1
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Kiataki MB, Varella MTDN, Coutinho K, Rabilloud F. Novel Approach for Predicting Vertical Electron Attachment Energies in Bulk-Solvated Molecules. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:4893-4900. [PMID: 38783835 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
When low-energy electrons interact with molecules, they can give rise to transient anion states commonly known as resonances. These states are formed through vertical electron attachment processes and have the potential to induce various forms of DNA lesions, including base damage, single- and double-strand breaks, cross-links, and clustered lesions that are challenging to repair. So far, most experimental and theoretical studies have investigated the formation of resonances of (bio)molecules in the gas phase or in microsolvated environments. Since cellular environments are mainly composed of water molecules, it is crucial to understand how bulk water affects the resonances of (bio)molecules. Given the existing gap in studies on resonances of bulk-solvated molecules, we propose a novel theoretical-computational approach to address this void. Our approach combines the multibasis-set (time-dependent-)density functional theory and self-consistent sequential quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics polarizable electrostatic embedding methods. We apply this combined methodology to predict the vertical electron attachment energies of 1-methyl-5-nitroimidazole (1M5NI), a well-known radiosensitizer model, in bulk water. In addition, we analyze the rapid mutual polarization between the resonances (both shape- and core-excited) of 1M5NI and the surrounding bulk water environment. For comparison, we also studied the isolated and microsolvated 1M5NI. Overall, while the polarization of the environment is clearly sensitive to the solute charge, causing a significant impact on the vertical electron affinity and consequently on the attachment electron energies, it does not have a significant impact on the excitation energies of the anion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus B Kiataki
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, UMR5306, Villeurbanne F-69100, France
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 1731, São Paulo 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Márcio T do N Varella
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 1731, São Paulo 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kaline Coutinho
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 1731, São Paulo 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Franck Rabilloud
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, UMR5306, Villeurbanne F-69100, France
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2
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Jodra A, Marazzi M, Frutos LM, García-Iriepa C. Modulating Efficiency and Color of Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence by Rationalizing the Substitution Effect. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:4239-4253. [PMID: 38738688 PMCID: PMC11137832 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) constitutes the process by which third-generation organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are being designed and produced. Despite several years of trial-and-error attempts, mainly driven by chemical intuition about how to improve a certain aspect of the process, few studies focused on the in-depth description of its two key properties: efficiency of the T1 → S1 intersystem crossing and further S1 → S0 emission. Here, by means of a newly developed theoretical formalism, we propose a systematic rationalization of the substituent effect in a paradigmatic class of OLED compounds, based on phenothiazine-dibenzothiophene-S,S-dioxide, known as PTZ-DBTO2. Our methodology allows to discern among geometrical and electronic effects induced by the substituent, deeply understanding the relationships existing between charge transfer, spin density, geometrical deformations, and energy modulations between electronic states. By our results, we can finally elucidate, depending on the substituent, the fate of the overall TADF process, quantitatively assessing its efficiency and predicting the color emission. Moreover, the general terms by which this methodology was developed allow its application to any chromophore of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Jodra
- Departamento
de Química Analítica, Química Física e
Ingeniería Química, Grupo de Reactividad y Estructura
Molecular (RESMOL), Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona, Km 33.600, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid 28871, Spain
| | - Marco Marazzi
- Departamento
de Química Analítica, Química Física e
Ingeniería Química, Grupo de Reactividad y Estructura
Molecular (RESMOL), Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona, Km 33.600, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid 28871, Spain
- Instituto
de Investigación Química “Andrés M. del
Río” (IQAR), Universidad de
Alcalá, Ctra.
Madrid-Barcelona, Km 33.600, Alcalá
de Henares, Madrid 28871, Spain
| | - Luis Manuel Frutos
- Departamento
de Química Analítica, Química Física e
Ingeniería Química, Grupo de Reactividad y Estructura
Molecular (RESMOL), Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona, Km 33.600, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid 28871, Spain
- Instituto
de Investigación Química “Andrés M. del
Río” (IQAR), Universidad de
Alcalá, Ctra.
Madrid-Barcelona, Km 33.600, Alcalá
de Henares, Madrid 28871, Spain
| | - Cristina García-Iriepa
- Departamento
de Química Analítica, Química Física e
Ingeniería Química, Grupo de Reactividad y Estructura
Molecular (RESMOL), Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona, Km 33.600, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid 28871, Spain
- Instituto
de Investigación Química “Andrés M. del
Río” (IQAR), Universidad de
Alcalá, Ctra.
Madrid-Barcelona, Km 33.600, Alcalá
de Henares, Madrid 28871, Spain
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3
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Song Y, Liang C. H-bond engineering as a general strategy for inhibiting twisted intramolecular charge transfer in donor-acceptor fluorescent probes: Reshaping the pre-twisting method. Talanta 2024; 272:125770. [PMID: 38340393 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) is a fluorescence quenching mechanism that occurs in donor-acceptor (D‒A) molecules. Chemical engineering research into TICT regulation over the past 50 years has primarily focused on manipulating steric factors by introducing alkyl groups at the D-A junction (pre-twisting). Herein, we report a significant advance in TICT-based probes through the introducing of H-bond as an efficient strategy for suppressing TICT. Accordingly, ortho-Cl installation in the N-phenylpyrazine-2-carboxamide (PPC) platform can achieve complete reversal from the quenching mode to the light-up mode. This specific H-bonding (N-H⋯Cl) effectively blocks N-C(Ar) bond rotation, leading to fluorescence-ON. This suggested that TICT inhibition may be involved. Therefore, in a sharp contrast to the general nature of the pre-twisting method in rotor molecules, which involves incorporating steric hindrance at either the donor or acceptor moiety to enhance intramolecular rotation (promotion TICT), the ortho-H bonding strategy completely freezes D‒A bond twisting (suppression TICT), resulting in improved fluorescent intensity. Furthermore, the fluorophores were evaluated for Hg2+ detection and in vivo bio-imaging. Notably, Hg-complexation induced another fluorescence inversion (OFF-ON) by imposing spatial constraints on twisting freedom in 3,4-Cl-PPC. Taken together, this work provides a valid and generalizable tactic for the development of high-performance sensing fluorophores through inhibition of TICT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Song
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, Henan, 476000, China; Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Development and Application of Characteristic Microorganism Resources, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, Henan, 476000, China.
