, Goltzman D, Gómez G, Gómez JHG, Gomez LF, Gómez SF, Gomula A, da Silva BGC, Gonçalves H, Gonçalves M, González-Alvarez AD, Gonzalez-Chica DA, González-Gil EM, Gonzalez-Gross M, 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Vrijkotte TGM, Wade AN, Waldhör T, Walton J, Wambiya EOA, Bebakar WMW, Mohamud WNW, de Souza Wanderley Júnior R, Wang MD, Wang N, Wang Q, Wang X, Wang YX, Wang YW, Wannamethee SG, Wareham N, Weber A, Webster-Kerr K, Wedderkopp N, Weghuber D, Wei W, Weres A, Werner B, Westbury LD, Whincup PH, Wickramasinghe K, Widhalm K, Widyahening IS, Więcek A, Wild PS, Wilks RJ, Willeit J, Willeit P, Williams J, Wilsgaard T, Wojciech R, Wojtyniak B, Wolf K, Wong-McClure RA, Wong A, Wong EB, Wong JE, Wong TY, Woo J, Woodward M, Wu FC, Wu HY, Wu J, Wu LJ, Wu S, Wyszyńska J, Xu H, Xu L, Yaacob NA, Yamborisut U, Yan W, Yang L, Yang X, Yang Y, Yardim N, Yasuharu T, García MY, Yiallouros PK, Yngve A, Yoosefi M, Yoshihara A, You QS, You SL, Younger-Coleman NO, Yu YL, Yu Y, Yusof SM, Yusoff AF, Zaccagni L, Zafiropulos V, Zainuddin AA, Zakavi SR, Zamani F, Zambon S, Zampelas A, Zamrazilová H, Zapata ME, Zargar AH, Zaw KK, Zayed AA, Zdrojewski T, Żegleń M, Zejglicova K, Vrkic TZ, Zeng Y, Zhang L, Zhang ZY, Zhao D, Zhao MH, Zhao W, Zhecheva YV, Zhen S, Zheng W, Zheng Y, Zholdin B, Zhou M, Zhu D, Zins M, Zitt E, Zocalo Y, Zoghlami N, Cisneros JZ, Zuziak M, Bhutta ZA, Black RE, Ezzati M. Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents' growth and development. Nature 2023; 615:874-883. [PMID: 36991188 PMCID: PMC10060164 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05772-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1-6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5-19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m-2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified.
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Jurak G, Morrison SA, Soric M, Leskošek B, Kovač M, Ocvirk T, Sember V, Kramaršič J, Meh K, Potočnik ŽL, Blagus R, Markelj N, Golja P, Strojnik V, Hadžić V, Starc G. SLOfit Lifelong: A model for leveraging citizen science to promote and maintain physical fitness and physical literacy across the lifespan. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1002239. [PMID: 36148351 PMCID: PMC9486162 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1002239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
SLOfit Lifelong is a public health initiative which was created to upgrade a well-established, national physical fitness surveillance system for Slovenian schoolchildren that has been collecting annual fitness and health data for over three decades. The ultimate objective of creating SLOfit Lifelong was to build a modern societal infrastructure with the capacity and ability to detect future causal associations between childhood physical fitness trends and future health outcomes based on the lifelong surveillance of one's own fitness status. By instilling citizens with an ambition to test, understand, and follow-up their own physical fitness and health status (including related health risk factors), this initiative provides the technical support and expert feedback needed to engender greater individual control over understanding (and thus modulating), one's own physical fitness status as they progress into older adulthood. This perspective paper details the extensive approach taken to devise appropriate fitness test batteries for adults and older adults which can also relate to the student version of the original SLOfit test database, including establishing criterion health risk zones and a public approach to establish this national, citizen-driven health feedback framework. Through its sophisticated online web applications, social media, print media, and outreach workshops, SLOfit Lifelong provides the expert support for public health engagement by fostering positive lifelong physical literacy experiences an individual can enjoy across their aging journey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Jurak
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Shawnda A. Morrison
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia,*Correspondence: Shawnda A. Morrison
| | - Maroje Soric
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia,Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Bojan Leskošek
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marjeta Kovač
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tjaša Ocvirk
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vedrana Sember
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jaka Kramaršič
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kaja Meh
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Rok Blagus
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia,Institute for Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia,Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Neja Markelj
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Petra Golja
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vojko Strojnik
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vedran Hadžić
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Starc
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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7
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Mirković SV, Đurić S, Sember V, Knezevic OM, Pajek M, Mirković MM, Mirkov DM. Evaluation of the Limb Symmetry Index: The Side Hop Test. Front Physiol 2022; 13:874632. [PMID: 35784865 PMCID: PMC9247613 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.874632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The main objective of present study was to evaluate inter-rater reliability and concurrent validity of Side Hop Test stopwatch vs. force plates timing, and to determine the number of sessions and trials required to minimize the effects of learning on Side Hop Test total time and limb symmetry index. Fifteen healthy male physical education students (mean ± SD: age, 23 ± 3 years; height, 181 ± 9 cm; and weight 72 ± 6 kg) participated. Side Hop Test total time (stopwatch and force plates) of left and right leg, and limb symmetry index (force plates) were obtained over seven sessions conducted 5–7 days apart. Time recordings of two raters were similar (t = −0.56, p > 0.05) with high reliability (all ICC >0.99 and CV% <0.1) and no systematic bias when compared to force plate data (p > 0.05; for rater 1 and 2, respectively). Total time improved across the Sessions (F = 25.87, p < 0.01, ω2 = 0.18) and Trials (F = 68.15, p < 0.01, ω2 = 0.10), with no significant interaction between factors. No between-leg differences were detected (F = 0.52, p > 0.05, ω2 = 0.001). Limb symmetry index ranged from 0.999 to 1.055 across all sessions and trials (all p > 0.05 and ω2 < 0.00). Due to low coefficient of correlation, high interclass correlation coefficient, and the lack in heteroscedasticity, stopwatch measurements are valid to measure total time in the Side Hop Test. Moreover, stopwatch measurements could be reliably used to measure total time in the Side Hop Test, while the test could be administrated with only one experienced rater. Unlike total times, findings on limb symmetry index suggest it could be reliably assessed after seven familiarization sessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja V. Mirković
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Saša Đurić
- Liberal Arts Department—General Education, American University of the Middle East, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Vedrana Sember
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- *Correspondence: Vedrana Sember,
| | - Olivera M. Knezevic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Orthopaedic Surgery “Banjica”, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Maja Pajek
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Milan M. Mirković
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Orthopaedic Surgery “Banjica”, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragan M. Mirkov
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Belgrade, Serbia
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8
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Zovko V, Djuric S, Sember V, Jurak G. Corrigendum: Are Family Physical Activity Habits Passed on to Their Children? Front Psychol 2022; 13:824595. [PMID: 35356355 PMCID: PMC8959113 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.824595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vinko Zovko
- Institute of Kinesiology, Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Educational Unit for Sports, School of Economics and Business, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sasa Djuric
- Institute of Kinesiology, Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vedrana Sember
- Institute of Kinesiology, Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Jurak
- Institute of Kinesiology, Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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9
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Sember V, Jurak G, Starc G, Morrison SA. Can Primary School Mathematics Performance Be Predicted by Longitudinal Changes in Physical Fitness and Activity Indicators? Front Psychol 2022; 13:796838. [PMID: 35211065 PMCID: PMC8860831 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.796838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine to what extent physical fitness indicators and/or moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) may account for final mathematics academic performance (APmath) awarded at the end of primary school. Methods School-aged youth were sampled in a repeated-measures, longitudinal design in Grade 6 (∼11 years), and again in Grade 9 (∼14 years). The youth (N = 231, 111 girls) completed a fitness test battery consisting of: flamingo balance test, standing long jump, backward obstacle course, plate tapping, sit ups, sit and reach, handgrip, and 20-m shuttle run. APmath scores were obtained for all children at the end of Grade 5, end of Grade 8, and end of Grade 9 (their final year of primary school). In a sub-sample of Grade 6 youth (N = 50, 29 girls), MVPA was measured objectively via SenseWear Pro Armbands (MVPAOB) for seven consecutive days, with measurements repeated in Grade 9. Results Math scores decreased from Grade 6 to 9 for both boys and girls (95%CI: −0.89 to −0.53, p < 0.001). MVPAOB was reduced by ∼45.7 min (−33%) from Grade 6 to 9 (p < 0.01). Significant main and interaction effects are noted for each fitness indicator (p < 0.05). A backward stepwise multiple regression analysis determined significant shared variance in final APmath grade to the change scores from Grade 6 to Grade 9 in: ΔAPmath, Δbackward obstacle course, Δsit and reach, and Δsit-ups [R2 = 0.494, F(4,180) = 43.67, p < 0.0001]. A second regression was performed only for the youth who completed MVPAOB measurements. In this sub-sample, MVPAOB did not significantly contribute to the model. Conclusion Longitudinal changes in youth fitness and their delta change in APmath score accounted for 49.4% of the variance in the final math grade awarded at the end of Grade 9. Aerobic power, upper body strength, and muscular endurance share more common variance to final math grade in boys, whereas whole-body coordination was the more relevant index in girls; this finding suggests that future research exploring the relationship of AP and PF should not be limited to cardiorespiratory fitness, instead encompassing muscular and neuro-muscular components of PF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedrana Sember
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Jurak
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Starc
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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10
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Meh K, Sember V, Đurić S, Vähä-Ypyä H, Rocha P, Jurak G. Reliability and Validity of Slovenian Versions of IPAQ-SF, GPAQ, and EHIS-PAQ for Assessing Physical Activity and Sedentarism of Adults. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 19:430. [PMID: 35010686 PMCID: PMC8744779 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Health policies rely on physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior data collected through PA questionnaires (PAQs). Validity of international PAQs varies among countries. Therefore, it is important to know the validity of the national versions of the PAQs to properly evaluate the results. We conducted a validation study of the Slovenian versions of the International PAQ Short Form (IPAQ-SF), the Global PAQ (GPAQ), and the PAQ used in the European Health Interview Survey (EHIS-PAQ) on 306 healthy adults. The most valid and reliable constructs in all tested were sedentary behavior and vigorous PA (VPA), however the criterion validity of these constructs was low (Spearman's ρ 0.38-0.45 for sedentary behavior and 0.34-0.42 for VPA). Moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) had low validity (0.26-0.29) despite being used as a standard measure of PA behavior. Participants over-reported MVPA for 17 to 156 min and underreported the sedentary behavior for more than two hours. The test-retest study found high reliability for sedentary behavior (0.69-0.81) and low to moderate reliability for PA behavior (0.42-0.76). The Slovenian versions of the observed PAQs are a useful tool for national PA surveillance, but for qualitative assessment of individual health-related PA behavior they should be combined with accelerometer-based devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Meh
- Faculty of Sports, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (V.S.); (G.J.)
