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Limerick A, McCabe EA, Turner JS, Kuang KW, Brautigan DL, Hao Y, Chu C, Fu SH, Ahmadi S, Xu W, Fu Z. An epilepsy-associated CILK1 variant compromises KATNIP regulation and impairs primary cilia and Hedgehog signaling. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.14.594243. [PMID: 38798407 PMCID: PMC11118389 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.14.594243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Mutations in human CILK1 (ciliogenesis associated kinase 1) are linked to ciliopathies and epilepsy. Homozygous point and nonsense mutations that extinguish kinase activity impair primary cilia function, whereas mutations outside the kinase domain are not well understood. Here, we produced a knock-in mouse equivalent of the human CILK1 A615T variant identified in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME). This residue is in the C-terminal region of CILK1 separate from the kinase domain. Mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEF) with either heterozygous or homozygous A612T mutant alleles exhibited a higher ciliation rate, shorter individual cilia and up-regulation of ciliary Hedgehog signaling. Thus, a single A612T mutant allele was sufficient to impair primary cilia and ciliary signaling in MEFs. Gene expression profiles of wild type versus mutant MEFs revealed profound changes in cilia-related molecular functions and biological processes. CILK1 A615T mutant protein was not increased to the same level as the wild type protein when co-expressed with scaffold protein KATNIP (katanin-interacting protein). Our data show that KATNIP regulation of a JME-associated single residue variant of CILK1 is compromised and this impairs the maintenance of primary cilia and Hedgehog signaling.
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2
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Jara-Prado A, Guerrero-Camacho JL, Ángeles-López QD, Ochoa-Morales A, Dávila-Ortiz de Montellano DJ, Ramírez-García MÁ, Breda-Yepes M, Durón RM, Delgado-Escueta AV, Barrios-González DA, Martínez-Juárez IE. Association of variants in the ABCB1, CYP2C19 and CYP2C9 genes for Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy. Neurol Sci 2024; 45:1635-1643. [PMID: 37875597 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-023-07124-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) is the most common of the generalized genetic epilepsies, with multiple causal and susceptibility genes; however, its etiopathogenesis is mainly unknown. The toxic effects caused by xenobiotics in cells occur during their metabolic transformation, mainly by enzymes belonging to cytochrome P450. The elimination of these compounds by transporters of the ABC type protects the central nervous system, but their accumulation causes neuronal damage, resulting in neurological diseases. The present study has sought the association between single nucleotide genetic variants of the CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and ABCB1 genes and the development of JME in patients compared to healthy controls. The CC1236 and GG2677 genotypes of ABCB1 in women; allele G 2677, genotypes GG 2677 and CC 3435 in men; the CYP2C19*2A allele, and the CYP2C19*3G/A genotype in both sexes were found to be risk factors for JME. Furthermore, carriers of the TTGGCC genotype combination of the ABCB1 gene (1236/2677/3435) have a 10.5 times higher risk of developing JME than non-carriers. Using the STRING database, we found an interaction between the proteins encoded by these genes and other possible proteins. These findings indicate that the CYP450 system and ABC transporters could interact with other genes in the JME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelio Jara-Prado
- Genetics Department, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Adriana Ochoa-Morales
- Genetics Department, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Michelle Breda-Yepes
- National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Clinic, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Reyna M Durón
- Universidad Tecnológica Centroamericana (UNITEC), Tegucigalpa, Honduras
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Roshandel D, Sanders EJ, Shakeshaft A, Panjwani N, Lin F, Collingwood A, Hall A, Keenan K, Deneubourg C, Mirabella F, Topp S, Zarubova J, Thomas RH, Talvik I, Syvertsen M, Striano P, Smith AB, Selmer KK, Rubboli G, Orsini A, Ng CC, Møller RS, Lim KS, Hamandi K, Greenberg DA, Gesche J, Gardella E, Fong CY, Beier CP, Andrade DM, Jungbluth H, Richardson MP, Pastore A, Fanto M, Pal DK, Strug LJ. SLCO5A1 and synaptic assembly genes contribute to impulsivity in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. NPJ Genom Med 2023; 8:28. [PMID: 37770509 PMCID: PMC10539321 DOI: 10.1038/s41525-023-00370-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated impulsivity is a key component of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), bipolar disorder and juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME). We performed a genome-wide association, colocalization, polygenic risk score, and pathway analysis of impulsivity in JME (n = 381). Results were followed up with functional characterisation using a drosophila model. We identified genome-wide associated SNPs at 8q13.3 (P = 7.5 × 10-9) and 10p11.21 (P = 3.6 × 10-8). The 8q13.3 locus colocalizes with SLCO5A1 expression quantitative trait loci in cerebral cortex (P = 9.5 × 10-3). SLCO5A1 codes for an organic anion transporter and upregulates synapse assembly/organisation genes. Pathway analysis demonstrates 12.7-fold enrichment for presynaptic membrane assembly genes (P = 0.0005) and 14.3-fold enrichment for presynaptic organisation genes (P = 0.0005) including NLGN1 and PTPRD. RNAi knockdown of Oatp30B, the Drosophila polypeptide with the highest homology to SLCO5A1, causes over-reactive startling behaviour (P = 8.7 × 10-3) and increased seizure-like events (P = 6.8 × 10-7). Polygenic risk score for ADHD genetically correlates with impulsivity scores in JME (P = 1.60 × 10-3). SLCO5A1 loss-of-function represents an impulsivity and seizure mechanism. Synaptic assembly genes may inform the aetiology of impulsivity in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delnaz Roshandel
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Eric J Sanders
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Division of Biostatistics, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Amy Shakeshaft
- Department of Basic & Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Naim Panjwani
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Fan Lin
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Amber Collingwood
- Department of Basic & Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Anna Hall
- Department of Basic & Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Katherine Keenan
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Celine Deneubourg
- Department of Basic & Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Filippo Mirabella
- Department of Basic & Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Simon Topp
- Department of Basic & Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jana Zarubova
- Department of Neurology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Rhys H Thomas
- Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | | | - Marte Syvertsen
- Department of Neurology, Drammen Hospital, Vestre Viken Health Trust, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pasquale Striano
- IRCCS Istituto 'G. Gaslini', Genova, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Anna B Smith
- Department of Basic & Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Kaja K Selmer
