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Kuncová J, Chvojka J, Sýkora R, Svíglerová J, Stengl M, Nalos L, Kroužecký A, Matějovič M. Tissue concentrations of vasoactive intestinal peptide are affected by peritonitis-induced sepsis and hemofiltration in pigs. Physiol Res 2011; 60:531-40. [PMID: 21401302 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a neuropeptide released from the autonomic nerves exerting multiple antiinflammatory effects. The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of severe sepsis and hemofiltration in two settings on plasma and tissue concentrations of VIP in a porcine model of sepsis. Thirty-two pigs were divided into 5 groups: 1) control group; 2) control group with conventional hemofiltration; 3) septic group; 4) septic group with conventional hemofiltration; 5) septic group with high-volume hemofiltration. Sepsis induced by faecal peritonitis continued for 22 hours. Hemofiltration was applied for the last 10 hours. Hemodynamic, inflammatory and oxidative stress parameters (heart rate, mean arterial pressure, cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance, plasma concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, thiobarbituric acid reactive species, nitrate + nitrite, asymmetric dimethylarginine) and the systemic VIP concentrations were measured before faeces inoculation and at 12 and 22 hours of peritonitis. VIP tissue levels were determined in the left ventricle, mesenteric and coronary arteries. Sepsis induced significant increases in VIP concentrations in the plasma and mesenteric artery, but it decreased peptide levels in the coronary artery. Hemofiltration in both settings reduced concentrations of VIP in the mesenteric artery. In severe sepsis, VIP seems to be rapidly depleted from the coronary artery and, on the other hand, upregulated in the mesenteric artery. Hemofiltration in both settings has a tendency to drain away these upregulated tissue stores which could result in the limited secretory capacity of the peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kuncová
- Department of Physiology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Plzeň, Czech Republic.
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Birch D, Knight GE, Boulos PB, Burnstock G. Analysis of innervation of human mesenteric vessels in non-inflamed and inflamed bowel--a confocal and functional study. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2008; 20:660-70. [PMID: 18298440 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2008.01082.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the distribution and density of perivascular nerves in human mesenteric arteries and veins and their responses to noradrenaline (NA), ATP and neuropeptide Y (NPY) in control (non-inflamed) and inflamed bowel, using confocal microscopy and in vitro pharmacology. The density of innervation at the adventitial-medial border of arteries and within the medial muscle coat of veins was increased in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Expression of markers for both sympathetic nerves and sensory-motor nerves was significantly increased in IBD. Calcitonin gene-related peptide-containing sensory-motor nerves were present in control arteries and IBD, but not in control veins. The density of 5-hydroxytryptamine-containing nerves was variable in controls, but consistently increased (three to four times) in IBD. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) expression increased (doubled) in arteries and veins. Arteries and veins contracted to NA and ATP, but only veins constricted to NPY. ATP contractions were reduced in arteries and veins in IBD, while contractions to NA were only slightly reduced. Neuropeptide Y induced significantly greater (20%) contractions of IBD veins. In summary, the density of sympathetic and sensory-motor innervation of both mesenteric arteries and veins was increased in IBD. Both 5-hydroxytryptamine and VIP immunoreactivity were also increased. The responses of both arteries and veins to ATP, and to a lesser extent NA, were reduced in IBD while responses to NPY were greater in veins. Decreased responses to ATP indicate changes in purinergic-mediated transmission in the pathological state.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Birch
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London, UK
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KASPAREK MS, FATIMA J, IQBAL CW, DUENES JA, SARR MG. Effect of chronic, extrinsic denervation on functional NANC innervation with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and substance P in longitudinal muscle of rat jejunum. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2008; 20:243-52. [PMID: 17971029 PMCID: PMC2561234 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2007.01021.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal denervation contributes to enteric motor dysfunction after intestinal transplantation [small bowel transplantation (SBT)]. Our aim was to determine long-term effects of extrinsic denervation on functional non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic innervation with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and substance P. Contractile activity of jejunal longitudinal muscle from six age-matched, naïve control rats (NC) and eight rats 1 year after syngeneic SBT were studied in tissue chambers. Spontaneous contractile activity did not differ between groups. Exogenous VIP inhibited contractile activity dose-dependently in both groups, greater in NC than in SBT. The VIP antagonist ([D-p-Cl-Phe(6),Leu(17)]-VIP) and the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor l-N(G)-nitro arginine prevented inhibition by exogenous VIP and electrical field stimulation (EFS) in both groups. Exogenous substance P increased contractile activity dose-dependently, greater in NC than in SBT. The substance P antagonist ([D-Pro(2),D-Trp(7,9)]-substance P) inhibited effects of exogenous substance P and increased the EFS-induced inhibitory response. Immunohistofluorescence showed staining for tyrosine hydroxylase in the jejunoileum 1 year after SBT suggesting sympathetic reinnervation. In rat jejunal longitudinal muscle after chronic denervation, response to exogenous VIP and substance P is decreased, while endogenous release of both neurotransmitters is preserved. These alterations in excitatory and inhibitory pathways occur despite extrinsic reinnervation and might contribute to enteric motor dysfunction after SBT.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. S. KASPAREK