| | - Vedrana Sember
- Faculty of Sports, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (V.S.); (G.J.)
| | - Saša Đurić
- Liberal Arts Department, General Education, American University of the Middle East, Egaila 54200, Kuwait;
| | | | - Paulo Rocha
- Portuguese Institute of Sport and Youth, 1250-190 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Gregor Jurak
- Faculty of Sports, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (V.S.); (G.J.)
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11
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Ðurić S, Bogataj Š, Zovko V, Sember V. Associations Between Physical Fitness, Objectively Measured Physical Activity and Academic Performance. Front Public Health 2021; 9:778837. [PMID: 34957029 PMCID: PMC8695801 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.778837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
There is evidence that physical activity (PA) can improve the academic performance. We recruited healthy adolescent girls, aged 11–12 years, and measured their PA with the accelerometer ActiGraph GT3X for the consecutive 5 days. Physical fitness (PF) was measured with eight motoric tests and three anthropometry measures. Academic performance (AP) was assessed for the six academic narrated school subjects. The results revealed that the girls were more physically active during the week days and less active at weekend (557 vs. 516 counts/min). Physical education grade shows the highest overall correlations with the results of the PF test battery (r = 0.53–0.95, p < 0.01). Nevertheless, correlations surprisingly decrease for the combined daily PA (r = 0.45), especially the weekend PA (r = 0.28). Grade point average and PF correlated moderately (r = 0.43-0.64), while they were moderate to high for PA (r = 0.59–0.87). Many questions arose after the completion of the present study and several new topics opened up, such as the question of how parental education affects the duration of PA and AP of the children and the influence of the place of residence AP of the children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saša Ðurić
- Faculty of Sports, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Špela Bogataj
- Faculty of Sports, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Department of Nephrology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vinko Zovko
- School of Economics and Business, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vedrana Sember
- Faculty of Sports, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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12
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Sember V, Bogataj Š, Ribeiro JC, Paravlić A, Pajek M, Pajek J. Accelerometry Correlates in Body Composition, Physical Fitness, and Disease Symptom Burden: A Pilot Study in End-Stage Renal Disease. Front Physiol 2021; 12:737069. [PMID: 34950045 PMCID: PMC8688961 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.737069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is strong evidence that hemodialysis (HD) patients with a sedentary lifestyle have a higher risk of death compared to peers who engage in regular physical activity. Therefore, monitoring physical activity is of utmost importance. However, there is a lack of data on objectively measured physical activity behaviors in HD patients. Therefore, this study aimed to objectively measure physical activity in HD patients throughout the week, with particular attention to dialysis and non-dialysis days. We also examined how objectively measured physical activity correlated with physical fitness, body composition, and disease burden. Daily physical activity, body composition, serum parameters, comorbidity index, sit-to-stand, and hand-grip strength tests were measured in 14 HD patients. Daily physical activity was measured using the Actigraph GT9X accelerometer. The Dialysis Symptom Index questionnaire was also used. We found significant differences in anthropometric variables (weight, body mass index, overhydration, lean tissue index, and fat tissue index, all p < 0.05) and phase angle (p < 0.01) between HD patients reaching and patients not reaching physical activity guidelines for patients with chronic diseases. HD patients showed to be less active during dialysis days compared to non-dialysis days as indicated in sedentary time (–11.7%; p = 0.001), light (–47.3%; p = 0.003), moderate (–51.5%; p = 0.001), moderate to vigorous (–49.3%; p = 0.001), and vigorous (–34.3%; p = 0.067) physical activity. No significant correlations were found among serum parameters, symptom burden, and comorbidity burden, but a very large and positive correlation was found between phase angle and total moderate to vigorous physical activity (p < 0.01). Our findings support the need to implement physical activity on dialysis days in HD units to mitigate the effects of sedentary behavior. Prospective, long-term studies evaluating the use of accelerometers in HD patients and their effects on physical activity are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedrana Sember
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Špela Bogataj
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Department of Nephrology, University Medical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jose Carlos Ribeiro
- Faculty of Sports, Research Centre in Physical Activity Health and Leisure, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Armin Paravlić
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Science and Research Centre, Institute of Kinesiology Research, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Maja Pajek
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Pajek
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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13
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Morrison SA, Meh K, Sember V, Starc G, Jurak G. The Effect of Pandemic Movement Restriction Policies on Children's Physical Fitness, Activity, Screen Time, and Sleep. Front Public Health 2021; 9:785679. [PMID: 34938712 PMCID: PMC8685208 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.785679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The negative impact of isolation, confinement, and physical (in)activity due to pandemic movement restriction has been well-documented over the past year, but less is known on the impact of these policies on children's physical fitness. This study was designed to determine the effects of pandemic movement restriction policies on the 24-hour movement behavior (24-HMB) of children, and whether any alterations are reflected in worsening physical fitness outcomes determined via direct testing. Methods: A two-phase, repeated-measures study with matched controls was conducted. Phase One: N = 62 schoolchildren (N = 31 female) completed self-assessment questionnaires on 24-HMB in October 2018 (pre-pandemic) and again in April 2020, at the height of movement restrictions enacted in response to the COVID-19 pandemic first wave. Phase Two: physical fitness of the original N = 62 children were determined directly pre- and post-isolation using an eight-component standardized fitness test battery and compared to N = 62 control children who were matched for age, sex, school region, and fitness centile scores. Results: During lockdown (total duration: 63 days), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) decreased by ~46 min per day, screen time demonstrated a significant interaction effect, such that kids reported spending less recreational screen time on weekends during lockdown compared to no restriction, and sleep duration was consistently lower (95% CI: −104.1 to −45.5 min, p < 0.001). No interaction effect was present for direct fitness indicators, including: hand tapping (reaction time), standing broad jump, polygon backward obstacle course (coordination), sit-ups, stand-and-reach, bent-arm hang, 60-m, and 600-m run (p ≥ 0.05) although significant main effects are noted for both sexes. Conclusion: Initial changes in 24-HMB did not translate to reductions in physical fitness per se, likely due to the high initial fitness levels of the children. Further work is needed to confirm whether longer or repeated movement restrictions exacerbate initial negative 24-HMB trends, especially for children who are less fit when restrictions are initiated, prolonged, or repeated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kaja Meh
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vedrana Sember
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Starc
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Jurak
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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14
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Đurić S, Knezevic OM, Sember V, Cuk I, Nedeljkovic A, Pajek M, Mirkov DM. Effects of Resistance Training With Constant, Inertial, and Combined Loads on Muscle Power and Strength Output. Front Physiol 2021; 12:709263. [PMID: 34899366 PMCID: PMC8656280 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.709263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the resistance-specific gains in muscle power and strength (1RM) following the training of maximum bench-press throws (BPT) against constant, inertial, and combined resistance. Forty-eight male participants (age 20.5 ± 2.0 years) were randomly assigned to the constant, inertial, combined resistance, or control group. Participants underwent 8 weeks of training of BPT against the loads that corresponded to the different effects of mass of 40 kg (∼50% of 1RM). The gains in average and maximum power, and 1RM were significant in all experimental groups (P < 0.01), but not in the control group (P > 0.1). Relative gains in the average (26.3 ± 9.8%) and maximum power (25.2 ± 9.8%) were larger than that in the 1RM (mean 7.2 ± 6.9%; both P < 0.001). The gains in the average (F 4, 66 = 6.0; P < 0.01) and maximum power (F 4, 66 = 4.7; P < 0.01) were higher when tested against the training-specific resistance than when tested against the remaining two resistance types. Differences in 1RM among experimental groups were not significant (P = 0.092). The most important and rather novel finding of the study is that the training against the weight and inertial resistance, and their combination results in resistance-specific gains in muscle power, although the overall gains muscle strength and power remain comparable across the training protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saša Đurić
- Faculty of Sports, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Olivera M. Knezevic
- Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- The Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vedrana Sember
- Faculty of Sports, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ivan Cuk
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Management, Singidunum University, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Nedeljkovic
- The Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Maja Pajek
- Faculty of Sports, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dragan M. Mirkov
- The Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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15
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Abstract
Studies of the familial association of physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) have increased in recent years. However, there is a lack of studies that have objectively examined the correlates between parents, grandparents, and childrens' PA. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to measure PA using accelerometers to determine the extent to which PA and SB correlate among parents, grandparents, and children. A sample of 169 children between 11 and 14 years (77 boys and 97 girls), 225 parents (98 males and 127 females), and 52 grandparents (16 males and 36 females) were recruited for the current study. Accelerometers RM42 (UKK Terveyspalvelut Oy, Tampere, Finland) were used to determine PA levels of children, parents, and grandparents. Epoch length was 6 s. Mothers' moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) was associated with children's MVPA (p < 0.05). After adjusting for age, BMI (child), and educational status, the results remain the same. Results of linear regression analyses for boys' sedentary time showed that fathers' sedentary time was significantly associated with boys (p < 0.01), but not with girls. The association of grandmothers' and grandfathers' MVPA activity with that of children showed that grandparents' MVPA, when adjusted for age, BMI, and educational status, was not a significant predictor (p > 0.05) of children's MVPA (total sample). In contrast, grandfathers' sedentary behavior was a significant predictor (β = 0.269; p < 0.05) of children's sedentary behavior (total sample). The results of the current study suggest that parental involvement in PA, particularly by mothers, is important for children's PA and, accordingly, healthy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinko Zovko