- Department of Research and Innovation, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- National Centre for Epilepsy, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Guido Rubboli
- Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark
- University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alessandro Orsini
- Pediatric Neurology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ching Ching Ng
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rikke S Møller
- Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark
- Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kheng Seang Lim
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Khalid Hamandi
- The Welsh Epilepsy Unit, Department of Neurology Cardiff & Vale University Health Board, Cardiff, UK
- Department of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | | | - Elena Gardella
- Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark
- Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Choong Yi Fong
- Division of Paediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Danielle M Andrade
- Adult Epilepsy Genetics Program, Krembil Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Heinz Jungbluth
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Muscle Signalling Section, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Neuromuscular Service, Evelina's Children Hospital, Guy's & St. Thomas' Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Mark P Richardson
- Department of Basic & Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Annalisa Pastore
- Department of Basic & Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Manolis Fanto
- Department of Basic & Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Deb K Pal
- Department of Basic & Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, UK.
- King's College Hospital, London, UK.
| | - Lisa J Strug
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.
- Division of Biostatistics, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
- Departments of Statistical Sciences and Computer Science, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.
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Turner JS, McCabe EA, Kuang KW, Gailey CD, Brautigan DL, Limerick A, Wang EX, Fu Z. The Scaffold Protein KATNIP Enhances CILK1 Control of Primary Cilia. Mol Cell Biol 2023; 43:472-480. [PMID: 37665596 PMCID: PMC10512882 DOI: 10.1080/10985549.2023.2246870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium functions as a cellular sensory organelle and signaling antenna that detects and transduces extracellular signals. Mutations in the human gene CILK1 (ciliogenesis associated kinase 1) cause abnormal cilia elongation and faulty Hedgehog signaling, associated with developmental disorders and epilepsy. CILK1 is a protein kinase that requires dual phosphorylation of its TDY motif for activation and its extended C-terminal intrinsically disordered region (IDR) mediates targeting to the basal body and substrate recognition. Proteomics previously identified katanin-interacting protein (KATNIP), also known as KIAA0556, as a CILK1 interacting partner. In this study we discovered that CILK1 colocalizes with KATNIP at the basal body and the CILK1 IDR is sufficient to mediate binding to KATNIP. Deletion analysis of KATNIP shows one of three domains of unknown function (DUF) is required for association with CILK1. KATNIP binding with CILK1 drastically elevated CILK1 protein levels and TDY phosphorylation in cells. This resulted in a profound increase in phosphorylation of known CILK1 substrates and suppression of cilia length. Thus, KATNIP functions as a regulatory subunit of CILK1 that potentiates its actions. This advances our understanding of the molecular basis of control of primary cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob S. Turner
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Ellie A. McCabe
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Kevin W. Kuang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Casey D. Gailey
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - David L. Brautigan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Ana Limerick
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Elena X. Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Zheng Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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Lin ZJ, Huang BX, Su LF, Zhu SY, He JW, Chen GZ, Lin PX. Sub-region analysis of DMD gene in cases with idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Neurogenetics 2023; 24:161-169. [PMID: 37022522 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-023-00715-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Gene sub-region encoded protein domain is the basic unit for protein structure and function. The DMD gene is the largest coding gene in humans, with its phenotype relevant to idiopathic generalized epilepsy. We hypothesized variants clustered in sub-regions of idiopathic generalized epilepsy genes and investigated the relationship between the DMD gene and idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Whole exome sequencing was performed in 106 idiopathic generalized epilepsy individuals. DMD variants were filtered with variant type, allele frequency, in silico prediction, hemizygous or homozygous status in the population, inheritance mode, and domain location. Variants located at the sub-regions were selected by the subRVIS software. The pathogenicity of variants was evaluated by the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics criteria. Articles on functional studies related to epilepsy for variants clustered protein domains were reviewed. In sub-regions of the DMD gene, two variants were identified in two unrelated cases with juvenile absence epilepsy or juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. The pathogenicity of both variants was uncertain significance. Allele frequency of both variants in probands with idiopathic generalized epilepsy reached statistical significance compared with the population (Fisher's test, p = 2.02 × 10-6, adjusted α = 4.52 × 10-6). The variants clustered in the spectrin domain of dystrophin, which binds to glycoprotein complexes and indirectly affects ion channels contributing to epileptogenesis. Gene sub-region analysis suggests a weak association between the DMD gene and idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Functional analysis of gene sub-region helps infer the pathogenesis of idiopathic generalized epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jian Lin
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, Brain Science Institute of Putian University, 999 Dongzhen East Road, Licheng District, Putian, 351100, China
| | - Bi-Xia Huang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, Brain Science Institute of Putian University, 999 Dongzhen East Road, Licheng District, Putian, 351100, China
| | - Li-Fang Su
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, Brain Science Institute of Putian University, 999 Dongzhen East Road, Licheng District, Putian, 351100, China
| | - Sheng-Yin Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, Brain Science Institute of Putian University, 999 Dongzhen East Road, Licheng District, Putian, 351100, China
| | - Jun-Wei He
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, Brain Science Institute of Putian University, 999 Dongzhen East Road, Licheng District, Putian, 351100, China
| | - Guo-Zhang Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, Brain Science Institute of Putian University, 999 Dongzhen East Road, Licheng District, Putian, 351100, China
| | - Peng-Xing Lin
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, Brain Science Institute of Putian University, 999 Dongzhen East Road, Licheng District, Putian, 351100, China.