| | - Chuan Liang
- Mental Health Education Center, Shangqiu Medical College, Shangqiu, Henan, 476000, China
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4
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Giovannini T, Scavino M, Koch H. Time-Dependent Multilevel Density Functional Theory. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:3601-3612. [PMID: 38648031 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
We present a novel three-layer approach based on multilevel density functional theory (MLDFT) and polarizable molecular mechanics to simulate the electronic excitations of chemical systems embedded in an external environment within the time-dependent DFT formalism. In our method, the electronic structure of a target system, the chromophore, is determined in the field of an embedded inactive layer, which is treated as frozen. Long-range interactions are described by employing the polarizable fluctuating charge (FQ) force field. The resulting MLDFT/FQ thus accurately describes both electrostatics (and polarization) and non-electrostatic target-environment interactions. The robustness and reliability of the approach are demonstrated by comparing our results with experimental data reported for various organic molecules in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Scavino
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Henrik Koch
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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5
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Forde A, Maity S, Freixas VM, Fernandez-Alberti S, Neukirch AJ, Kleinekathöfer U, Tretiak S. Stabilization of Charge-Transfer Excited States in Biological Systems: A Computational Focus on the Special Pair in Photosystem II Reaction Centers. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:4142-4150. [PMID: 38593451 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Charge-transfer (CT) excited states play an important role in many biological processes. However, many computational approaches often inadequately address the equilibration effects of nuclear and environmental degrees of freedom on these states. One prominent example of systems in which CT states are of utmost importance is reaction centers (RC) in photosystems. Here we use a multiscale approach combined with time-dependent density functional theory to explore the lowest CT excited state of the special pair PD1-PD2 in the Photosystem II-RC of a cyanobacterium. We find that the nonequilibrium CT excited state resides near the Soret band, making an exciton the lowest-energy excited state. However, accounting for nuclear and state-specific dielectric equilibration along the CT potential energy surface (PES), the CT state PD1--PD2+ stabilizes energetically below the excitonic state. This underscores the crucial role of state-specific solvation in mapping the PES of CT states, as demonstrated in a simplified dimer model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Forde
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
- Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Sayan Maity
- School of Science, Constructor University, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Victor M Freixas
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnologiia, Univresidad Nacional de Quilmes/CONICET, B1876BXD Bernal, Argentina
| | | | - Amanda J Neukirch
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | | | - Sergei Tretiak
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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6
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Gish MK, Karunasena CD, Carr JM, Kopcha WP, Greenaway AL, Mohapatra AA, Zhang J, Basu A, Brosius V, Pratik SM, Bredas JL, Coropceanu V, Barlow S, Marder SR, Ferguson AJ, Reid OG. The Excited-State Lifetime of Poly(NDI2OD-T2) Is Intrinsically Short. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2024; 128:6392-6400. [PMID: 38655059 PMCID: PMC11033933 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.4c00653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers composed of alternating electron donor and acceptor segments have come to dominate the materials being considered for organic photoelectrodes and solar cells, in large part because of their favorable near-infrared absorption. The prototypical electron-transporting push-pull polymer poly(NDI2OD-T2) (N2200) is one such material. While reasonably efficient organic solar cells can be fabricated with N2200 as the acceptor, it generally fails to contribute as much photocurrent from its absorption bands as the donor with which it is paired. Moreover, transient absorption studies have shown N2200 to have a consistently short excited-state lifetime (∼100 ps) that is dominated by a ground-state recovery. In this paper, we investigate whether these characteristics are intrinsic to the backbone structure of this polymer or if these are extrinsic effects from ubiquitous solution-phase and thin-film aggregates. We compare the solution-phase photophysics of N2200 with those of a pair of model compounds composed of alternating bithiophene (T2) donor and naphthalene diimide (NDI) acceptor units, NDI-T2-NDI and T2-NDI-T2, in a dilute solution. We find that the model compounds have even faster ground-state recovery dynamics (τ = 45, 27 ps) than the polymer (τ = 133 ps), despite remaining molecularly isolated in solution. In these molecules, as in the case of the N2200 polymer, the lowest excited state has a T2 to NDI charge-transfer (CT) character. Electronic-structure calculations indicate that the short lifetime of this state is due to fast nonradiative decay to the ground state (GS) promoted by strong CT-GS electronic coupling and strong electron-vibrational coupling with high-frequency (quantum) normal modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa K. Gish
- Materials,
Chemical, and Computational Science Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Chamikara D. Karunasena
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University
of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0041, United States
| | - Joshua M. Carr
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute, University
of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - William P. Kopcha
- Materials,
Chemical, and Computational Science Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Ann L. Greenaway
- Materials,
Chemical, and Computational Science Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Aiswarya Abhisek Mohapatra
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute, University
of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Junxiang Zhang
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute, University
of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Aniruddha Basu
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute, University
of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Victor Brosius
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute, University
of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Saied Md Pratik
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University
of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0041, United States
| | - Jean-Luc Bredas
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University
of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0041, United States
| | - Veaceslav Coropceanu
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University
of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0041, United States
| | - Stephen Barlow
- Materials,
Chemical, and Computational Science Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute, University
of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Seth R. Marder
- Materials,
Chemical, and Computational Science Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute, University
of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Andrew J. Ferguson
- Materials,
Chemical, and Computational Science Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Obadiah G. Reid
- Materials,
Chemical, and Computational Science Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute, University
of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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7
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Bondanza M, Nottoli T, Nottoli M, Cupellini L, Lipparini F, Mennucci B. The OpenMMPol library for polarizable QM/MM calculations of properties and dynamics. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:134106. [PMID: 38557842 DOI: 10.1063/5.0198251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
We present a new library designed to provide a simple and straightforward way to implement QM/AMOEBA (Atomic Multipole Optimized Energetics for Biomolecular Applications) and other polarizable QM/MM (Molecular Mechanics) methods based on induced point dipoles. The library, herein referred to as OpenMMPol, is free and open-sourced and is engineered to address the increasing demand for accurate and efficient QM/MM simulations. OpenMMPol is specifically designed to allow polarizable QM/MM calculations of ground state energies and gradients and excitation properties. Key features of OpenMMPol include a modular architecture facilitating extensibility, parallel computing capabilities for enhanced performance on modern cluster architectures, a user-friendly interface for intuitive implementation, and a simple and flexible structure for providing input data. To show the capabilities offered by the library, we present an interface with PySCF to perform QM/AMOEBA molecular dynamics, geometry optimization, and excited-state calculation based on (time-dependent) density functional theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Bondanza
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Tommaso Nottoli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Michele Nottoli
- Institute of Applied Analysis and Numerical Simulation, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lorenzo Cupellini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Filippo Lipparini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Benedetta Mennucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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8
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Dai Y, Dellai A, Bassan E, Bellatreccia C, Gualandi A, Anselmi M, Cozzi PG, Ceroni P, Negri F. Solvent and alkyl substitution effects on charge-transfer mediated triplet state generation in BODIPY dyads: a combined computational and experimental study. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2024; 23:451-462. [PMID: 38324165 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00530-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Donor-acceptor dyads based on BODIPYs have been recently employed to enhance the formation of triplet excited states with the process of spin-orbit charge transfer intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC) which does not require introduction of transition metals or other heavy atoms into the molecule. In this work we compare two donor-acceptor dyads based on meso-naphthalenyl BODIPY by combining experimental and computational investigations. The photophysical and electrochemical characterization reveals a significant effect of alkylation of the BODIPY core, disfavoring the SOCT-ISC mechanism for the ethylated BODIPY dyad. This is complemented with a computational investigation carried out to rationalize the influence of ethyl substituents and solvent effects on the electronic structure and efficiency of triplet state population via charge recombination (CR) from the photoinduced electron transfer (PeT) generated charge-transfer (CT) state. Time dependent-density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations including solvent effects and spin-orbit coupling (SOC) calculations uncover the combined role played by solvent and alkyl substitution on the lateral positions of BODIPY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasi Dai
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Center for Chemical Catalysis-C3, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Angela Dellai
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Bassan
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Center for Chemical Catalysis-C3, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Caterina Bellatreccia
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Center for Chemical Catalysis-C3, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Gualandi
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Center for Chemical Catalysis-C3, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michele Anselmi
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pier Giorgio Cozzi
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Center for Chemical Catalysis-C3, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paola Ceroni
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
- Center for Chemical Catalysis-C3, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Fabrizia Negri
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
- Center for Chemical Catalysis-C3, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
- INSTM, UdR Bologna, Via F. Selmi, 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
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9
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Deng CL, Obi AD, Tra BYE, Sarkar SK, Dickie DA, Gilliard RJ. Air- and photo-stable luminescent carbodicarbene-azaboraacenium ions. Nat Chem 2024; 16:437-445. [PMID: 38052948 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01381-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Substitution of a C=C bond by an isoelectronic B-N bond is a well-established strategy to alter the electronic structure and stability of acenes. BN-substituted acenes that possess narrow energy gaps have attractive optoelectronic properties. However, they are susceptible to air and/or light. Here we present the design, synthesis and molecular structures of fully π-conjugated cationic BN-doped acenes stabilized by carbodicarbene ligands. They are luminescent in the solution and solid states and show high air and moisture stability. Compared with their neutral BN-substituted counterparts as well as the parent all-carbon acenes, these species display improved quantum yields and small optical gaps. The electronic structures of the azabora-anthracene and azabora-tetracene cations resemble higher-order acenes while possessing high photo-oxidative resistance. Investigations using density functional theory suggest that the stability and photo-physics of these conjugated systems may be ascribed to their cationic nature and the electronic properties of the carbodicarbene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Lin Deng
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Akachukwu D Obi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Bi Youan E Tra
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Samir Kumar Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Diane A Dickie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Robert J Gilliard
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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10
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Ostojić BD, Stanković B, Đorđević DS, Schwerdtfeger P. Reduction of CO 2 in the presence of light via excited-state hydride transfer reaction in a NADPH-inspired derivative. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024. [PMID: 38416048 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05635j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
The photo-catalytic reduction of CO2 into chemical feedstocks using solar energy has attracted vast interest in environmental science because of global warming. Based on our previous study on the CO2 complex with one of the benzimidazoline (BI) derivatives, we explore the photochemical reduction of CO2 in one of the benzimidazoline derivatives (1,3-dimethyl-5,6-diol-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzimidazole) by quantum-chemical methods. Our results reveal that carbon dioxide can be reduced to formate (HCOO-) by a hydride transfer reaction in the excited state of this complex of benzimidazoline derivative and CO2. While the ground-state hydride transfer reaction in this complex exhibits a substantial barrier, a charge-transfer can occur in the first singlet excited state of the complex in the UV-A region (326 nm), and after overcoming a moderate barrier (∼0.4 eV) the system can have access to the products. The interaction with a polar solvent decreases further the barrier such that the reaction in dimethyl sulfoxide can proceed with a negligibly small barrier (∼0.1 eV) or in a nearly barrierless manner. Our results show that this benzimidazoline derivative may act as a catalyst in the photoreduction of CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojana D Ostojić
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Chemistry and Engineering, Institute for Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, Belgrade 11000, Serbia.
| | - Branislav Stanković
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragana S Đorđević
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Chemistry and Engineering, Institute for Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, Belgrade 11000, Serbia.
| | - Peter Schwerdtfeger
- Centre for Theoretical Chemistry and Physics (CTCP), The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study (NZIAS), Massey University, Auckland Campus, Private Bag 102904, North Shore City, 0745 Auckland, New Zealand.