- Institute of Kinesiology, Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Educational Unit for Sports, School of Economics and Business, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sasa Djuric
- Institute of Kinesiology, Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vedrana Sember
- Institute of Kinesiology, Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Jurak
- Institute of Kinesiology, Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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16
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Đurić S, Sember V, Starc G, Sorić M, Kovač M, Jurak G. Secular trends in muscular fitness from 1983 to 2014 among Slovenian children and adolescents. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 31:1853-1861. [PMID: 33910265 PMCID: PMC8453876 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Low physical fitness has been found to be associated with many chronic diseases and medical conditions. Knowledge of secular trends in physical fitness is important to initiate countermeasures for addressing negative trends. The aim of this study was to analyze secular trends in health-related muscular fitness in Slovenian children and adolescents between 1983 and 2014. Data were collected as part of "The Analysis of Children's Development in Slovenia (ACDSi)" study in 1983, 1993/94, 2003/04, and 2013/14. Anthropometry (body weight, height, BMI, and triceps skinfold) and muscular fitness (standing long jump, bent-arm hang, and sit-ups 60 s test) of 18730 (9168 female) students from primary and secondary schools were recorded. The secular trend was analyzed considering anthropometry. The results showed that anthropometric measures had an increasing trend and overall muscular fitness had a decreasing trend. Leg muscle power decreased over the decades in all age groups (relative difference between -1.5% and -2.6%), being more pronounced in boys. Arm muscle strength decreased in two younger age groups (range -21.1% to -42.7%, 6-10, and 11-14 years), but not in the oldest group (15-19 years), where the increase occurred in both genders (0.4% to 9.3%). In terms of decades, the largest negative changes (-30.1%) occurred from 1993/94 to 2003/04 and the smallest changes (-4.2%) from 2003/04 to 2013/14. The overall trend in repetitive core strength surprisingly increased (1.1% to 18.3%). There is a need to promote healthy lifestyles, raise parental awareness and use all government resources to redirect the negative trend in physical fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saša Đurić
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vedrana Sember
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Starc
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maroje Sorić
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marjeta Kovač
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Jurak
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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17
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Iurilli MLC, Zhou B, Bennett JE, Carrillo-Larco RM, Sophiea MK, Rodriguez-Martinez A, Bixby H, Solomon BD, Taddei C, Danaei G, Di Cesare M, Stevens GA, Riley LM, Savin S, Cowan MJ, Bovet P, Damasceno A, Chirita-Emandi A, Hayes AJ, Ikeda N, Jackson RT, Khang YH, Laxmaiah A, Liu J, Miranda JJ, Saidi O, Sebert S, Sorić M, Starc G, Gregg EW, Abarca-Gómez L, Abdeen ZA, Abdrakhmanova S, Ghaffar SA, Rahim HFA, Abu-Rmeileh NM, Garba JA, Acosta-Cazares B, Adams RJ, Aekplakorn W, Afsana K, Afzal S, Agdeppa IA, Aghazadeh-Attari J, Aguilar-Salinas CA, Agyemang C, Ahmad MH, Ahmad NA, Ahmadi A, Ahmadi N, Ahmed SH, Ahrens W, Aitmurzaeva G, Ajlouni K, Al-Hazzaa HM, Al-Lahou B, Al-Raddadi R, Alarouj M, AlBuhairan F, AlDhukair S, Ali MM, Alkandari A, Alkerwi A, Allin K, Alvarez-Pedrerol M, Aly E, Amarapurkar DN, Amiri P, Amougou N, Amouyel P, Bo Andersen L, Anderssen SA, Ängquist L, Anjana RM, Ansari-Moghaddam A, Aounallah-Skhiri H, Araújo J, Ariansen I, Aris T, Arku RE, Arlappa N, Aryal KK, Aspelund T, 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SR, Zamani F, Zambon S, Zampelas A, Zamrazilová H, Zapata ME, Zargar AH, Ko Zaw K, Zdrojewski T, Zejglicova K, Vrkic TZ, Zeng Y, Zhang L, Zhang ZY, Zhao D, Zhao MH, Zhao W, Zhen S, Zheng W, Zheng Y, Zholdin B, Zhou M, Zhu D, Zins M, Zitt E, Zocalo Y, Cisneros JZ, Zuziak M, Ezzati M, Filippi S. Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight. eLife 2021; 10:e60060. [PMID: 33685583 PMCID: PMC7943191 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nayu Ikeda
- National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition
| | | | | | | | - Jing Liu
- Capital Medical University Beijing An Zhen Hospital
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shoaib Afzal
- University of Copenhagen
- Copenhagen University Hospital
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ali Ahmadi
- Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences
| | | | | | | | | | - Kamel Ajlouni
- National Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Genetics
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eman Aly
- World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean
| | | | - Parisa Amiri
- Research Center for Social Determinants of Health
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Joana Araújo
- Institute of Public Health of the University of Porto
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shina Avi
- Tel-Aviv University
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Abdul Basit
- Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Judith Benedics
- Federal Ministry of Social Affairs, Health, Care and Consumer Protection
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hongsheng Bi
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Yufang Bi
- Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - João Breda
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Laura Censi
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Angela Chetrit
- The Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Cora L Craig
- Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rachel Dankner
- The Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research
| | | | | | | | - Luc Dauchet
- University of Lille
- Lille University Hospital
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jia Li Duan
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anar Dushpanova
- Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna
- Al-Farabi Kazakh National University
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Günther Fink
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute
- University of Basel
| | | | | | | | - Heba M Fouad
- World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mihai Gafencu
- Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marcel Goldberg
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale
- Paris University
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yin Guo
- Capital Medical University Beijing Tongren Hospital
| | | | - Rajeev Gupta
- Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jie Hao
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yuan He
- National Research Institute for Health and Family Planning
| | - Yuna He
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ana Henriques
- Institute of Public Health of the University of Porto
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jost B Jonas
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yves Kameli
- French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Joanne Katz
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Roya Kelishadi
- Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Slawomir Koziel
- PASs Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Edwige Landais
- French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development
| | - Vera Lanska
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xu Lin
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Lijuan Liu
- Capital Medical University Beijing Tongren Hospital
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xu Ma
- National Research Institute for Health and Family Planning
| | | | | | | | | | - Stefania Maggi
- Institute of Neuroscience of the National Research Council
| | | | | | | | | | - Bernard Maire
- French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development
| | | | | | - Päivi Mäki
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jaume Marrugat
- CIBERCV
- Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jie Mi
- Capital Institute of Pediatrics
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - GK Mini
- Women’s Social and Health Studies Foundation
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marie Moitry
- University of Strasbourg
- Strasbourg University Hospital
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jorge Motta
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jana Námešná
- Banska Bystrica Regional Authority of Public Health
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Keiu Nelis
- National Institute for Health Development
| | - Liis Nelis
- National Institute for Health Development
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yury P Nikitin
- SB RAS Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics
| | - Guang Ning
- Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine
| | | | | | - Marianna Noale
- Institute of Neuroscience of the National Research Council
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eha Nurk
- National Institute for Health Development
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kyungwon Oh
- Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | | | - Claes Ohlsson
- University of Gothenburg
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Domenico Palli
- Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Francesco Panza
- IRCCS Ente Ospedaliero Specializzato in Gastroenterologia S. de Bellis
| | | | | | - Suyeon Park
- Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | | | | | - Ionela M Pascanu
- University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mures
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Iris Pigeot
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Raluca M Pop
- University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mures
| | | | - Miquel Porta
- Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Maria Puiu
- Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Manu Raj
- Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences
| | | | | | - Ivo Rakovac
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe
| | | | | | | | | | - Rafel Ramos
- Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ana Rito
- National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Paola Russo
- Institute of Food Sciences of the National Research Council
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nader Saki
- Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Savvas Savva
- Research and Education Institute of Child Health
| | - Mathilde Savy
- French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Aletta E Schutte
- University of New South Wales
- The George Institute for Global Health
| | | | | | | | - Abhijit Sen
- Center for Oral Health Services and Research Mid-Norway
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alfonso Siani
- Institute of Food Sciences of the National Research Council
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Liam Smeeth
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Igor Spiroski
- Institute of Public Health
- Ss. Cyril and Methodius University
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lela Sturua
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lucjan Szponar
- National Institute of Public Health – National Institute of Hygiene
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pierre Traissac