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Pickrell WO, Fry AE. Epilepsy genetics: a practical guide for adult neurologists. Pract Neurol 2023; 23:111-119. [PMID: 36639246 DOI: 10.1136/pn-2022-003623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
An understanding of epilepsy genetics is important for adult neurologists, as making a genetic diagnosis gives clinical benefit. In this review, we describe the key features of different groups of genetic epilepsies. We describe the common available genetic tests for epilepsy, and how to interpret them.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Owen Pickrell
- Department of Neurology, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea, UK
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Andrew E Fry
- All Wales Medical Genomics Service, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Çelik T, Başpınar H. Clinical Characteristics and Prognosis of Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy: Single-Center Retrospective Study. JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC EPILEPSY 2023. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1764390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
AbstractJuvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) is one of the most common idiopathic (genetic) generalized epilepsy syndromes. It occurs in healthy adolescents and is characterized by the triad of myoclonic jerks, generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCs), and absence seizures. The study's primary aim was to determine the demographic and clinical characteristics, family history of seizure, electroencephalogram findings, treatments, and short-term prognosis of patients diagnosed with JME. Patients diagnosed with JME at the Pediatric Neurology Department of Sağlık Bilimleri University Adana Numune Training and Research Hospitals were enrolled. Thirteen (30%) of 44 patients were male, whereas 31 (70%) were female, with a mean age at diagnosis of 14 ± 1.3 years. In total, 21 patients (48%) had a family history of epilepsy, and 14 patients (32%) had JME in their families. Those having a family history of JME seizures were identified at a younger age. Thirty (68%) patients presented with GTCs, while 14 (32%) presented with myoclonic seizures at the time of diagnosis. In the history, 98% of patients had myoclonus and one patient had an absence seizure. Patients with the first seizure type GTCs were diagnosed later, while patients with myoclonus were diagnosed earlier (p < 0,05). The most precipitating factors for seizures were sleep deprivation and stress. Thirty-eight (86%) of the EEGs recorded during the initial admission was abnormal. Valproic acid was administered to 32 patients (73%), while levetiracetam was administered to 12 patients (27%) as the initial treatment. Forty-one (93%) of the patients exhibited a complete response to the initial medication therapy, while forty (91%) of the patients received monotherapy, and only four (9%) received polytherapy. JME may be well-controlled epilepsy with early diagnosis and appropriate treatment. A family history of JME is also common among patients with JME. Patients with the myoclonus as a first seizure type are diagnosed earlier than GTCs because of family awareness. A family history of JME may facilitate the diagnosis of new cases in the family.
