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Walton S, Fenyi A, Tittle T, Sidransky E, Pal G, Choi S, Melki R, Killinger BA, Kordower JH. Neither alpha-synuclein fibril strain nor host murine genotype influences seeding efficacy. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2024; 10:105. [PMID: 38773124 PMCID: PMC11109094 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-024-00679-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive motor symptoms and alpha-synuclein (αsyn) aggregation in the nervous system. For unclear reasons, PD patients with certain GBA1 mutations (GBA-PD) have a more aggressive clinical progression. Two testable hypotheses that can potentially account for this phenomenon are that GBA1 mutations promote αsyn spread or drive the generation of highly pathogenic αsyn polymorphs (i.e., strains). We tested these hypotheses by treating homozygous GBA1 D409V knockin (KI) mice with human α-syn-preformed fibrils (PFFs) and treating wild-type mice (WT) with several αsyn-PFF polymorphs amplified from brain autopsy samples collected from patients with idiopathic PD and GBA-PD patients with either homozygous or heterozygous GBA1 mutations. Robust phosphorylated-αsyn (PSER129) positive pathology was observed at the injection site (i.e., the olfactory bulb granule cell layer) and throughout the brain six months following PFF injection. The PFF seeding efficiency and degree of spread were similar regardless of the mouse genotype or PFF polymorphs. We found that PFFs amplified from the human brain, regardless of patient genotype, were generally more effective seeders than wholly synthetic PFFs (i.e., non-amplified); however, PFF concentration differed between these two studies, which might also account for the observed differences. To investigate whether the molecular composition of pathology differed between different seeding conditions, we performed Biotinylation by Antibody Recognition on PSER129 (BAR-PSER129). We found that for BAR-PSER129, the endogenous PSER129 pool dominated identified interactions, and thus, very few potential interactions were explicitly identified for seeded pathology. However, we found Dynactin Subunit 2 (Dctn2) interaction was shared across all PFF conditions, and NCK Associated Protein 1 (Nckap1) and Adaptor Related Protein Complex 3 Subunit Beta 2 (Ap3b2) were unique to PFFs amplified from GBA-PD brains of heterozygous mutation carriers. In conclusion, both the genotype and αsyn strain had little effect on overall seeding efficacy and global PSER129-interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Walton
- ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Alexis Fenyi
- Institut Francois Jacob (MIRCen), CEA and Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, CNRS, Fontenay-Aux-Roses Cedex, France
| | - Tyler Tittle
- Graduate College, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ellen Sidransky
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Gian Pal
- Department of Neurology, Division of Movement Disorders, Rutgers - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Solji Choi
- Graduate College, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ronald Melki
- Institut Francois Jacob (MIRCen), CEA and Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, CNRS, Fontenay-Aux-Roses Cedex, France
| | | | - Jeffrey H Kordower
- ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
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2
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Greenberg J, Astudillo K, Frucht SJ, Flinker A, Riboldi GM. Clinical prediction of GBA carrier status in Parkinson's disease. Clin Park Relat Disord 2024; 10:100251. [PMID: 38645305 PMCID: PMC11031818 DOI: 10.1016/j.prdoa.2024.100251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Given the unique natural history of GBA-related Parkinson's disease (GBA-PD) and the potential for novel treatments in this population, genetic testing prioritization for the identification of GBA-PD patients is crucial for prognostication, individualizing treatment, and stratification for clinical trials. Assessing the predictive value of certain clinical traits for the GBA-variant carrier status will help target genetic testing in clinical settings where cost and access limit its availability. Methods In-depth clinical characterization through standardized rating scales for motor and non-motor symptoms and self-reported binomial information of a cohort of subjects with PD (n = 100) from our center and from the larger cohort of the Parkinson's Progression Marker Initiative (PPMI) was utilized to evaluate the predictive values of clinical traits for GBA variant carrier status. The model was cross-validated across the two cohorts. Results Leveraging non-motor symptoms of PD, we established successful discrimination of GBA variants in the PPMI cohort and study cohort (AUC 0.897 and 0.738, respectively). The PPMI cohort model successfully generalized to the study cohort data using both MDS-UPDRS scores and binomial data (AUC 0.740 and 0.734, respectively) while the study cohort model did not. Conclusions We assessed the predictive value of non-motor symptoms of PD for identifying GBA carrier status in the general PD population. These data can be used to determine a simple, clinically oriented model using either the MDS-UPDRS or subjective symptom reporting from patients. Our results can inform patient counseling about the expected carrier risk and test prioritization for the expected identification of GBA variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Greenberg
- Department of Neurology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kelly Astudillo
- Department of Neurology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- The Marlene and Paolo Fresco Institute for Parkinson's and Movement Disorders, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steven J. Frucht
- Department of Neurology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- The Marlene and Paolo Fresco Institute for Parkinson's and Movement Disorders, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adeen Flinker
- Department of Neurology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, New York, NY, USA
| | - Giulietta M. Riboldi
- Department of Neurology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- The Marlene and Paolo Fresco Institute for Parkinson's and Movement Disorders, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
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Huang G, Jian J, Liu CJ. Progranulinopathy: A diverse realm of disorders linked to progranulin imbalances. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2024; 76:142-159. [PMID: 37981505 PMCID: PMC10978308 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN), encoded by the GRN gene in humans, was originally isolated as a secreted growth factor that implicates in a multitude of processes ranging from regulation of tumorigenesis, inflammation to neural proliferation. Compelling evidence indicating that GRN mutation can lead to various common neuronal degenerative diseases and rare lysosomal storage diseases. These findings have unveiled a critical role for PGRN as a lysosomal protein in maintaining lysosomal function. The phenotypic spectrum of PGRN imbalance has expanded to encompass a broad spectrum of diseases, including autoimmune diseases, metabolic, musculoskeletal and cardiovascular diseases. These diseases collectively referred to as Progranulinopathy- a term encompasses the wide spectrum of disorders influenced by PGRN imbalance. Unlike its known extracellular function as a growth factor-like molecule associated with multiple membrane receptors, PGRN also serves as an intracellular co-chaperone engaged in the folding and traffic of its associated proteins, particularly the lysosomal hydrolases. This chaperone activity is required for PGRN to exert its diverse functions across a broad range of diseases, encompassing both the central nervous system and peripheral systems. In this comprehensive review, we present an update of the emerging role of PGRN in Progranulinopathy, with special focus on elucidating the intricate interplay between PGRN and a diverse array of proteins at various levels, ranging from extracellular fluids and intracellular components, as well as various pathophysiological processes involved. This review seeks to offer a comprehensive grasp of PGRN's diverse functions, aiming to unveil intricate mechanisms behind Progranulinopathy and open doors for future research endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiwu Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinlong Jian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chuan-Ju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Wang R, Sun H, Cao Y, Zhang Z, Chen Y, Wang X, Liu L, Wu J, Xu H, Wu D, Mu C, Hao Z, Qin S, Ren H, Han J, Fang M, Wang G. Glucosylceramide accumulation in microglia triggers STING-dependent neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in mice. Sci Signal 2024; 17:eadk8249. [PMID: 38530880 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.adk8249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GCase) are responsible for Gaucher disease (GD) and are considered the strongest genetic risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD) and Lewy body dementia (LBD). GCase deficiency leads to extensive accumulation of glucosylceramides (GCs) in cells and contributes to the neuropathology of GD, PD, and LBD by triggering chronic neuroinflammation. Here, we investigated the mechanisms by which GC accumulation induces neuroinflammation. We found that GC accumulation within microglia induced by pharmacological inhibition of GCase triggered STING-dependent inflammation, which contributed to neuronal loss both in vitro and in vivo. GC accumulation in microglia induced mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) leakage to the cytosol to trigger STING-dependent inflammation. Rapamycin, a compound that promotes lysosomal activity, improved mitochondrial function, thereby decreasing STING signaling. Furthermore, lysosomal damage caused by GC accumulation led to defects in the degradation of activated STING, further exacerbating inflammation mediated by microglia. Thus, limiting STING activity may be a strategy to suppress neuroinflammation caused by GCase deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
- Center of Translational Medicine, First People's Hospital of Taicang, Taicang Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215400, China
| | - Hongyang Sun
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Yifan Cao
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Zhixiong Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Yajing Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, China
| | - Xiying Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Renji Hospital, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Lele Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Jin Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Chenchen Mu
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Zongbing Hao
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Song Qin
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Haigang Ren
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Medical Innovation Center of Trauma Medicine, Institute of Trauma Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Junhai Han
- School of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Ming Fang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Guanghui Wang
- Center of Translational Medicine, First People's Hospital of Taicang, Taicang Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215400, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
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Hu XM, Song LZX, Zhang ZZ, Ruan X, Li HC, Yu Z, Huang L. Electroacupuncture at ST25 corrected gut microbial dysbiosis and SNpc lipid peroxidation in Parkinson's disease rats. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1358525. [PMID: 38450172 PMCID: PMC10915097 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1358525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Parkinson's disease (PD) remains one kind of a complex, progressive neurodegenerative disease. Levodopa and dopamine agonists as widely utilized PD therapeutics have not shown significant positive long-term outcomes. Emerging evidences indicate that electroacupuncture (EA) have potential effects on the therapy of nervous system disorders, particularly PD, but its specific underlying mechanism(s) remains poorly understood, leading to the great challenge of clinical application and management. Previous study has shown that acupuncture ameliorates PD motor symptoms and dopaminergic neuron damage by modulating intestinal dysbiosis, but its intermediate pathway has not been sufficiently investigated. Methods A rat model of PD was induced using rotenone. The therapeutic effect of EA on PD was assessed using the pole and rotarod tests and immunohistostaining for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the substantia nigra (SN) of brain. The role of gut microbiota was explored using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and metabonomic analysis. PICRUSt2 analysis, lipidomic analysis, LPS and inflammatory factor assays were used for subsequent exploration and validation. Correlation analysis was used to identify the key bacteria that EA regulates lipid metabolism to improve PD. Results The present study firstly reappeared the effects of EA on protecting motor function and dopaminergic neurons and modulation of gut microbial dysbiosis in rotenone-induced PD rat model. EA improved motor dysfunction (via the pole and rotarod tests) and protected TH+ neurons in PD rats. EA increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus, Dubosiella and Bifidobacterium and decreased the abundance of Escherichia-Shigella and Morganella belonging to Pseudomonadota, suggesting that the modulation of gut microbiota by EA improving the symptoms of PD motility via alleviating LPS-induced inflammatory response and oxidative stress, which was also validated by various aspects such as microbial gene functional analysis, fecal metabolomics analysis, LPS and inflammatory factor assays and SNpc lipidomics analysis. Moreover, correlation analyses also verified strong correlations of Escherichia-Shigella and Morganella with motor symptoms and SNpc lipid peroxidation, explicating targets and intermediate pathways through which EA improve PD exercise symptom. Conclusion Our results indicate that the improvement of motor function in PD model by EA may be mediated in part by restoring the gut microbiota, which intermediate processes involve circulating endotoxins and inflammatory mediators, SNpc oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. The gut-microbiome - brain axis may be a potential mechanism of EA treatment for the PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan-ming Hu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Rheumatology of Zhejiang Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li-zhe-xiong Song
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion, Tuina of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhi-zi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion, Tuina of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xi Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Rheumatology of Zhejiang Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hai-chang Li
