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Abstract
Glycogen storage diseases (GSDs) are a group of rare, monogenic disorders that share a defect in the synthesis or breakdown of glycogen. This Primer describes the multi-organ clinical features of hepatic GSDs and muscle GSDs, in addition to their epidemiology, biochemistry and mechanisms of disease, diagnosis, management, quality of life and future research directions. Some GSDs have available guidelines for diagnosis and management. Diagnostic considerations include phenotypic characterization, biomarkers, imaging, genetic testing, enzyme activity analysis and histology. Management includes surveillance for development of characteristic disease sequelae, avoidance of fasting in several hepatic GSDs, medically prescribed diets, appropriate exercise regimens and emergency letters. Specific therapeutic interventions are available for some diseases, such as enzyme replacement therapy to correct enzyme deficiency in Pompe disease and SGLT2 inhibitors for neutropenia and neutrophil dysfunction in GSD Ib. Progress in diagnosis, management and definitive therapies affects the natural course and hence morbidity and mortality. The natural history of GSDs is still being described. The quality of life of patients with these conditions varies, and standard sets of patient-centred outcomes have not yet been developed. The landscape of novel therapeutics and GSD clinical trials is vast, and emerging research is discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Hannah
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Terry G J Derks
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mitchell L Drumm
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sarah C Grünert
- Department of General Paediatrics, Adolescent Medicine and Neonatology, Medical Centre-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Priya S Kishnani
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Paediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - John Vissing
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Santoro L, Pjetraj D, Velmishi V, Campana C, Catassi C, Dionisi-Vici C, Maiorana A. A new phenotype of aldolase a deficiency in a 14 year-old boy with epilepsy and rhabdomyolysis - case report. Ital J Pediatr 2022; 48:39. [PMID: 35246226 PMCID: PMC8895104 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-022-01228-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glycogen storage disease type XII is a rare metabolic disease resulting from Aldolase A deficiency that causes muscle glycogen accumulation, with crisis of rhabdomyolysis and hemolytic anemia. In the very few cases described, rhabdomyolysis crises are caused by fever and/or exercise and can accompany acute hemolytic anemia. Although currently there is no therapy available for this disease, the guidelines for the management of other forms of glycogen storage diseases recommend a nutritional therapy in order to avoid hypoglycemia or prevent exercise-induced rhabdomyolysis. Case presentation In this case report we describe a new phenotype of the disease in a 14-year-old boy, characterized by seizures and rhabdomyolysis. Beside an antiepileptic treatment, we propose a new therapeutic approach based on ketogenic diet in order to supply an energetic substrate for skeletal muscle and neurons. Conclusions The anti-epileptic therapy and the dietetic approach were well tolerated by the patient who showed good compliance. This led to a deceleration of the disease with no other acute episodes of seizures and rhabdomyolysis, without any side effects observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Santoro
- Division of Pediatrics, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ospedale Pediatrico "G. Salesi", Ancona, Italy
| | - Dorina Pjetraj
- Division of Pediatrics, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ospedale Pediatrico "G. Salesi", Ancona, Italy.
| | - Virtut Velmishi
- Pediatric Service Nr 2 "Mother Teresa" Hospital-Trina, Tirana, Albania
| | - Carmen Campana
- Division of Metabolism, Department of Pediatric Subspecialties, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Catassi
- Division of Pediatrics, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ospedale Pediatrico "G. Salesi", Ancona, Italy
| | - Carlo Dionisi-Vici
- Division of Metabolism, Department of Pediatric Subspecialties, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Arianna Maiorana
- Division of Metabolism, Department of Pediatric Subspecialties, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Beecher G, Fleming MD, Liewluck T. Hereditary myopathies associated with hematological abnormalities. Muscle Nerve 2022; 65:374-390. [PMID: 34985130 DOI: 10.1002/mus.27474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The diagnostic evaluation of a patient with suspected hereditary muscle disease can be challenging. Clinicians rely largely on clinical history and examination features, with additional serological, electrodiagnostic, radiologic, histopathologic, and genetic investigations assisting in definitive diagnosis. Hematological testing is inexpensive and widely available, but frequently overlooked in the hereditary myopathy evaluation. Hematological abnormalities are infrequently encountered in this setting; however, their presence provides a valuable clue, helps refine the differential diagnosis, tailors further investigation, and assists interpretation of variants of uncertain significance. A diverse spectrum of hematological abnormalities is associated with hereditary myopathies, including anemias, leukocyte abnormalities, and thrombocytopenia. Recurrent rhabdomyolysis in certain glycolytic enzymopathies co-occurs with hemolytic anemia, often chronic and mild in phosphofructokinase and phosphoglycerate kinase deficiencies, or acute and fever-associated in aldolase-A and triosephosphate isomerase deficiency. Sideroblastic anemia, commonly severe, accompanies congenital-to-childhood onset mitochondrial myopathies including Pearson marrow-pancreas syndrome and mitochondrial myopathy, lactic acidosis, and sideroblastic anemia phenotypes. Congenital megaloblastic macrocytic anemia and mitochondrial dysfunction characterize SFXN4-related myopathy. Neutropenia, chronic or cyclical, with recurrent infections, infantile-to-childhood onset skeletal myopathy and cardiomyopathy are typical of Barth syndrome, while chronic neutropenia without infection occurs rarely in DNM2-centronuclear myopathy. Peripheral eosinophilia may accompany eosinophilic inflammation in recessive calpainopathy. Lipid accumulation in leukocytes on peripheral blood smear (Jordans' anomaly) is pathognomonic for neutral lipid storage diseases. Mild thrombocytopenia occurs in autosomal dominant, childhood-onset STIM1 tubular aggregate myopathy, STIM1 and ORAI1 deficiency syndromes, and GNE myopathy. Herein, we review these hereditary myopathies in which hematological features play a prominent role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grayson Beecher
- Division of Neuromuscular Medicine, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Mark D Fleming
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Teerin Liewluck
- Division of Neuromuscular Medicine, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Kara E, Kor D, Bulut FD, Hergüner Ö, Ceylaner S, Köşeci B, Burgaç E, Mungan NÖ. Glycogen storage disease type XII; an ultra rare cause of hemolytic anemia and rhabdomyolysis: one new case report. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2021; 34:1335-1339. [PMID: 34171939 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2021-0258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Aldolase A deficiency also known as glycogen storage disease (GSD) XII, is an ultra rare autosomal recessively inherited GSD, associated with hemolytic anemia and rhabdomyolysis. CASE PRESENTATION Here, we first report a patient with dermatological findings, hemodialysis requirement for rhabdomyolysis, and a novel likely pathogenic c.971C>T (p.A324V) mutation in the ALDOA gene. CONCLUSIONS Episodes of rhabdomyolysis can be triggered by febrile illnesses and catabolic processes. Diagnosis should be confirmed by the mutation analysis of ALDOA gene. Treatment includes management of hemolytic anemia and administration of antipyretics during febrile episodes to avoid hemolysis and rhabdomyolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Kara
- Department of Pediatric Metabolism and Nutrition, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Deniz Kor
- Department of Pediatric Metabolism and Nutrition, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | | | - Özlem Hergüner
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | | | - Burcu Köşeci
- Department of Pediatric Metabolism and Nutrition, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Ezgi Burgaç
- Department of Pediatric Metabolism and Nutrition, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
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Morson S, Yang Y, Price DJ, Pratt T. Expression of Genes in the 16p11.2 Locus during Development of the Human Fetal Cerebral Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:4038-4052. [PMID: 33825894 PMCID: PMC8328201 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The 593 kbp 16p11.2 copy number variation (CNV) affects the gene dosage of 29 protein coding genes, with heterozygous 16p11.2 microduplication or microdeletion implicated in about 1% of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) cases. The 16p11.2 CNV is frequently associated with macrocephaly or microcephaly indicating early defects of neurogenesis may contribute to subsequent ASD symptoms, but it is unknown which 16p11.2 transcripts are expressed in progenitors and whose levels are likely, therefore, to influence neurogenesis. Analysis of human fetal gene expression data revealed that KIF22, ALDOA, HIRIP3, PAGR1, and MAZ transcripts are expressed in neural progenitors with ALDOA and KIF22 significantly enriched compared to post-mitotic cells. To investigate the possible roles of ALDOA and KIF22 proteins in human cerebral cortex development we used immunohistochemical staining to describe their expression in late first and early second trimester human cerebral cortex. KIF22 protein is restricted to proliferating cells with its levels increasing during the cell cycle and peaking at mitosis. ALDOA protein is expressed in all cell types and does not vary with cell-cycle phase. Our expression analysis suggests the hypothesis that altered neurogenesis in the cerebral cortex contributes to ASD in 16p11.2 CNV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Morson