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11
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Imamura K, Yokogawa D, Sato H. Recent developments and applications of reference interaction site model self-consistent field with constrained spatial electron density (RISM-SCF-cSED): A hybrid model of quantum chemistry and integral equation theory of molecular liquids. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:050901. [PMID: 38341702 DOI: 10.1063/5.0190116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The significance of solvent effects in electronic structure calculations has long been noted, and various methods have been developed to consider this effect. The reference interaction site model self-consistent field with constrained spatial electron density (RISM-SCF-cSED) is a hybrid model that combines the integral equation theory of molecular liquids with quantum chemistry. This method can consider the statistically convergent solvent distribution at a significantly lower cost than molecular dynamics simulations. Because the RISM theory explicitly considers the solvent structure, it performs well for systems where hydrogen bonds are formed between the solute and solvent molecules, which is a challenge for continuum solvent models. Taking advantage of being founded on the variational principle, theoretical developments have been made in calculating various properties and incorporating electron correlation effects. In this review, we organize the theoretical aspects of RISM-SCF-cSED and its distinctions from other hybrid methods involving integral equation theories. Furthermore, we carefully present its progress in terms of theoretical developments and recent applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Imamura
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yokogawa
- Graduate School of Arts and Science, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Sato
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
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12
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Hegedüsová L, Blaise N, Pašteka LF, Budzák Š, Medveď M, Filo J, Mravec B, Slavov C, Wachtveitl J, Grabarz AM, Cigáň M. Enhancing the Potential of Fused Heterocycle-Based Triarylhydrazone Photoswitches. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303509. [PMID: 38212244 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Triarylhydrazones represent an attractive class of photochromic compounds offering many interesting features including high molar absorptivity, good addressability, and extraordinary thermal stability. In addition, unlike most other hydrazone-based photoswitches, they effectively absorb light above 365 nm. However, previously prepared triaryhydrazones suffer from low quantum yields of the Z→E photoisomerization. Here, we have designed a new subclass of naphthoyl-benzothiazole hydrazones that balance the most beneficial features of previously reported naphthoyl-quinoline and benzoyl-pyridine triarylhydrazones. These preserve the attractive absorption characteristics, exhibit higher thermal stability of the metastable form than the former and enhance the rate of the Z→E photoisomerization compared to the later, as a result of the weakening of the intramolecular hydrogen bonding between the hydrazone hydrogen and the benzothiazole moiety. Introducing the benzothiazole motif extends the tunability of the photochromic behaviour of hydrazone-based switches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Hegedüsová
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, 84215, Slovakia
| | - Nadine Blaise
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany
| | - Lukáš F Pašteka
- Van Swinderen Institute for Particle Physics and Gravity, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9747AG, The Netherlands
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, 84215, Slovakia
| | - Šimon Budzák
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University, Banská Bystrica, 97400, Slovakia
| | - Miroslav Medveď
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University, Banská Bystrica, 97400, Slovakia
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, 77900, Czechia
| | - Juraj Filo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, 84215, Slovakia
| | - Bernard Mravec
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, 84215, Slovakia
| | - Chavdar Slavov
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, Florida, US
| | - Josef Wachtveitl
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany
| | - Anna M Grabarz
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, 84215, Slovakia
- Institute of Advanced Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, 50370, Poland
| | - Marek Cigáň
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, 84215, Slovakia
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13
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de Thieulloy L, Mongin C, Leray I, Guerrin C, Buntinx G, Aloïse S, Perrier A. In silico strategy to design an efficient organic photoswitch based on excited-state cation transfer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:1904-1916. [PMID: 38115702 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04988d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
A new class of photoswitches and the corresponding elementary photoinduced reaction, the so-called Excited-State Cation Transfer (ESCT), are investigated. This reaction relies on an intramolecular photo-release/photo-complexation of cation: after irradiation, the cation is translocated from a complexation site 1 to a site 2 during the excited state lifetime. Our purpose is thus to develop a computational strategy based on Density Functional theory (DFT) and its time-dependent counterpart (TD-DFT) to improve the different properties of the ESCT photoswitches, namely (i) the ground state complexation constant K, (ii) the excited state complexation constant K*, (iii) the photoejection properties and (iv) the population of the triplet states from a singlet state via intersystem crossing to increase the lifetime of the excited state. In this work, we are interested in optimizing the ESCT properties of a betaine pyridinium chromophore substituted by a 15-aza-5-crown, that was previously shown to efficiently photoeject a Ca2+ cation from the site 1 but no photo-recapture was observed in the site 2 [Aloïse et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2016, 22, 15384]. To this purpose, we have investigated the impact of the modification of the site 1 on the ESCT properties by introducing different substituents (EDG groups, halogen atoms) at different positions. So far, promising systems have been identified but a simultaneous improvement of all the ESCT photoswitches properties has yet not been achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure de Thieulloy
- Chimie ParisTech, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences (i-CLeHS), PSL Research University, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Cédric Mongin
- ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, PPSM, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Isabelle Leray
- ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, PPSM, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Clément Guerrin
- CNRS, UMR 8516 - LASIRE - LAboratoire de Spectroscopie pour les Interactions, la Réactivité et l'Environnement, Univ. Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Guy Buntinx
- CNRS, UMR 8516 - LASIRE - LAboratoire de Spectroscopie pour les Interactions, la Réactivité et l'Environnement, Univ. Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Stéphane Aloïse
- CNRS, UMR 8516 - LASIRE - LAboratoire de Spectroscopie pour les Interactions, la Réactivité et l'Environnement, Univ. Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Aurélie Perrier
- Chimie ParisTech, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences (i-CLeHS), PSL Research University, F-75005 Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, F-75206 Paris, France.