- French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development
| | | | | | | | - Oanh TH Trinh
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gilad Twig
- Tel-Aviv University
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem
| | | | | | | | | | - Eunice Ugel
- Universidad Centro-Occidental Lisandro Alvarado
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anette Varbo
- Copenhagen University Hospital
- University of Copenhagen
| | | | | | | | - Tomas Vega
- Consejería de Sanidad Junta de Castilla y León
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lucie Viet
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ningli Wang
- Capital Medical University Beijing Tongren Hospital
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Adelheid Weber
- Federal Ministry of Social Affairs, Health, Care and Consumer Protection
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bogdan Wojtyniak
- National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene
| | | | | | | | | | - Jean Woo
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | | | | | - Jianfeng Wu
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | | | | | - Haiquan Xu
- Institute of Food and Nutrition Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs
| | - Liang Xu
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology
| | | | | | - Weili Yan
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University
| | | | | | - Yang Yang
- Shanghai Educational Development Co. Ltd
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yi Zeng
- Peking University
- Duke University
| | | | | | - Dong Zhao
- Capital Medical University Beijing An Zhen Hospital
| | | | - Wenhua Zhao
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Shiqi Zhen
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention
| | | | | | | | - Maigeng Zhou
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Dan Zhu
- Inner Mongolia Medical University
| | - Marie Zins
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale
- Paris University
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18
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Morrison SA, Sember V, Leskošek B, Kovač M, Jurak G, Starc G. Assessment of Secular Trends and Health Risk in Pediatric Cardiorespiratory Fitness From the Republic of Slovenia. Front Physiol 2021; 12:644781. [PMID: 33762971 PMCID: PMC7982523 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.644781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Determine the temporal trends in cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and health risk of Slovenian schoolchildren across a 20-year span, assessed via 20-m shuttle run (20mSRT), including defining centile ranges and possible health risk(s) for each generation. Methods Nationally representative data from 9,426 healthy schoolchildren (6–14 years old) were used to determine changes in CRF across three generations, in 1993 (n = 3,174), 2003 (n = 3,457) and 2013 (n = 2,795) from a multistage, stratified, decennial study. Results 20mSRT performance declined ∼2.8% from 1993 to 2003, independent of age or sex of the child. This trend was reversed in 2013, increasing by ∼8.2% across all age groups, for both girls and boys, for a net increase of 5.4%. The magnitude of improvement was similar for both sexes. Moreover, girls in the 2013 generation (for ages 10–13 year) completed more stages than their 2003 male counterparts. Across all generations, children achieved CRF values corresponding to low cardiovascular risk for future health outcomes. Centile values ranged from “low” to “very high” depending on age, sex, and generation of the sample. Conclusion Negative trends in CRF from Slovenian schoolchildren were reversed by 2013, indicating that Slovenia should continue implementing progressive national physical fitness strategies introduced between sampling periods (i.e., 2003–2013). Additionally, due to the universal nature of Slovenian schoolchildren achieving “healthy cut-off values” for 20mSRT (generation-inclusive), it is suggested that more specific cut-off criteria are developed, especially for younger children, and girls, so that future CRF results can be more accurately applied for both clinical and pedagogical users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vedrana Sember
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bojan Leskošek
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marjeta Kovač
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Jurak
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Starc
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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19
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Jurak G, Morrison SA, Kovač M, Leskošek B, Sember V, Strel J, Starc G. A COVID-19 Crisis in Child Physical Fitness: Creating a Barometric Tool of Public Health Engagement for the Republic of Slovenia. Front Public Health 2021; 9:644235. [PMID: 33748071 PMCID: PMC7973087 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.644235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The Republic of Slovenia implements the largest longitudinal database of child physical fitness in the world-SLOfit. Slovenia has some of the most physically active children globally, and it has responded rapidly to incorporate national physical activity (PA) interventions throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite aggressive campaigns to maintain PA at home, the country has seen a tremendous decrease in child physical fitness over the past several months as self-isolation measures have been mandated by national authorities. These trends prompted researchers to create a method of tracking and communicating government decisions which have a direct impact on child physical activity, fitness and overall health (i.e., the SLOfit Barometer). The research team assembled experts for consultation on creation of the SLOfit Barometer after processing preliminary data on 20,000 schoolchildren which found the greatest decline in child physical fitness since systematic testing began more than 30 years ago. Only 2 months of self-isolation erased over 10 years of hard-fought health gains acquired from national public health policies and PA interventions. This crisis in child fitness requires integrated community participation and a robust public health policy response, and with the SLOfit Barometer acting as a national bellwether system, it is envisioned that policy makers and the public will advocate for bold, progressive actions to combat this national health emergency. This surveillance tool tracks government action to combat the increasing child physical inactivity and obesity trends brought on as a direct result of COVID-19 isolation regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Jurak
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Marjeta Kovač
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bojan Leskošek
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vedrana Sember
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Gregor Starc
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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20
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Jurak G, Soric M, Sember V, Djuric S, Starc G, Kovac M, Leskosek B. Associations of mode and distance of commuting to school with cardiorespiratory fitness in Slovenian schoolchildren: a nationwide cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:291. [PMID: 33541296 PMCID: PMC7863324 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-10326-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is unclear whether active commuting has the potential to improve children’s health. This study examined the association of commuting mode and distance with children’s cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study, including 713 Slovenian schoolchildren aged 12 to 15 years. Commuting modes were self-reported, and four commuting groups were constructed, while CRF was determined with a 20-m shuttle run test. The distance from home to school was calculated using the Geographic Information System. Effects of commuting mode and distance, controlling for age, gender and amount of total physical activity, were evaluated using general two linear models (one for each direction of commuting to/from school). Results The main effect of commuting group on CRF and its interaction with distance were significant in the direction from school to home (P = 0.013 and P = 0.028, respectively), but not in the opposite direction. Predicted differences in CRF between commuting groups were moderate and generally higher in males than in females. When comparing commuting group median distance from home to school, males driven by car had around 4 ml/min/kg lower predicted CRF than those who walked (P = 0.01) or used wheels commuting (e.g., bicycle, skateboard). Conclusions The distance of commuting had a small effect on CRF, except in the Car group where children who live close to school had significantly lower CRF than those living further away. Children driven by car who live within wheels or walk distance from school should be targeted by interventions promoting active transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Jurak
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Gortanova ulica 22, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maroje Soric
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Gortanova ulica 22, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Horvacanski zavoj 15, 10110, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vedrana Sember
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Gortanova ulica 22, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sasa Djuric
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Gortanova ulica 22, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Gregor Starc
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Gortanova ulica 22, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marjeta Kovac
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Gortanova ulica 22, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bojan Leskosek
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Gortanova ulica 22, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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21
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Đurić S, Grbić V, Živković M, Majstorović N, Sember V. Are the Parameters of Novel Two-Point Force-Velocity Model Generalizable in Leg Muscles? Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:ijerph18031032. [PMID: 33503856 PMCID: PMC7908528 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18031032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The two-point force-velocity model allows the assessment of the muscle mechanical capacities in fast, almost fatigue-free conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the concurrent validity of the two-point parameters with directly measured force and power and to examine the generalization of the two-point parameters across the different functional movement tests of leg muscles. Twelve physically active participants were tested performing three functional lower limb maximal tests under two different magnitudes of loads: countermovement jumps, maximal cycling sprint, and maximal force under isokinetic conditions of the knee extensors. The results showed that all values from the two-point model were higher than the values from the standard tests (p < 0.05). We also found strong correlations between the same variables from different tests (r ≥ 0.84; p < 0.01), except for force in maximal cycling sprint, where it was low and negligible (r = −0.24). The results regarding our second aim showed that the correlation coefficients between the same two-point parameters of different lower limb tests ranged from moderate to strong (r −0.47 to 0.72). In particular, the relationships were stronger between power variables than between force variables and somewhat stronger between standard tests and two-point parameters. We can conclude that mechanical capacities of the leg muscles can be partially generalized between different functional tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saša Đurić
- Faculty of Sports, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Vladimir Grbić
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (V.G.); (M.Ž.); (N.M.)