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh Medical School Biomedical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh Medical School Biomedical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Yifei Yang
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh Medical School Biomedical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh Medical School Biomedical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - David J Price
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh Medical School Biomedical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh Medical School Biomedical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Thomas Pratt
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh Medical School Biomedical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh Medical School Biomedical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
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Papadopoulos C, Svingou M, Kekou K, Vergnaud S, Xirou S, Niotakis G, Papadimas GK. Aldolase A deficiency: Report of new cases and literature review. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2021; 27:100730. [PMID: 33665120 PMCID: PMC7907525 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2021.100730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Aldolase A (ALDOA), is the predominant isoform of aldolase in skeletal muscle and erythrocytes that catalyzes the reversibleconversion of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. Autosomal recessive mutations in ALDOA, are extremely rare and cause hemolytic anemia and/or recurrent episodes of rhabdomyolysis, usually precipitated by fever. In this report we describe, clinical, laboratory and genetic data of two novel unrelated patients harboring mutations in the ALDOA gene who presented with episodic rhabdomyolysis, we review all previously published cases and discuss the most valuable features for diagnosis of this rare disorder. Recessive mutations in the ALDOA gene are rare cause of episodic rhabdomyolysis. We report two novel, unrelated patients harboring mutations in the ALDOA gene presenting with recurrent rhabdomyloysis. Patients with ALDOA deficiency show a rather homogeneous phenotype with episodes of rhabdomyolysis, associated either with hemolysis and/or learning disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Papadopoulos
- 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - M Svingou
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - K Kekou
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - S Vergnaud
- Département de Biochimie, Toxicologie et Pharmacologie, CHU de Grenoble, Centre de Référence Rhône-Alpes des Maladies NeuroMusculaires, Grenoble, France
| | - S Xirou
- 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - G Niotakis
- Pediatric Neurology Clinics, Venizeleion General Hospital, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - G K Papadimas
- 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
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Zampino M, Tanaka T, Ubaida-Mohien C, Fantoni G, Candia J, Semba RD, Ferrucci L. A Plasma Proteomic Signature of Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Function. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9540. [PMID: 33333910 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in aging, physical function decline, and several age-related diseases, an accessible and affordable measure of mitochondrial health is still lacking. In this study we identified the proteomic signature of muscular mitochondrial oxidative capacity in plasma. In 165 adults, we analyzed the association between concentrations of plasma proteins, measured using the SOMAscan assay, and skeletal muscle maximal oxidative phosphorylation capacity assessed as post-exercise phosphocreatine recovery time constant (τPCr) by phosphorous magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Out of 1301 proteins analyzed, we identified 87 proteins significantly associated with τPCr, adjusting for age, sex, and phosphocreatine depletion. Sixty proteins were positively correlated with better oxidative capacity, while 27 proteins were correlated with poorer capacity. Specific clusters of plasma proteins were enriched in the following pathways: homeostasis of energy metabolism, proteostasis, response to oxidative stress, and inflammation. The generalizability of these findings would benefit from replication in an independent cohort and in longitudinal analyses.
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Kolovou G, Cokkinos P, Bilianou H, Kolovou V, Katsiki N, Mavrogeni S. Non-traumatic and non-drug-induced rhabdomyolysis. Arch Med Sci Atheroscler Dis 2019; 4:e252-e263. [PMID: 32368681 PMCID: PMC7191942 DOI: 10.5114/amsad.2019.90152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyolysis (RM), a fortunately rare disease of the striated muscle cells, is a complication of non-traumatic (congenital (glycogen storage disease, discrete mitochondrial myopathies and various muscular dystrophies) or acquired (alcoholic myopathy, systemic diseases, arterial occlusion, viral illness or bacterial sepsis)) and traumatic conditions. Additionally, RM can occur in some individuals under specific circumstances such as toxic substance use and illicit drug abuse. Lipid-lowering drugs in particular are capable of causing RM. This comprehensive review will focus on non-traumatic and non-drug-induced RM. Moreover, the pathology of RM, its clinical manifestation and biochemical effects, and finally its management will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genovefa Kolovou
- Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Philip Cokkinos
- Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Vana Kolovou
- Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Niki Katsiki
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology-Metabolism, Diabetes Center, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Sophie Mavrogeni
- Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece
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Stahl K, Rastelli E, Schoser B. A systematic review on the definition of rhabdomyolysis. J Neurol 2020; 267:877-82. [PMID: 30617905 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-019-09185-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhabdomyolysis (RML) is an interdisciplinary condition due to muscle cell injury followed by the release of cell components into circulation. Etiology of RML has a broad range; a serious complication is acute kidney injury (AKI). Despite its high relevance, there is no established formal definition for RML. OBJECTIVES A systematic review, focusing on RML definition, providing a recommendation for clinicians. METHOD Systematic literature research in PubMed and Embase (1968-07/2018). RESULTS The database research presented 8136 articles in PubMed and 2151 in Embase. After screening, 614 papers were retained for statistical analysis. A retrospective study was the most used design (44%). A definition of RML was stated in 231 studies (37.6%), including a precise creatine kinase level (CK) cut-off most frequently (67.1%). In 53/231 (22.9%) studies the CK cut-off was > 5 × upper limit of normal (ULN), and in 64/231 (27.7%) studies > 1000 IU/L. Further components of definitions were elevated CK without specific thresholds, and clinical symptoms. Exclusion criteria referring to the definition of RML were established in 113 studies, including myocardial, renal, cerebral and neuromuscular characteristics. CONCLUSION At present, we recommend a clinical syndrome of acute muscle weakness, myalgia, and muscle swelling combined with a CK cut-off value of > 1000 IU/L/ or CK > 5 × ULN for the standard definition of a mild RML. Additionally measured myoglobinuria and AKI indicate a severe type of RML. Exclusion criteria as well as the chronological sequence need to be considered for a conclusive RML definition.
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Adeva-Andany MM, González-Lucán M, Donapetry-García C, Fernández-Fernández C, Ameneiros-Rodríguez E. Glycogen metabolism in humans. BBA Clin 2016; 5:85-100. [PMID: 27051594 PMCID: PMC4802397 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbacli.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the human body, glycogen is a branched polymer of glucose stored mainly in the liver and the skeletal muscle that supplies glucose to the blood stream during fasting periods and to the muscle cells during muscle contraction. Glycogen has been identified in other tissues such as brain, heart, kidney, adipose tissue, and erythrocytes, but glycogen function in these tissues is mostly unknown. Glycogen synthesis requires a series of reactions that include glucose entrance into the cell through transporters, phosphorylation of glucose to glucose 6-phosphate, isomerization to glucose 1-phosphate, and formation of uridine 5'-diphosphate-glucose, which is the direct glucose donor for glycogen synthesis. Glycogenin catalyzes the formation of a short glucose polymer that is extended by the action of glycogen synthase. Glycogen branching enzyme introduces branch points in the glycogen particle at even intervals. Laforin and malin are proteins involved in glycogen assembly but their specific function remains elusive in humans. Glycogen is accumulated in the liver primarily during the postprandial period and in the skeletal muscle predominantly after exercise. In the cytosol, glycogen breakdown or glycogenolysis is carried out by two enzymes, glycogen phosphorylase which releases glucose 1-phosphate from the linear chains of glycogen, and glycogen debranching enzyme which untangles the branch points. In the lysosomes, glycogen degradation is catalyzed by α-glucosidase. The glucose 6-phosphatase system catalyzes the dephosphorylation of glucose 6-phosphate to glucose, a necessary step for free glucose to leave the cell. Mutations in the genes encoding the enzymes involved in glycogen metabolism cause glycogen storage diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- María M. Adeva-Andany
- Nephrology Division, Hospital General Juan Cardona, c/ Pardo Bazán s/n, 15406 Ferrol, Spain
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Abstract
One large group of hereditary myopathies characterized by recurrent myoglobinuria, almost invariably triggered by exercise, comprises metabolic disorders of two main fuels, glycogen and long-chain fatty acids, or mitochondrial diseases of the respiratory chain. Differential diagnosis is required to distinguish the three conditions, although all cause a crisis of muscle energy. Muscle biopsy may be useful when performed well after the episode of rhabdomyolysis. Molecular genetics is increasingly the diagnostic test of choice to discover the underlying genetic basis.