- Department of Surgery and Gastrointestinal Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA, Department of General Surgery, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - J. FATIMA
- Department of Surgery and Gastrointestinal Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - C. W. IQBAL
- Department of Surgery and Gastrointestinal Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - J. A. DUENES
- Department of Surgery and Gastrointestinal Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - M. G. SARR
- Department of Surgery and Gastrointestinal Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
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Kasparek MS, Fatima J, Iqbal CW, Duenes JA, Sarr MG. Long-term effects of extrinsic denervation on VIP and substance P innervation in circular muscle of rat jejunum. J Gastrointest Surg 2007; 11:1339-50. [PMID: 17634766 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-007-0212-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2007] [Accepted: 06/10/2007] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal denervation contributes to enteric motor dysfunction after small bowel transplantation (SBT). Our aim was to determine long-term effects of extrinsic denervation on function of nonadrenergic, noncholinergic innervation with substance P and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). Contractile activity of jejunal circular muscle strips from six age-matched, naive control rats (NC) and eight rats 1 year after syngeneic SBT was studied in tissue chambers. Spontaneous contractile activity did not differ between groups. Exogenous VIP inhibited contractile activity dose-dependently to a comparable degree in both groups. The VIP antagonist ([D-p-Cl-Phe(6),Leu(17)]-VIP) and the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NG-nitro-arginine did not affect VIP-induced inhibition but increased contractile activity during electrical field stimulation (EFS) in both groups. Exogenous substance P increased contractile activity dose-dependently, greater in NC than SBT. The substance P antagonist ([D-Pro(2),D-Trp(7,9)]-substance P) inhibited effects of exogenous substance P and decreased the excitatory EFS response. Immunohistofluorescence showed tyrosine hydroxylase staining after SBT indicating sympathetic reinnervation. In jejunal circular muscle after chronic denervation, response to exogenous substance P, but not VIP, is decreased, whereas endogenous release of both neurotransmitters is preserved. Alterations in balance of excitatory and inhibitory pathways occur despite extrinsic reinnervation and might contribute to enteric motor dysfunction after SBT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Kasparek
- Department of Surgery and Gastrointestinal Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Kasparek MS, Fatima J, Iqbal CW, Duenes JA, Sarr MG. Role of VIP and Substance P in NANC Innervation in the Longitudinal Smooth Muscle of the Rat Jejunum—Influence of Extrinsic Denervation. J Surg Res 2007; 141:22-30. [PMID: 17512547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2007.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2007] [Revised: 01/08/2007] [Accepted: 01/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was designed to determine changes in nonadrenergic, noncholinergic (NANC) neurotransmission mediated by Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP) and Substance P after small bowel transplantation (SBT). MATERIALS AND METHODS Six groups of rats (n > or = 6 per group) were studied: naïve controls (NC); 1 wk after anesthesia/sham celiotomy (SC-1); 1 or 8 wk after jejunal and ileal transection/reanastomosis (TA-1, TA-8), or syngeneic, orthotopic SBT (SBT-1, SBT-8). Jejunal longitudinal muscle strips were studied under NANC-conditions for spontaneous contractile activity, response to exogenous VIP and Substance P, and electrical field stimulation (EFS). RESULTS Spontaneous activity did not differ between the six groups. VIP inhibited contractile activity in all groups 1 wk postoperatively (P < 0.05), which was prevented by the NO synthase inhibitor L-N(G)-nitro arginine (L-NNA). In contrast, VIP had no effect in the other groups. Precontraction with Substance P exposed an inhibitory effect of VIP in all groups (P < 0.05 each). Substance P increased contractile activity in all groups, but to a lesser extent in SBT-8 compared with NC, TA-8, and SBT-1 (P < 0.05). The inhibitory effect of EFS at 6 Hz was prevented by L-NNA in NC and TA-8; addition of the VIP antagonist ([D-p-Cl-Phe(6), Leu(17)]-VIP) increased contractile activity in NC, but not in TA-8 and SBT-8. The Substance P antagonist ([D-Pro(2), D-Trp(7,9)]-Substance P) decreased contractile activity during EFS at 50 Hz in NC and SBT-8. CONCLUSIONS SBT decreased response to exogenous Substance P, although release of endogenous Substance P (EFS) is preserved. Changes in VIP signaling are acute and reversible and not caused by effects of SBT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Kasparek
- Department of Surgery and Gastrointestinal Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55902, USA
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Porcher C, Julé Y, Henry M. A qualitative and quantitative study on the enkephalinergic innervation of the pig gastrointestinal tract. J Histochem Cytochem 2000; 48:333-44. [PMID: 10681387 DOI: 10.1177/002215540004800303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Enkephalins are involved in neural control of digestive functions such as motility, secretion, and absorption. To better understand their role in pigs, we analyzed the qualitative and quantitative distribution of enkephalin immunoreactivity (ENK-IR) in components of the intestinal wall from the esophagus to the anal sphincter. Immunohistochemical labelings were analyzed using conventional fluorescence and confocal microscopy. ENK-IR was compared with the synaptophysin immunoreactivity (SYN-IR). The results show that maximal ENK-IR levels in the entire digestive tract are reached in the myenteric plexuses and, to a lesser extent, in the external submucous plexus and the circular muscle layer. In the longitudinal muscle layer, ENK-IR was present in the esophagus, stomach, rectum, and anal sphincter, whereas it was absent from the duodenum to the distal colon. In the ENK-IR plexuses and muscle layers, more than 60% of the nerve fibers identified by SYN-IR expressed ENK-IR. No ENK-IR was observed in the internal submucous plexus and the mucosa; the latter was found to contain ENK-IR endocrine cells. These results strongly suggest that, in pigs, enkephalins play a major role in the regulatory mechanisms that underlie the neural control of digestive motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Porcher