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Rheumatology of Zhejiang Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Rheumatology of Zhejiang Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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Busquets O, Li H, Mohieddin Syed K, Jerez PA, Dunnack J, Bu RL, Verma Y, Pangilinan GR, Martin A, Straub J, Du Y, Simon VM, Poser S, Bush Z, Diaz J, Sahagun A, Gao J, Hernandez DG, Levine KS, Booth EO, Bateup HS, Rio DC, Hockemeyer D, Blauwendraat C, Soldner F. iSCORE-PD: an isogenic stem cell collection to research Parkinson's Disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.12.579917. [PMID: 38405931 PMCID: PMC10888955 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.12.579917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by complex genetic and environmental factors. Genome-edited human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) offer the uniique potential to advance our understanding of PD etiology by providing disease-relevant cell-types carrying patient mutations along with isogenic control cells. To facilitate this experimental approach, we generated a collection of 55 cell lines genetically engineered to harbor mutations in genes associated with monogenic PD (SNCA A53T, SNCA A30P, PRKN Ex3del, PINK1 Q129X, DJ1/PARK7 Ex1-5del, LRRK2 G2019S, ATP13A2 FS, FBXO7 R498X/FS, DNAJC6 c.801 A>G+FS, SYNJ1 R258Q/FS, VPS13C A444P, VPS13C W395C, GBA1 IVS2+1). All mutations were generated in a fully characterized and sequenced female human embryonic stem cell (hESC) line (WIBR3; NIH approval number NIHhESC-10-0079) using CRISPR/Cas9 or prime editing-based approaches. We implemented rigorous quality controls, including high density genotyping to detect structural variants and confirm the genomic integrity of each cell line. This systematic approach ensures the high quality of our stem cell collection, highlights differences between conventional CRISPR/Cas9 and prime editing and provides a roadmap for how to generate gene-edited hPSCs collections at scale in an academic setting. We expect that our isogenic stem cell collection will become an accessible platform for the study of PD, which can be used by investigators to understand the molecular pathophysiology of PD in a human cellular setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriol Busquets
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Rose F. Kennedy Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1410 Pelham Parkway South, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1301 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Hanqin Li
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Khaja Mohieddin Syed
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Pilar Alvarez Jerez
- Center for Alzheimer’s and Related Dementias, National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Jesse Dunnack
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Riana Lo Bu
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Rose F. Kennedy Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1410 Pelham Parkway South, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
| | - Yogendra Verma
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Gabriella R. Pangilinan
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Annika Martin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jannes Straub
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - YuXin Du
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Vivien M. Simon
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Steven Poser
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Rose F. Kennedy Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1410 Pelham Parkway South, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
| | - Zipporiah Bush
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1301 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jessica Diaz
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Rose F. Kennedy Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1410 Pelham Parkway South, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
| | - Atehsa Sahagun
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jianpu Gao
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Dena G. Hernandez
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Kristin S. Levine
- Center for Alzheimer’s and Related Dementias, National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ezgi O. Booth
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Helen S. Bateup
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Donald C. Rio
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Dirk Hockemeyer
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Cornelis Blauwendraat
- Center for Alzheimer’s and Related Dementias, National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Frank Soldner
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Rose F. Kennedy Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1410 Pelham Parkway South, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1301 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1301 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Lead contact
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Ren J, Zhan X, Zhou H, Guo Z, Xing Y, Yin H, Xue C, Wu J, Liu W. Comparing the effects of GBA variants and onset age on clinical features and progression in Parkinson's disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14387. [PMID: 37563866 PMCID: PMC10848098 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glucosylceramidase (GBA) variants and onset age significantly affect clinical phenotype and progression in Parkinson's disease (PD). The current study compared clinical characteristics at baseline and cognitive and motor progression over time among patients having GBA-related PD (GBA-PD), early-onset idiopathic PD (early-iPD), and late-onset idiopathic PD (late-iPD). METHODS We recruited 88 GBA-PD, 167 early-iPD, and 488 late-iPD patients in this study. A subset of 50 GBA-PD, 81 early-iPD, and 223 late-iPD patients was followed up at least once, with a 3.0-year mean follow-up time. Linear mixed-effects models helped evaluate the rate of change in the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale motor and Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores. RESULTS At baseline, the GBA-PD group showed more severe motor deficits and non-motor symptoms (NMSs) than the early-iPD group and more NMSs than the late-iPD group. Moreover, the GBA-PD group had more significant cognitive and motor progression, particularly bradykinesia and axial impairment, than the early-iPD and late-iPD groups at follow-up. However, the early-onset GBA-PD (early-GBA-PD) group was similar to the late-onset GBA-PD (late-GBA-PD) group in baseline clinical features and cognitive and motor progression. CONCLUSION GBA-PD patients exhibited faster cognitive and motor deterioration than early-iPD and late-iPD patients. Thus, subtype classification based on genetic characteristics rather than age at onset could enhance the prediction of PD disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingru Ren
- Department of NeurologyThe Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xiaoyan Zhan
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineNanjingChina
| | - Hao Zhou
- Department of NeurologyThe Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Zhiying Guo
- Department of NeurologyThe Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yi Xing
- Department of NeurologyThe Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Hangxing Yin
- Department of NeurologyThe Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Chen Xue
- Department of RadiologyThe Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryThe Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Weiguo Liu
- Department of NeurologyThe Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
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8
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Wolf J, Rasmussen DK, Sun YJ, Vu JT, Wang E, Espinosa C, Bigini F, Chang RT, Montague AA, Tang PH, Mruthyunjaya P, Aghaeepour N, Dufour A, Bassuk AG, Mahajan VB. Liquid-biopsy proteomics combined with AI identifies cellular drivers of eye aging and disease in vivo. Cell 2023; 186:4868-4884.e12. [PMID: 37863056 PMCID: PMC10720485 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Single-cell analysis in living humans is essential for understanding disease mechanisms, but it is impractical in non-regenerative organs, such as the eye and brain, because tissue biopsies would cause serious damage. We resolve this problem by integrating proteomics of liquid biopsies with single-cell transcriptomics from all known ocular cell types to trace the cellular origin of 5,953 proteins detected in the aqueous humor. We identified hundreds of cell-specific protein markers, including for individual retinal cell types. Surprisingly, our results reveal that retinal degeneration occurs in Parkinson's disease, and the cells driving diabetic retinopathy switch with disease stage. Finally, we developed artificial intelligence (AI) models to assess individual cellular aging and found that many eye diseases not associated with chronological age undergo accelerated molecular aging of disease-specific cell types. Our approach, which can be applied to other organ systems, has the potential to transform molecular diagnostics and prognostics while uncovering new cellular disease and aging mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Wolf
- Molecular Surgery Laboratory, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Ditte K Rasmussen
- Molecular Surgery Laboratory, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Young Joo Sun
- Molecular Surgery Laboratory, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Jennifer T Vu
- Molecular Surgery Laboratory, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Elena Wang
- Molecular Surgery Laboratory, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Camilo Espinosa
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Fabio Bigini
- Molecular Surgery Laboratory, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Robert T Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Artis A Montague
- Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Peter H Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Retina Consultants of Minnesota, Edina, MN 55435, USA
| | - Prithvi Mruthyunjaya
- Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Nima Aghaeepour
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Antoine Dufour
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology & Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Alexander G Bassuk
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, The Iowa Neuroscience Institute (INI), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Vinit B Mahajan
- Molecular Surgery Laboratory, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
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9
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Huh YE, Usnich T, Scherzer CR, Klein C, Chung SJ. GBA1 Variants and Parkinson's Disease: Paving the Way for Targeted Therapy. J Mov Disord 2023; 16:261-278. [PMID: 37302978 PMCID: PMC10548077 DOI: 10.14802/jmd.23023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucosylceramidase beta 1 (GBA1) variants have attracted enormous attention as the most promising and important genetic candidates for precision medicine in Parkinson's disease (PD). A substantial correlation between GBA1 genotypes and PD phenotypes could inform the prediction of disease progression and promote the development of a preventive intervention for individuals at a higher risk of a worse disease prognosis. Moreover, the GBA1-regulated pathway provides new perspectives on the pathogenesis of PD, such as dysregulated sphingolipid metabolism, impaired protein quality control, and disrupted endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi trafficking. These perspectives have led to the development of novel disease-modifying therapies for PD targeting the GBA1-regulated pathway by repositioning treatment strategies for Gaucher's disease. This review summarizes the current hypotheses on a mechanistic link between GBA1 variants and PD and possible therapeutic options for modulating GBA1-regulated pathways in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Eun Huh
- Department of Neurology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Tatiana Usnich
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck and University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Clemens R. Scherzer
- Advanced Center for Parkinson’s Disease Research, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Precision Neurology Program, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck and University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sun Ju Chung
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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10
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Walton S, Fenyi A, Tittle T, Sidransky E, Pal G, Choi S, Melki R, Killinger BA, Kordower JH. Neither alpha-synuclein-preformed fibrils derived from patients with GBA1 mutations nor the host murine genotype significantly influence seeding efficacy in the mouse olfactory bulb. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.24.554646. [PMID: 37662402 PMCID: PMC10473741 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.24.554646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive motor symptoms and alpha-synuclein (αsyn) aggregation in the nervous system. For unclear reasons, PD patients with certain GBA mutations (GBA-PD) have a more aggressive clinical progression. Two testable hypotheses that can potentially account for this phenomenon are that GBA1 mutations promote αsyn spread or drive the generation of highly pathogenic αsyn polymorphs (i.e., strains). We tested these hypotheses by treating homozygous GBA1 D409V knockin (KI) mice with human α-syn-preformed fibrils (PFFs) and treating wild-type mice (WT) with several αsyn-PFF polymorphs amplified from brain autopsy samples collected from patients with idiopathic PD and GBA-PD patients with either homozygous or heterozygous GBA1 mutations. Robust phosphorylated-αsyn (PSER129) positive pathology was observed at the injection site (i.e., the olfactory bulb granular layer) and throughout the brain six months following PFF injection. The PFF seeding efficiency and degree of spread were similar regardless of the mouse genotype or PFF polymorphs. We found that PFFs amplified from the human brain, regardless of patient genotype, were generally more effective seeders than wholly synthetic PFFs (i.e., non-amplified); however, PFF concentration differed between these two studies, and this might also account for the observed differences. To investigate whether the molecular composition of pathology differed between different seeding conditions, we permed Biotinylation by Antibody Recognition on PSER129 (BAR-PSER129). We found that for BAR-PSER129, the endogenous PSER129 pool dominated identified interactions, and thus, very few potential interactions were explicitly identified for seeded pathology. However, we found Dctn2 interaction was shared across all PFF conditions, and Nckap1 and Ap3b2 were unique to PFFs amplified from GBA-PD brains of heterozygous mutation carriers. In conclusion, both the genotype and αsyn strain had little effect on overall seeding efficacy and global PSER129-interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Walton
- ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Alexis Fenyi
- Institut Francois Jacob (MIRCen), CEA and Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, CNRS, Fontenay-Aux-Roses Cedex, France
| | - Tyler Tittle
- Graduate College, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Ellen Sidransky
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gian Pal
- Department of Neurology, Division of Movement Disorders, Rutgers - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Solji Choi
- Graduate College, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Ronald Melki
- Institut Francois Jacob (MIRCen), CEA and Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, CNRS, Fontenay-Aux-Roses Cedex, France
| | - Bryan A Killinger
- Graduate College, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Jeffrey H Kordower
- ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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11
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Roopnarain K, Klein C. Genetic Testing for GBA and LRRK2 Mutations: Is it Time for Routine Use? Mov Disord Clin Pract 2023; 10:S26-S31. [PMID: 37637988 PMCID: PMC10448120 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.13619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Karisha Roopnarain