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Abstract
Two-pore channels (TPCs) are ancient members of the voltage-gated ion channel superfamily that localize to acidic organelles such as lysosomes. The TPC complex is the proposed target of the Ca2+-mobilizing messenger NAADP, which releases Ca2+ from these acidic Ca2+ stores. Whereas details of TPC activation and native ion permeation remain unclear, a consensus has emerged around their function in regulating endolysosomal trafficking. This role is supported by recent proteomic data showing that TPCs interact with proteins controlling membrane organization and dynamics, including Rab GTPases and components of the fusion apparatus. Regulation of TPCs by PtdIns(3,5)P2 and/or NAADP (nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate) together with their functional and physical association with Rab proteins provides a mechanism for coupling phosphoinositide and trafficking protein cues to local ion fluxes. Therefore, TPCs work at the regulatory cross-roads of (patho)physiological cues to co-ordinate and potentially deregulate traffic flow through the endolysosomal network. This review focuses on the native role of TPCs in trafficking and their emerging contributions to endolysosomal trafficking dysfunction.
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Hamel Y, Mamoune A, Mauvais FX, Habarou F, Lallement L, Romero NB, Ottolenghi C, de Lonlay P. Acute rhabdomyolysis and inflammation. J Inherit Metab Dis 2015; 38:621-8. [PMID: 25778939 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-015-9827-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rhabdomyolysis results from the rapid breakdown of skeletal muscle fibers, which leads to leakage of potentially toxic cellular content into the systemic circulation. Acquired causes by direct injury to the sarcolemma are most frequent. The inherited causes are: i) metabolic with failure of energy production, including mitochondrial fatty acid ß-oxidation defects, LPIN1 mutations, inborn errors of glycogenolysis and glycolysis, more rarely mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiency, purine defects and peroxysomal α-methyl-acyl-CoA-racemase defect (AMACR), ii) structural causes with muscle dystrophies and myopathies, iii) calcium pump disorder with RYR1 gene mutations, iv) inflammatory causes with myositis. Irrespective of the cause of rhabdomyolysis, the pathology follows a common pathway, either by the direct injury to sarcolemma by increased intracellular calcium concentration (acquired causes) or by the failure of energy production (inherited causes), which leads to fiber necrosis. Rhabdomyolysis are frequently precipitated by febrile illness or exercise. These conditions are associated with two events, elevated temperature and high circulating levels of pro-inflammatory mediators such as cytokines and chemokines. To illustrate these points in the context of energy metabolism, protein thermolability and the potential benefits of arginine therapy, we focus on a rare cause of rhabdomyolysis, aldolase A deficiency. In addition, our studies on lipin-1 (LPIN1) deficiency raise the possibility that several diseases involved in rhabdomyolysis implicate pro-inflammatory cytokines and may even represent primarily pro-inflammatory diseases. Thus, not only thermolability of mutant proteins critical for muscle function, but also pro-inflammatory cytokines per se, may lead to metabolic decompensation and rhabdomyolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamina Hamel
- Institut Imagine, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1163, 75015, Paris, France
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Lourenço Dos Santos S, Baraibar MA, Lundberg S, Eeg-Olofsson O, Larsson L, Friguet B. Oxidative proteome alterations during skeletal muscle ageing. Redox Biol 2015; 5:267-274. [PMID: 26073261 PMCID: PMC4475901 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia corresponds to the degenerative loss of skeletal muscle mass, quality, and strength associated with ageing and leads to a progressive impairment of mobility and quality of life. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in this process are not completely understood. A hallmark of cellular and tissular ageing is the accumulation of oxidatively modified (carbonylated) proteins, leading to a decreased quality of the cellular proteome that could directly impact on normal cellular functions. Although increased oxidative stress has been reported during skeletal muscle ageing, the oxidized protein targets, also referred as to the 'oxi-proteome' or 'carbonylome', have not been characterized yet. To better understand the mechanisms by which these damaged proteins build up and potentially affect muscle function, proteins targeted by these modifications have been identified in human rectus abdominis muscle obtained from young and old healthy donors using a bi-dimensional gel electrophoresis-based proteomic approach coupled with immunodetection of carbonylated proteins. Among evidenced protein spots, 17 were found as increased carbonylated in biopsies from old donors comparing to young counterparts. These proteins are involved in key cellular functions such as cellular morphology and transport, muscle contraction and energy metabolism. Importantly, impairment of these pathways has been described in skeletal muscle during ageing. Functional decline of these proteins due to irreversible oxidation may therefore impact directly on the above-mentioned pathways, hence contributing to the generation of the sarcopenic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Lourenço Dos Santos
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8256, Biological Adaptation and Ageing-IBPS, Paris F-75005, France; CNRS UMR-8256, Paris F-75005, France; Inserm U1164, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Martin A Baraibar
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8256, Biological Adaptation and Ageing-IBPS, Paris F-75005, France; CNRS UMR-8256, Paris F-75005, France; Inserm U1164, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Staffan Lundberg
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 82, Sweden
| | - Orvar Eeg-Olofsson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 82, Sweden
| | - Lars Larsson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neurophysiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Bertrand Friguet
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8256, Biological Adaptation and Ageing-IBPS, Paris F-75005, France; CNRS UMR-8256, Paris F-75005, France; Inserm U1164, Paris F-75005, France.
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15
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Scalco RS, Gardiner AR, Pitceathly RD, Zanoteli E, Becker J, Holton JL, Houlden H, Jungbluth H, Quinlivan R. Rhabdomyolysis: a genetic perspective. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2015; 10:51. [PMID: 25929793 PMCID: PMC4522153 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-015-0264-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyolysis (RM) is a clinical emergency characterized by fulminant skeletal muscle damage and release of intracellular muscle components into the blood stream leading to myoglobinuria and, in severe cases, acute renal failure. Apart from trauma, a wide range of causes have been reported including drug abuse and infections. Underlying genetic disorders are also a cause of RM and can often pose a diagnostic challenge, considering their marked heterogeneity and comparative rarity. In this paper we review the range of rare genetic defects known to be associated with RM. Each gene has been reviewed for the following: clinical phenotype, typical triggers for RM and recommended diagnostic approach. The purpose of this review is to highlight the most important features associated with specific genetic defects in order to aid the diagnosis of patients presenting with hereditary causes of recurrent RM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Siciliani Scalco
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK. .,Department of Neurology, HSL, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. .,CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasilia, DF, Brazil.
| | - Alice R Gardiner
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK.
| | - Robert Ds Pitceathly
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK. .,Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London (KCL), London, UK.
| | - Edmar Zanoteli
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Jefferson Becker
- Department of Neurology, HSL, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Janice L Holton
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK.
| | - Henry Houlden
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK.
| | - Heinz Jungbluth
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London (KCL), London, UK. .,Department of Paediatric Neurology, Evelina Children's Hospital, Guy's & St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK. .,Randall Division for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Muscle Signalling Section, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Ros Quinlivan
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK. .,Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK.