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Rah G, Cha H, Kim J, Song J, Kim H, Oh YK, Ahn C, Kang M, Kim J, Yoo KH, Kim MJ, Ko HW, Ko JY, Park JH. KLC3 Regulates Ciliary Trafficking and Cyst Progression in CILK1 Deficiency-Related Polycystic Kidney Disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2022; 33:1726-1741. [PMID: 35961787 PMCID: PMC9529174 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2021111455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ciliogenesis-associated kinase 1 (CILK1) is a ciliary gene that localizes in primary cilia and regulates ciliary transport. Mutations in CILK1 cause various ciliopathies. However, the pathogenesis of CILK1-deficient kidney disease is unknown. METHODS To examine whether CILK1 deficiency causes PKD accompanied by abnormal cilia, we generated mice with deletion of Cilk1 in cells of the renal collecting duct. A yeast two-hybrid system and coimmunoprecipitation (co-IP) were used to identify a novel regulator, kinesin light chain-3 (KLC3), of ciliary trafficking and cyst progression in the Cilk1-deficient model. Immunocytochemistry and co-IP were used to examine the effect of KLC3 on ciliary trafficking of the IFT-B complex and EGFR. We evaluated the effects of these genes on ciliary trafficking and cyst progression by modulating CILK1 and KLC3 expression levels. RESULTS CILK1 deficiency leads to PKD accompanied by abnormal ciliary trafficking. KLC3 interacts with CILK1 at cilia bases and is increased in cyst-lining cells of CILK1-deficient mice. KLC3 overexpression promotes ciliary recruitment of IFT-B and EGFR in the CILK1 deficiency condition, which contributes to the ciliary defect in cystogenesis. Reduction in KLC3 rescued the ciliary defects and inhibited cyst progression caused by CILK1 deficiency. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that CILK1 deficiency in renal collecting ducts leads to PKD and promotes ciliary trafficking via increased KLC3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyuyeong Rah
- Department of Biological Science, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hwayeon Cha
- Department of Biological Science, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joohee Kim
- Department of Biological Science, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jieun Song
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyunho Kim
- Center for Medical Innovation, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yun Kyu Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Curie Ahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minyong Kang
- Department of Urology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jongmin Kim
- Department of Biological Science, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Hyun Yoo
- Department of Biological Science, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Department of Biological Science, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyuk Wan Ko
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Je Yeong Ko
- Department of Biological Science, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Hoon Park
- Department of Biological Science, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul, Korea
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Modulation of Primary Cilia by Alvocidib Inhibition of CILK1. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158121. [PMID: 35897693 PMCID: PMC9329819 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium provides cell sensory and signaling functions. Cilia structure and function are regulated by ciliogenesis-associated kinase 1 (CILK1). Ciliopathies caused by CILK1 mutations show longer cilia and abnormal Hedgehog signaling. Our study aimed to identify small molecular inhibitors of CILK1 that would enable pharmacological modulation of primary cilia. A previous screen of a chemical library for interactions with protein kinases revealed that Alvocidib has a picomolar binding affinity for CILK1. In this study, we show that Alvocidib potently inhibits CILK1 (IC50 = 20 nM), exhibits selectivity for inhibition of CILK1 over cyclin-dependent kinases 2/4/6 at low nanomolar concentrations, and induces CILK1-dependent cilia elongation. Our results support the use of Alvocidib to potently and selectively inhibit CILK1 to modulate primary cilia.
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10
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Wang G, Wu W, Xu Y, Yang Z, Xiao B, Long L. Imaging Genetics in Epilepsy: Current Knowledge and New Perspectives. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:891621. [PMID: 35706428 PMCID: PMC9189397 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.891621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a neurological network disease with genetics playing a much greater role than was previously appreciated. Unfortunately, the relationship between genetic basis and imaging phenotype is by no means simple. Imaging genetics integrates multidimensional datasets within a unified framework, providing a unique opportunity to pursue a global vision for epilepsy. This review delineates the current knowledge of underlying genetic mechanisms for brain networks in different epilepsy syndromes, particularly from a neural developmental perspective. Further, endophenotypes and their potential value are discussed. Finally, we highlight current challenges and provide perspectives for the future development of imaging genetics in epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Research Center for Epileptic Disease of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenyue Wu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yuchen Xu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhuanyi Yang
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Research Center for Epileptic Disease of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bo Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Research Center for Epileptic Disease of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lili Long
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Research Center for Epileptic Disease of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Lili Long
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Tsutsumi R, Chaya T, Tsujii T, Furukawa T. The carboxyl-terminal region of SDCCAG8 comprises a functional module essential for cilia formation as well as organ development and homeostasis. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101686. [PMID: 35131266 PMCID: PMC8902618 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, ciliary dysfunction causes ciliopathies, which present as multiple organ defects, including developmental and sensory abnormalities. Sdccag8 is a centrosomal/basal body protein essential for proper cilia formation. Gene mutations in SDCCAG8 have been found in patients with ciliopathies manifesting a broad spectrum of symptoms, including hypogonadism. Among these mutations, several that are predicted to truncate the SDCCAG8 carboxyl (C) terminus are also associated with such symptoms; however, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In the present study, we identified the Sdccag8 C-terminal region (Sdccag8-C) as a module that interacts with the ciliopathy proteins, Ick/Cilk1 and Mak, which were shown to be essential for the regulation of ciliary protein trafficking and cilia length in mammals in our previous studies. We found that Sdccag8-C is essential for Sdccag8 localization to centrosomes and cilia formation in cultured cells. We then generated a mouse mutant in which Sdccag8-C was truncated (Sdccag8ΔC/ΔC mice) using a CRISPR-mediated stop codon knock-in strategy. In Sdccag8ΔC/ΔC mice, we observed abnormalities in cilia formation and ciliopathy-like organ phenotypes, including cleft palate, polydactyly, retinal degeneration, and cystic kidney, which partially overlapped with those previously observed in Ick- and Mak-deficient mice. Furthermore, Sdccag8ΔC/ΔC mice exhibited a defect in spermatogenesis, which was a previously uncharacterized phenotype of Sdccag8 dysfunction. Together, these results shed light on the molecular and pathological mechanisms underlying ciliopathies observed in patients with SDCCAG8 mutations and may advance our understanding of protein–protein interaction networks involved in cilia development.