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14
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Ventura B, Veclani D, Venturini A, Armaroli N, Baroncini M, Ceroni P, Marchini M. Elucidating the Excited State Behavior of Pyridyl Pyridinium Systems via Computational and Transient Absorption Studies of Tetrahedral Multichromophoric Arrays and their Model Compounds. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301853. [PMID: 37563909 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
The tetrahedral shape-persistent molecule 14+ , containing four identical pyridyl pyridinium units connected via a sp3 hybridized carbon atom, has been investigated in detail by means of steady-state and time resolved spectroscopy. Remarkable photophysical properties are observed, particularly in comparison with protonated and methylated analogues (1H4 8+ , 1Me4 8+ ), which exhibit substantially shorter excited state lifetimes and lower emission quantum yields. Theoretical studies have rationalized the behavior of the tetrameric molecules relative to the monomers, with DFT and TD-DFT calculations corroborating steady-state (absorption and emission) and transient absorption spectra. The behavior of the monomeric compounds (each consisting in one of the four identical subunits of the tetramers, i. e., 2+ , 2H2+ and 2Me2+ ) considerably differs from that of the tetramers, indicating a strong electronic interaction between the subunits in the tetrameric species, likely promoted by the homoconjugation through the connecting sp3 C atom. 2+ is characterized by a peculiar S1 -S2 excited state inversion, whereas the short-lived emitting S1 state of 2H2+ and 2Me2+ exhibits a partial charge-transfer character, as substantiated by spectro-electrochemical studies. Among the six investigated systems, only 14+ is a sizeable luminophore (Φem =0.15), which is related to the peculiar features of its singlet state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Ventura
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISOF-CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniele Veclani
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISOF-CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Venturini
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISOF-CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Nicola Armaroli
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISOF-CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimo Baroncini
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated Nanostructures, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISOF-CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentari, Università di Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 50, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paola Ceroni
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marianna Marchini
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
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15
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Chow M, Li TE, Hammes-Schiffer S. Nuclear-Electronic Orbital Quantum Mechanical/Molecular Mechanical Real-Time Dynamics. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:9556-9562. [PMID: 37857272 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Simulating the nuclear-electronic quantum dynamics of large-scale molecular systems in the condensed phase is key for studying biologically and chemically important processes such as proton transfer and proton-coupled electron transfer reactions. Herein, the real-time nuclear-electronic orbital time-dependent density functional theory (RT-NEO-TDDFT) approach is combined with a hybrid quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) strategy to enable the accurate description of coupled nuclear-electronic quantum dynamics in the presence of heterogeneous environments such as solvent or proteins. The densities of the electrons and quantum protons are propagated in real time, while the other nuclei are propagated classically on the instantaneous electron-proton vibronic surface. This approach is applied to phenol bound to lysozyme, intramolecular proton transfer in malonaldehyde, and nonequilibrium excited-state intramolecular proton transfer in o-hydroxybenzaldehyde. These examples illustrate that the RT-NEO-TDDFT framework, coupled with an atomistic representation of the environment, allows the simulation of condensed-phase systems that exhibit significant nuclear quantum effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Chow
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Tao E Li
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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16
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Regan KT, Pounder A, Lin C, Chen LD, Manderville RA. Isomer-Specific Solvatochromic and Molecular Rotor Properties of ESIPT-Active Push-Pull Fluorescent Chalcone Dyes. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:8365-8373. [PMID: 37773491 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic chromophores possessing intramolecular hydrogen-bonds that can undergo excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) are critical tools for chemosensing/biosensing applications because they create large Stokes-shifted fluorescence with no overlap with the absorption spectrum to limit back-ground interferences. Classic ESIPT-active fluorophores, such as the 2-(2'-hydroxyphenyl) benzazole (HBX) series (X = NH, O, S), favor a ground-state (GS) enol (E) form that undergoes ESIPT to afford an excited-state (ES) keto (K) tautomer that generates red-shifted fluorescence. Herein, we have attached the HBX moiety to 6-methoxy-indanone (6MI) to create isomeric (ortho and para) ESIPT-active chalcone dyes and have characterized their photophysical properties in polar protic solvents (MeOH and glycerol (Gly)/MeOH mixtures) and a nonpolar aprotic (1,4-dioxane) solvent for comparison. The chalcones favor a GS E structure, which undergoes ESIPT in MeOH, Gly/MeOH mixtures, and dioxane to exclusively afford K emission with large Stokes shifts. The o-isomers possess expanded π-conjugation compared to their p-isomer counterparts, which diminishes their tendency to generate twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) states. Consequently, the o-isomers have greater quantum yields and lack molecular rotor (MR) character with little K emission response to increased solvent viscosity. However, they possess strong positive solvatochromism, displaying significant blue wavelength shifts coupled with turn-on K emission in moving from polar protic MeOH to nonpolar dioxane. In contrast, the p-isomers display MR character with turn-on K emission in 75:25 Gly/MeOH compared to their emission in MeOH (up to 14-fold) due to a strong tendency for TICT. Mechanistic insight into the observed isomer-specific photophysical properties of the ESIPT-active chalcones was obtained through density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Implications for DNA biosensing applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keenan T Regan
- Departments of Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Austin Pounder
- Departments of Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Camille Lin
- Departments of Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Leanne D Chen
- Departments of Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Richard A Manderville
- Departments of Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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17
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de Sousa LE, de Silva P. Photophysics of Solvated Molecules: Computational Protocol Combining Nuclear Ensemble and Nonequilibrium State-Specific Solvation Methods. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:8200-8208. [PMID: 37728994 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c03533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Efficient calculations of the photophysical properties of molecules are essential for both understanding experimental results and accelerating materials discovery through computational simulations. However, to achieve accurate results, the effects of the surrounding medium must be taken into account. Here, we present a computational protocol that combines the nuclear ensemble method with a nonequilibrium state-specific polarizable continuum model to simulate absorption, fluorescence, phosphorescence, and intersystem crossing processes. Additionally, we introduced an extrapolation strategy that enables predictions for multiple solvents without incurring additional computational costs. We demonstrate the method's effectiveness by modeling the photophysical properties of a molecule that exhibits thermally activated delayed fluorescence, showcasing how these properties vary with solvent polarity. We also provide insight into the relationship between the solvent and photophysics by using ensemble analysis to rationalize simulation results. Furthermore, we introduce a metric for the intensity of the charge transfer character of electronic states and demonstrate how vibrations can significantly mix the electronic character of excited states. Overall, this work presents a computational approach that offers new insights into the photophysics of molecules and has the potential to advance materials discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Evaristo de Sousa
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Anker Engelunds Vej 301, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Piotr de Silva
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Anker Engelunds Vej 301, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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18
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Medved' M, Di Donato M, Buma WJ, Laurent AD, Lameijer L, Hrivnák T, Romanov I, Tran S, Feringa BL, Szymanski W, Woolley GA. Mechanistic Basis for Red Light Switching of Azonium Ions. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:19894-19902. [PMID: 37656631 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Azonium ions formed by the protonation of tetra-ortho-methoxy-substituted aminoazobenzenes photoisomerize with red light under physiological conditions. This property makes them attractive as molecular tools for the photocontrol of physiological processes, for example, in photopharmacology. However, a mechanistic understanding of the photoisomerization process and subsequent thermal relaxation is necessary for the rational application of these compounds as well as for guiding the design of derivatives with improved properties. Using a combination of sub-ps/ns transient absorption measurements and quantum chemical calculations, we show that the absorption of a photon by the protonated E-H+ form of the photoswitch causes rapid (ps) isomerization to the protonated Z-H+ form, which can also absorb red light. Proton transfer to solvent then occurs on a microsecond time scale, leading to an equilibrium between Z and Z-H+ species, the position of which depends on the solution pH. Whereas thermal isomerization of the neutral Z form to the neutral E form is slow (∼0.001 s-1), thermal isomerization of Z-H+ to E-H+ is rapid (∼100 s-1), so the solution pH also governs the rate at which E/E-H+ concentrations are restored after a light pulse. This analysis provides the first complete mechanistic picture that explains the observed intricate photoswitching behavior of azonium ions at a range of pH values. It further suggests features of azonium ions that could be targeted for improvement to enhance the applicability of these compounds for the photocontrol of biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Medved'
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 241/27, Olomouc, 783 71 Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University, Tajovského 40, 974 01 Banská Bystrica, Slovak Republic
| | - Mariangela Di Donato
- LENS, European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, via N. Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
- CNR-ICCOM, via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Wybren Jan Buma
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7c, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Adèle D Laurent
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM, UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Lucien Lameijer
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AF Groningen, The Netherlands
- Medical Imaging Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tomáš Hrivnák
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University, Tajovského 40, 974 01 Banská Bystrica, Slovak Republic
- Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Ivan Romanov