- Département de Physiologie et Neurophysiologie, Laboratoire de Neurobiologie des Fonctions Végétatives, CNRS-ESA 6034, Faculté des Sciences de Saint-Jérôme, Marseille, France
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Gatti S, Ghidoni P, Rossi G, Reggiani P, Bernardi P, Doglia M, Galmarini D, Fassati LR. Enteric nervous system in preservation, reperfusion, and rejection of the pig small bowel. Transplant Proc 1998; 30:2648-50. [PMID: 9745532 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(98)00772-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Gatti
- Istituto di Chirurgia Sperimentale e dei Trapianti, Università di Milano, Ospedale Maggiore IRCCS, Italy
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Vento P, Kiviluoto T, Pakarinen M, Lauronen J, Halttunen J, Kivilaakso E, Soinila S. Nerve terminals containing neuropeptides decrease in number after massive proximal small bowel resection in the piglet. Dig Dis Sci 1998; 43:1102-10. [PMID: 9590428 DOI: 10.1023/a:1018803423167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate possible changes in the neuropeptide innervation pattern of the remaining porcine ileum following 75% proximal resection of the small intestine. Three-month-old piglets were operated on and two months postoperatively full-thickness specimens of the proximal part of the distal ileum wall were taken. Age-matched 3- and 5-month-old unoperated piglets were used as controls. The number and intensity of VIP-, galanin-, enkephalin-, substance P-, and somatostatin-containing nerve fibers were estimated in sections processed for immunofluorescence microscopy and subjected to quantitative scoring. The VIP-, galanin-, and enkephalin-immunoreactive fibers of the circular muscle layer and villi were also quantitated by computer-assisted morphometry. The number and intensity of VIP-immunoreactive fibers in the mucosa and circular muscle layer markedly decreased after resection as compared to 3-month-old and 5-month-old controls (P < 0.05). The galanin immunoreactivity index decreased significantly after resection in the circular muscle layer as compared to both control groups (P < 0.05). The increase in the number of enkephalin-immunoreactive nerve fibers that normally occurred from 3 to 5 months of age was inhibited by the resection. We were not able to see any differences in somatostatin or substance P immunoreactivity between the groups. The results suggest that massive resection induces significant changes in the neuropeptide-containing innervation of the remaining small intestine. These findings are compatible with altered motor activity and mucosa function in the remain intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Vento
- II Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland
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Abstract
This study documents the fate of nitric oxide neurons following small bowel transplantation. Heterotopic, syngeneic small bowel transplants were performed in five male Lewis rats. The grafts were harvested 7, 36, 55, 60, and 65 days postoperatively, together with the native bowel for comparison. NADPH diaphorase staining of cryostat sections was used to identify the nitric oxide-producing neurons. NADPH diaphorase activity was concentrated in the myenteric plexus, deep muscular, and submucous plexus. No differences were detected between the transplanted and native bowel at any time after transplantation. This suggests that nitric-oxide-producing neurons are well preserved after transplantation and that posttransplant dysmotility is probably not related to interrupted nitric oxide innervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Nicholls
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, England
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Hirose R, Taguchi T, Hirata Y, Yamada T, Nada O, Suita S. Immunohistochemical demonstration of enteric nervous distribution after syngeneic small bowel transplantation in rats. Surgery 1995; 117:560-9. [PMID: 7740428 DOI: 10.1016/s0039-6060(05)80256-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small bowel transplantation causes a disturbance of the enteric neural networks after complete extrinsic denervation. METHODS The morphologic changes in the enteric nervous system after transplantation were immunohistochemically investigated in jejunal isografts at 10 days, 100 days, and 400 days after transplantation. RESULTS No remarkable differences were revealed concerning the antibodies for general neural markers, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, substance P, somatostatin, or galanin between controls and isografts. Identical differences were detected in the distribution of nerve fibers containing calcitonin gene-related peptide and catecholamines. In the isografts a partial reduction of calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunopositive fibers was shown. A complete elimination of catecholaminergic nerves was seen in the isografts at 10 and 100 days; however, a sparse distribution of catecholaminergic nerves was observed in the 400-day isograft. CONCLUSIONS Most intrinsic neural elements are preserved; however, the extrinsic, sympathetic, and sensory nerves are completely disrupted as a consequence of transplantation. Reinnervation of extrinsic nerve fibers could occur in the transplanted small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hirose
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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