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16
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Olpin SE, Murphy E, Kirk RJ, Taylor RW, Quinlivan R. The investigation and management of metabolic myopathies. J Clin Pathol 2015; 68:410-7. [DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2014-202808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic myopathies (MM) are rare inherited primary muscle disorders that are mainly due to abnormalities of muscle energy metabolism resulting in skeletal muscle dysfunction. These diseases include disorders of fatty acid oxidation, glyco(geno)lytic muscle disorders and mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) disease. Clinically these disorders present with a range of symptoms including infantile hypotonia, myalgia/exercise tolerance, chronic or acute muscle weakness, cramps/spasms/stiffness or episodic acute rhabdomyolysis. The precipitant may be fasting, infection, general anaesthesia, heat/cold or most commonly, exercise. However, the differential diagnosis includes a wide range of both acquired and inherited conditions and these include exposure to drugs/toxins, inflammatory myopathies, dystrophies and channelopathies. Streamlining of existing diagnostic protocols has now become a realistic prospect given the availability of second-generation sequencing. A diagnostic pathway using a ‘rhabdomyolysis’ gene panel at an early stage of the diagnostic process is proposed. Following detailed clinical evaluation and first-line investigations, some patients will be identified as candidates for McArdle disease/glycogen storage disease type V or MRC disease and these will be referred directly to the specialised services. However, for the majority of patients, second-line investigation is best undertaken through next-generation sequencing using a ‘rhabdomyolysis’ gene panel. Following molecular analysis and careful evaluation of the findings, some patients will receive a clear diagnosis. Further functional or specific targeted testing may be required in other patients to evaluate the significance of uncertain/equivocal findings. For patients with no clear diagnosis, further investigations will be required through a specialist centre.
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17
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Abstract
Metabolic and mitochondrial myopathies encompass a heterogeneous group of disorders that result in impaired energy production in skeletal muscle. Symptoms of premature muscle fatigue, sometimes leading to myalgia, rhabdomyolysis, and myoglobinuria, typically occur with exercise that would normally depend on the defective metabolic pathway. But in another group of these disorders, the dominant muscle symptom is weakness. This article reviews the clinical features, diagnosis, and management of these diseases with emphasis on the recent literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia J Sharp
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Neuromuscular Center, Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital, 7232 Greenville Avenue, Dallas, TX 75231, USA
| | - Ronald G Haller
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Neuromuscular Center, Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital, 7232 Greenville Avenue, Dallas, TX 75231, USA; North Texas VA Medical Center, 4500 South Lancaster Road, Dallas, TX 75216, USA.
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18
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Termsarasab P, Yang AC, Reiner J, Mei H, Scott SA, Frucht SJ. Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia caused by 16p11.2 microdeletion. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y) 2014; 4:274. [PMID: 25667815 PMCID: PMC4303604 DOI: 10.7916/d8n58k0q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Four cases of paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) have been reported in individuals with proximal 16p11.2 microdeletions that include PRRT2. CASE REPORT We describe a fifth patient with PKD, features of Asperger's syndrome, and mild language delays. Sanger sequencing of the PRRT2 gene did not identify any mutations implicated in PKD. However, microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) detected a 533.9-kb deletion on chromosome 16, encompassing over 20 genes and transcripts. DISCUSSION This case underscores the importance of aCGH testing for individuals with PKD who do not have PRRT2 mutations, particularly when developmental delays, speech problems, intellectual disability, and/or autism spectrum disorder are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pichet Termsarasab
- Movement Disorder Division, Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amy C Yang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer Reiner
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hui Mei
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stuart A Scott
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steven J Frucht
- Movement Disorder Division, Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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19
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Mamoune A, Bahuau M, Hamel Y, Serre V, Pelosi M, Habarou F, Nguyen Morel MA, Boisson B, Vergnaud S, Viou MT, Nonnenmacher L, Piraud M, Nusbaum P, Vamecq J, Romero N, Ottolenghi C, Casanova JL, de Lonlay P. A thermolabile aldolase A mutant causes fever-induced recurrent rhabdomyolysis without hemolytic anemia. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004711. [PMID: 25392908 PMCID: PMC4230727 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Aldolase A deficiency has been reported as a rare cause of hemolytic anemia occasionally associated with myopathy. We identified a deleterious homozygous mutation in the ALDOA gene in 3 siblings with episodic rhabdomyolysis without hemolytic anemia. Myoglobinuria was always triggered by febrile illnesses. We show that the underlying mechanism involves an exacerbation of aldolase A deficiency at high temperatures that affected myoblasts but not erythrocytes. The aldolase A deficiency was rescued by arginine supplementation in vitro but not by glycerol, betaine or benzylhydantoin, three other known chaperones, suggesting that arginine-mediated rescue operated by a mechanism other than protein chaperoning. Lipid droplets accumulated in patient myoblasts relative to control and this was increased by cytokines, and reduced by dexamethasone. Our results expand the clinical spectrum of aldolase A deficiency to isolated temperature-dependent rhabdomyolysis, and suggest that thermolability may be tissue specific. We also propose a treatment for this severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Mamoune
- INSERM U781, Institut Imagine des Maladies Génétiques, Université Paris Descartes et Centre de Référence des Maladies Héréditaires du Métabolisme, Hôpital Necker, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Michel Bahuau
- Département de Génétique, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, Créteil, AP-HP, France
| | - Yamina Hamel
- INSERM U781, Institut Imagine des Maladies Génétiques, Université Paris Descartes et Centre de Référence des Maladies Héréditaires du Métabolisme, Hôpital Necker, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Serre
- "Mitochondria, Metals and Oxidative Stress" group, Jacques Monod Institute, UMR7592 CNRS, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Michele Pelosi
- INSERM U781, Institut Imagine des Maladies Génétiques, Université Paris Descartes et Centre de Référence des Maladies Héréditaires du Métabolisme, Hôpital Necker, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Florence Habarou
- Metabolic biochemistry and INSERM U1124, University Paris Descartes, Hospital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | | | - Bertrand Boisson
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America; Unité Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U980, Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Imagine Institute; and Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Sabrina Vergnaud
- Département de Biochimie, Toxicologie et Pharmacologie, CHU de Grenoble, Centre de Référence Rhône-Alpes des Maladies NeuroMusculaires, Grenoble, France
| | - Mai Thao Viou
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, UM 76, INSERM U974, CNRS UMR 7215, Institut de Myologie, GHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Centre de Référence des Maladies Neuromusculaires, Paris, France
| | - Luc Nonnenmacher
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, UM 76, INSERM U974, CNRS UMR 7215, Institut de Myologie, GHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Centre de Référence des Maladies Neuromusculaires, Paris, France
| | - Monique Piraud
- Laboratoire Maladies Héréditaires du Métabolisme, Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - Joseph Vamecq
- INSERM et Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, HMNO, CBP, CHRU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Norma Romero
- Département de Biochimie, Toxicologie et Pharmacologie, CHU de Grenoble, Centre de Référence Rhône-Alpes des Maladies NeuroMusculaires, Grenoble, France
| | - Chris Ottolenghi
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, UM 76, INSERM U974, CNRS UMR 7215, Institut de Myologie, GHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Centre de Référence des Maladies Neuromusculaires, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Clinique Universitaire de Pédiatrie, Hôpital couple enfant, CHU de Grenoble, France
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Pascale de Lonlay
- INSERM U781, Institut Imagine des Maladies Génétiques, Université Paris Descartes et Centre de Référence des Maladies Héréditaires du Métabolisme, Hôpital Necker, AP-HP, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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20
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Vallejo-Illarramendi A, Toral-Ojeda I, Aldanondo G, López de Munain A. Dysregulation of calcium homeostasis in muscular dystrophies. Expert Rev Mol Med 2014; 16:e16. [PMID: 25293420 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2014.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Muscular dystrophies are a group of diseases characterised by the primary wasting of skeletal muscle, which compromises patient mobility and in the most severe cases originate a complete paralysis and premature death. Existing evidence implicates calcium dysregulation as an underlying crucial event in the pathophysiology of several muscular dystrophies, such as dystrophinopathies, calpainopathies or myotonic dystrophy among others. Duchenne muscular dystrophy is the most frequent myopathy in childhood, and calpainopathy or LGMD2A is the most common form of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, whereas myotonic dystrophy is the most frequent inherited muscle disease worldwide. In this review, we summarise recent advances in our understanding of calcium ion cycling through the sarcolemma, the sarcoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, and its involvement in the pathogenesis of these dystrophies. We also discuss some of the clinical implications of recent findings regarding Ca2+ handling as well as novel approaches to treat muscular dystrophies targeting Ca2+ regulatory proteins.