- Institute of NeurogeneticsUniversity of Luebeck and University Hospital Schleswig‐HolsteinLuebeckGermany
- Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesStellenbosch UniversityCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of NeurogeneticsUniversity of Luebeck and University Hospital Schleswig‐HolsteinLuebeckGermany
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12
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Gabbert C, Schaake S, Lüth T, Much C, Klein C, Aasly JO, Farrer MJ, Trinh J. GBA1 in Parkinson's disease: variant detection and pathogenicity scoring matters. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:322. [PMID: 37312046 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09417-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND GBA1 variants are the strongest genetic risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the pathogenicity of GBA1 variants concerning PD is still not fully understood. Additionally, the frequency of GBA1 variants varies widely across populations. OBJECTIVES To evaluate Oxford Nanopore sequencing as a strategy, to determine the frequency of GBA1 variants in Norwegian PD patients and controls, and to review the current literature on newly identified variants that add to pathogenicity determination. METHODS We included 462 Norwegian PD patients and 367 healthy controls. We sequenced the full-length GBA1 gene on the Oxford Nanopore GridION as an 8.9 kb amplicon. Six analysis pipelines were compared using two aligners (NGMLR, Minimap2) and three variant callers (BCFtools, Clair3, Pepper-Margin-Deepvariant). Confirmation of GBA1 variants was performed by Sanger sequencing and the pathogenicity of variants was evaluated. RESULTS We found 95.8% (115/120) true-positive GBA1 variant calls, while 4.2% (5/120) variant calls were false-positive, with the NGMLR/Minimap2-BCFtools pipeline performing best. In total, 13 rare GBA1 variants were detected: two were predicted to be (likely) pathogenic and eleven were of uncertain significance. The odds of carrying one of the two common GBA1 variants, p.L483P or p.N409S, in PD patients were estimated to be 4.11 times the odds of carrying one of these variants in controls (OR = 4.11 [1.39, 12.12]). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, we have demonstrated that Oxford long-read Nanopore sequencing, along with the NGMLR/Minimap2-BCFtools pipeline is an effective tool to investigate GBA1 variants. Further studies on the pathogenicity of GBA1 variants are needed to assess their effect on PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Gabbert
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, Lübeck, 23538, Germany
| | - Susen Schaake
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, Lübeck, 23538, Germany
| | - Theresa Lüth
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, Lübeck, 23538, Germany
| | - Christoph Much
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, Lübeck, 23538, Germany
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, Lübeck, 23538, Germany
| | - Jan O Aasly
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Matthew J Farrer
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Joanne Trinh
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, Lübeck, 23538, Germany.
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13
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Sun YM, Zhou XY, Liang XN, Lin JR, Xu YD, Chen C, Wei SD, Chen QS, Liu FT, Zhao J, Tang YL, Shen B, Gan LH, Lu B, Ding ZT, An Y, Wu JJ, Wang J. The genetic spectrum of a cohort of patients clinically diagnosed as Parkinson's disease in mainland China. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:76. [PMID: 37198191 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00518-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
So far, over 20 causative genes of monogenic Parkinson's disease (PD) have been identified. Some causative genes of non-parkinsonian entities may also manifest with parkinsonism mimicking PD. This study aimed to investigate the genetic characteristics of clinically diagnosed PD with early onset age or family history. A total of 832 patients initially diagnosed with PD were enrolled, of which, 636 were classified into the early-onset group and 196 were classified into the familial late-onset group. The genetic testing included the multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification and next generation sequencing (target sequencing or whole-exome sequencing). The dynamic variants of spinocerebellar ataxia were tested in probands with family history. In the early-onset group, 30.03% of patients (191/636) harbored pathogenic/likely pathogenic (P/LP) variants in known PD-related genes (CHCHD2, DJ-1, GBA (heterozygous), LRRK2, PINK1, PRKN, PLA2G6, SNCA and VPS35). Variants in PRKN were the most prevalent, accounting for 15.72% of the early-onset patients, followed by GBA (10.22%), and PLA2G6 (1.89%). And 2.52% (16/636) had P/LP variants in causative genes of other diseases (ATXN3, ATXN2, GCH1, TH, MAPT, GBA (homozygous)). In the familial late-onset group, 8.67% of patients (17/196) carried P/LP variants in known PD-related genes (GBA (heterozygous), HTRA2, SNCA) and 2.04% (4/196) had P/LP variants in other genes (ATXN2, PSEN1, DCTN1). Heterozygous GBA variants (7.14%) were the most common genetic cause found in familial late-onset patients. Genetic testing is of vital importance in differential diagnosis especially in early-onset and familial PD. Our findings may also provide some clues to the nomenclature of genetic movement disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Min Sun
- Department of Neurology and National Research Center for Aging and Medicine & National Center for Neurological Disorders, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Yue Zhou
- Department of Neurology and National Research Center for Aging and Medicine & National Center for Neurological Disorders, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Niu Liang
- Department of Neurology and National Research Center for Aging and Medicine & National Center for Neurological Disorders, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-Ran Lin
- Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Dan Xu
- Department of Neurology and National Research Center for Aging and Medicine & National Center for Neurological Disorders, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Neurology and National Research Center for Aging and Medicine & National Center for Neurological Disorders, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Si-Di Wei
- Department of Neurology and National Research Center for Aging and Medicine & National Center for Neurological Disorders, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi-Si Chen
- Department of Neurology and National Research Center for Aging and Medicine & National Center for Neurological Disorders, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng-Tao Liu
- Department of Neurology and National Research Center for Aging and Medicine & National Center for Neurological Disorders, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jue Zhao
- Department of Neurology and National Research Center for Aging and Medicine & National Center for Neurological Disorders, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Lin Tang
- Department of Neurology and National Research Center for Aging and Medicine & National Center for Neurological Disorders, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Shen
- Department of Neurology and National Research Center for Aging and Medicine & National Center for Neurological Disorders, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin-Hua Gan
- Department of Neurology and National Research Center for Aging and Medicine & National Center for Neurological Disorders, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Boxun Lu
- Neurology Department at Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng-Tong Ding
- Department of Neurology and National Research Center for Aging and Medicine & National Center for Neurological Disorders, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu An
- Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jian-Jun Wu
- Department of Neurology and National Research Center for Aging and Medicine & National Center for Neurological Disorders, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Neurology and National Research Center for Aging and Medicine & National Center for Neurological Disorders, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Pandey R, Bakay M, Hakonarson H. CLEC16A-An Emerging Master Regulator of Autoimmunity and Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098224. [PMID: 37175930 PMCID: PMC10179542 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
CLEC16A is emerging as an important genetic risk factor for several autoimmune disorders and for Parkinson disease (PD), opening new avenues for translational research and therapeutic development. While the exact role of CLEC16A in health and disease is still being elucidated, the gene plays a critical role in the regulation of autophagy, mitophagy, endocytosis, intracellular trafficking, immune function, and in biological processes such as insulin secretion and others that are important to cellular homeostasis. As shown in both human and animal modeling studies, CLEC16A hypofunction predisposes to both autoinflammatory phenotype and neurodegeneration. While the two are clearly related, further functional studies are needed to fully understand the mechanisms involved for optimized therapeutic interventions. Based on recent data, mitophagy-inducing drugs may be warranted, and such therapy should be tested in clinical trials as these drugs would tackle the underlying pathogenic mechanism (s) and could treat or prevent symptoms of autoimmunity and neurodegeneration in individuals with CLEC16A risk variants. Accordingly, interventions directed at reversing the dysregulated mitophagy and the consequences of loss of function of CLEC16A without activating other detrimental cellular pathways could present an effective therapy. This review presents the emerging role of CLEC16A in health and disease and provides an update on the disease processes that are attributed to variants located in the CLEC16A gene, which are responsible for autoimmune disorders and neurodegeneration with emphasis on how this information is being translated into practical and effective applications in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Pandey
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Abramson Research Center, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4318, USA
| | - Marina Bakay
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Abramson Research Center, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4318, USA
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Abramson Research Center, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4318, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4318, USA
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15
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Messelodi D, Strocchi S, Bertuccio SN, Baden P, Indio V, Giorgi FM, Taddia A, Serravalle S, Valente S, di Fonzo A, Frattini E, Bernardoni R, Pession A, Grifoni D, Deleidi M, Astolfi A, Pession A. Neuronopathic Gaucher disease models reveal defects in cell growth promoted by Hippo pathway activation. Commun Biol 2023; 6:431. [PMID: 37076591 PMCID: PMC10115838 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04813-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Gaucher Disease (GD), the most common lysosomal disorder, arises from mutations in the GBA1 gene and is characterized by a wide spectrum of phenotypes, ranging from mild hematological and visceral involvement to severe neurological disease. Neuronopathic patients display dramatic neuronal loss and increased neuroinflammation, whose molecular basis are still unclear. Using a combination of Drosophila dGBA1b loss-of-function models and GD patient-derived iPSCs differentiated towards neuronal precursors and mature neurons we showed that different GD- tissues and neuronal cells display an impairment of growth mechanisms with an increased cell death and reduced proliferation. These phenotypes are coupled with the downregulation of several Hippo transcriptional targets, mainly involved in cells and tissue growth, and YAP exclusion from nuclei. Interestingly, Hippo knock-down in the GBA-KO flies rescues the proliferative defect, suggesting that targeting the Hippo pathway can be a promising therapeutic approach to neuronopathic GD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Messelodi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Strocchi
- Laboratory of Translational Research, USL-IRCCS of Reggio Emilia, 42123, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | | | - Pascale Baden
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, 72076, Germany
- Hertie Institut for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Valentina Indio
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Federico M Giorgi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto Taddia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Salvatore Serravalle
- Pediatric Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sabrina Valente
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessio di Fonzo
- Neurology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuele Frattini
- Neurology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Bernardoni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Grifoni
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences (MeSVA), University of L'Aquila, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Michela Deleidi
- Hertie Institut for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Institut Imagine, INSERM UMR1163, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Annalisa Astolfi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Pession
- Pediatric Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138, Bologna, Italy
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16
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Who is at Risk of Parkinson Disease? Refining the Preclinical Phase of GBA1 and LRRK2 Variant Carriers: a Clinical, Biochemical, and Imaging Approach. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2023; 23:121-130. [PMID: 36881256 PMCID: PMC10119235 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-023-01259-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Genetic variants in GBA1 and LRRK2 genes are the commonest genetic risk factor for Parkinson disease (PD); however, the preclinical profile of GBA1 and LRRK2 variant carriers who will develop PD is unclear. This review aims to highlight the more sensitive markers that can stratify PD risk in non-manifesting GBA1 and LRRK2 variant carriers. RECENT FINDINGS Several case-control and a few longitudinal studies evaluated clinical, biochemical, and neuroimaging markers within cohorts of non-manifesting carriers of GBA1 and LRRK2 variants. Despite similar levels of penetrance of PD in GBA1 and LRRK2 variant carriers (10-30%), these individuals have distinct preclinical profiles. GBA1 variant carriers at higher risk of PD can present with prodromal symptoms suggestive of PD (hyposmia), display increased α-synuclein levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and show dopamine transporter abnormalities. LRRK2 variant carriers at higher risk of PD might show subtle motor abnormalities, but no prodromal symptoms, higher exposure to some environmental factors (non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs), and peripheral inflammatory profile. This information will help clinicians tailor appropriate screening tests and counseling and facilitate researchers in the development of predictive markers, disease-modifying treatments, and selection of healthy individuals who might benefit from preventive interventions.