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Susannah Tran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AF Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wiktor Szymanski
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AF Groningen, The Netherlands
- Medical Imaging Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - G Andrew Woolley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto M5S 3H6, Canada
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19
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Papadopoulos J, Reiss GJ, Mayer B, Müller TJJ. Cyclohexene-Embedded Dicyanomethylene Merocyanines - Consecutive Three-Component Coupling-Addition Synthesis and Chromophore Characteristics. ChemistryOpen 2023; 12:e202300128. [PMID: 37715367 PMCID: PMC10504436 DOI: 10.1002/open.202300128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A concise and efficient consecutive three-component alkynylation-addition synthesis of cyclohexene-embedded dicyanomethylene merocyanines furnishes a small library of dyes in moderate to excellent yield. The dyes possess strong absorption coefficients of the longest wavelength absorption bands. According to the crystal structure, the small bond length alternations account for a highly delocalized electronic ground state. The electronic structure of the absorption bands is qualitatively rationalized by TDDFT calculations, which explain that intense HOMO-LUMO transitions along the merocyanine axis lead to cyanine similar Stokes shifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Papadopoulos
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare ChemieHeinrich-Heine-Universität DüsseldorfUniversitätsstraße 140225DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Guido J. Reiss
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieHeinrich-Heine-Universität DüsseldorfUniversitätsstraße 140225DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Bernhard Mayer
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare ChemieHeinrich-Heine-Universität DüsseldorfUniversitätsstraße 140225DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Thomas J. J. Müller
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare ChemieHeinrich-Heine-Universität DüsseldorfUniversitätsstraße 140225DüsseldorfGermany
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20
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Park JY, Song HJ, Nguyen TC, Son WJ, Kim D, Song G, Hong SK, Go H, Park C, Jang I, Kim DS. Novel Mechanism-Based Descriptors for Extreme Ultraviolet-Induced Photoacid Generation: Key Factors Affecting Extreme Ultraviolet Sensitivity. Molecules 2023; 28:6244. [PMID: 37687074 PMCID: PMC10488646 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Predicting photolithography performance in silico for a given materials combination is essential for developing better patterning processes. However, it is still an extremely daunting task because of the entangled chemistry with multiple reactions among many material components. Herein, we investigated the EUV-induced photochemical reaction mechanism of a model photoacid generator (PAG), triphenylsulfonium cation, using atomiC-Scale materials modeling to elucidate that the acid generation yield strongly depends on two main factors: the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of PAG cation associated with the electron-trap efficiency 'before C-S bond dissociation' and the overall oxidation energy change of rearranged PAG associated with the proton-generation efficiency 'after C-S bond dissociation'. Furthermore, by considering stepwise reactions accordingly, we developed a two-parameter-based prediction model predicting the exposure dose of the resist, which outperformed the traditional LUMO-based prediction model. Our model suggests that one should not focus only on the LUMO energies but also on the energy change during the rearrangement process of the activated triphenylsulfonium (TPS) species. We also believe that the model is well suited for computational materials screening and/or inverse design of novel PAG materials with high lithographic performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Park
- Innovation Center, Samsung Electronics, Samsungjeonja-ro 1, Hwaseong-si 18448, Republic of Korea
- Semiconductor R&D Center, Samsung Electronics, Samsungjeonja-ro 1, Hwaseong-si 18448, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ji Song
- Semiconductor R&D Center, Samsung Electronics, Samsungjeonja-ro 1, Hwaseong-si 18448, Republic of Korea
| | - Thanh Cuong Nguyen
- Innovation Center, Samsung Electronics, Samsungjeonja-ro 1, Hwaseong-si 18448, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Joon Son
- Innovation Center, Samsung Electronics, Samsungjeonja-ro 1, Hwaseong-si 18448, Republic of Korea
| | - Daekeon Kim
- Innovation Center, Samsung Electronics, Samsungjeonja-ro 1, Hwaseong-si 18448, Republic of Korea
| | - Giyoung Song
- Semiconductor R&D Center, Samsung Electronics, Samsungjeonja-ro 1, Hwaseong-si 18448, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Koo Hong
- Semiconductor R&D Center, Samsung Electronics, Samsungjeonja-ro 1, Hwaseong-si 18448, Republic of Korea
| | - Heeyoung Go
- Semiconductor R&D Center, Samsung Electronics, Samsungjeonja-ro 1, Hwaseong-si 18448, Republic of Korea
| | - Changmin Park
- Semiconductor R&D Center, Samsung Electronics, Samsungjeonja-ro 1, Hwaseong-si 18448, Republic of Korea
| | - Inkook Jang
- Innovation Center, Samsung Electronics, Samsungjeonja-ro 1, Hwaseong-si 18448, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Sin Kim
- Innovation Center, Samsung Electronics, Samsungjeonja-ro 1, Hwaseong-si 18448, Republic of Korea
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21
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Jiang G, Liu J, Zhou P. Unraveling the Mechanism of ACQ-to-AIE Transformation of Fluorescein Derivatives. J Phys Chem A 2023. [PMID: 37294934 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c02244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although fluorescein derivatives have excellent properties and strong practicability, they are typical aggregation-induced quenching (ACQ) molecules, which are not conducive to working in the solid state. Recently, the fluorescein derivative Fl-Me with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) property was synthesized, which brought a new dawn for the research and development of fluorescein-based materials. In this study, the AIE mechanism of Fl-Me was investigated based on time-dependent density functional theory and the ONIOM method. The results revealed that an effective dark-state deactivation pathway leads to the fluorescence quenching of Fl-Me in a solution environment. Accordingly, the AIE phenomenon originates from the closure of the dark-state quenching channel. It is worth emphasizing that we found that the carbonyl group of molecular Fl-Me has intermolecular hydrogen bonding interaction with the adjacent molecules, which caused the increase of the dark-state energy in the crystalline state. Moreover, the restriction of the rotational motion and the nonexistence of the π-π stacking interaction are beneficial to the enhancement of fluorescence upon aggregation. Finally, the ACQ-to-AIE transformation mechanisms of fluorescein derivatives have been discussed. This work provides deeper insight into the photophysical mechanism for the fluorescein derivatives Fl-Me with AIE feature and eventually is expected to help researchers to develop more fluorescein-based AIE materials with remarkable properties for various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoshang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jianyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Panwang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, P. R. China
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, P. R. China
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22
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Colín M, Aguilar MÁ, Martín ME. A Theoretical Study of Solvent Effects on the Structure and UV-vis Spectroscopy of 3-Hydroxyflavone (3-HF) and Some Simplified Molecular Models. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:19939-19949. [PMID: 37305262 PMCID: PMC10249394 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Solvent effects on the UV-vis spectra of 3-hydroxyflavone and other structurally related molecules (3-hydroxychromen-4-one, 3-hydroxy-4-pyrone, and 4-pyrone) have been studied by combining time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) and the polarizable continuum method (PCM). Among the first five excited states of the four considered molecules, electronic states of n → π* and π → π* nature appear. In general, the stability of the n → π* states decreases as the π space becomes larger in such a way that only for 4-pyrone and 3-hydroxy-4-pyrone are they the first excited states. In addition, they become less stabilized in ethanol solution than the ground state, and this causes blueshift transitions in solution. The opposite trend is found for the π → π* excited states. They are less energetic with the π-system size and when passing from gas phase to solution. The solvent shift also depends strongly on the size of the π systems and on the formation of an intramolecular hydrogen bond; thus, it decreases when going from 4-pyrone to 3-hydroxyflavone. The performance of the three versions (cLR, cLR2, and IBSF) of the specific-state PCM method in predicting transition energies are compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- María
Jesús Colín
- Área
de Química-Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. de Elvas, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Manuel Ángel Aguilar
- Área
de Química-Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. de Elvas, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
- Instituto
de Computación Científica Avanzada (ICCAEx), Universidad
de Extremadura, Avda.
de Elvas, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - M. Elena Martín
- Área
de Química-Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. de Elvas, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
- Instituto
de Computación Científica Avanzada (ICCAEx), Universidad
de Extremadura, Avda.
de Elvas, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
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23
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Pashaei B, Shahroosvand H, Douroudgari H, Abaspour S, Vahedpour M, Nazeeruddin MK. Full Solution Process of a Near-Infrared Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cell Based on Novel Emissive Ruthenium Complexes of 1,10-Phenanthroline-Derived Ligands and a Eutectic Alloy as the Top Electrode. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:7622-7635. [PMID: 37163724 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared luminescent materials have recently received considerable attention for a large number of applications, including in solid-state lighting, as bioimaging agents, as photovoltaic cells, and in the telecommunication industry. By adding diverse electron-donating or withdrawing groups on ancillary ligands based on benzenethiol-phenanthroline, we synthesized and optoelectronically characterized a series of novel ionic ruthenium complexes, namely RuS, RuSCl, RuSMe, and RuSNH2, for using in a light-emitting electrochemical cell. The synthesized complexes are intense red emitters in the range of 584-605 nm in solution, which depends on the substitutions of electron donor/acceptor moieties on the ancillary ligands. To find a suitable quantum mechanical approach, benchmark calculations based on time-dependent density functional theory were carried out on these complexes. Our benchmark revealed that the M06-L method has results close to those of the experiment. Furthermore, to gain a deeper insight into electronic transitions, several excitation processes were investigated at the TD-DFT-SMD-MN12-L/gen level. The results showed that in the designed complexes, the dominant transition is between the 4dZ2 electron of Ru (particle) and the π* orbitals of the ancillary ligand (hole). The single-layer devices, including these complexes along with a Ga/In cathode by a facile deposition method without the addition of any electron or hole transport layers, were fabricated and displayed red (678 nm) to near-infrared (701 nm) emission as well as a decrease of turn-on voltage from 3.85 to 3.10 V. In particular, adding a methyl group to the ancillary ligand in the complex RuSNH2 increases the external quantum efficiency to 0.55%, one of the highest observed values in the ruthenium phenanthroline family. This simple structure of the device lets us develop the practical applications of light-emitting electrochemical cells based on injection and screen-printing methods, which are very promising for the vacuum-free deposition of top electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Pashaei