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21
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Koralkova P, van Solinge WW, van Wijk R. Rare hereditary red blood cell enzymopathies associated with hemolytic anemia - pathophysiology, clinical aspects, and laboratory diagnosis. Int J Lab Hematol 2014; 36:388-97. [DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.12223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Koralkova
- Department of Biology; Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry; Palacky University; Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - W. W. van Solinge
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht the Netherlands
| | - R. van Wijk
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht the Netherlands
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22
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Langellotti S, Romano M, Guarnaccia C, Granata V, Orrù S, Zagari A, Baralle FE, Salvatore F. A novel anti-aldolase C antibody specifically interacts with residues 85-102 of the protein. MAbs 2014; 6:708-17. [PMID: 24525694 PMCID: PMC4011915 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.28191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Aldolase C is a brain-specific glycolytic isozyme whose complete repertoire of functions are obscure. This lack of knowledge can be addressed using molecular tools that discriminate the protein from the homologous, ubiquitous paralog aldolase A. The anti-aldolase C antibodies currently available are polyclonal and not highly specific. We obtained the novel monoclonal antibody 9F against human aldolase C, characterized its isoform specificity and tested its performance. First, we investigated the specificity of 9F for aldolase C. Then, using bioinformatic tools coupled to molecular cloning and chemical synthesis approaches, we produced truncated human aldolase C fragments, and assessed 9F binding to these fragments by western blot and ELISA assays. This strategy revealed that residues 85–102 harbor the epitope-containing region recognized by 9F. The efficiency of 9F was demonstrated also for immunoprecipitation assays. Finally, surface plasmon resonance revealed that the protein has a high affinity toward the epitope-containing peptide. Taken together, our findings show that epitope recognition is sequence-driven and is independent of the three-dimensional structure. In conclusion, given its specific molecular interaction, 9F is a novel and powerful tool to investigate aldolase C’s functions in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Langellotti
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate; Naples, Italy; International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology; Trieste, Italy
| | - Maurizio Romano
- Department of Life Sciences; University of Trieste; Trieste, Italy
| | - Corrado Guarnaccia
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology; Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Stefania Orrù
- Department of Sports Science and Wellness; University of Naples "Parthenope"; Naples, Italy; IRCCS SDN-Foundation; Naples, Italy
| | | | - Francisco E Baralle
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology; Trieste, Italy
| | - Francesco Salvatore
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate; Naples, Italy; IRCCS SDN-Foundation; Naples, Italy
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23
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Abstract
Disorders of glycogen metabolism are inborn errors of energy homeostasis affecting primarily skeletal muscle, heart, liver, and, less frequently, the central nervous system. These rare diseases are quite variable in age of onset, symptoms, morbidity, and mortality. This review provides an update on disorders of glycogen metabolism affecting skeletal muscle exclusively or predominantly. From a pathogenetic perspective, we classify these diseases as primary, if the defective enzyme is directly involved in glycogen/glucose metabolism, or secondary, if the genetic mutation affects proteins which indirectly regulate glycogen or glucose processing. In addition to summarizing the most recent clinical reports in this field, we briefly describe animal models of human glycogen disorders. These experimental models are greatly improving the understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying the muscle degenerative process associated to these diseases and provide in vivo platforms to test new therapeutic strategies.
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24
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Blaker-Lee A, Gupta S, McCammon JM, De Rienzo G, Sive H. Zebrafish homologs of genes within 16p11.2, a genomic region associated with brain disorders, are active during brain development, and include two deletion dosage sensor genes. Dis Model Mech 2012; 5:834-51. [PMID: 22566537 PMCID: PMC3484866 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.009944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Deletion or duplication of one copy of the human 16p11.2 interval is tightly associated with impaired brain function, including autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), intellectual disability disorder (IDD) and other phenotypes, indicating the importance of gene dosage in this copy number variant region (CNV). The core of this CNV includes 25 genes; however, the number of genes that contribute to these phenotypes is not known. Furthermore, genes whose functional levels change with deletion or duplication (termed 'dosage sensors'), which can associate the CNV with pathologies, have not been identified in this region. Using the zebrafish as a tool, a set of 16p11.2 homologs was identified, primarily on chromosomes 3 and 12. Use of 11 phenotypic assays, spanning the first 5 days of development, demonstrated that this set of genes is highly active, such that 21 out of the 22 homologs tested showed loss-of-function phenotypes. Most genes in this region were required for nervous system development - impacting brain morphology, eye development, axonal density or organization, and motor response. In general, human genes were able to substitute for the fish homolog, demonstrating orthology and suggesting conserved molecular pathways. In a screen for 16p11.2 genes whose function is sensitive to hemizygosity, the aldolase a (aldoaa) and kinesin family member 22 (kif22) genes were identified as giving clear phenotypes when RNA levels were reduced by ∼50%, suggesting that these genes are deletion dosage sensors. This study leads to two major findings. The first is that the 16p11.2 region comprises a highly active set of genes, which could present a large genetic target and might explain why multiple brain function, and other, phenotypes are associated with this interval. The second major finding is that there are (at least) two genes with deletion dosage sensor properties among the 16p11.2 set, and these could link this CNV to brain disorders such as ASD and IDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Blaker-Lee
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Sunny Gupta
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jasmine M. McCammon
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Gianluca De Rienzo
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Hazel Sive
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Abstract
We review the muscular dystrophies and metabolic myopathies associated with myalgia and rhabdomyolysis together with some less well-recognized associations based upon the personal practice of the authors. A careful history and clinical examination will direct investigation towards an accurate molecular diagnosis. Non-specific exercise-induced myalgia in the presence of muscle hypertrophy and a high creatine kinase will point towards a muscular dystrophy. Symptoms occurring within minutes of exercise and with isometric contraction, especially with a history of a 'second wind' phenomenon, suggest a disorder of glycogen metabolism. In those patients in whom symptoms occur after prolonged exercise, infections, fasting, stress, and cold, a disorder of fatty acid oxidation should be considered. Heat-induced rhabdomyolysis caused by exercising in hot and humid climates should lead the clinician to suspect a mutation in RYR1. Serum creatine kinase level should be a checked in all children presenting with leg pains. A careful history and examination and laboratory confirmation of myoglobinuria will target investigations leading to a correct molecular diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ros Quinlivan
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Neurology, National Hospital, London, UK
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26
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Sekar Y, Moon TC, Slupsky CM, Befus AD. Protein tyrosine nitration of aldolase in mast cells: a plausible pathway in nitric oxide-mediated regulation of mast cell function. J Immunol 2010; 185:578-87. [PMID: 20511553 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
NO is a short-lived free radical that plays a critical role in the regulation of cellular signaling. Mast cell (MC)-derived NO and exogenous NO regulate MC activities, including the inhibition of MC degranulation. At a molecular level, NO acts to modify protein structure and function through several mechanisms, including protein tyrosine nitration. To begin to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of NO in MCs, we investigated protein tyrosine nitration in human MC lines HMC-1 and LAD2 treated with the NO donor S-nitrosoglutathione. Using two-dimensional gel Western blot analysis with an anti-nitrotyrosine Ab, together with mass spectrometry, we identified aldolase A, an enzyme of the glycolytic pathway, as a target for tyrosine nitration in MCs. The nitration of aldolase A was associated with a reduction in the maximum velocity of aldolase in HMC-1 and LAD2. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis showed that despite these changes in the activity of a critical enzyme in glycolysis, there was no significant change in total cellular ATP content, although the AMP/ATP ratio was altered. Elevated levels of lactate and pyruvate suggested that S-nitrosoglutathione treatment enhanced glycolysis. Reduced aldolase activity was associated with increased intracellular levels of its substrate, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. Interestingly, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate inhibited IgE-mediated MC degranulation in LAD2 cells. Thus, for the first time we report evidence of protein tyrosine nitration in human MC lines and identify aldolase A as a prominent target. This posttranslational nitration of aldolase A may be an important pathway that regulates MC phenotype and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yokananth Sekar
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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27
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Caterino M, Ruoppolo M, Fulcoli G, Huynth T, Orrù S, Baldini A, Salvatore F. Transcription factor TBX1 overexpression induces downregulation of proteins involved in retinoic acid metabolism: a comparative proteomic analysis. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:1515-26. [PMID: 19178302 DOI: 10.1021/pr800870d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