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12
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Salvati KA, Mason AJ, Gailey CD, Wang EJ, Fu Z, Beenhakker MP. Mice Harboring a Non-Functional CILK1/ICK Allele Fail to Model the Epileptic Phenotype in Patients Carrying Variant CILK1/ICK. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168875. [PMID: 34445580 PMCID: PMC8396347 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CILK1 (ciliogenesis associated kinase 1)/ICK (intestinal cell kinase) is a highly conserved protein kinase that regulates primary cilia structure and function. CILK1 mutations cause a wide spectrum of human diseases collectively called ciliopathies. While several CILK1 heterozygous variants have been recently linked to juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME), it remains unclear whether these mutations cause seizures. Herein, we investigated whether mice harboring either a heterozygous null Cilk1 (Cilk1+/−) mutation or a heterozygous loss-of-function Cilk1 mutation (Cilk1R272Q/+) have epilepsy. We first evaluated the spontaneous seizure phenotype of Cilk1+/− and Cilk1R272Q/+ mice relative to wildtype littermates. We observed no electrographic differences among the three mouse genotypes during prolonged recordings. We also evaluated electrographic and behavioral responses of mice recovering from isoflurane anesthesia, an approach recently used to measure seizure-like activity. Again, we observed no electrographic or behavioral differences in control versus Cilk1+/− and Cilk1R272Q/+ mice upon isoflurane recovery. These results indicate that mice bearing a non-functional copy of Cilk1 fail to produce electrographic patterns resembling those of JME patients with a variant CILK1 copy. Our findings argue against CILK1 haploinsufficiency being the mechanism that links CILK1 variants to JME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A. Salvati
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; (K.A.S.); (A.J.M.); (C.D.G.); (E.J.W.)
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ashley J. Mason
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; (K.A.S.); (A.J.M.); (C.D.G.); (E.J.W.)
| | - Casey D. Gailey
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; (K.A.S.); (A.J.M.); (C.D.G.); (E.J.W.)
| | - Eric J. Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; (K.A.S.); (A.J.M.); (C.D.G.); (E.J.W.)
| | - Zheng Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; (K.A.S.); (A.J.M.); (C.D.G.); (E.J.W.)
- UVA Cancer Center, Cancer Biology Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Correspondence: (Z.F.); (M.P.B.)
| | - Mark P. Beenhakker
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; (K.A.S.); (A.J.M.); (C.D.G.); (E.J.W.)
- UVA Brain Institute, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Correspondence: (Z.F.); (M.P.B.)
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13
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Chaya T, Furukawa T. Post-translational modification enzymes as key regulators of ciliary protein trafficking. J Biochem 2021; 169:633-642. [PMID: 33681987 PMCID: PMC8423421 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvab024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are evolutionarily conserved microtubule-based organelles that protrude from the surface of almost all cell types and decode a variety of extracellular stimuli. Ciliary dysfunction causes human diseases named ciliopathies, which span a wide range of symptoms, such as developmental and sensory abnormalities. The assembly, disassembly, maintenance and function of cilia rely on protein transport systems including intraflagellar transport (IFT) and lipidated protein intraflagellar targeting (LIFT). IFT is coordinated by three multisubunit protein complexes with molecular motors along the ciliary axoneme, while LIFT is mediated by specific chaperones that directly recognize lipid chains. Recently, it has become clear that several post-translational modification enzymes play crucial roles in the regulation of IFT and LIFT. Here, we review our current understanding of the roles of these post-translational modification enzymes in the regulation of ciliary protein trafficking as well as their regulatory mechanisms, physiological significance and involvement in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Chaya
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takahisa Furukawa
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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14
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Gao H, Tripathi U, Trushin S, Okromelidze L, Pichurin NP, Wei L, Zhuang Y, Wang L, Trushina E. A genome-wide association study in human lymphoblastoid cells supports safety of mitochondrial complex I inhibitor. Mitochondrion 2021; 58:83-94. [PMID: 33610756 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Novel therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's disease (AD) are of the greatest priority given the consistent failure of recent clinical trials focused on Aβ or pTau. Earlier, we demonstrated that mild mitochondrial complex I inhibitor CP2 blocks neurodegeneration and cognitive decline in multiple mouse models of AD. To evaluate the safety of CP2 in humans, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using 196 lymphoblastoid cell lines and identified 11 SNP loci and 64 mRNA expression probe sets that potentially associate with CP2 susceptibility. Using primary mouse neurons and pharmacokinetic study, we show that CP2 is generally safe at a therapeutic dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanyao Gao
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Utkarsh Tripathi
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Sergey Trushin
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Lela Okromelidze
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Nicholas P Pichurin
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Lixuan Wei
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Yongxian Zhuang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Liewei Wang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Eugenia Trushina
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA; Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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15