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Advanced Functional Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Zanjan, Zanjan 45371-3879, Iran
| | - Hashem Shahroosvand
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Advanced Functional Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Zanjan, Zanjan 45371-3879, Iran
| | - Hamed Douroudgari
- Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Zanjan, Zanjan 45371-3879, Iran
| | - Saeid Abaspour
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Advanced Functional Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Zanjan, Zanjan 45371-3879, Iran
| | - Morteza Vahedpour
- Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Zanjan, Zanjan 45371-3879, Iran
| | - Mohammad Khaja Nazeeruddin
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique F́ed́erale de Lausanne, Sion CH-1951, Switzerland
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24
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Hsu Y, Yang J. Twisted intramolecular
charge‐transfer
state of
trans
‐3‐(
N
,
N
‐Dimethylamino
)‐4'‐cyanostilbene: The C−C bond twisting. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202300078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying‐Feng Hsu
- Department of Chemistry National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Jye‐Shane Yang
- Department of Chemistry National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan
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25
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Cupellini L, Qian P, Nguyen-Phan TC, Gardiner AT, Cogdell RJ. Quantum chemical elucidation of a sevenfold symmetric bacterial antenna complex. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2023; 156:75-87. [PMID: 35672557 PMCID: PMC10070313 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-022-00925-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The light-harvesting complex 2 (LH2) of purple bacteria is one of the most studied photosynthetic antenna complexes. Its symmetric structure and ring-like bacteriochlorophyll arrangement make it an ideal system for theoreticians and spectroscopists. LH2 complexes from most bacterial species are thought to have eightfold or ninefold symmetry, but recently a sevenfold symmetric LH2 structure from the bacterium Mch. purpuratum was solved by Cryo-Electron microscopy. This LH2 also possesses unique near-infrared absorption and circular dichroism (CD) spectral properties. Here we use an atomistic strategy to elucidate the spectral properties of Mch. purpuratum LH2 and understand the differences with the most commonly studied LH2 from Rbl. acidophilus. Our strategy exploits a combination of molecular dynamics simulations, multiscale polarizable quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics calculations, and lineshape simulations. Our calculations reveal that the spectral properties of LH2 complexes are tuned by site energies and exciton couplings, which in turn depend on the structural fluctuations of the bacteriochlorophylls. Our strategy proves effective in reproducing the absorption and CD spectra of the two LH2 complexes, and in uncovering the origin of their differences. This work proves that it is possible to obtain insight into the spectral tuning strategies of purple bacteria by quantitatively simulating the spectral properties of their antenna complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Cupellini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Pu Qian
- Materials and Structure Analysis, Thermofisher Scientific, Achtseweg Nordic 5, 5651 GTC, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Tu C Nguyen-Phan
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Alastair T Gardiner
- Laboratory of Anoxygenic Phototrophs, Centre Algatech, Novohradská 237 - Opatovický mlýn, 379 01, Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Richard J Cogdell
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
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26
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Frutos-Puerto S, Jesús Colín M, Corchado JC, Luz Sánchez M, Elena Martín M, Aguilar MA. Photophysical and photochemical properties of 3-hydroxyflavone in ethanol solution: implicit vs explicit solvent models. J Mol Liq 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2023.121783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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27
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Lanza PA, Dusso D, Mena LD, Parise AR, Moyano EL, Chesta CA, Vera DMA. Why and how could an aliphatic bridge allow for a long-range photoinduced charge separation in Tröger’s bases derivatives. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2023.114699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
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28
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Baruah M, Kwon HY, Cho H, Chang YT, Samanta A. A Photoinduced Electron Transfer-Based Hypochlorite-Specific Fluorescent Probe for Selective Imaging of Proinflammatory M1 in a Rheumatoid Arthritis Model. Anal Chem 2023; 95:4147-4154. [PMID: 36800528 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
The differentiation of the distinct phenotypes of macrophages is essential for monitoring the stage of inflammatory diseases for accurate diagnosis and treatment. Recent studies revealed that the level of hypochlorite (OCl-) varies from activated M1 macrophages (killing pathogens) to M2 (resolution of inflammation) during inflammation. Thus, we developed a simple and efficient fluorescent probe for discriminating M1 from M0 and M2. Herein, fluorescent-based imaging is applied as an alternative to immunohistochemistry, which is challenging due to the tedious process and high cost. We developed a hypochlorite-specific probe PMS-T to differentiate M1 and M2, employing a metabolism-oriented live-cell distinction. This probe enables the detection of inflammatory rheumatoid arthritis in an ex vivo mouse model. Thus, it can be a potential chemical tool for monitoring inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, that may overcome the existing barriers of immunohistochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousumi Baruah
- Molecular Sensors and Therapeutics (MST) Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Delhi NCR, NH 91, Tehsil Dadri, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Haw-Young Kwon
- Center for Self-Assembly and Complexity, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Heewon Cho
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Tae Chang
- Center for Self-Assembly and Complexity, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Animesh Samanta
- Molecular Sensors and Therapeutics (MST) Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Delhi NCR, NH 91, Tehsil Dadri, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
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29
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Langer M, Zdražil L, Medveď M, Otyepka M. Communication of molecular fluorophores with other photoluminescence centres in carbon dots. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:4022-4032. [PMID: 36728225 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05114a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of structure-photoluminescence (PL) relationships remains an ultimate challenge in the field of carbon dots (CDs). It is now commonly understood that various structural domains may evolve during the preparation of CDs; nonetheless, we are still far from capturing the specific features that determine the overall PL of CDs. Although the core, surface and molecular states are usually considered the three main sources of PL, it is not known to which extent they interact and/or affect one another. Expectedly, the communication between the different PL centres depends on the mutual arrangement and the type of linking. To gain insights into such a communication, time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations were performed for several (N-doped/O-functionalized) polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as representative models for the core/surfaces PL states and the prototypical molecular fluorophore (MF) 5-oxo-1,2,3,5-tetrahydroimidazo-[1,2-α]-pyridine-7-carboxylic acid (IPCA), considering different interaction modes, namely hydrogen bonded and stacked complexes as well as covalently bonded and fused structures. Our results revealed that each of the studied arrangements in some way supported the communication between the PL centres. The deactivation pathways typically involve multiple charge and energy transfer events that can promote the formation of charge separated states and/or lead to the activation of other PL centres in CDs. Depending on the arrangement, the doping pattern and surface functionalization, both the CD core and the MF can act as an electron donor or acceptor, which could help to design CDs with desirable hole-electron surface/core characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Langer
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 241/27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
- Chemical and Biological Systems Simulation Lab, Centre of New Technologies University of Warsaw, 2c Banacha Street, 02-097, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Lukáš Zdražil
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 241/27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Miroslav Medveď
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 241/27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University, Tajovského 40, 974 01 Banská Bystrica, Slovak Republic
| | - Michal Otyepka
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 241/27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
- IT4Innovations, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
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30
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Ning J, Truhlar DG. Electronic Excitation of ortho-Fluorothiophenol. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:1469-1474. [PMID: 36749710 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c08674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
ortho-Fluorothiophenol (o-FTP) photodissociates through the well-known πσ* process. The fluorine atom of o-FTP introduces a feature in the photodissociation of o-FTP that does not occur in most other πσ* processes because the fluorine atom can form a hydrogen bond with the hydrogen atom of the SH group. Theoretical computations can serve as a good way to study these reactions because they usually proceed very quickly, and the current spectroscopies cannot probe the details of the processes as thoroughly as theory can. Here we use completely renormalized equation-of-motion coupled cluster theory with single and double excitations and a quasiperturbative treatment of connected triple excitations (CR-EOM-CCSD(T)) and quasidegenerate perturbation theory, in particular extended multistate complete-active-space second-order perturbation theory (XMS- CASPT2), to calculate the four lowest singlet states of o-FTP and hybrid density functional theory to optimize the geometries of the two lowest singlet states. We find that ten active electrons in nine active orbitals are sufficient to provide a good reference function for all four states. We find that the ground electronic state and the first excited singlet state both exhibit strongly bent hydrogen bonds. We also use density functional theory with the Tamm-Dancoff approximation and the SMD solvation model to successfully simulate the electronic spectrum of o-FTP in n-hexane solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Ning
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Donald G Truhlar
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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31