TBX1 haploinsufficiency is considered a major contributor to the del22q11.2/DiGeorge syndrome (DGS) phenotype. We have used proteomic tools to look at all the major proteins involved in the TBX1-mediated pathways in an attempt to better understand the molecular interactions instrumental to its cellular functions. We found more than 90 proteins that could be targeted by TBX1 through different mechanisms. The most interesting observation is that overexpression of TBX1 results in down-regulation of two proteins involved in retinoic acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Caterino
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate scarl, Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Biochimica e Biotecnologie Mediche, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
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28
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Kramerova I, Kudryashova E, Wu B, Ottenheijm C, Granzier H, Spencer MJ. Novel role of calpain-3 in the triad-associated protein complex regulating calcium release in skeletal muscle. Hum Mol Genet 2008; 17:3271-80. [PMID: 18676612 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddn223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Calpain-3 (CAPN3) is a non-lysosomal cysteine protease that is necessary for normal muscle function, as mutations in CAPN3 result in an autosomal recessive form of limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A. To elucidate the biological roles of CAPN3 in skeletal muscle, we performed a search for potential substrates and interacting partners. By yeast-two-hybrid analysis we identified the glycolytic enzyme aldolase A (AldoA) as a binding partner of CAPN3. In co-expression studies CAPN3 degraded AldoA; however, no accumulation of AldoA was observed in total extracts from CAPN3-deficient muscles suggesting that AldoA is not an in vivo substrate of CAPN3. Instead, we found CAPN3 to be necessary for recruitment of AldoA to one specific location, namely the triads, which are structural components of muscle responsible for calcium transport and excitation-contraction coupling. Both aldolase and CAPN3 are present in the triad-enriched fraction and are able to interact with ryanodine receptors (RyR) that form major calcium release channels. Levels of triad-associated AldoA and RyR were decreased in CAPN3-deficient muscles compared with wild-type. Consistent with these observations we found calcium release to be significantly reduced in fibers from CAPN3-deficient muscles. Together, these data suggest that CAPN3 is necessary for the structural integrity of the triad-associated protein complex and that impairment of calcium transport is a phenotypic feature of CAPN3-deficient muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Kramerova
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Sherawat M, Tolan DR, Allen KN. Structure of a rabbit muscle fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase A dimer variant. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 2008; 64:543-50. [PMID: 18453690 PMCID: PMC2631105 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444908004976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2008] [Accepted: 02/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The X-ray crystallographic structure of a dimer variant of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase demonstrates a stable oligomer that mirrors half of the native tetramer. The presence of product demonstrates that this is an active form. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (aldolase) is an essential enzyme in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. In addition to this primary function, aldolase is also known to bind to a variety of other proteins, a property that may allow it to perform ‘moonlighting’ roles in the cell. Although monomeric and dimeric aldolases possess full catalytic activity, the enzyme occurs as an unusually stable tetramer, suggesting a possible link between the oligomeric state and these noncatalytic cellular roles. Here, the first high-resolution X-ray crystal structure of rabbit muscle D128V aldolase, a dimeric form of aldolase mimicking the clinically important D128G mutation in humans associated with hemolytic anemia, is presented. The structure of the dimer was determined to 1.7 Å resolution with the product DHAP bound in the active site. The turnover of substrate to produce the product ligand demonstrates the retention of catalytic activity by the dimeric aldolase. The D128V mutation causes aldolase to lose intermolecular contacts with the neighboring subunit at one of the two interfaces of the tetramer. The tertiary structure of the dimer does not significantly differ from the structure of half of the tetramer. Analytical ultracentrifugation confirms the occurrence of the enzyme as a dimer in solution. The highly stable structure of aldolase with an independent active site is consistent with a model in which aldolase has evolved as a multimeric scaffold to perform other noncatalytic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manashi Sherawat
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118-2394, USA
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Wen J, Xia Q, Lu C, Yin L, Hu J, Gong Y, Yin B, Monzen K, Yuan J, Qiang B, Zhang X, Peng X. Proteomic analysis of cardiomyocytes differentiation in mouse embryonic carcinoma P19CL6 cells. J Cell Biochem 2007; 102:149-60. [PMID: 17520663 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A clonal derivative named P19CL6 has been isolated from pluripotent P19 mouse embryonic carcinoma cells, and this subline efficiently differentiates into beating cardiomyocytes when treated with 1% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). It offers a valuable model to study cardiomyocytes differentiation in vitro. In this study, comparative proteomic analysis was used to characterize the protein profiles associated with the DMSO-induced cardiomyocytes differentiation of P19CL6 cells. We demonstrated that P19CL6 cells indeed differentiated into cardiomyocytes after DMSO inducement as they expressed sarcomeric myosin heavy chain (MHC) as well as three cardiac-specific transcription factors (Csx/Nkx-2.5, GATA-4, and MEF2C). Image analysis of silver-stained two-dimensional gels was used to find protein spots that exhibited an at least 1.5-fold change in abundance after successful differentiation. Seventeen protein spots were selected for further analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and/or nano-electrospray ionization MS/MS (ESI-MS/MS), and 16 protein spots were identified. The identified proteins are involved in different cellular functions such as metabolism, signal transduction, and cellular organization. To confirm the expression changes of the identified proteins during differentiation, the mRNA levels of six identified proteins (including seven protein spots) were assessed by the real-time polymerase chain reaction and three showed a correlation between mRNA level and protein abundance. As an initial step toward identifying proteins involved in maintaining the differentiated state of cardiomyocytes derived from P19CL6 cells, our data provide some helpful information that may lead to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which P19CL6 cells differentiate into cardiomyocytes after treatment with DMSO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyan Wen
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, National Human Genome Center, Beijing 100005, China
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31
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Abstract
The rapidly growing field of neuroproteomics is able to track changes in protein expression and protein modifications underlying various physiological conditions, including the neural diseases related to drug addiction. Thus, it presents great promise in characterizing protein function, biochemical pathways, and networks to understand the mechanisms underlying drug dependence. In this article, we first provide an overview of proteomics technologies and bioinformatics tools available to analyze proteomics data. Then we summarize the recent applications of proteomics to profile the protein expression pattern in animal or human brain tissues after the administration of nicotine, alcohol, amphetamine, butorphanol, cocaine, and morphine. By comparing the protein expression profiles in response to chronic nicotine exposure with those appearing in response to treatment with other drugs of abuse, we identified three biological processes that appears to be regulated by multiple drugs of abuse: energy metabolism, oxidative stress response, and protein degradation and modification. Such similarity indicates that despite the obvious differences among their chemical properties and the receptors with which they interact, different substances of abuse may cause some similar changes in cellular activities and biological processes in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming D Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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Millino C, Bellin M, Fanin M, Romualdi C, Pegoraro E, Angelini C, Lanfranchi G. Expression profiling characterization of laminin alpha-2 positive MDC. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 350:345-51. [PMID: 17010933 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2006] [Accepted: 09/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the Caucasian population, patients affected by the most frequent forms of congenital muscular dystrophies (MDC) are commonly divided into two groups. The first is characterized by mutations of the gene for the laminin alpha-2 (LAMA2). The second is positive for this protein, highly heterogeneous, and has no specific genetic defect associated yet. We studied the skeletal muscle transcriptome of four LAMA2 deficient and six LAMA2 positive MDC patients by cDNA microarrays. The expression profiling defined two patients groups: one mild and one severe phenotype. This result was in agreement with histopathological features but only partially with the clinical classification. The mild phenotype is characterized by a delayed maturation from slow to fast muscle fibers. Other muscle transcripts, such as telethonin, myosin light-chains 3 and 1V, are underexpressed in this group. We suggest that expression profiling will provide important information to improve our understanding of the molecular basis of laminin alpha-2 positive MDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Millino
- CRIBI Biotechnology Center and Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
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Abstract
The red blood cell depends solely on the anaerobic conversion of glucose by the Embden-Meyerhof pathway for the generation and storage of high-energy phosphates, which is necessary for the maintenance of a number of vital functions. Many red blood cell enzymopathies have been described that disturb the erythrocyte's integrity, shorten its cellular survival, and result in hemolytic anemia. By far the majority of these enzymopathies are hereditary in nature. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the genetic, biochemical, and structural features of clinically relevant red blood cell enzymopathies involved in the Embden-Meyerhof pathway and the Rapoport-Luebering shunt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard van Wijk