| | - Milena Živković
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (V.G.); (M.Ž.); (N.M.)
| | - Nikola Majstorović
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (V.G.); (M.Ž.); (N.M.)
| | - Vedrana Sember
- Faculty of Sports, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +386-51268263
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22
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Bogataj Š, Trajković N, Cadenas-Sanchez C, Sember V. Effects of School-Based Exercise and Nutrition Intervention on Body Composition and Physical Fitness in Overweight Adolescent Girls. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13010238. [PMID: 33467641 PMCID: PMC7829840 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Regular exercise during school hours is encouraged since childhood obesity has reached epidemic proportions. Moreover, a great majority of adolescents do not meet the recommendations for moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. The present study aimed to determine the effects of school-based high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and nutrition intervention on body composition and physical fitness in overweight adolescent girls. Forty-eight girls were included in the study, of whom 24 (age = 15.5 ± 0.7 years) were randomized to a experimental group (EXP) (HIIT and nutrition intervention school-based program) and 24 (age = 15.7 ± 0.6 years) to a control group (CON) that maintained their usual physical education activities. HIIT consisted of 10 stations of own bodyweight exercise and was done three times per week for eight weeks. Moreover, the EXP participated in the nutrition program led by a nutritionist two times a week. Apart from body composition assessment, participants performed countermovement jump (CMJ), medicine ball throw, hand-grip test, and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 Test (YYIRT1). A significant effect of group (EXP vs. CON) x time (pre vs. post) interaction was observed for weight [F(1,44) = 7.733; p = 0.008], body mass index [F(1,44) = 5.764; p = 0.020], body fat (in kg) [F(1,44) = 17.850; p < 0.001], and body fat (in %) [F(1,44) = 18.821; p < 0.001]. Moreover, a significant interaction was observed for the medicine ball throw [F(1,44) = 27.016; p < 0.001] and YYIRT1 [F(1,44) = 5.439; p = 0.024]. A significant main effect for time was found for hand grip [F(1,44) = 9.300; p = 0.004] and CMJ [F(1,44) = 12.866; p = 0.001].The present study has demonstrated that just eight weeks school-based HIIT and nutrition intervention, including three sessions a week, can improve body composition and muscular and physical aerobic performance in overweighted adolescent girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Špela Bogataj
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nebojša Trajković
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia;
| | - Cristina Cadenas-Sanchez
- Institute for Innovation & Sustainable Development in Food Chain (IS-FOOD), Public University of Navarra, 31007 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Vedrana Sember
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence:
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Rodriguez-Martinez A, Zhou B, Sophiea MK, Bentham J, Paciorek CJ, Iurilli MLC, Carrillo-Larco RM, Bennett JE, Di Cesare M, Taddei C, Bixby H, Stevens GA, Riley LM, Cowan MJ, Savin S, Danaei G, Chirita-Emandi A, Kengne AP, Khang YH, Laxmaiah A, Malekzadeh R, Miranda JJ, Moon JS, Popovic SR, Sørensen TIA, Soric M, Starc G, Zainuddin AA, Gregg EW, Bhutta ZA, Black R, Abarca-Gómez L, Abdeen ZA, Abdrakhmanova S, Abdul Ghaffar S, Abdul Rahim HF, Abu-Rmeileh NM, Abubakar Garba J, Acosta-Cazares B, Adams RJ, Aekplakorn W, Afsana K, Afzal S, Agdeppa IA, Aghazadeh-Attari J, Aguilar-Salinas CA, Agyemang C, Ahmad MH, Ahmad NA, Ahmadi A, Ahmadi N, Ahmed SH, Ahrens W, Aitmurzaeva G, Ajlouni K, Al-Hazzaa HM, Al-Othman AR, Al-Raddadi R, Alarouj M, AlBuhairan F, AlDhukair S, Ali MM, Alkandari A, Alkerwi A, Allin K, Alvarez-Pedrerol M, Aly E, Amarapurkar DN, Amiri P, Amougou N, Amouyel P, Andersen LB, Anderssen SA, Ängquist L, Anjana RM, Ansari-Moghaddam A, Aounallah-Skhiri H, Araújo J, Ariansen I, Aris T, Arku RE, Arlappa N, Aryal KK, Aspelund T, Assah FK, Assunção MCF, Aung MS, Auvinen J, Avdicová M, Azevedo A, Azimi-Nezhad M, Azizi F, Azmin M, Babu BV, Bæksgaard Jørgensen M, Baharudin A, Bahijri S, Baker JL, Balakrishna N, Bamoshmoosh M, Banach M, Bandosz P, Banegas JR, Baran J, Barbagallo CM, Barceló A, Barkat A, Barros AJD, Barros MVG, Basit A, Bastos JLD, Bata I, Batieha AM, Batista RL, Battakova Z, Batyrbek A, Baur LA, Beaglehole R, Bel-Serrat S, Belavendra A, Ben Romdhane H, Benedics J, Benet M, Bennett JE, Berkinbayev S, Bernabe-Ortiz A, Bernotiene G, Bettiol H, Bezerra J, Bhagyalaxmi A, Bharadwaj S, Bhargava SK, Bhutta ZA, Bi H, Bi Y, Bia D, Bika Lele EC, Bikbov MM, Bista B, Bjelica DJ, Bjerregaard P, Bjertness E, Bjertness MB, Björkelund C, Bloch KV, Blokstra A, Bo S, Bobak M, Boddy LM, Boehm BO, Boeing H, Boggia JG, Bogova E, Boissonnet CP, Bojesen SE, Bonaccio M, Bongard V, Bonilla-Vargas A, Bopp M, Borghs H, Bovet P, Braeckevelt L, Braeckman L, Bragt MCE, Brajkovich I, Branca F, Breckenkamp J, Breda J, Brenner H, Brewster LM, Brian GR, Brinduse L, Brophy S, Bruno G, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Bugge A, Buoncristiano M, Burazeri G, Burns C, Cabrera de León A, Cacciottolo J, Cai H, Cama T, Cameron C, Camolas J, Can G, Cândido APC, Cañete F, Capanzana MV, Capková N, Capuano E, Capuano V, Cardol M, Cardoso VC, Carlsson AC, Carmuega E, Carvalho J, Casajús JA, Casanueva FF, Celikcan E, Censi L, Cervantes-Loaiza M, Cesar JA, Chamukuttan S, Chan AW, Chan Q, Chaturvedi HK, Chaturvedi N, Che Abdul Rahim N, Chen CJ, Chen F, Chen H, Chen S, Chen Z, Cheng CY, Cheraghian B, Chetrit A, Chikova-Iscener E, Chiolero A, Chiou ST, Chirita-Emandi A, Chirlaque MD, Cho B, Christensen K, Christofaro DG, Chudek J, Cifkova R, Cilia M, Cinteza E, Claessens F, Clarke J, Clays E, Cohen E, Concin H, Confortin SC, Cooper C, Coppinger TC, Corpeleijn E, Costanzo S, Cottel