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17
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Funayama M, Nishioka K, Li Y, Hattori N. Molecular genetics of Parkinson's disease: Contributions and global trends. J Hum Genet 2023; 68:125-130. [PMID: 35821405 PMCID: PMC9968657 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-022-01058-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder primarily characterized by motor dysfunction. Aging is the greatest risk factor for developing PD. Recent molecular genetic studies have revealed that genetic factors, in addition to aging and environmental factors, play an important role in the development of the disorder. Studies of familial PD have identified approximately 20 different causative genes. PRKN is the most frequently detected causative gene in Japan. The PRKN gene is located at a common fragile site, and both copy number variants as well as single nucleotide variants are frequently detected. The location and variety of variant types makes an accurate genetic diagnosis difficult with conventional genetic testing. In sporadic PD, genome-wide association studies have revealed more than 200 genes that are potential drivers for the development of PD. Many of these studies have been conducted in Caucasian populations alone, which has limited the identification of all genetic risk factors for sporadic PD, particularly as genetic backgrounds vary widely by race. The Global Parkinson's Genetics Program is a global undertaking meant to address the issue of regional differences in genetic studies of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Funayama
- Research Institute of Disease of Old Age, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
| | - Kenya Nishioka
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yuanzhe Li
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Research Institute of Disease of Old Age, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
- Neurodegenerative Disorders Collaborative Laboratory, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0106, Japan
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18
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Zhang D, Shi Y, Yao J, Zhou L, Wei H, Liu J, Tong Q, Ma L, He H, Wu T. Free-Water Imaging of the Substantia Nigra in GBA Pathogenic Variant Carriers. Mov Disord 2023. [PMID: 36797645 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathogenic variants in the glucocerebrosidase gene (GBA) have been identified as the most common genetic risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the features of substantia nigra damage in GBA pathogenic variant carriers remain unclear. OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate the microstructural changes in the substantia nigra in non-manifesting GBA pathogenic variant carriers (GBA-NMC) and PD patients with GBA pathogenic variant (GBA-PD) with free-water imaging. METHODS First, we compared free water values in the posterior substantia nigra between non-manifesting non-carriers (NMNC, n = 29), GBA-NMC (n = 26), and GBA-PD (n = 16). Then, free water values in the posterior substantia nigra were compared between GBA-PD and early- (n = 19) and late-onset (n = 40) idiopathic PD (iPD) patients. Furthermore, we examined whether the baseline free water values could predict the progressions of clinical symptoms. RESULTS The free water values in the posterior substantia nigra were significantly higher in the GBA-NMC and GBA-PD groups compared to NMNC, and were significantly increased in the GBA-PD group than both early- and late-onset iPD. Free water values in the posterior substantia nigra could predict the progression of anxiety and cognitive decline in GBA-NMC and GBA-PD groups. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that free water values are elevated in the substantia nigra and predict the development of non-motor symptoms in GBA-NMC and GBA-PD. Our findings demonstrate that a significant nigral impairment already exists in GBA-NMC, and nigral injury may be more severe in GBA-PD than in iPD. These results support that free-water imaging can as a potential early marker of substantia nigra damage. © 2023 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongling Zhang
- Center for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Parkinson's Disease Center, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuting Shi
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junye Yao
- Center for Brain Imaging Science and Technology, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liche Zhou
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongjiang Wei
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiqi Tong
- Research Center for Healthcare Data Science, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingyan Ma
- Center for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Parkinson's Disease Center, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongjian He
- Center for Brain Imaging Science and Technology, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Center for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Parkinson's Disease Center, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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19
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Tseng FS, Foo JQX, Mai AS, Tan EK. The genetic basis of multiple system atrophy. J Transl Med 2023; 21:104. [PMID: 36765380 PMCID: PMC9912584 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-03905-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a heterogenous, uniformly fatal neurodegenerative ɑ-synucleinopathy. Patients present with varying degrees of dysautonomia, parkinsonism, cerebellar dysfunction, and corticospinal degeneration. The underlying pathophysiology is postulated to arise from aberrant ɑ-synuclein deposition, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Although MSA is regarded as a primarily sporadic disease, there is a possible genetic component that is poorly understood. This review summarizes current literature on genetic risk factors and potential pathogenic genes and loci linked to both sporadic and familial MSA, and underlines the biological mechanisms that support the role of genetics in MSA. We discuss a broad range of genes that have been associated with MSA including genes related to Parkinson's disease (PD), oxidative stress, inflammation, and tandem gene repeat expansions, among several others. Furthermore, we highlight various genetic polymorphisms that modulate MSA risk, including complex gene-gene and gene-environment interactions, which influence the disease phenotype and have clinical significance in both presentation and prognosis. Deciphering the exact mechanism of how MSA can result from genetic aberrations in both experimental and clinical models will facilitate the identification of novel pathophysiologic clues, and pave the way for translational research into the development of disease-modifying therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Shuen Tseng
- grid.163555.10000 0000 9486 5048Division of Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joel Qi Xuan Foo
- grid.276809.20000 0004 0636 696XDepartment of Neurosurgery, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aaron Shengting Mai
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eng-King Tan
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, 169856, Singapore. .,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
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20
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Phillips O, Amato AM, Fernandez HH. Early-onset parkinsonism and hereditary spastic paraplegia type 7: pearls and pitfalls. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2023; 110:105315. [PMID: 36754704 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2023.105315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We describe a case with co-occurring SPG7 and GBA mutations in a patient presenting with early-onset asymmetric parkinsonism with levodopa-induced dyskinesias and dystonia who underwent pallidal deep brain stimulation and developed spastic paraparesis. This case highlights diagnostic and management challenges in individuals with unusual or misleading presentations of rare genetic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Phillips
- Cleveland Clinic Center for Neurological Restoration, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, United States.
| | - Alexa M Amato
- Cleveland Clinic Center for Neurological Restoration, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, United States
| | - Hubert H Fernandez
- Cleveland Clinic Center for Neurological Restoration, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, United States
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21
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Altered transcriptome-proteome coupling indicates aberrant proteostasis in Parkinson's disease. iScience 2023; 26:105925. [PMID: 36711240 PMCID: PMC9874017 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.105925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant proteostasis is thought to be implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD), but patient-derived evidence is scant. We hypothesized that impaired proteostasis is reflected as altered transcriptome-proteome correlation in the PD brain. We integrated transcriptomic and proteomic data from prefrontal cortex of PD patients and young and aged controls to assess RNA-protein correlations across samples. The aged brain showed a genome-wide decrease in mRNA-protein correlation. Genes encoding synaptic vesicle proteins showed negative correlations, likely reflecting spatial separation of mRNA and protein into soma and synapses. PD showed a broader transcriptome-proteome decoupling, consistent with a proteome-wide decline in proteostasis. Genes showing negative correlation in PD were enriched for proteasome subunits, indicating accentuated spatial separation of transcript and protein in PD neurons. In addition, PD showed positive correlations for mitochondrial respiratory chain genes, suggesting a tighter regulation in the face of mitochondrial dysfunction. Our results support the hypothesis that aberrant proteasomal function is implicated in PD pathogenesis.
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22
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Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is the second most common age-related neurodegenerative condition diagnosed in North America. We recently demonstrated, using multiple epidemiological data sources, that the prevalence of PD diagnoses was greater than previously reported and currently used for clinical, research, and policy decision-making. Prior PD incidence estimates have varied, for unclear reasons. There is a need for improved estimates of PD incidence, not only for care delivery planning and future policy but also for increasing our understanding of disease risk. The objective of this study was thus to investigate the incidence of Parkinson disease across five epidemiological cohorts in North America in a common year, 2012. The cohorts contained data on 6.7 million person-years of adults ages 45 and older, and 9.3 million person-years of adults ages 65 and older. Our estimates of age-sex-adjusted incidence of PD ranged from 108 to 212 per 100,000 among persons ages 65 and older, and from 47 to 77 per 100,00 among persons ages 45 and older. PD incidence increased with age and was higher among males. We also found persistent spatial clustering of incident PD diagnoses in the U.S. PD incidence estimates varied across our data sources, in part due to case ascertainment and diagnosis methods, but also possibly due to the influence of population factors (prevalence of genetic risk factors or protective markers) and geographic location (exposure to environmental toxins). Understanding the source of these variations will be important for health care policy, research, and care planning.