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Rm G03.550, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Esposito G, Vitagliano L, Cevenini A, Amelio T, Zagari A, Salvatore F. Unraveling the structural and functional features of an aldolase A mutant involved in the hemolytic anemia and severe rhabdomyolysis reported in a child. Blood 2005; 105:905-6. [PMID: 15632214 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-09-3558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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36
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Esposito G, Vitagliano L, Costanzo P, Borrelli L, Barone R, Pavone L, Izzo P, Zagari A, Salvatore F. Human aldolase A natural mutants: relationship between flexibility of the C-terminal region and enzyme function. Biochem J 2004; 380:51-6. [PMID: 14766013 PMCID: PMC1224144 DOI: 10.1042/bj20031941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2003] [Revised: 02/04/2004] [Accepted: 02/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We have identified a new mutation in the FBP (fructose 1,6-bisphosphate) aldolase A gene in a child with suspected haemolytic anaemia associated with myopathic symptoms at birth and with a subsequent diagnosis of arthrogryposis multiplex congenita and pituitary ectopia. Sequence analysis of the whole gene, also performed on the patient's full-length cDNA, revealed only a Gly346-->Ser substitution in the heterozygous state. We expressed in a bacterial system the new aldolase A Gly346-->Ser mutant, and the Glu206-->Lys mutant identified by others, in a patient with an aldolase A deficit. Analysis of their functional profiles showed that the Gly346Ser mutant had the same Km as the wild-type enzyme, but a 4-fold lower kcat. The Glu206-->Lys mutant had a Km approx. 2-fold higher than that of both the Gly346-->Ser mutant and the wild-type enzyme, and a kcat value 40% less than the wild-type. The Gly346-->Ser and wild-type enzymes had the same Tm (melting temperature), which was approx. 6-7 degrees C higher than that of the Glu206-->Lys enzyme. An extensive molecular graphic analysis of the mutated enzymes, using human and rabbit aldolase A crystallographic structures, suggests that the Glu206-->Lys mutation destabilizes the aldolase A tetramer at the subunit interface, and highlights the fact that the glycine-to-serine substitution at position 346 limits the flexibility of the C-terminal region. These results also provide the first evidence that Gly346 is crucial for the correct conformation and function of aldolase A, because it governs the entry/release of the substrates into/from the enzyme cleft, and/or allows important C-terminal residues to approach the active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Esposito
- Dipartimento di Biochimica e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, I-80131 Napoli, Italy
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37
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Abstract
Protein tyrosine nitration increases in vivo as a result of oxidative stress and is elevated in numerous inflammatory-associated diseases. Mammalian fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolases are tyrosine nitrated in lung epithelial cells and liver, as well as in retina under different inflammatory conditions. Using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, we now show that aldolase A is nitrated in human skin fibroblasts. To reveal the consequences of tyrosine nitration, we studied the impact of peroxynitrite on the glycolytic functions of aldolase A. A peroxynitrite concentration-dependent decrease in fructose-1,6-bisphosphate cleavage activity was observed with a concomitant increase in nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity. Both V(max) and the K(m) for fructose-1,6-bisphosphate decreased after incubation with peroxynitrite. Aldolase nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity diminished following carboxypeptidase Y digestion, demonstrating that tyrosine residues in the carboxyl-terminal region of aldolase are major targets of nitration. Aldolase A contains a carboxyl-terminal tyrosine residue, Tyr(363), that is critical for its catalytic activity. Indeed, tandem mass spectrometric analysis of trypsin-digested aldolase showed that Tyr(363) is the most susceptible to nitration, with a modification of Tyr(342) occurring only after nitration of Tyr(363). These tyrosine nitrations likely result in altered interactions between the carboxyl-terminal region and enzyme substrate or reaction intermediates causing the decline in activity. The results suggest that tyrosine nitration of aldolase A can contribute to an impaired cellular glycolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Koeck
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Yao DC, Tolan DR, Murray MF, Harris DJ, Darras BT, Geva A, Neufeld EJ. Hemolytic anemia and severe rhabdomyolysis caused by compound heterozygous mutations of the gene for erythrocyte/muscle isozyme of aldolase, ALDOA(Arg303X/Cys338Tyr). Blood 2003; 103:2401-3. [PMID: 14615364 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-09-3160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Aldolase (E.C. 4.1.2.13), a homotetrameric protein encoded by the ALDOA gene, converts fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. Three isozymes are encoded by distinct genes. The sole aldolase present in red blood cells and skeletal muscle is the A isozyme. We report here the case of a girl of Sicilian descent with aldolase A deficiency. Clinical manifestations included transfusion-dependent anemia until splenectomy at age 3 and increasing muscle weakness, with death at age 4 associated with rhabdomyolysis and hyperkalemia. Sequence analysis of the ALDOA coding regions revealed 2 novel heterozygous ALDOA mutations in conserved regions of the protein. The paternal allele encoded a nonsense mutation, Arg303X, in the enzyme-active site. The maternal allele encoded a missense mutation, Cys338Tyr, predicted to cause enzyme instability. This is the most severely affected patient reported to date and only the second with both rhabdomyolysis and hemolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Yao
- Division of Genetics, Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital Boston, Dana Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, MA 02115, USA
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Tolan DR, Schuler B, Beernink PT, Jaenicke R. Thermodynamic Analysis of the Dissociation of the Aldolase Tetramer Substituted at One or Both of the Subunit Interfaces. Biol Chem 2003; 384:1463-71. [PMID: 14669989 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2003.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The fructose-1,6-bis(phosphate) aldolase isologous tetramer tightly associates through two different subunit interfaces defined by its 222 symmetry. Both single- and double-interfacial mutant aldolases have a destabilized quaternary structure, but there is little effect on the catalytic activity. These enzymes are however thermolabile. This study demonstrates the temperature-dependent dissociation of the mutant enzymes and determines the dissociation free energies of both mutant and native aldolase. Subunit dissociation is measured by sedimentation equilibrium in the analytical ultracentrifuge. At 25 degrees C the tetramer-dimer dissociation constants for each single-mutant enzyme are similar, about 10(-6) M. For the double-mutant enzyme, sedimentation velocity experiments on sucrose density gradients support a tetramer-monomer equilibrium. Furthermore, sedimentation equilibrium experiments determined a dissociation constant of 10(-15) M3 for the double-mutant enzyme. By the same methods the upper limit for the dissociation constant of wild-type aldolase A is approximately 10(-28) M3, which indicates an extremely stable tetramer. The thermodynamic values describing monomer-tetramer and dimer-tetramer equilibria are analyzed with regard to possible cooperative interaction between the two subunit interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean R Tolan
- Biology Department, Boston University, 5 Cummington St., Boston, MA 02215, USA
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40
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Malay AD, Procious SL, Tolan DR. The temperature dependence of activity and structure for the most prevalent mutant aldolase B associated with hereditary fructose intolerance. Arch Biochem Biophys 2002; 408:295-304. [PMID: 12464284 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9861(02)00546-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary fructose intolerance (HFI) is an autosomal recessive disorder in humans which is caused by mutations in the aldolase B gene. The most common HFI allele encodes an enzyme with an A149P substitution (AP-aldolase). A lysis method suitable for aggregation-prone proteins overexpressed in bacteria was developed. The enzyme's structure and function is investigated as a function of temperature. Near-UV CD shows a qualitative difference in tertiary structure, whereas far-UV CD shows no difference in overall secondary structure, although both show increased temperature sensitivity for AP-aldolase compared to that seen with wild-type aldolase B. AP-aldolase exists as a dimer at all temperatures tested, unlike the tetrameric wild-type enzyme, thus providing a possible explanation for the loss in thermostability. AP-aldolase has sixfold lower activity than wild type at 10 degrees C, which decreases substantially at higher temperature. In addition to disruptions at the catalytic center, the kinetic constants toward different substrates suggest that there is a disruption at the C1-phosphate-binding site, which is not sensitive to temperature. The implications of these structural alterations are discussed with regard to the HFI disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali D Malay
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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41
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The major energy sources for muscle contraction are glycogen, glucose and fatty acids, and defects in their oxidative pathways cause metabolic myopathies. Eleven specific enzyme deficiencies of carbohydrate oxidation affect skeletal muscle alone or in combination with other tissues, such as liver, heart or red blood cells. These hereditary glycogen storage diseases cause two major clinical presentations: one characterized by fixed, often progressive muscle weakness, and the other by acute, intermittent, and reversible muscle dysfunction manifesting as exercise intolerance (myalgia on exertion, muscle contractures, myoglobinuria). RECENT FINDINGS The focus of this review is on recent developments in: clinical features, including a brief description of the newest identified glycogen storage disease type XIII; molecular genetic studies discussing genotype-phenotype correlations in some carbohydrate oxidation disorders; pathophysiological mechanisms, especially those assessed by non-invasive P magnetic resonance spectroscopy; and therapeutic approaches such as nutritional supplementation and gene therapy, including recombinant enzyme replacement. SUMMARY Although major progress has been made in an understanding of the molecular genetic bases of carbohydrate oxidation defects, the pathophysiology of exercise intolerance and muscle weakness remains to be further clarified. Gene therapy and dietary therapeutic regimes appear promising, but need to be actively investigated in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Vorgerd
- Kliniken Bergmannsheil, Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany.