D, Cowell C, Craig CL, Crampin AC, Crujeiras AB, Csilla S, Cucu AM, Cui L, Cureau FV, D'Arrigo G, d'Orsi E, Dacica L, Dal Re Saavedra MÁ, Dallongeville J, Damasceno A, Damsgaard CT, Danaei G, Dankner R, Dantoft TM, Dasgupta P, Dastgiri S, Dauchet L, Davletov K, De Backer G, De Bacquer D, de Gaetano G, De Henauw S, de Oliveira PD, De Ridder D, De Ridder K, de Rooij SR, De Smedt D, Deepa M, Deev AD, DeGennaro VJ, Dehghan A, Delisle H, Delpeuch F, Demarest S, Dennison E, Deren K, Deschamps V, Dhana K, Dhimal M, Di Castelnuovo AF, Dias-da-Costa JS, Díaz-Sánchez ME, Diaz A, Dika Z, Djalalinia S, Djordjic V, Do HTP, Dobson AJ, Donati MB, Donfrancesco C, Donoso SP, Döring A, Dorobantu M, Dorosty AR, Doua K, Drygas W, Duan JL, Duante CA, Duboz P, Duda RB, Duleva V, Dulskiene V, Dumith SC, Dushpanova A, Dzerve V, Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk E, Eddie R, Eftekhar E, Egbagbe EE, Eggertsen R, Eghtesad S, Eiben G, Ekelund U, El-Khateeb M, El Ati J, Eldemire-Shearer D, Eliasen M, Elliott P, Engle-Stone R, Enguerran M, Erasmus RT, Erbel R, Erem C, Eriksen L, Eriksson JG, Escobedo-de la Peña J, Eslami S, Esmaeili A, Evans A, Faeh D, Fakhretdinova AA, Fall CH, Faramarzi E, Farjam M, Farrugia Sant'Angelo V, Farzadfar F, Fattahi MR, Fawwad A, Felix-Redondo FJ, Ferguson TS, Fernandes RA, Fernández-Bergés D, Ferrante D, Ferrao T, Ferrari M, Ferrario MM, Ferreccio C, Ferrer E, Ferrieres J, Figueiró TH, Fijalkowska A, Fink G, Fischer K, Föger B, Foo LH, Forsner M, Fouad HM, Francis DK, Franco MDC, Franco OH, Frikke-Schmidt R, Frontera G, Fuchs FD, Fuchs SC, Fujiati II, Fujita Y, Fumihiko M, Furusawa T, Gaciong Z, Gafencu M, Galbarczyk A, Galenkamp H, Galeone D, Galfo M, Galvano F, Gao J, Garcia-de-la-Hera M, García-Solano M, Gareta D, Garnett SP, Gaspoz JM, Gasull M, Gaya ACA, Gaya AR, Gazzinelli A, Gehring U, Geiger H, Geleijnse JM, Ghanbari A, Ghasemi E, Gheorghe-Fronea OF, Giampaoli S, Gianfagna F, Gill TK, Giovannelli J, Gironella G, Giwercman A, Gkiouras K, Godos J, Gogen S, Goldsmith RA, Goltzman D, Gómez SF, Gomula A, Goncalves Cordeiro da Silva B, Gonçalves H, Gonzalez-Chica DA, Gonzalez-Gross M, González-Leon M, González-Rivas JP, González-Villalpando C, González-Villalpando ME, Gonzalez AR, Gottrand F, Graça AP, Graff-Iversen S, Grafnetter D, Grajda A, Grammatikopoulou MG, Gregor RD, Grodzicki T, Grøholt EK, Grøntved A, Grosso G, Gruden G, Gu D, Gualdi-Russo E, Guallar-Castillón P, Gualtieri A, Gudmundsson EF, Gudnason V, Guerrero R, Guessous I, Guimaraes AL, Gulliford MC, Gunnlaugsdottir J, Gunter MJ, Guo XH, Guo Y, Gupta PC, Gupta R, Gureje O, Gurzkowska B, Gutiérrez-González E, Gutierrez L, Gutzwiller F, Ha S, Hadaegh F, Hadjigeorgiou CA, Haghshenas R, Hakimi H, Halkjær J, Hambleton IR, Hamzeh B, Hange D, Hanif AAM, Hantunen S, Hari Kumar R, Hashemi-Shahri SM, Hassapidou M, Hata J, Haugsgjerd T, Hayes AJ, He J, He Y, He Y, Heidinger-Felso R, Heinen M, Hejgaard T, Hendriks ME, Henrique RDS, Henriques A, Hernandez Cadena L, Herrala S, Herrera VM, Herter-Aeberli I, Heshmat R, Hill AG, Ho SY, Ho SC, Hobbs M, Hofman A, Holden Bergh I, Holdsworth M, Homayounfar R, Homs C, Hopman WM, Horimoto ARVR, Hormiga CM, Horta BL, Houti L, Howitt C, Htay TT, Htet AS, Htike MMT, Hu Y, Huerta JM, Huhtaniemi IT, Huidumac Petrescu C, Husseini A, Huu CN, Huybrechts I, Hwalla N, Hyska J, Iacoviello L, Ibarluzea JM, Ibrahim MM, Ibrahim Wong N, Ikeda N, Ikram MA, Iotova V, Irazola VE, Ishida T, Islam M, Islam SMS, Iwasaki M, Jackson RT, Jacobs JM, Jaddou HY, Jafar T, James K, Jamil KM, Jamrozik K, Janszky I, Janus E, Jarani J, Jarvelin MR, Jasienska G, Jelakovic A, Jelakovic B, Jennings G, Jha AK, Jiang CQ, Jimenez RO, Jöckel KH, Joffres M, Johansson M, Jokelainen JJ, Jonas JB, Jørgensen T, Joshi P, Joukar F, Jovic DP, Józwiak JJ, Juolevi A, Jurak G, Jurca Simina I, Juresa V, Kaaks R, Kaducu FO, Kafatos A, Kajantie EO, Kalmatayeva Z, Kalter-Leibovici O, Kameli Y, Kanala KR, Kannan S, Kapantais E, Karki KB, Katibeh M, Katz J, Katzmarzyk PT, Kauhanen J, Kaur P, Kavousi M, Kazakbaeva GM, Keil U, Keinan Boker L, Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi S, Kelishadi R, Kelleher C, Kemper HCG, Kengne AP, Keramati M, Kerimkulova A, Kersting M, Key T, Khader YS, Khalili D, Khang YH, Khaw KT, Kheiri B, Kheradmand M, Khosravi A, Khouw IMSL, Kiechl-Kohlendorfer U, Kiechl S, Killewo J, Kim DW, Kim HC, Kim J, Kindblom JM, Klakk H, Klimek M, Klimont J, Klumbiene J, Knoflach M, Koirala B, Kolle E, Kolsteren P, König J, Korpelainen R, Korrovits P, Korzycka M, Kos J, Koskinen S, Kouda K, Kovacs VA, Kowlessur S, Koziel S, Kratzer W, Kriemler S, Kristensen PL, Krokstad S, Kromhout D, Krtalic B, Kruger HS, Kubinova R, Kuciene R, Kujala UM, Kujundzic E, Kulaga Z, Kumar RK, Kunešová M, Kurjata P, Kusuma YS, Kuulasmaa K, Kyobutungi C, La QN, Laamiri FZ, Laatikainen T, Lachat C, Laid Y, Lam TH, Lambrinou CP, Landais E, Lanska V, Lappas G, Larijani B, Latt TS, Lauria L, Laxmaiah A, Lazo-Porras M, Le Nguyen Bao K, Le Port A, Le TD, Lee J, Lee J, Lee PH, Lehmann N, Lehtimäki T, Lemogoum D, Levitt NS, Li Y, Liivak M, Lilly CL, Lim WY, Lima-Costa MF, Lin HH, Lin X, Lin YT, Lind L, Linneberg A, Lissner L, Litwin M, Liu J, Liu L, Lo WC, Loit HM, Long KQ, Lopes L, Lopes O, Lopez-Garcia E, Lopez T, Lotufo PA, Lozano JE, Lukrafka JL, Luksiene D, Lundqvist A, Lundqvist R, Lunet N, Lunogelo C, Lustigová M, Luszczki E, Ma G, Ma J, Ma X, Machado-Coelho GLL, Machado-Rodrigues AM, Machi S, Macieira LM, Madar AA, Maggi S, Magliano DJ, Magnacca S, Magriplis E, Mahasampath G, Maire B, Majer M, Makdisse M, Mäki P, Malekzadeh F, Malekzadeh R, Malhotra R, Mallikharjuna Rao K, Malyutina SK, Maniego LV, Manios Y, Mann JI, Mansour-Ghanaei F, Manzato E, Margozzini P, Markaki A, Markey O, Markidou Ioannidou E, Marques-Vidal P, Marques LP, Marrugat J, Martin-Prevel Y, Martin R, Martorell R, Martos E, Marventano S, Mascarenhas LP, Masoodi SR, Mathiesen EB, Mathur P, Matijasevich A, Matsha TE, Mavrogianni C, Mazur A, Mbanya JCN, McFarlane SR, McGarvey ST, McKee M, McLachlan S, McLean RM, McLean SB, McNulty BA, Mediene-Benchekor S, Medzioniene J, Mehdipour P, Mehlig K, Mehrparvar