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23
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Ortega RA, Bressman SB, Raymond D, Ozelius LJ, Katsnelson V, Leaver K, Swan MC, Shanker V, Miravite J, Wang C, Bennett SAL, Saunders-Pullman R. Differences in Sex-Specific Frequency of Glucocerebrosidase Variant Carriers and Familial Parkinsonism. Mov Disord 2022; 37:2217-2225. [PMID: 36054306 PMCID: PMC9669136 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although men and women with the LRRK2 G2019S variant appear to be equally likely to have Parkinson's disease (PD), the sex-distribution among glucocerebrosidase (GBA) variant carriers with PD, including limited to specific variant severities of GBA, is not well understood. Further, the sex-specific genetic contribution to PD without a known genetic variant is controversial. OBJECTIVES To better understand sex differences in genetic contribution to PD, especially sex-specific frequencies among GBA variant carriers with PD (GBA PD) and LRRK2-G2019S variant carriers with PD (LRRK2 PD). METHODS We assess differences in the sex-specific frequency in GBA PD, including in subsets of GBA variant severity, LRRK2 PD, and idiopathic PD in an Ashkenazi Jewish cohort with PD. Further, we expand prior work evaluating differences in family history of parkinsonism. RESULTS Both idiopathic PD (267/420 men, 63.6%) (P < 0.001) and GBA PD overall (64/107, 59.8%) (P = 0.042) were more likely to be men, whereas no difference was seen in LRRK2 PD (50/99, 50.5%) and LRRK2/GBA PD (5/10, 50%). However, among GBA PD probands, severe variant carriers were more likely to be women (15/19 women, 79.0%) (P = 0.005), whereas mild variant carriers (44/70 men, 62.9%) (P = 0.039) and risk-variant carriers (15/17 men, 88.2%) (P = 0.001) were more likely to be men. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that the male-sex predominance present in GBA PD overall was not consistent across GBA variant severities, and a female-sex predominance was present among severe GBA variant carriers. Therefore, research and trial designs for PD should consider sex-specific differences, including across GBA variant severities. © 2022 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto A Ortega
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, and Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Susan B Bressman
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, and Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Deborah Raymond
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, and Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Laurie J Ozelius
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Viktoriya Katsnelson
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, and Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Katherine Leaver
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, and Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Matthew C Swan
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, and Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Vicki Shanker
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, and Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Joan Miravite
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, and Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Cuiling Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Steffany A L Bennett
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rachel Saunders-Pullman
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, and Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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24
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Tansey MG, Wallings RL, Houser MC, Herrick MK, Keating CE, Joers V. Inflammation and immune dysfunction in Parkinson disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2022; 22:657-673. [PMID: 35246670 PMCID: PMC8895080 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-022-00684-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 167.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects peripheral organs as well as the central nervous system and involves a fundamental role of neuroinflammation in its pathophysiology. Neurohistological and neuroimaging studies support the presence of ongoing and end-stage neuroinflammatory processes in PD. Moreover, numerous studies of peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid from patients with PD suggest alterations in markers of inflammation and immune cell populations that could initiate or exacerbate neuroinflammation and perpetuate the neurodegenerative process. A number of disease genes and risk factors have been identified as modulators of immune function in PD and evidence is mounting for a role of viral or bacterial exposure, pesticides and alterations in gut microbiota in disease pathogenesis. This has led to the hypothesis that complex gene-by-environment interactions combine with an ageing immune system to create the 'perfect storm' that enables the development and progression of PD. We discuss the evidence for this hypothesis and opportunities to harness the emerging immunological knowledge from patients with PD to create better preclinical models with the long-term goal of enabling earlier identification of at-risk individuals to prevent, delay and more effectively treat the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malú Gámez Tansey
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Rebecca L Wallings
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Madelyn C Houser
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mary K Herrick
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Cody E Keating
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Valerie Joers
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
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25
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Galper J, Kim WS, Dzamko N. LRRK2 and Lipid Pathways: Implications for Parkinson's Disease. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1597. [PMID: 36358947 PMCID: PMC9687231 DOI: 10.3390/biom12111597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Genetic alterations in the LRRK2 gene, encoding leucine-rich repeat kinase 2, are a common risk factor for Parkinson's disease. How LRRK2 alterations lead to cell pathology is an area of ongoing investigation, however, multiple lines of evidence suggest a role for LRRK2 in lipid pathways. It is increasingly recognized that in addition to being energy reservoirs and structural entities, some lipids, including neural lipids, participate in signaling cascades. Early investigations revealed that LRRK2 localized to membranous and vesicular structures, suggesting an interaction of LRRK2 and lipids or lipid-associated proteins. LRRK2 substrates from the Rab GTPase family play a critical role in vesicle trafficking, lipid metabolism and lipid storage, all processes which rely on lipid dynamics. In addition, LRRK2 is associated with the phosphorylation and activity of enzymes that catabolize plasma membrane and lysosomal lipids. Furthermore, LRRK2 knockout studies have revealed that blood, brain and urine exhibit lipid level changes, including alterations to sterols, sphingolipids and phospholipids, respectively. In human LRRK2 mutation carriers, changes to sterols, sphingolipids, phospholipids, fatty acyls and glycerolipids are reported in multiple tissues. This review summarizes the evidence regarding associations between LRRK2 and lipids, and the functional consequences of LRRK2-associated lipid changes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Galper
- Charles Perkins Centre and Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Woojin S Kim
- Brain and Mind Centre and Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Nicolas Dzamko
- Charles Perkins Centre and Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
- Brain and Mind Centre and Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
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26
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Kim J, Daadi EW, Oh T, Daadi ES, Daadi MM. Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Phenotyping and Preclinical Modeling of Familial Parkinson's Disease. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:1937. [PMID: 36360174 PMCID: PMC9689743 DOI: 10.3390/genes13111937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is primarily idiopathic and a highly heterogenous neurodegenerative disease with patients experiencing a wide array of motor and non-motor symptoms. A major challenge for understanding susceptibility to PD is to determine the genetic and environmental factors that influence the mechanisms underlying the variations in disease-associated traits. The pathological hallmark of PD is the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta region of the brain and post-mortem Lewy pathology, which leads to the loss of projecting axons innervating the striatum and to impaired motor and cognitive functions. While the cause of PD is still largely unknown, genome-wide association studies provide evidence that numerous polymorphic variants in various genes contribute to sporadic PD, and 10 to 15% of all cases are linked to some form of hereditary mutations, either autosomal dominant or recessive. Among the most common mutations observed in PD patients are in the genes LRRK2, SNCA, GBA1, PINK1, PRKN, and PARK7/DJ-1. In this review, we cover these PD-related mutations, the use of induced pluripotent stem cells as a disease in a dish model, and genetic animal models to better understand the diversity in the pathogenesis and long-term outcomes seen in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Kim
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
- Cell Systems and Anatomy, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Etienne W Daadi
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Thomas Oh
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Elyas S Daadi
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Marcel M Daadi
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
- Cell Systems and Anatomy, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- Department of Radiology, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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27
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Fonseca-Ornelas L, Stricker JMS, Soriano-Cruz S, Weykopf B, Dettmer U, Muratore CR, Scherzer CR, Selkoe DJ. Parkinson-causing mutations in LRRK2 impair the physiological tetramerization of endogenous α-synuclein in human neurons. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2022; 8:118. [PMID: 36114228 PMCID: PMC9481630 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-022-00380-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein (αSyn) aggregation in Lewy bodies and neurites defines both familial and 'sporadic' Parkinson's disease. We previously identified α-helically folded αSyn tetramers, in addition to the long-known unfolded monomers, in normal cells. PD-causing αSyn mutations decrease the tetramer:monomer (T:M) ratio, associated with αSyn hyperphosphorylation and cytotoxicity in neurons and a motor syndrome of tremor and gait deficits in transgenic mice that responds in part to L-DOPA. Here, we asked whether LRRK2 mutations, the most common genetic cause of cases previously considered sporadic PD, also alter tetramer homeostasis. Patient neurons carrying G2019S, the most prevalent LRRK2 mutation, or R1441C each had decreased T:M ratios and pSer129 hyperphosphorylation of their endogenous αSyn along with increased phosphorylation of Rab10, a widely reported substrate of LRRK2 kinase activity. Two LRRK2 kinase inhibitors normalized the T:M ratio and the hyperphosphorylation in the G2019S and R1441C patient neurons. An inhibitor of stearoyl-CoA desaturase, the rate-limiting enzyme for monounsaturated fatty acid synthesis, also restored the αSyn T:M ratio and reversed pSer129 hyperphosphorylation in both mutants. Coupled with the recent discovery that PD-causing mutations of glucocerebrosidase in Gaucher's neurons also decrease T:M ratios, our findings indicate that three dominant genetic forms of PD involve life-long destabilization of αSyn physiological tetramers as a common pathogenic mechanism that can occur upstream of progressive neuronal synucleinopathy. Based on αSyn's finely-tuned interaction with certain vesicles, we hypothesize that the fatty acid composition and fluidity of membranes regulate αSyn's correct binding to highly curved membranes and subsequent assembly into metastable tetramers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Fonseca-Ornelas
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jonathan M S Stricker
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Stephanie Soriano-Cruz
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Beatrice Weykopf
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ulf Dettmer
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Christina R Muratore
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Clemens R Scherzer
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Dennis J Selkoe
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Vieira SRL, Schapira AHV. Glucocerebrosidase mutations and Parkinson disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2022; 129:1105-1117. [PMID: 35932311 PMCID: PMC9463283 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-022-02531-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of glucocerebrosidase (GBA1) mutations as the greatest numerical genetic risk factor for the development of Parkinson disease (PD) resulted in a paradigm shift within the research landscape. Efforts to elucidate the mechanisms behind GBA1-associated PD have highlighted shared pathways in idiopathic PD including the loss and gain-of-function hypotheses, endoplasmic reticulum stress, lipid metabolism, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction and altered autophagy-lysosomal pathway responsible for degradation of aggregated and misfolded a-synuclein. GBA1-associated PD exhibits subtle differences in phenotype and disease progression compared to idiopathic counterparts notably an earlier age of onset, faster motor decline and greater frequency of non-motor symptoms (which also constitute a significant aspect of the prodromal phase of the disease). GBA1-targeted therapies have been developed and are being investigated in clinical trials. The most notable are Ambroxol, a small molecule chaperone, and Venglustat, a blood-brain-barrier-penetrant substrate reduction therapy agent. It is imperative that further studies clarify the aetiology of GBA1-associated PD, enabling the development of a greater abundance of targeted therapies in this new era of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia R L Vieira
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Rowland Hill St., London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Anthony H V Schapira
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Rowland Hill St., London, NW3 2PF, UK.