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42
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Abstract
The metabolic myopathies are a heterogeneous group of diseases, including glycogenoses, disorders of lipid metabolism, and mitochondrial myopathies, that result primarily from inborn errors of metabolism. Most of these metabolic defects cause medical conditions that manifest early in life. Nevertheless, clinical presentations during the teenage years and adulthood are increasingly being recognized. Many of the clinical manifestations of these diseases are difficult to differentiate from those observed in the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, especially polymyositis. A directed evaluation using the clinical, laboratory, and genetic approaches summarized in this article, however, should allow for the differentiation of most metabolic myopathies from polymyositis and other forms of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy. The diagnosis of a metabolic myopathy should be considered in patients who appear to have polymyositis but lack the characteristic changes of inflammation found on EMG, MRI, or muscle histology, or in such patients who are refractory to immunosuppressive therapy. The forearm ischemic exercise test is especially useful to screen for some inborn errors of glycogen metabolism or glycolysis and for myoadenylate deaminase deficiency. Thorough analysis of muscle tissue, including histology, histochemistry, biochemistry, and occasionally electron microscopy, is often necessary to make the diagnosis of a metabolic myopathy. Advances in molecular biology methods and knowledge of the precise genetic defects associated with these metabolic defects are dramatically increasing our capacity to diagnose patients with a widening range of myopathies. It is expected that, with further understanding of the mechanisms of the metabolic and idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, the differentiation of these disorders into their pathogenetic components, and the capacity to diagnose them will continue to improve. These are essential factors in improving genetic counseling and eventually the therapy of these serious, and currently incurable, disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Wortmann
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oklahoma College of Medicine-Tulsa, 4502 East 41st Street, Tulsa, OK 74137, USA.
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43
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Abstract
There are 11 hereditary disorders of glycogen metabolism affecting muscle alone or together with other tissues, and they cause two main clinical syndromes: episodic, recurrent exercise intolerance with cramps, myalgia, and myoglobinuria; or fixed, often progressive weakness. Great strides have been made in our understanding of the molecular bases of these disorders, all of which show remarkable genetic heterogeneity. In contrast, the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying acute muscle breakdown and chronic weakness remain unclear. Although glycogen storage diseases have been studied for decades, new biochemical defects are still being discovered, especially in the glycolytic pathway. In addition, the pathogenesis of polyglucosan deposition is being clarified both in traditional glycogenoses and in disorders such as Lafora's disease. In some conditions, combined dietary and exercise regimens may be of help, and gene therapy, including recombinant enzyme replacement, is being actively pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- S DiMauro
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 4-420 College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Abstract
Enzyme deficiencies have been identified in all erythrocyte pathways. Their frequencies differ with respect to the affected enzyme, the severity of the clinical manifestations and the geographical distribution. Most mutations are found within the coding sequences of genes, missense mutations occurring more often than deletions, insertions, splice site defects or premature stop codons. Promoter mutations are rare. The clinical manifestations are chronic or non-chronic haemolytic anaemias. The first of these are characterized by an impairment of cell function at normal values of the external load parameters kATPase and kGSHox. Haemolysis with a non-chronic course is induced only at enhanced values of the load parameters, caused by free radical generation by oxidative drugs, fava beans, infections, fever and physical exercise. The development of secondary haemochromatosis is the most common cause of mortality in patients suffering from severe chronic non-spherocytic haemolytic anaemia. Intracellular iron deposits must be prevented by timely treatment with effective chelating agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Jacobasch
- German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany
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45
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Abstract
Major recent advances in the field of metabolic myopathies have helped delineate the genetic and biochemical basis of these disorders. This progress has also resulted in the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic methodologies. In this second part, we present an updated review of the main nonlysosomal and lysosomal glycogenoses and lipid metabolism defects that manifest with signs of transient or permanent muscle dysfunction. Our intent is to increase the pediatric neurologist's familiarity with these conditions and thus improve decision making in the areas of diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- B T Darras
- Neuromuscular Program, Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts, USA
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46
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Abstract
The glycogen storage myopathies are caused by enzyme defects in the glycogenolytic or in the glycolytic pathway affecting skeletal muscle alone or in conjunction with other tissues. The authors review recent findings in this area, including a new entity, aldolase deficiency, and the wealth of molecular genetic data that are rapidly accumulating. Despite this progress, genotype-phenotyp3 correlations are still murky in most glycogen storage myopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tsujino
- Section Chief, Department of Inherited Metabolic Disease, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
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47
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Abstract
The metabolic myopathies are distinguished by extensive clinical and genetic heterogeneity within and between individual disorders. There are a number of explanations for the variability observed that go beyond single gene mutations or degrees of heteroplasmy in the case of mitochondrial DNA mutations. Some of the contributing factors include protein subunit interactions, tissue-specificity, modifying genetic factors, and environmental triggers. Advances in the molecular analysis of metabolic myopathies during the last decade have not only improved the diagnosis of individual disorders but also helped to characterize the contributing factors that make these disorders so complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Vladutiu
- Associate Professor, Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology, and Pathology, Division of Genetics, School of Medicine and Biomedical Studies, State University of New York at Buffalo, 14209, USA.
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48
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Abstract
Red blood cell enzyme activities are measured mainly to diagnose hereditary nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia associated with enzyme anomalies. At least 15 enzyme anomalies associated with hereditary hemolytic anemia have been reported. Some nonhematologic disease can also be diagnosed by the measurement of red blood cell enzyme activities in the case in which enzymes of red blood cells and the other organs are under the same genetic control. Progress in molecular biology has provided a new perspective. Techniques such as the polymerase chain reaction and single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis have greatly facilitated the molecular analysis of erythroenzymopathies. These studies have clarified the correlation between the functional and structural abnormalities of the variant enzymes. In general, the mutations that induce an alteration of substrate binding site and/or enzyme instability might result in markedly altered enzyme properties and severe clinical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Fujii
- Department of Blood Transfusion Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical College, Japan
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49
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Abstract
Ten specific enzyme defects of glycogen metabolism affect skeletal muscle alone or in combination with other tissues. The newest addition to this group of disorders is the defect of aldolase A (glycogenosis type XII), a block in terminal glycolysis associated with myopathy and a hemolytic trait. The muscle glycogenoses cause two major syndromes, one characterized by exercise intolerance, cramps, and myoglobinuria, and the other dominated by fixed, often progressive weakness. This review considers sequentially recent advances in the following: clinical features or clinical variants, including a brief description of glycogenosis type XII; animal models, both spontaneous and genetically engineered; physiopathologic mechanisms, especially of the exercise intolerance and myoglobinuria; biochemical and molecular features--molecular defects are just beginning to be discovered for some glycogenoses (e.g. phosphorylase-b-kinase deficiency or branching enzyme deficiency), whereas they form long lists for others, such as acid maltase deficiency and myophosphorylase deficiency; and therapeutic approaches, including enzyme replacement and gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S DiMauro
- H. Houston Merritt Clinical Research Center for Muscular Dystrophy and Related Diseases, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA
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50
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