AH, Meirhaeghe A, Meisfjord J, Meisinger C, Menezes AMB, Menon GR, Mensink GBM, Menzano MT, Mereke A, Meshram II, Metspalu A, Mi J, Michaelsen KF, Michels N, Mikkel K, Milkowska K, Miller JC, Minderico CS, Mini GK, Miquel JF, Miranda JJ, Mirjalili MR, Mirkopoulou D, Mirrakhimov E, Mišigoj-Durakovic M, Mistretta A, Mocanu V, Modesti PA, Moghaddam SS, Mohajer B, Mohamed MK, Mohamed SF, Mohammad K, Mohammadi Z, Mohammadifard N, Mohammadpourhodki R, Mohan V, Mohanna S, Mohd Yusoff MF, Mohebbi I, Mohebi F, Moitry M, Molbo D, Møllehave LT, Møller NC, Molnár D, Momenan A, Mondo CK, Monroy-Valle M, Monterrubio-Flores E, Monyeki KDK, Moon JS, Moosazadeh M, Moreira LB, Morejon A, Moreno LA, Morgan K, Morin SN, Mortensen EL, Moschonis G, Mossakowska M, Mostafa A, Mota-Pinto A, Mota J, Motlagh ME, Motta J, Moura-dos-Santos MA, Mridha MK, Msyamboza KP, Mu TT, Muc M, Mugoša B, Muiesan ML, Mukhtorova P, Müller-Nurasyid M, Murphy N, Mursu J, Murtagh EM, Musa KI, Music Milanovic S, Musil V, Mustafa N, Nabipour I, Naderimagham S, Nagel G, Naidu BM, Najafi F, Nakamura H, Námešná J, Nang EEK, Nangia VB, Nankap M, Narake S, Nardone P, Nauck M, Neal WA, Nejatizadeh A, Nelis K, Nelis L, Nenko I, Neovius M, Nervi F, Nguyen CT, Nguyen D, Nguyen QN, Nieto-Martínez RE, Nikitin YP, Ning G, Ninomiya T, Nishtar S, Noale M, Noboa OA, Nogueira H, Norat T, Nordendahl M, Nordestgaard BG, Noto D, Nowak-Szczepanska N, Nsour MA, Nuhoglu I, Nurk E, O'Neill TW, O'Reilly D, Obreja G, Ochimana C, Ochoa-Avilés AM, Oda E, Oh K, Ohara K, Ohlsson C, Ohtsuka R, Olafsson Ö, Olinto MTA, Oliveira IO, Omar MA, Onat A, Ong SK, Ono LM, Ordunez P, Ornelas R, Ortiz AP, Ortiz PJ, Osler M, Osmond C, Ostojic SM, Ostovar A, Otero JA, Overvad K, Owusu-Dabo E, Paccaud FM, Padez C, Pagkalos I, Pahomova E, Paiva KMD, Pajak A, Palli D, Palloni A, Palmieri L, Pan WH, Panda-Jonas S, Pandey A, Panza F, Papandreou D, Park SW, Park S, Parnell WR, Parsaeian M, Pascanu IM, Pasquet P, Patel ND, Pednekar MS, Peer N, Peixoto SV, Peltonen M, Pereira AC, Peres MA, 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Herck K, Van Minh H, van Valkengoed IGM, Vanderschueren D, Vanuzzo D, Varbo A, Varela-Moreiras G, Varona-Pérez P, Vasan SK, Vega T, Veidebaum T, Velasquez-Melendez G, Velika B, Veronesi G, Verschuren WMM, Victora CG, Viegi G, Viet L, Villalpando S, Vineis P, Vioque J, Virtanen JK, Visser M, Visvikis-Siest S, Viswanathan B, Vladulescu M, Vlasoff T, Vocanec D, Völzke H, Voutilainen A, Voutilainen S, Vrijheid M, Vrijkotte TGM, Wade AN, Wagner A, Waldhör T, Walton J, Wambiya EOA, Wan Bebakar WM, Wan Mohamud WN, Wanderley Júnior RDS, Wang MD, Wang N, Wang Q, Wang X, Wang YX, Wang YW, Wannamethee SG, Wareham N, Weber A, Wedderkopp N, Weerasekera D, Weghuber D, Wei W, Weres A, Werner B, Whincup PH, Widhalm K, Widyahening IS, Wiecek A, Wilks RJ, Willeit J, Willeit P, Williams J, Wilsgaard T, Wojtyniak B, Wong-McClure RA, Wong A, Wong JE, Wong TY, Woo J, Woodward M, Wu FC, Wu J, Wu LJ, Wu S, Xu H, Xu L, Yaacob NA, Yamborisut U, Yan W, Yang L, Yang X, Yang Y, Yardim N, Yaseri M, Yasuharu T, Ye X, Yiallouros PK, Yoosefi M, Yoshihara A, You QS, You SL, Younger-Coleman NO, Yusof SM, Yusoff AF, Zaccagni L, Zafiropulos V, Zainuddin AA, Zakavi SR, Zamani F, Zambon S, Zampelas A, Zamrazilová H, Zapata ME, Zargar AH, Zaw KK, Zdrojewski T, Zeljkovic Vrkic T, Zeng Y, Zhang L, Zhang ZY, Zhao D, Zhao MH, Zhao W, Zhen S, Zheng W, Zheng Y, Zholdin B, Zhou M, Zhu D, Zocalo Y, Zuñiga Cisneros J, Zuziak M, Ezzati M. Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants. Lancet 2020; 396:1511-1524. [PMID: 33160572 PMCID: PMC7658740 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31859-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. METHODS For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5-19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. FINDINGS We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9-10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes-gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both-occurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls. INTERPRETATION The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks. FUNDING Wellcome Trust, AstraZeneca Young Health Programme, EU.
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Kovač M, Sember V, Pajek M. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE GYMNASTICS CURRICULUM IN THE FIRST THREE-YEAR CYCLE OF THE PRIMARY SCHOOL IN SLOVENIA. SGJ 2020. [DOI: 10.52165/sgj.12.3.299-312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Throughout the world, gymnastics is an essential part of physical education (PE) curricula, especially in the first years of schooling. In this period, PE is taught by the general teachers (GTs) with low levels of experience about how to teach gymnastics. Our study aimed to find out how GTs complied with the prescribed gymnastics curriculum contents. The sample included 90 GTs from 21 primary schools from Ljubljana, the capital of Slovenia. A self-administered questionnaire was designed to examine the opinions of GTs about some factors of importance and implementation of gymnastics contents on a five-level Likert scale. A one-way ANOVA, Tukey post hoc test, and Mann-Whitney U test were used in the data processing. GTs allocated more time to those contents of the PE curriculum that rank higher regarding the importance of child development and are easier to teach. They spent only 16.93 lessons on gymnastics per academic year, ranked gymnastics at fourth place (out of 7) regarding its importance for children's development, and gymnastics seemed to be the most challenging content to teach. Within gymnastic content, the least implemented elements were those mentioned as the most difficult to learn for children (acrobatics, hang and support, and vaults). GTs believed that teaching methods (4.29) were less important for successful gymnastics performance than children’s motor efficiency (4.73) and self-activity (4.57). The outcomes of this study may aid in the future updating of GT education study programmes and designing a creative system of continuous professional development.