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Abstract
Experiments in genetically altered mice reveal that microglia play an important role in the neurological damage associated with neuro-nopathic Gaucher disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A Feldman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
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Boddupalli CS, Nair S, Belinsky G, Gans J, Teeple E, Nguyen TH, Mehta S, Guo L, Kramer ML, Ruan J, Wang H, Davison M, Kumar D, Vidyadhara DJ, Zhang B, Klinger K, Mistry PK. Neuroinflammation in neuronopathic Gaucher disease: Role of microglia and NK cells, biomarkers, and response to substrate reduction therapy. eLife 2022; 11:e79830. [PMID: 35972072 PMCID: PMC9381039 DOI: 10.7554/elife.79830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuronopathic Gaucher disease (nGD) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder caused by biallelic mutations in GBA and buildup of glycosphingolipids in lysosomes. Neuronal injury and cell death are prominent pathological features; however, the role of GBA in individual cell types and involvement of microglia, blood-derived macrophages, and immune infiltrates in nGD pathophysiology remains enigmatic. Methods Here, using single-cell resolution of mouse nGD brains, lipidomics, and newly generated biomarkers, we found induction of neuroinflammation pathways involving microglia, NK cells, astrocytes, and neurons. Results Targeted rescue of Gba in microglia and neurons, respectively, in Gba-deficient, nGD mice reversed the buildup of glucosylceramide (GlcCer) and glucosylsphingosine (GlcSph), concomitant with amelioration of neuroinflammation, reduced serum neurofilament light chain (Nf-L), and improved survival. Serum GlcSph concentration was correlated with serum Nf-L and ApoE in nGD mouse models as well as in GD patients. Gba rescue in microglia/macrophage compartment prolonged survival, which was further enhanced upon treatment with brain-permeant inhibitor of glucosylceramide synthase, effects mediated via improved glycosphingolipid homeostasis, and reversal of neuroinflammation involving activation of microglia, brain macrophages, and NK cells. Conclusions Together, our study delineates individual cellular effects of Gba deficiency in nGD brains, highlighting the central role of neuroinflammation driven by microglia activation. Brain-permeant small-molecule inhibitor of glucosylceramide synthase reduced the accumulation of bioactive glycosphingolipids, concomitant with amelioration of neuroinflammation involving microglia, NK cells, astrocytes, and neurons. Our findings advance nGD disease biology whilst identifying compelling biomarkers of nGD to improve patient management, enrich clinical trials, and illuminate therapeutic targets. Funding Research grant from Sanofi; other support includes R01NS110354, Yale Liver Center P30DK034989, pilot project grant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shiny Nair
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
| | - Glenn Belinsky
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
| | - Joseph Gans
- Translational Sciences, SanofiFraminghamUnited States
| | - Erin Teeple
- Translational Sciences, SanofiFraminghamUnited States
| | | | - Sameet Mehta
- Yale Center for Genome Analysis, Yale School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
| | - Lilu Guo
- Translational Sciences, SanofiFraminghamUnited States
| | | | - Jiapeng Ruan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
| | - Honggge Wang
- Translational Sciences, SanofiFraminghamUnited States
| | | | - Dinesh Kumar
- Translational Sciences, SanofiFraminghamUnited States
| | - DJ Vidyadhara
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
| | - Bailin Zhang
- Translational Sciences, SanofiFraminghamUnited States
| | | | - Pramod K Mistry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Yale School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
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31
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Smith LJ, Lee CY, Menozzi E, Schapira AHV. Genetic variations in GBA1 and LRRK2 genes: Biochemical and clinical consequences in Parkinson disease. Front Neurol 2022; 13:971252. [PMID: 36034282 PMCID: PMC9416236 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.971252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Variants in the GBA1 and LRRK2 genes are the most common genetic risk factors associated with Parkinson disease (PD). Both genes are associated with lysosomal and autophagic pathways, with the GBA1 gene encoding for the lysosomal enzyme, glucocerebrosidase (GCase) and the LRRK2 gene encoding for the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 enzyme. GBA1-associated PD is characterized by earlier age at onset and more severe non-motor symptoms compared to sporadic PD. Mutations in the GBA1 gene can be stratified into severe, mild and risk variants depending on the clinical presentation of disease. Both a loss- and gain- of function hypothesis has been proposed for GBA1 variants and the functional consequences associated with each variant is often linked to mutation severity. On the other hand, LRRK2-associated PD is similar to sporadic PD, but with a more benign disease course. Mutations in the LRRK2 gene occur in several structural domains and affect phosphorylation of GTPases. Biochemical studies suggest a possible convergence of GBA1 and LRRK2 pathways, with double mutant carriers showing a milder phenotype compared to GBA1-associated PD. This review compares GBA1 and LRRK2-associated PD, and highlights possible genotype-phenotype associations for GBA1 and LRRK2 separately, based on biochemical consequences of single variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J. Smith
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, United States
| | - Chiao-Yin Lee
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, United States
| | - Elisa Menozzi
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, United States
| | - Anthony H. V. Schapira
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, United States
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Lu B, Ku J, Flojo R, Olson C, Bengford D, Marriott G. Exosome- and extracellular vesicle-based approaches for the treatment of lysosomal storage disorders. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 188:114465. [PMID: 35878794 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cell-generated extracellular vesicles (EVs) are being engineered as biologically-inspired vehicles for targeted delivery of therapeutic agents to treat difficult-to-manage human diseases, including lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs). Engineered EVs offer distinct advantages for targeted delivery of therapeutics compared to existing synthetic and semi-synthetic nanoscale systems, for example with regard to their biocompatibility, circulation lifetime, efficiencies in delivery of drugs and biologics to target cells, and clearance from the body. Here, we review literature related to the design and preparation of EVs as therapeutic carriers for targeted delivery and therapy of drugs and biologics with a focus on LSDs. First, we introduce the basic pathophysiology of LDSs and summarize current approaches to diagnose and treat LSDs. Second, we will provide specific details about EVs, including subtypes, biogenesis, biological properties and their potential to treat LSDs. Third, we review state-of-the-art approaches to engineer EVs for treatments of LSDs. Finally, we summarize explorative basic research and applied applications of engineered EVs for LSDs, and highlight current challenges, and new directions in developing EV-based therapies and their potential impact on clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Lu
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, California 95053, USA
| | - Joy Ku
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, California 95053, USA
| | - Renceh Flojo
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, California 95053, USA
| | - Chris Olson
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, California 95053, USA
| | - David Bengford
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, California 95053, USA
| | - Gerard Marriott
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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Lysosomal functions and dysfunctions: Molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying Gaucher disease and its association with Parkinson disease. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 187:114402. [DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Schalkamp AK, Rahman N, Monzón-Sandoval J, Sandor C. Deep phenotyping for precision medicine in Parkinson's disease. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:dmm049376. [PMID: 35647913 PMCID: PMC9178512 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A major challenge in medical genomics is to understand why individuals with the same disorder have different clinical symptoms and why those who carry the same mutation may be affected by different disorders. In every complex disorder, identifying the contribution of different genetic and non-genetic risk factors is a key obstacle to understanding disease mechanisms. Genetic studies rely on precise phenotypes and are unable to uncover the genetic contributions to a disorder when phenotypes are imprecise. To address this challenge, deeply phenotyped cohorts have been developed for which detailed, fine-grained data have been collected. These cohorts help us to investigate the underlying biological pathways and risk factors to identify treatment targets, and thus to advance precision medicine. The neurodegenerative disorder Parkinson's disease has a diverse phenotypical presentation and modest heritability, and its underlying disease mechanisms are still being debated. As such, considerable efforts have been made to develop deeply phenotyped cohorts for this disorder. Here, we focus on Parkinson's disease and explore how deep phenotyping can help address the challenges raised by genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity. We also discuss recent methods for data collection and computation, as well as methodological challenges that have to be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Cynthia Sandor
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Cardiff University,Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Haydn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
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Galper J, Dean NJ, Pickford R, Lewis SJG, Halliday GM, Kim WS, Dzamko N. Lipid pathway dysfunction is prevalent in patients with Parkinson's disease. Brain 2022; 145:3472-3487. [PMID: 35551349 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many genetic risk factors for Parkinson's disease have lipid-related functions and lipid-modulating drugs such as statins may be protective against Parkinson's disease. Moreover, the hallmark Parkinson's disease pathological protein, α-synuclein, has lipid membrane function and pathways dysregulated in Parkinson's disease such as the endosome-lysosome system and synaptic signaling rely heavily on lipid dynamics. Despite the potential role for lipids in Parkinson's disease, most research to date has been protein-centric, with large-scale, untargeted serum and CSF lipidomic comparisons between genetic and idiopathic Parkinson's disease and neurotypical controls limited. In particular, the extent to which lipid dysregulation occurs in mutation carriers of one of the most common Parkinson's disease risk genes, LRRK2, is unclear. Further, the functional lipid pathways potentially dysregulated in idiopathic and LRRK2 mutation Parkinson's disease is underexplored. To better determine the extent of lipid dysregulation in Parkinson's disease, untargeted high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was performed on serum (N = 221) and CSF (N = 88) obtained from a multiethnic population from the Michael J Fox Foundation LRRK2 Clinical Cohort Consortium. The cohort consisted of controls, asymptomatic LRRK2 G2019S carriers, LRRK2 G2019S carriers with Parkinson's disease and Parkinson's disease patients without a LRRK2 mutation. Age and sex were adjusted for in analyses where appropriate. Approximately one thousand serum lipid species per participant were analyzed. The main serum lipids that distinguished both Parkinson's disease patients and LRRK2 mutation carriers from controls included species of ceramide, triacylglycerol, sphingomyelin, acylcarnitine, phosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylethanolamine. Significant alterations in sphingolipids and glycerolipids were also reflected in Parkinson's disease and LRRK2 mutation carrier CSF, although no correlations were observed between lipids identified in both serum and CSF. Pathway analysis of altered lipid species indicated that sphingolipid metabolism, insulin signaling and mitochondrial function were the major metabolic pathways dysregulated in Parkinson's disease. Importantly, these pathways were also found to be dysregulated in serum samples from a second Parkinson's disease cohort (N = 315). Results from this study demonstrate that dysregulated lipids in Parkinson's disease generally, and in LRRK2 mutation carriers, are from functionally and metabolically related pathways. These findings provide new insight into the extent of lipid dysfunction in Parkinson's disease and therapeutics manipulating these pathways may potentially be beneficial for Parkinson's disease patients. Moreover, serum lipid profiles may be novel biomarkers for both genetic and idiopathic Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Galper
- University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre and Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Nicholas J Dean
- University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Central Clinical School Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Russell Pickford
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Simon J G Lewis
- University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre and Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Glenda M Halliday
- University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre and Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Woojin S Kim
- University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre and Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Nicolas Dzamko
- University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre and Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
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Mitra S, Anjum J, Muni M, Das R, Rauf A, Islam F, Bin Emran T, Semwal P, Hemeg HA, Alhumaydhi FA, Wilairatana P. Exploring the journey of emodin as a potential neuroprotective agent: Novel therapeutic insights with molecular mechanism of action. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112877. [PMID: 35367766 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Emodin is an anthraquinone derivative found in the roots and bark of a variety of plants, molds, and lichens. Emodin has been used as a traditional medication for more than 2000 years and is still common in numerous herbal drugs. Emodin is plentiful in the three plant families, including Polygonaceae (Rheum, Rumex, and Polygonum spp.), Fabaceae (Cassia spp.), and Rhamnaceae (Rhamnus, Frangula, and Ventilago spp.). Emerging experimental evidences indicate that emodin confers a wide range of pharmacological activities; special focus was implemented toward neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cerebral ischemia, anxiety and depression, schizophrenia, chronic hyperglycemic peripheral neuropathy, etc. Numerous preclinical evidences were established in support of the neuroprotection of emodin. However, this review highlighted the role of emodin as a potent neurotherapeutic agent; therefore, its evidence-based functionality on neurological disorders (NDs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Mitra
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Juhaer Anjum
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Maniza Muni
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Rajib Das
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Anbar 23561, Pakistan.