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Gailey CD, Wang EJ, Jin L, Ahmadi S, Brautigan DL, Li X, Xu W, Scott MM, Fu Z. Phosphosite T674A mutation in kinesin family member 3A fails to reproduce tissue and ciliary defects characteristic of CILK1 loss of function. Dev Dyn 2021; 250:263-273. [PMID: 32935890 PMCID: PMC8460152 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kinesin family member 3A (KIF3A) is a molecular motor protein in the heterotrimeric kinesin-2 complex that drives anterograde intraflagellar transport. This process plays a pivotal role in both biogenesis and maintenance of the primary cilium that supports tissue development. Ciliogenesis associated kinase 1 (CILK1) phosphorylates human KIF3A at Thr672. CILK1 loss of function causes ciliopathies that manifest profound and multiplex developmental defects, including hydrocephalus, polydactyly, shortened and hypoplastic bones and alveoli airspace deficiency, leading to perinatal lethality. Prior studies have raised the hypothesis that CILK1 phosphorylation of KIF3A is critical for its regulation of organ development. RESULTS We produced a mouse model with phosphorylation site Thr674 in mouse Kif3a mutated to Ala. Kif3a T674A homozygotes are viable and exhibit no skeletal and brain abnormalities, and only mildly reduced airspace in alveoli. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts carrying Kif3a T674A mutation show a normal rate of ciliation and a moderate increase in cilia length. CONCLUSION These results indicate that eliminating Kif3a Thr674 phosphorylation by Cilk1 is insufficient to reproduce the severe developmental defects in ciliopathies caused by Cilk1 loss of function. This suggests KIF3A-Thr672 phosphorylation by CILK1 is not essential for tissue development and other substrates are involved in CILK1 ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey D. Gailey
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Eric J. Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Li Jin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Sean Ahmadi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - David L. Brautigan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
- NCI designated Cancer Center, Cancer Biology Program, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Xudong Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Wenhao Xu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Michael M. Scott
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Zheng Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
- NCI designated Cancer Center, Cancer Biology Program, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
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16
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Suzuki T, Inoue I, Yamakawa K. Epilepsy protein Efhc1/myoclonin1 is expressed in cells with motile cilia but not in neurons or mitotic apparatuses in brain. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22076. [PMID: 33328576 PMCID: PMC7744795 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79202-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
EFHC1 gene encodes the myoclonin1 protein, also known as Rib72-1. Pathogenic variants in EFHC1 have been reported in patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME). Although several studies of immunohistological investigations reproducibly showed that the myoclonin1 is expressed in cells with flagella and motile cilia such as sperm, trachea and ependymal cells lining the brain ventricles, whether myoclonin1 is also expressed in neurons still remains controversial. Here we investigated myoclonin1 expression using widely-used polyclonal (mRib72-pAb) and self-made monoclonal (6A3-mAb) anti-myoclonin1 antibodies together with Efhc1 homozygous knock-out (Efhc1-/-) mice. All of the western blot, immunocytochemical, and immunohistochemical analyses showed that mRib72-pAb crossreacts with several mouse proteins besides myoclonin1, while 6A3-mAb specifically recognized myoclonin1 and detected it only in cells with motile cilia but not in neurons. In dividing cells, mRib72-pAb signals were observed at the midbody (intercellular bridge) and mitotic spindle, but 6A3-mAb did not show any signals at these apparatuses. We further found that the complete elimination of myoclonin1 in Efhc1-/- mouse did not critically affect cell division and migration of neurons in cerebral cortex. These results indicate that myoclonin1 is not expressed in neurons, not a regulator of cell division or neuronal migration during cortical development, but expressed in choroid plexus and ependymal cells and suggest that EFHC1 mutation-dependent JME is a motile ciliopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshimitsu Suzuki
- Department of Neurodevelopmental Disorder Genetics, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8601, Japan.,Laboratory for Neurogenetics, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Ikuyo Inoue
- Laboratory for Neurogenetics, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yamakawa
- Department of Neurodevelopmental Disorder Genetics, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8601, Japan. .,Laboratory for Neurogenetics, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
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17
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Genetic Landscape of Common Epilepsies: Advancing towards Precision in Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207784. [PMID: 33096746 PMCID: PMC7589654 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy, a neurological disease characterized by recurrent seizures, is highly heterogeneous in nature. Based on the prevalence, epilepsy is classified into two types: common and rare epilepsies. Common epilepsies affecting nearly 95% people with epilepsy, comprise generalized epilepsy which encompass idiopathic generalized epilepsy like childhood absence epilepsy, juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, juvenile absence epilepsy and epilepsy with generalized tonic-clonic seizure on awakening and focal epilepsy like temporal lobe epilepsy and cryptogenic focal epilepsy. In 70% of the epilepsy cases, genetic factors are responsible either as single genetic variant in rare epilepsies or multiple genetic variants acting along with different environmental factors as in common epilepsies. Genetic testing and precision treatment have been developed for a few rare epilepsies and is lacking for common epilepsies due to their complex nature of inheritance. Precision medicine for common epilepsies require a panoramic approach that incorporates polygenic background and other non-genetic factors like microbiome, diet, age at disease onset, optimal time for treatment and other lifestyle factors which influence seizure threshold. This review aims to comprehensively present a state-of-art review of all the genes and their genetic variants that are associated with all common epilepsy subtypes. It also encompasses the basis of these genes in the epileptogenesis. Here, we discussed the current status of the common epilepsy genetics and address the clinical application so far on evidence-based markers in prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment management. In addition, we assessed the diagnostic predictability of a few genetic markers used for disease risk prediction in individuals. A combination of deeper endo-phenotyping including pharmaco-response data, electro-clinical imaging, and other clinical measurements along with genetics may be used to diagnose common epilepsies and this marks a step ahead in precision medicine in common epilepsies management.