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Sember V, Meh K, Sorić M, Starc G, Rocha P, Jurak G. Validity and Reliability of International Physical Activity Questionnaires for Adults across EU Countries: Systematic Review and Meta Analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:ijerph17197161. [PMID: 33007880 PMCID: PMC7579664 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17197161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This review and meta-analysis (PROSPERO registration number: CRD42020138845) critically evaluates test-retest reliability, concurrent validity and criterion validity of different physical activity (PA) levels of three most commonly used international PA questionnaires (PAQs) in official language versions of European Union (EU): International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-SF), Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ), and European Health Interview Survey-Physical Activity Questionnaire (EHIS-PAQ). In total, 1749 abstracts were screened, 287 full-text articles were identified as relevant to the study objectives, and 20 studies were included. The studies' results and quality were evaluated using the Quality Assessment of Physical Activity Questionnaires checklist. Results indicate that only ten EU countries validated official language versions of selected PAQs. A meta-analysis revealed that assessment of moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) is the most relevant PA level outcome, since no publication bias in any of measurement properties was detected while test-retest reliability was moderately high (rw = 0.74), moderate for the criterion (rw = 0.41) and moderately-high for concurrent validity (rw = 0.72). Reporting of methods and results of the studies was poor, with an overall moderate risk of bias with a total score of 0.43. In conclusion, where only self-reporting of PA is feasible, assessment of MVPA with selected PAQs in EU adult populations is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedrana Sember
- Faculty of Sports, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.M.); (M.S.); (G.S.); (G.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +386-51-268263
| | - Kaja Meh
- Faculty of Sports, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.M.); (M.S.); (G.S.); (G.J.)
| | - Maroje Sorić
- Faculty of Sports, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.M.); (M.S.); (G.S.); (G.J.)
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, 10110 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gregor Starc
- Faculty of Sports, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.M.); (M.S.); (G.S.); (G.J.)
| | - Paulo Rocha
- Portuguese Institute of Sport and Youth, 1250-190 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Gregor Jurak
- Faculty of Sports, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.M.); (M.S.); (G.S.); (G.J.)
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Sember V, Grošelj J, Pajek M. Balance Tests in Pre-Adolescent Children: Retest Reliability, Construct Validity, and Relative Ability. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:ijerph17155474. [PMID: 32751279 PMCID: PMC7432309 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17155474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Balance is an essential prerequisite for the normal physical development of a child. It consists of the ability to maintain the body’s centre of mass over its base of support, which is enabled by automatic postural adjustments, and maintain posture and stability in various conditions and activities. The present study aimed to determine the measurement characteristics (reliability and concurrent validity) and the relative ability of balance tests and different motor tests in healthy 11-year-olds. We also evaluated the impact of vision on balance ability. Our results showed high interrater reliability (from 0.810 to 0.910) and confirmed the construct validity of the included balance tests. Girls performed significantly better than boys in laboratory tandem stance in following balance components: total sway path with eyes open (BSEO) (t = 2.68, p = 0.01, effect size (ES) = 0.81), total body sway with eyes closed of centre of pressure (CoP) displacement in the a-p direction (BSEC) (t = 1.86, p = 0.07, ES = 0.57), mean velocity of CoP displacements (VEO) (t = 2.67, p = 0.01, ES = 0.83), mean amplitude of CoP displacements in the a-p direction (AapEO) (t = 3.38. p = 0.00, ES = 1.01) and in mean amplitude of CoP displacements in the m-l direction (AmlEO) (t = 3.68, p = 0.00, ES = 1.19). With eyes closed, girls performed significantly better (t = 2.28, p = 0.03, ES = 0.70) than boys did in the mean amplitude of COP displacements in the a-p direction (AapEO) and significantly better (t = 2.37, p = 0.03, ES = 0.71) in the mean amplitude of COP displacements in the m-l direction (AmlEC). Insignificant correlations between different balance tests, except for a correlation between the flamingo test and one-leg stance on a low beam (r = 0.558, p < 0.01), show that each test assesses different aspects of balance ability; therefore, balance cannot be assessed with a single test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedrana Sember
- Faculty of Sports, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Janja Grošelj
- Elementary School Spodnja Idrija, 5280 Idrija, Slovenia;
| | - Maja Pajek
- Faculty of Sports, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +386-41-794-658
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Sember V, Jurak G, Kovač M, Morrison SA, Starc G. Children's Physical Activity, Academic Performance, and Cognitive Functioning: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Public Health 2020; 8:307. [PMID: 32760689 PMCID: PMC7372103 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Researching the relationship between physical activity and academic performance is becoming an important research topic due to increasing evidence about the positive effect of physical activity on cognitive functioning. The present systematic review and meta-analysis (PROSPERO registration number: CDR132118) is a unique contribution to the recently published reviews since it only includes interventions longer than 6 weeks and acknowledges the influence of the qualifications of practitioners who deliver interventions. After identifying 14,245 records in five databases and selecting 247 full-text articles assessed for eligibility, 44 interventions passed all eligibility criteria. This meta-analysis uses validity generalization in a random effects model, which shows that academic performance itself is not solely caused by increased physical activity. The weighted mean population effect of all included interventions was rw = 0.181. Most of the studies had serious limitations since they did not report physical activity intensity, which is an essential component to achieving positive exercise effects on cognition. In addition, the qualifications of the staff who administer the interventions were largely ignored in existing literature. It was found that 13 out of 20 physical activity interventions with significant positive effects on academic performance were performed by practitioners who held higher qualifications in the field of physical education and exercise science, who could mediate higher physical activity intensities of the given interventions. The population effect in studies where interventions were administered by practitioners with lower qualifications in the field (rw = 0.14) was lower compared to interventions performed by staff with higher qualifications (rw = 0.22). There was also a significant difference in academic performance with regard to staff qualification level (χ = 4.464; p = 0.035). In addition to activity duration, future physical activity intervention studies including those investigating academic performance should focus on the importance of physical activity intensity and include measures of physical fitness as objective indicators to enable more reliable analyses to establish physical activity influence on academic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedrana Sember
- Laboratory for the Diagnostics of Somatic and Motor Development, Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Jurak
- Laboratory for the Diagnostics of Somatic and Motor Development, Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marjeta Kovač
- Laboratory for the Diagnostics of Somatic and Motor Development, Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Shawnda A Morrison
- Laboratory for the Diagnostics of Somatic and Motor Development, Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Starc
- Laboratory for the Diagnostics of Somatic and Motor Development, Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Abstract
This study analyses the changes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in a cohort of boys and girls aged 11 (n = 50) and 14 (n = 50). Physical activity was assessed with Bodymedia SenseWear Pro Armband monitor for 6 days in October 2013 and October 2016, considering 90% of daily wear time (21h and 40min). The initial sample (n = 160) included the children who wore the monitors at age 11 but the final analyzed sample included only those children from the initial sample (n = 50), whose data fulfilled the inclusion criteria at age 11 and 14. Physical fitness and somatic characteristics of the final sample (n = 50) were compared to a representative sample of Slovenian schoolchildren at ages 11 (n = 385) and 14 (n = 236) to detect possible bias. Changes in MVPA were controlled for maturity using the timing of adolescent growth spurt as its indicator. The average MVPA decreased more than one quarter (34.96 min) from age 11 to age 14. Children were significantly more active at age 11 than at age 14 (p < 0.01, d = 0.39). The timing of puberty onset in girls was significantly earlier (12.01 ± 1.0 years) (p < 0.01) than in boys (13.2 ± 0.75 years) (p < 0.01, d = 1.35). There was a significant gender difference in moderate-to vigorous physical activity at age 14 (p < 0.05, η2 = 0.12) and between moderate-to vigorous physical activity at age 11 and 14 (η2 = 0.11). After controlling for the timing of adolescent growth spurt the girls at age 11 showed significantly higher level of physical activity than at age 14 (p < 0.01, η2 = 0.17). Early adolescence is crucial for the development of physical activity behaviours, which is especially pronounced in girls. The significant decline of MVPA between ages 11 and 14 in Slovenia are likely influenced by environmental changes since the timing of adolescent growth spurt did not prove as a factor underlying the decline of MVPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedrana Sember
- Laboratory for the Diagnostic of Somatic and Motor Development, Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Jurak
- Laboratory for the Diagnostic of Somatic and Motor Development, Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marjeta Kovač
- Laboratory for the Diagnostic of Somatic and Motor Development, Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Saša Đurić
- Laboratory for the Diagnostic of Somatic and Motor Development, Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Starc
- Laboratory for the Diagnostic of Somatic and Motor Development, Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Sember V, Križaj J. VALIDITY OF USEFUL ASSESSMENT STRATEGIES OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN ADOLESCENTS. KINSI 2019. [DOI: 10.52165/kinsi.25.2.44-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This article aims to provide an overview on specific assessment approaches regarding physical activity in adolescents as well to provide an overview of the validity of physical activity assessment tools such as smart bracelets and questionnaires. A literature search was conducted to retrieve articles from February 2009 to March 2019 using the following databases: PubMed. Web of Science, SportDiscus and Scopus. Articles had to distinguish the validity of physical activity bracelets and questionnaires among adolescents between 12 and 18 years of age. In total, 9 articles was found. Studies using physical activity bracelets for monitoring the physical activity, found higher validity coefficients compared to studies, using physical activity questionnaires.
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Sember V, Morrison SA, Jurak G, Kovač M, Starc G. Differences in Physical Activity and Academic Performance between Urban and Rural Schoolchildren in Slovenia. Monten J Sports Sci Med 2018. [DOI: 10.26773/mjssm.180309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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