| | - Fahadul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh.
| | - Prabhakar Semwal
- Department of Life Sciences, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun 248002, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Hassan A Hemeg
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, P.O. Box 344, Al-Medinah Al-Monawara 41411, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad A Alhumaydhi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Polrat Wilairatana
- Department of Clinical of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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GBA Variants and Parkinson Disease: Mechanisms and Treatments. Cells 2022; 11:cells11081261. [PMID: 35455941 PMCID: PMC9029385 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The GBA gene encodes for the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GCase), which maintains glycosphingolipid homeostasis. Approximately 5–15% of PD patients have mutations in the GBA gene, making it numerically the most important genetic risk factor for Parkinson disease (PD). Clinically, GBA-associated PD is identical to sporadic PD, aside from the earlier age at onset (AAO), more frequent cognitive impairment and more rapid progression. Mutations in GBA can be associated with loss- and gain-of-function mechanisms. A key hallmark of PD is the presence of intraneuronal proteinaceous inclusions named Lewy bodies, which are made up primarily of alpha-synuclein. Mutations in the GBA gene may lead to loss of GCase activity and lysosomal dysfunction, which may impair alpha-synuclein metabolism. Models of GCase deficiency demonstrate dysfunction of the autophagic-lysosomal pathway and subsequent accumulation of alpha-synuclein. This dysfunction can also lead to aberrant lipid metabolism, including the accumulation of glycosphingolipids, glucosylceramide and glucosylsphingosine. Certain mutations cause GCase to be misfolded and retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), activating stress responses including the unfolded protein response (UPR), which may contribute to neurodegeneration. In addition to these mechanisms, a GCase deficiency has also been associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation, which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of PD. This review discusses the pathways associated with GBA-PD and highlights potential treatments which may act to target GCase and prevent neurodegeneration.
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Ose NJ, Butler BM, Kumar A, Kazan IC, Sanderford M, Kumar S, Ozkan SB. Dynamic coupling of residues within proteins as a mechanistic foundation of many enigmatic pathogenic missense variants. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010006. [PMID: 35389981 PMCID: PMC9017885 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many pathogenic missense mutations are found in protein positions that are neither well-conserved nor fall in any known functional domains. Consequently, we lack any mechanistic underpinning of dysfunction caused by such mutations. We explored the disruption of allosteric dynamic coupling between these positions and the known functional sites as a possible mechanism for pathogenesis. In this study, we present an analysis of 591 pathogenic missense variants in 144 human enzymes that suggests that allosteric dynamic coupling of mutated positions with known active sites is a plausible biophysical mechanism and evidence of their functional importance. We illustrate this mechanism in a case study of β-Glucocerebrosidase (GCase) in which a vast majority of 94 sites harboring Gaucher disease-associated missense variants are located some distance away from the active site. An analysis of the conformational dynamics of GCase suggests that mutations on these distal sites cause changes in the flexibility of active site residues despite their distance, indicating a dynamic communication network throughout the protein. The disruption of the long-distance dynamic coupling caused by missense mutations may provide a plausible general mechanistic explanation for biological dysfunction and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Ose
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Brandon M. Butler
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Avishek Kumar
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - I. Can Kazan
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Maxwell Sanderford
- Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sudhir Kumar
- Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - S. Banu Ozkan
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
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Onder H, Kocer B, Duzkale N, Comoglu S. Niemann–Pick disease type B and Parkinson’s disease: a coexistence or an etiological association? Neurol Sci 2022; 43:2867-2869. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-021-05860-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Zheng W, Fan D. Glucocerebrosidase Mutations Cause Mitochondrial and Lysosomal Dysfunction in Parkinson’s Disease: Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Implications. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:851135. [PMID: 35401150 PMCID: PMC8984109 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.851135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease and is characterized by multiple motor and non-motor symptoms. Mutations in the glucocerebrosidase (GBA) gene, which encodes the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GCase), which hydrolyzes glucosylceramide (GlcCer) to glucose and ceramide, are the most important and common genetic PD risk factors discovered to date. Homozygous GBA mutations result in the most common lysosomal storage disorder, Gaucher’s disease (GD), which is classified according to the presence (neuronopathic types, type 2 and 3 GD) or absence (non-neuronopathic type, type 1 GD) of neurological symptoms. The clinical manifestations of PD in patients with GBA mutations are indistinguishable from those of sporadic PD at the individual level. However, accumulating data have indicated that GBA-associated PD patients exhibit a younger age of onset and a greater risk for cognitive impairment and psychiatric symptoms. The mechanisms underlying the increased risk of developing PD in GBA mutant carriers are currently unclear. Contributors to GBA-PD pathogenesis may include mitochondrial dysfunction, autophagy-lysosomal dysfunction, altered lipid homeostasis and enhanced α-synuclein aggregation. Therapeutic strategies for PD and GD targeting mutant GCase mainly include enzyme replacement, substrate reduction, gene and pharmacological small-molecule chaperones. Emerging clinical, genetic and pathogenic studies on GBA mutations and PD are making significant contributions to our understanding of PD-associated pathogenetic pathways, and further elucidating the interactions between GCase activity and neurodegeneration may improve therapeutic approaches for slowing PD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biomarker and Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, National Health Commission/Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongsheng Fan
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biomarker and Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, National Health Commission/Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Dongsheng Fan,
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Prodromal Cognitive Deficits and the Risk of Subsequent Parkinson’s Disease. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12020199. [PMID: 35203962 PMCID: PMC8870093 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12020199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: There is growing interest in identifying individuals who are in the prodromal phase of Parkinson’s disease (PD), as these individuals are potentially suitable for inclusion in intervention trials to prevent clinically manifest PD. However, it is less clear whether—and to what extent—cognitive deficits are present in prodromal PD. Methods: A systematic query was conducted through PubMed and Embase for prospective observational cohort studies that (a) assessed cognitive performance in individuals free of manifest PD at baseline and (b) subsequently followed up participants for incident PD. We grouped the results by cognitive domain, and for domains that had been reported in at least three separate studies, we performed random-effects, inverse variance meta-analyses based on summary statistics. Results: We identified nine articles suitable for inclusion, with a total of 215 patients with phenoconversion and 13,524 individuals remaining disease-free at follow-up. The studies were highly heterogeneous in study design, study population, and cognitive test batteries. Studies that included only cognitive screening measures such as MMSE or MoCA reported no association between worse cognitive performance and onset of manifest PD (combined odds ratio 1.08; 95% confidence interval 0.66–1.77). By contrast, studies that used extensive cognitive testing batteries found that global cognitive deficits were associated with an increased risk of manifest PD. In domain-specific analyses, there was evidence for an association between worse executive functioning (OR 1.45; 95% CI 1.10–1.92), but not memory (OR 1.20; 95% CI 0.85–1.70) or attention (OR 0.98; 95% CI 0.23–4.26), and clinically manifest PD. Conclusion: Although some caution due to high heterogeneity among published studies is warranted, the available evidence suggests that global and executive cognitive deficits are prodromal features of PD. Collaborative prospective studies with extensive cognitive test batteries are required to shed light on domain-specific deficits, temporal relations, and subgroup differences in prodromal cognitive deficits in PD.
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Gaucher Disease Diagnosis Using Lyso-Gb1 on Dry Blood Spot Samples: Time to Change the Paradigm? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031627. [PMID: 35163551 PMCID: PMC8835963 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
For years, the gold standard for diagnosing Gaucher disease (GD) has been detecting reduced β-glucocerebrosidase (GCase) activity in peripheral blood cells combined with GBA1 mutation analysis. The use of dried blood spot (DBS) specimens offers many advantages, including easy collection, the need for a small amount of blood, and simpler transportation. However, DBS has limitations for measuring GCase activity. In this paper, we recount our cross-sectional study and publish seven years of experience using DBS samples and levels of the deacylated form of glucocerebroside, glucosylsphingosine (lyso-Gb1), for GD diagnosis. Of 444 screened subjects, 99 (22.3%) were diagnosed with GD at a median (range) age of 21 (1–78) years. Lyso-Gb levels for genetically confirmed GD patients vs. subjects negative to GD diagnosis were 252 (9–1340) ng/mL and 5.4 (1.5–16) ng/mL, respectively. Patients diagnosed with GD1 and mild GBA1 variants had lower median (range) lyso-Gb1, 194 (9–1050), compared to GD1 and severe GBA1 variants, 447 (38–1340) ng/mL, and neuronopathic GD, 325 (116–1270) ng/mL (p = 0.001). Subjects with heterozygous GBA1 variants (carrier) had higher lyso-Gb1 levels, 5.8 (2.5–15.3) ng/mL, compared to wild-type GBA1, 4.9 (1.5–16), ng/mL (p = 0.001). Lyso-Gb1 levels, median (range), were 5 (2.7–10.7) in heterozygous GBA1 carriers with Parkinson’s disease (PD), similar to lyso-Gb1 levels in subjects without PD. We call for a paradigm change for the diagnosis of GD based on lyso-Gb1 measurements and confirmatory GBA1 mutation analyses in DBS. Lyso-Gb1 levels could not be used to differentiate between heterozygous GBA1 carriers and wild type.