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18
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Nakamura K, Noguchi T, Takahara M, Omori Y, Furukawa T, Katoh Y, Nakayama K. Anterograde trafficking of ciliary MAP kinase-like ICK/CILK1 by the intraflagellar transport machinery is required for intraciliary retrograde protein trafficking. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:13363-13376. [PMID: 32732286 PMCID: PMC7504932 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
ICK (also known as CILK1) is a mitogen-activated protein kinase-like kinase localized at the ciliary tip. Its deficiency is known to result in the elongation of cilia and causes ciliopathies in humans. However, little is known about how ICK is transported to the ciliary tip. We here show that the C-terminal noncatalytic region of ICK interacts with the intraflagellar transport (IFT)-B complex of the IFT machinery and participates in its transport to the ciliary tip. Furthermore, total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy demonstrated that ICK undergoes bidirectional movement within cilia, similarly to IFT particles. Analysis of ICK knockout cells demonstrated that ICK deficiency severely impairs the retrograde trafficking of IFT particles and ciliary G protein-coupled receptors. In addition, we found that in ICK knockout cells, ciliary proteins are accumulated at the bulged ciliary tip, which appeared to be torn off and released into the environment as an extracellular vesicle. The exogenous expression of various ICK constructs in ICK knockout cells indicated that the IFT-dependent transport of ICK, as well as its kinase activity and phosphorylation at the canonical TDY motif, is essential for ICK function. Thus, we unequivocally show that ICK transported to the ciliary tip is required for retrograde ciliary protein trafficking and consequently for normal ciliary function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Nakamura
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Noguchi
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mariko Takahara
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Omori
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takahisa Furukawa
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yohei Katoh
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Kazuhisa Nakayama
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.
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19
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Abstract
Epilepsy encompasses a group of heterogeneous brain diseases that affect more than 50 million people worldwide. Epilepsy may have discernible structural, infectious, metabolic, and immune etiologies; however, in most people with epilepsy, no obvious cause is identifiable. Based initially on family studies and later on advances in gene sequencing technologies and computational approaches, as well as the establishment of large collaborative initiatives, we now know that genetics plays a much greater role in epilepsy than was previously appreciated. Here, we review the progress in the field of epilepsy genetics and highlight molecular discoveries in the most important epilepsy groups, including those that have been long considered to have a nongenetic cause. We discuss where the field of epilepsy genetics is moving as it enters a new era in which the genetic architecture of common epilepsies is starting to be unraveled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Perucca
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Departments of Medicine and Neurology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3050, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Melanie Bahlo
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Samuel F Berkovic
- Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3084, Australia;
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20
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Wang EJ, Gailey CD, Brautigan DL, Fu Z. Functional Alterations in Ciliogenesis-Associated Kinase 1 (CILK1) that Result from Mutations Linked to Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030694. [PMID: 32178256 PMCID: PMC7140639 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciliopathies are a group of human genetic disorders associated with mutations that give rise to the dysfunction of primary cilia. Ciliogenesis-associated kinase 1 (CILK1), formerly known as intestinal cell kinase (ICK), is a conserved serine and threonine kinase that restricts primary (non-motile) cilia formation and length. Mutations in CILK1 are associated with ciliopathies and are also linked to juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME). However, the effects of the JME-related mutations in CILK1 on kinase activity and CILK1 function are unknown. Here, we report that JME pathogenic mutations in the CILK1 N-terminal kinase domain abolish kinase activity, evidenced by the loss of phosphorylation of kinesin family member 3A (KIF3A) at Thr672, while JME mutations in the C-terminal non-catalytic domain (CTD) have little effect on KIF3A phosphorylation. Although CILK1 variants in the CTD retain catalytic activity, they nonetheless lose the ability to restrict cilia length and also gain function in promoting ciliogenesis. We show that wild type CILK1 predominantly localizes to the base of the primary cilium; in contrast, JME variants of CILK1 are distributed along the entire axoneme of the primary cilium. These results demonstrate that JME pathogenic mutations perturb CILK1 function and intracellular localization. These CILK1 variants affect the primary cilium, independent of CILK1 phosphorylation of KIF3A. Our findings suggest that CILK1 mutations linked to JME result in alterations of primary cilia formation and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J. Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; (E.J.W.); (C.D.G.)
| | - Casey D. Gailey
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; (E.J.W.); (C.D.G.)
| | - David L. Brautigan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA;
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Cancer Biology Program, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Zheng Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; (E.J.W.); (C.D.G.)