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Horz M, Masood HMA, Brunst H, Cerezo J, Picconi D, Vormann H, Niraghatam MS, van Wilderen LJGW, Bredenbeck J, Santoro F, Burghardt I. Vibrationally resolved two-photon electronic spectra including vibrational pre-excitation: Theory and application to VIPER spectroscopy with two-photon excitation. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:064201. [PMID: 36792506 DOI: 10.1063/5.0132608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Following up on our previous work on vibrationally resolved electronic absorption spectra including the effect of vibrational pre-excitation [von Cosel et al., J. Chem. Phys. 147, 164116 (2017)], we present a combined theoretical and experimental study of two-photon-induced vibronic transitions in polyatomic molecules that are probed in the VIbrationally Promoted Electronic Resonance experiment using two-photon excitation (2P-VIPER). In order to compute vibronic spectra, we employ time-independent and time-dependent methods based on the evaluation of Franck-Condon overlap integrals and Fourier transformations of time-domain correlation functions, respectively. The time-independent approach uses a generalized version of the FCclasses method, while the time-dependent approach relies on the analytical evaluation of Gaussian moments within the harmonic approximation, including Duschinsky rotation effects. For the Coumarin 6 dye, two-dimensional 2P-VIPER experiments involving excitation to the lowest-lying singlet excited state (S1) are presented and compared with corresponding one-photon VIPER spectra. In both cases, coumarin ring modes and a CO stretch mode show VIPER activity, albeit with different relative intensities. Selective pre-excitation of these modes leads to a pronounced redshift of the low-frequency edge of the electronic absorption spectrum, which is a prerequisite for the VIPER experiment. Theoretical analysis underscores the role of interference between Franck-Condon and Herzberg-Teller effects in the two-photon experiment, which is at the root of the observed intensity distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximiliane Horz
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Hafiz M A Masood
- Institute of Biophysics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Hendrik Brunst
- Institute of Biophysics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Javier Cerezo
- Departamento de Química and Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Picconi
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Hannah Vormann
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Madhava Shyam Niraghatam
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Luuk J G W van Wilderen
- Institute of Biophysics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jens Bredenbeck
- Institute of Biophysics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Fabrizio Santoro
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - CNR, Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo Metallici (ICCOM-CNR), SS di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 1, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Irene Burghardt
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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32
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Tzeliou CE, Tzeli D. 3-Input AND Molecular Logic Gate with Enhanced Fluorescence Output: The Key Atom for the Accurate Prediction of the Spectra. J Chem Inf Model 2022; 62:6436-6448. [PMID: 35439413 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of artificial receptors for sensing and recognition of species, as well as for advanced logic functions, is a significant challenge in the field of molecular information technology. Here, we study theoretically, via DFT/TD-DFT calculations, the photophysical properties of a 3-input AND molecular logic gate which presents an enhanced fluorescence spectrum. It was found that the geometry conformation at an N atom of the piperazine group is the key factor for the correct calculation of the absorption spectra of the calculated structures. Its geometry is between tetrahedral and planar, while changes in the corresponding CNCC dihedral angle of about 10 degrees can cause significant shifts of the main peak of the absorption spectra up to 100 nm. Moreover, the unusually enhanced fluorescence of a molecular logic gate (MLG) is explained. Finally, we conclude that molecular systems having N atoms, whose geometry is between planar and tetrahedral, can be ideal molecules as sensors and molecular logic gates. Our calculated absorption and emission spectra are in excellent agreement with available experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Eleftheria Tzeliou
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, Athens 157 84, Greece
| | - Demeter Tzeli
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, Athens 157 84, Greece.,Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, Athens 116 35, Greece
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33
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Nicoli L, Giovannini T, Cappelli C. Assessing the quality of QM/MM approaches to describe vacuo-to-water solvatochromic shifts. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:214101. [PMID: 36511555 DOI: 10.1063/5.0118664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The performance of different quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics embedding models to compute vacuo-to-water solvatochromic shifts is investigated. In particular, both nonpolarizable and polarizable approaches are analyzed and computed results are compared to reference experimental data. We show that none of the approaches outperform the others and that errors strongly depend on the nature of the molecular transition to be described. Thus, we prove that the best choice of embedding model highly depends on the molecular system and that the use of a specific approach as a black box can lead to significant errors and, sometimes, totally wrong predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Nicoli
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Cappelli
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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34
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Treß RS, Liu J, Hättig C, Höfener S. Pushing the limits: Efficient wavefunction methods for excited states in complex systems using frozen-density embedding. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:204101. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0100393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Frozen density embedding (FDE) is an embedding method for complex environments that is simple for users to set up. It reduces the computation time by dividing the total system into small subsystems and approximating the interaction by a functional of their densities. Its combination with wavefunction methods is, however, limited to small- or medium-sized molecules because of the steep scaling in computation time of these methods. To mitigate this limitation, we present a combination of the FDE approach with pair natural orbitals (PNOs) in the TURBOMOLE software package. It combines the uncoupled FDE (FDEu) approach for excitation energy calculations with efficient implementations of second-order correlation methods in the ricc2 and pnoccsd programs. The performance of this combination is tested for tetraazaperopyrene (TAPP) molecular crystals. It is shown that the PNO truncation error on environment-induced shifts is significantly smaller than the shifts themselves and, thus, that the local approximations of PNO-based wavefunction methods can without the loss of relevant digits be combined with the FDE method. Computational wall times are presented for two TAPP systems. The scaling of the wall times is compared to conventional supermolecular calculations and demonstrates large computational savings for the combination of FDE- and PNO-based methods. Additionally, the behavior of excitation energies with the system size is investigated. It is found that the excitation energies converge quickly with the size of the embedding environment for the TAPPs investigated in the current study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S. Treß
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Jing Liu
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christof Hättig
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Sebastian Höfener
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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35
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Gómez S, Giovannini T, Cappelli C. Multiple Facets of Modeling Electronic Absorption Spectra of Systems in Solution. ACS PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY AU 2022; 3:1-16. [PMID: 36718266 PMCID: PMC9881242 DOI: 10.1021/acsphyschemau.2c00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this Perspective, we outline the essential physicochemical aspects that need to be considered when building a reliable approach to describe absorption properties of solvated systems. In particular, we focus on how to properly model the complexity of the solvation phenomenon, arising from dynamical aspects and specific, strong solute-solvent interactions. To this end, conformational and configurational sampling techniques, such as Molecular Dynamics, have to be coupled to accurate fully atomistic Quantum Mechanical/Molecular Mechanics (QM/MM) methodologies. By exploiting different illustrative applications, we show that an effective reproduction of experimental spectral signals can be achieved by delicately balancing exhaustive sampling, hydrogen bonding, mutual polarization, and nonelectrostatic effects.
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36
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Akarasareenon W, Chanmungkalakul S, Xiaogang L, Rashatasakhon P. Selective Fluorescent Sensors for Copper(II) ion from Julolidine Hydrazone Derivatives. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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37
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Liu X, Humeniuk A, Glover WJ. Conical Intersections in Solution with Polarizable Embedding: Integral-Exact Direct Reaction Field. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:6826-6839. [PMID: 36251342 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A common strategy to exploring the properties and reactivity of complex systems is to use quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) embedding, wherein a QM region is defined and treated with electronic structure theory, and the remainder of the system is treated with a force field. Important to the description of electronic excited states, especially those of charge-transfer character, is the treatment of the coupling between the QM and MM subsystems. The state of the art is to use a polarizable force field for the MM region and mutually couple the QM wavefunction and MM induced dipoles, in addition to the usual electrostatic embedding, yielding a polarizable embedding (QM/MM-Pol) approach. However, we showed previously that current popular QM/MM-Pol approaches exhibit issues of root flipping and/or incorrect descriptions of electronic crossings in multistate calculations [J. Chem. Theory Comput. 14, 2137 (2018)]. Here, we demonstrate a solution to these problems with an integral-exact reformulation of the direct reaction field approach of Thole and Van Duijnen (QM/MM-IEDRF). The resulting embedding potential includes one- and two-electron operators and many-body dipole-induced dipole interactions and thus includes a natural description of the screening of electron-electron interactions by the MM induced dipoles. Pauli repulsion from the environment is mimicked by effective core potentials on the MM atoms. Inherent to the DRF approach is the assumption that MM dipoles respond instantaneously to the positions of the QM electrons; therefore, dispersion interactions are captured approximately. All electronic states are eigenfunctions of the same Hamiltonian, while the polarization induced in the environment and the associated energetic stabilization are unique to each state. This allows for a consistent definition of transition properties and state crossings. We demonstrate QM/MM-IEDRF by exploring the influence of a (polarizable) inert xenon matrix environment on the conical intersection underlying the photoisomerization of ethylene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- NYU Shanghai, 1555 Century Avenue, Shanghai200122, China
| | - Alexander Humeniuk
- NYU Shanghai, 1555 Century Avenue, Shanghai200122, China.,NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai, 3663 Zhongshan Road North, Shanghai200062, China
| | - William J Glover
- NYU Shanghai, 1555 Century Avenue, Shanghai200122, China.,NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai, 3663 Zhongshan Road North, Shanghai200062, China.,Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York10003, United States
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38