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Roh J, Subramanian S, Weinreb NJ, Kartha RV. Gaucher disease – more than just a rare lipid storage disease. J Mol Med (Berl) 2022; 100:499-518. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-021-02174-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Al-Azzawi ZAM, Arfaie S, Gan-Or Z. GBA1 and The Immune System: A Potential Role in Parkinson's Disease? JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 12:S53-S64. [PMID: 36057834 PMCID: PMC9535551 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-223423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
It is clear that the immune system and inflammation have a role in Parkinson's disease (PD), including sporadic PD and some genetic forms such as LRRK2-associated PD. One of the most important genes associated with PD is GBA1, as variants in this gene are found in 5-20% of PD patients in different populations worldwide. Biallelic variants in GBA1 may cause Gaucher disease, a lysosomal storage disorder with involvement of the immune system, and other lines of evidence link GBA1 to the immune system and inflammation. In this review, we discuss these different pieces of evidence and whether the interplay between GBA1 and the immune system may have a role in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaid A M Al-Azzawi
- Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Saman Arfaie
- Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ziv Gan-Or
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- The Neuro - Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Zhou H, Wu Z, Wang Y, Wu Q, Hu M, Ma S, Zhou M, Sun Y, Yu B, Ye J, Jiang W, Fu Z, Gong Y. Rare Diseases in Glycosphingolipid Metabolism. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1372:189-213. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-0394-6_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tripathi A, Fanning S, Dettmer U. Lipotoxicity Downstream of α-Synuclein Imbalance: A Relevant Pathomechanism in Synucleinopathies? Biomolecules 2021; 12:40. [PMID: 35053188 PMCID: PMC8774010 DOI: 10.3390/biom12010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal loss in Parkinson's disease and related brain diseases has been firmly linked to the abundant neuronal protein α-synuclein (αS). However, we have gained surprisingly little insight into how exactly αS exerts toxicity in these diseases. Hypotheses of proteotoxicity, disturbed vesicle trafficking, mitochondrial dysfunction and other toxicity mechanisms have been proposed, and it seems possible that a combination of different mechanisms may drive pathology. A toxicity mechanism that has caught increased attention in the recent years is αS-related lipotoxicity. Lipotoxicity typically occurs in a cell when fatty acids exceed the metabolic needs, triggering a flux into harmful pathways of non-oxidative metabolism. Genetic and experimental approaches have revealed a significant overlap between lipid storage disorders, most notably Gaucher's disease, and synucleinopathies. There is accumulating evidence for lipid aberrations causing synuclein misfolding as well as for αS excess and misfolding causing lipid aberration. Does that mean the key problem in synucleinopathies is lipotoxicity, the accumulation of harmful lipid species or alteration in lipid equilibrium? Here, we review the existing literature in an attempt to get closer to an answer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arati Tripathi
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | | | - Ulf Dettmer
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
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Ren J, Li L, Zhang R, Pan C, Xu J, Sun H, Hua P, Zhang L, Zhang W, Xu P, Ma C, Liu W. Prevalence and Genotype-Phenotype Correlations of GBA-Related Parkinson's Disease in a Large Chinese Cohort. Eur J Neurol 2021; 29:1017-1024. [PMID: 34951095 PMCID: PMC9303336 DOI: 10.1111/ene.15230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background and purpose Variants in the glucocerebrosidase (GBA) gene are recognized as a common and important genetic risk factor for Parkinson disease (PD). However, the impact of variant severity on the clinical phenotype of PD in the Chinese population remains unclear. Thus, the present study aimed to determine the frequency of GBA‐related PD (GBA‐PD) and the relationship of GBA variant severity with clinical characteristics in a large Chinese cohort. Methods Long‐range polymerase chain reaction and next generation sequencing were performed for the entire GBA gene. GBA variant severity was classified into five classes: mild, severe, risk, complex, and unknown. Results Among the total 737 PD patients, 47 GBA variants were detected in 79 (10.72%) patients, and the most common GBA variants were R163Q, L444P, and R120W. Complete demographic and clinical data were obtained for 673 patients, which revealed that 18.50% of early onset PD patients had GBA variants. Compared with patients without GBA variants, GBA‐PD patients experienced PD onset an average of 4 years earlier and had more severe motor and nonmotor symptoms. Patients carrying severe and complex variants had a higher burden of nonmotor symptoms, especially depression, and more mood/cognitive and gastrointestinal symptoms than patients carrying mild variants. Conclusions GBA‐PD is highly prevalent in the Chinese population. The severity of GBA variants underlies distinct phenotypic spectrums, with PD patients carrying severe and complex variants seeming to have similar phenotypes. PD patient stratification by GBA variant severity should become a prerequisite for selecting specific treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingru Ren
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lanting Li
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ronggui Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chenxi Pan
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianxia Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haochen Sun
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Hua
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenbin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pingyi Xu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changyan Ma
- Department of Medical Genetics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiguo Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Pluvinage JV, Sun J, Claes C, Flynn RA, Haney MS, Iram T, Meng X, Lindemann R, Riley NM, Danhash E, Chadarevian JP, Tapp E, Gate D, Kondapavulur S, Cobos I, Chetty S, Pașca AM, Pașca SP, Berry-Kravis E, Bertozzi CR, Blurton-Jones M, Wyss-Coray T. The CD22-IGF2R interaction is a therapeutic target for microglial lysosome dysfunction in Niemann-Pick type C. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:eabg2919. [PMID: 34851695 PMCID: PMC9067636 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abg2919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Lysosome dysfunction is a shared feature of rare lysosomal storage diseases and common age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Microglia, the brain-resident macrophages, are particularly vulnerable to lysosome dysfunction because of the phagocytic stress of clearing dying neurons, myelin, and debris. CD22 is a negative regulator of microglial homeostasis in the aging mouse brain, and soluble CD22 (sCD22) is increased in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Niemann-Pick type C disease (NPC). However, the role of CD22 in the human brain remains unknown. In contrast to previous findings in mice, here, we show that CD22 is expressed by oligodendrocytes in the human brain and binds to sialic acid–dependent ligands on microglia. Using unbiased genetic and proteomic screens, we identify insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor (IGF2R) as the binding partner of sCD22 on human myeloid cells. Targeted truncation of IGF2R revealed that sCD22 docks near critical mannose 6-phosphate–binding domains, where it disrupts lysosomal protein trafficking. Interfering with the sCD22-IGF2R interaction using CD22 blocking antibodies ameliorated lysosome dysfunction in human NPC1 mutant induced pluripotent stem cell–derived microglia-like cells without harming oligodendrocytes in vitro. These findings reinforce the differences between mouse and human microglia and provide a candidate microglia-directed immunotherapeutic to treat NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- John V. Pluvinage
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Jerry Sun
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Christel Claes
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Ryan A. Flynn
- Stem Cell Program, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Michael S. Haney
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Tal Iram
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Xiangling Meng
- Stanford Brain Organogenesis, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Rachel Lindemann
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Nicholas M. Riley
- Department of Chemistry and ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Emma Danhash
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Jean Paul Chadarevian
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Emma Tapp
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - David Gate
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Sravani Kondapavulur
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Inma Cobos
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Sundari Chetty
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Anca M. Pașca
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Sergiu P. Pașca
- Stanford Brain Organogenesis, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | | | - Carolyn R. Bertozzi
- Department of Chemistry and ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Mathew Blurton-Jones
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Tony Wyss-Coray
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
- Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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Alquezar C, Schoch KM, Geier EG, Ramos EM, Scrivo A, Li KH, Argouarch AR, Mlynarski EE, Dombroski B, DeTure M, Dickson DW, Yokoyama JS, Cuervo AM, Burlingame AL, Schellenberg GD, Miller TM, Miller BL, Kao AW. TSC1 loss increases risk for tauopathy by inducing tau acetylation and preventing tau clearance via chaperone-mediated autophagy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabg3897. [PMID: 34739309 PMCID: PMC8570595 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg3897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Age-associated neurodegenerative disorders demonstrating tau-laden intracellular inclusions are known as tauopathies. We previously linked a loss-of-function mutation in the TSC1 gene to tau accumulation and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Now, we have identified genetic variants in TSC1 that decrease TSC1/hamartin levels and predispose to tauopathies such as Alzheimer’s disease and progressive supranuclear palsy. Cellular and murine models of TSC1 haploinsufficiency, as well as human brains carrying a TSC1 risk variant, accumulated tau protein that exhibited aberrant acetylation. This acetylation hindered tau degradation via chaperone-mediated autophagy, thereby leading to its accumulation. Aberrant tau acetylation in TSC1 haploinsufficiency resulted from the dysregulation of both p300 acetyltransferase and SIRT1 deacetylase. Pharmacological modulation of either enzyme restored tau levels. This study substantiates TSC1 as a novel tauopathy risk gene and includes TSC1 haploinsufficiency as a genetic model for tauopathies. In addition, these findings promote tau acetylation as a rational target for tauopathy therapeutics and diagnostic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Alquezar
- UCSF Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Kathleen M. Schoch
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ethan G. Geier
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Eliana Marisa Ramos
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Aurora Scrivo
- Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Kathy H. Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Andrea R. Argouarch
- UCSF Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Elisabeth E. Mlynarski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Penn Neurodegeneration Genomics Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4238, USA
| | - Beth Dombroski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Penn Neurodegeneration Genomics Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4238, USA
| | - Michael DeTure
- Department of Neuroscience, The Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Dennis W. Dickson
- Department of Neuroscience, The Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Jennifer S. Yokoyama
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ana M. Cuervo
- Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Alma L. Burlingame
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Gerard D. Schellenberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Penn Neurodegeneration Genomics Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4238, USA
| | - Timothy M. Miller
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Bruce L. Miller
- UCSF Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Aimee W. Kao
- UCSF Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Corresponding author.
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50
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Gardner E, Mole SE. The Genetic Basis of Phenotypic Heterogeneity in the Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses. Front Neurol 2021; 12:754045. [PMID: 34733232 PMCID: PMC8558747 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.754045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are a group of inherited neurodegenerative disorders that affect children and adults. They share some similar clinical features and the accumulation of autofluorescent storage material. Since the discovery of the first causative genes, more than 530 mutations have been identified across 13 genes in cases diagnosed with NCL. These genes encode a variety of proteins whose functions have not been fully defined; most are lysosomal enzymes, or transmembrane proteins of the lysosome or other organelles. Many mutations in these genes are associated with a typical NCL disease phenotype. However, increasing numbers of variant disease phenotypes are being described, affecting age of onset, severity or progression, and including some distinct clinical phenotypes. This data is collated by the NCL Mutation Database which allows analysis from many perspectives. This article will summarise and interpret current knowledge and understanding of their genetic basis and phenotypic heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Gardner
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology and Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sara E Mole
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology and Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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