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Cancer Biology Program, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-434-9823-204
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21
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Gilsoul M, Grisar T, Delgado-Escueta AV, de Nijs L, Lakaye B. Subtle Brain Developmental Abnormalities in the Pathogenesis of Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:433. [PMID: 31611775 PMCID: PMC6776584 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME), a lifelong disorder that starts during adolescence, is the most common of genetic generalized epilepsy syndromes. JME is characterized by awakening myoclonic jerks and myoclonic-tonic-clonic (m-t-c) grand mal convulsions. Unfortunately, one third of JME patients have drug refractory m-t-c convulsions and these recur in 70-80% who attempt to stop antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Behavioral studies documented impulsivity, but also impairment of executive functions relying on organization and feedback, which points to prefrontal lobe dysfunction. Quantitative voxel-based morphometry (VBM) revealed abnormalities of gray matter (GM) volumes in cortical (frontal and parietal) and subcortical structures (thalamus, putamen, and hippocampus). Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) found evidence of dysfunction of thalamic neurons. White matter (WM) integrity was disrupted in corpus callosum and frontal WM tracts. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) further unveiled anomalies in both GM and WM structures that were already present at the time of seizure onset. Aberrant growth trajectories of brain development occurred during the first 2 years of JME diagnosis. Because of genetic origin, disease causing variants were sought, first by positional cloning, and most recently, by next generation sequencing. To date, only six genes harboring pathogenic variants (GABRA1, GABRD, EFHC1, BRD2, CASR, and ICK) with Mendelian and complex inheritance and covering a limited proportion of the world population, are considered as major susceptibility alleles for JME. Evidence on the cellular role, developmental and cell-type expression profiles of these six diverse JME genes, point to their pathogenic variants driving the first steps of brain development when cell division, expansion, axial, and tangential migration of progenitor cells (including interneuron cortical progenitors) sculpture subtle alterations in brain networks and microcircuits during development. These alterations may explain "microdysgenesis" neuropathology, impulsivity, executive dysfunctions, EEG polyspike waves, and awakening m-t-c convulsions observed in JME patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Gilsoul
- GIGA-Stem Cells, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- GENESS International Consortium, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Thierry Grisar
- GENESS International Consortium, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Antonio V. Delgado-Escueta
- GENESS International Consortium, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Epilepsy Genetics/Genomics Lab, Neurology and Research Services, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Laurence de Nijs
- GENESS International Consortium, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Bernard Lakaye
- GIGA-Stem Cells, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- GENESS International Consortium, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Fu Z, Gailey CD, Wang EJ, Brautigan DL. Ciliogenesis associated kinase 1: targets and functions in various organ systems. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:2990-3002. [PMID: 31506943 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ciliogenesis associated kinase 1 (CILK1) was previously known as intestinal cell kinase because it was cloned from that origin. However, CILK1 is now recognized as a widely expressed and highly conserved serine/threonine protein kinase. Mutations in the human CILK1 gene have been associated with ciliopathies, a group of human genetic disorders with defects in the primary cilium. In mice, both Cilk1 knock-out and Cilk1 knock-in mutations have recapitulated human ciliopathies. Thus, CILK1 has a fundamental role in the function of the cilium. Several candidate substrates have been proposed for CILK1 and the challenge is to relate these to the mutant phenotypes. In this review, we summarize what is known about CILK1 functions and targets, and discuss gaps in current knowledge that motivate further experimentation to fully understand the role of CILK1 in organ development in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Casey D Gailey
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Eric J Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - David L Brautigan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer thinning in genetic generalized epilepsy. Seizure 2019; 71:201-206. [PMID: 31386963 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2019.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to compare the peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) between patients with genetic generalized epilepsy (GGE) and healthy controls. METHODS This prospective observational study was conducted on adults aged 18-60 years. The study group comprised 26 consecutive patients who met the inclusion criteria and 26 healthy age- and sex-matched healthy adults. Peripapillary RNFL thickness was measured by spectral domain optical coherence tomography. RESULTS The average peripapillary RNFL thickness was significantly thinner for GGE patients (98.61 μm) than for healthy controls (104.77 μm) (p = 0.016). Similar results were obtained for the left eye. The peripapillary RFNL thickness of all quadrants was lower for GGE patients than for healthy controls, but it was significant only in the superior (p = 0.009) and inferior (p = 0.024) quadrants for both eyes. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the peripapillary RNFL is significantly thinner in GGE patients than in healthy participants. We concluded that this microstructural feature might be an intrinsic feature of GGE.
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Zhang Y, Dong H, Duan L, Yuan G, Liang W, Li Q, Zhang X, Pan Y. SLC1A2 mediates refractory temporal lobe epilepsy with an initial precipitating injury by targeting the glutamatergic synapse pathway. IUBMB Life 2018; 71:213-222. [PMID: 30360015 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yinian Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Laboratory of Neurosurgery; Lanzhou University Second Hospital; Lanzhou, 730030 Gansu China
- Institute of Neurology, Lanzhou University; Lanzhou, 730030 Gansu China
| | - Huateng Dong
- Department of Pediatric Neurology; Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child-care Hospital; Lanzhou, 730050 Gansu China
| | - Lei Duan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Laboratory of Neurosurgery; Lanzhou University Second Hospital; Lanzhou, 730030 Gansu China
- Institute of Neurology, Lanzhou University; Lanzhou, 730030 Gansu China
| | - Guoqiang Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Laboratory of Neurosurgery; Lanzhou University Second Hospital; Lanzhou, 730030 Gansu China
- Institute of Neurology, Lanzhou University; Lanzhou, 730030 Gansu China
| | - Wentao Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Laboratory of Neurosurgery; Lanzhou University Second Hospital; Lanzhou, 730030 Gansu China
- Institute of Neurology, Lanzhou University; Lanzhou, 730030 Gansu China
| | - Qiao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery and Laboratory of Neurosurgery; Lanzhou University Second Hospital; Lanzhou, 730030 Gansu China
- Institute of Neurology, Lanzhou University; Lanzhou, 730030 Gansu China
| | - Xinding Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Laboratory of Neurosurgery; Lanzhou University Second Hospital; Lanzhou, 730030 Gansu China
- Institute of Neurology, Lanzhou University; Lanzhou, 730030 Gansu China
| | - Yawen Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Laboratory of Neurosurgery; Lanzhou University Second Hospital; Lanzhou, 730030 Gansu China
- Institute of Neurology, Lanzhou University; Lanzhou, 730030 Gansu China
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The genetic basis of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Lancet Neurol 2018; 17:493-495. [DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(18)30173-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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