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Green JA, Gómez S, Worth G, Santoro F, Improta R. Solvent Effects on Ultrafast Charge Transfer Population: Insights from the Quantum Dynamics of Guanine-Cytosine in Chloroform. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201731. [PMID: 35950519 PMCID: PMC9828530 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We study the ultrafast photoactivated dynamics of the hydrogen bonded dimer Guanine-Cytosine in chloroform solution, focusing on the population of the Guanine→Cytosine charge transfer state (GC-CT), an important elementary process for the photophysics and photochemistry of nucleic acids. We integrate a quantum dynamics propagation scheme, based on a linear vibronic model parameterized through time dependent density functional theory calculations, with four different solvation models, either implicit or explicit. On average, after 50 fs, 30∼40 % of the bright excited state population has been transferred to GC-CT. This process is thus fast and effective, especially when transferring from the Guanine bright excited states, in line with the available experimental studies. Independent of the adopted solvation model, the population of GC-CT is however disfavoured in solution with respect to the gas phase. We show that dynamical solvation effects are responsible for this puzzling result and assess the different chemical-physical effects modulating the population of CT states on the ultrafast time-scale. We also propose some simple analyses to predict how solvent can affect the population transfer between bright and CT states, showing that the effect of the solute/solvent electrostatic interactions on the energy of the CT state can provide a rather reliable indication of its possible population.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A. Green
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini-CNRVia De Amicis 95I-80145Napoli
| | - Sandra Gómez
- Department of ChemistryUniversity College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUnited Kingdom,Departamento de Química FísicaUniversity of SalamancaSalamanca37008Spain
| | - Graham Worth
- Department of ChemistryUniversity College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUnited Kingdom
| | - Fabrizio Santoro
- Istituto di Chimica die Composti Organometallici (ICCOM-CNR), Area della Ricerca del CNRVia Moruzzi 1I-56124Pisa
| | - Roberto Improta
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini-CNRVia De Amicis 95I-80145Napoli
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39
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Forde A, Freixas VM, Fernandez-Alberti S, Neukirch AJ, Tretiak S. Charge-Transfer Luminescence in a Molecular Donor-Acceptor Complex: Computational Insights. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:8755-8760. [PMID: 36099248 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Donor-acceptor molecular complexes are a popular class of materials utilizing charge-transfer states for practical applications. A recent class of donor-acceptor dyads based on the fluorescent BODIPY functionalized with triphenylamine (TPA) shows the peculiar property of dual fluorescence. It is hypothesized that instead of the sensitized charge-transfer state being optically dark, it provides an additional bright radiative pathway. Here we use time-dependent density functional theory to characterize the energetic alignment of excitonic and charge-transfer states in a BODIPY-TPA molecular complex. We observe that using a long-range exchange corrected functional in combination with state-specific solvation scheme gives a qualitatively correct alignment of the exciton and charge-transfer states and an enhancement in oscillator strength for the equilibrium solvated charge-transfer state, in agreement with experiment. This work provides rationalization of charge-transfer state emission and provides a foundation to explore charge-transfer using ab initio excited-state nonadiabatic dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Forde
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
- Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Victor M Freixas
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnologiia, Univresidad Nacional de Quilmes/CONICET, B1876BXD, Bernal, Argentina
| | | | - Amanda J Neukirch
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Sergei Tretiak
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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40
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Bondanza M, Demoulin B, Lipparini F, Barbatti M, Mennucci B. Trajectory Surface Hopping for a Polarizable Embedding QM/MM Formulation. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:6780-6789. [PMID: 36107729 PMCID: PMC9527758 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c04756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
We present the implementation of trajectory surface-hopping
nonadiabatic
dynamics for a polarizable embedding QM/MM formulation. Time-dependent
density functional theory was used at the quantum mechanical level
of theory, whereas the molecular mechanics description involved the
polarizable AMOEBA force field. This implementation has been obtained
by integrating the surface-hopping program Newton-X NS with an interface
between the Gaussian 16 and the Tinker suites of codes to calculate
QM/AMOEBA energies and forces. The implementation has been tested
on a photoinduced electron-driven proton-transfer reaction involving
pyrimidine and a hydrogen-bonded water surrounded by a small cluster
of water molecules and within a large water droplet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Bondanza
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Filippo Lipparini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Mario Barbatti
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, ICR, 13385 Marseille, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 75231 Paris, France
| | - Benedetta Mennucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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41
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Lin S, Ou Q, Peng Q, Shuai Z. Computational studies on the excited state decay rates in aggregates of two‐coordinate
Cu (I)
complexes:
Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence
and
Aggregation Induced Emis. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202200347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiyun Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Organic OptoElectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing P. R. China
| | - Qi Ou
- AI for Science Institute Beijing P. R. China
| | - Qian Peng
- School of Chemical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Shuai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Organic OptoElectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing P. R. China
- School of Science and Engineering The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen P. R. China
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42
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Barak A, Dhiman N, Sturm F, Rauch F, Lakshmanna YA, Findlay KS, Beeby A, Marder TB, Umapathy S. Excited‐State Intramolecular Charge‐Transfer Dynamics in 4‐Dimethylamino‐4’‐Cyanodiphenylacetylene: An Ultrafast Raman Loss Spectroscopic Perspective. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202200146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Barak
- Indian Institute of Science Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry 560012 Bangalore INDIA
| | - Nishant Dhiman
- Indian Institute of Science Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry 560012 Bangalore INDIA
| | - Floriane Sturm
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg: Julius-Maximilians-Universitat Wurzburg Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB) GERMANY
| | - Florian Rauch
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg: Julius-Maximilians-Universitat Wurzburg Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB) GERMANY
| | - Yapamanu Adithya Lakshmanna
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram School of Chemistry 695551 Thiruvananthapuram INDIA
| | - Karen S. Findlay
- University of Durham: Durham University Department of Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Andrew Beeby
- University of Durham: Durham University Department of Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Todd B. Marder
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg: Julius-Maximilians-Universitat Wurzburg Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB) GERMANY
| | - Siva Umapathy
- Indian Institute of Science Dept. of Inorganic and physical chemistry Raman avenue 560012 Bangalore INDIA
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43
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Ostojić BD, Stanković B, Đorđević DS, Schwerdtfeger P. Light-driven reduction of CO 2: thermodynamics and kinetics of hydride transfer reactions in benzimidazoline derivatives. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:20357-20370. [PMID: 35980288 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02867k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
CO2 capture, conversion and storage belong to the holy grail of environmental science. We therefore explore an important photochemical hydride transfer reaction of benzimidazoline derivatives with CO2 in a polar solvent (dimethylsulfoxide) by quantum-chemical methods. While the excited electronic state undergoing hydride transfer to formate (HCOO-) shows a higher reaction path barrier compared to the ground state, a charge-transfer can occur in the near-UV region with nearly barrierless access to the products involving a conical intersection between both electronic states. Such radiationless decay through the hydride transfer reaction and formation of HCCO-via excited electronic states in suitable organic compounds opens the way for future photochemical CO2 reduction. We provide a detailed analysis for the chemical CO2 reduction to the formate anion for 15 different benzimidazoline derivatives in terms of thermodynamic hydricities (ΔGH-), activation free energies (ΔG‡HT), and reaction free energies (ΔGrxn) for the chosen solvent dimethylsulfoxide at the level of density functional theory. The calculated hydricities are in the range from 35.0 to 42.0 kcal mol-1i.e. the species possess strong hydride donor abilities required for the CO2 reduction to formate, characterized by relatively low activation free energies between 18.5 and 22.2 kcal mol-1. The regeneration of the benzimidazoline can be achieved electrochemically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojana D Ostojić
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Chemistry and Engineering, Institute for Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, Belgrade 11000, Serbia.
| | - Branislav Stanković
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragana S Đorđević
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Chemistry and Engineering, Institute for Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, Belgrade 11000, Serbia.
| | - Peter Schwerdtfeger
- Centre for Theoretical Chemistry and Physics (CTCP), The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study (NZIAS), Massey University, Auckland Campus, Private Bag 102904, North Shore City, 0745 Auckland, New Zealand
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44
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Rimgard BP, Tao Z, Parada GA, Cotter LF, Hammes-Schiffer S, Mayer JM, Hammarström L. Proton-coupled energy transfer in molecular triads. Science 2022; 377:742-747. [PMID: 35862490 PMCID: PMC9597948 DOI: 10.1126/science.abq5173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
We experimentally discovered and theoretically analyzed a photochemical mechanism, which we term proton-coupled energy transfer (PCEnT). A series of anthracene-phenol-pyridine triads formed a local excited anthracene state after light excitation at a wavelength of ~400 nanometers (nm), which led to fluorescence around 550 nm from the phenol-pyridine unit. Direct excitation of phenol-pyridine would have required ~330-nm light, but the coupled proton transfer within the phenol-pyridine unit lowered its excited-state energy so that it could accept excitation energy from anthracene. Singlet-singlet energy transfer thus occurred despite the lack of spectral overlap between the anthracene fluorescence and the phenol-pyridine absorption. Moreover, theoretical calculations indicated negligible charge transfer between the anthracene and phenol-pyridine units. We construe PCEnT as an elementary reaction of possible relevance to biological systems and future photonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhen Tao
- Yale University, Department of Chemistry, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Giovanny A. Parada
- Yale University, Department of Chemistry, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- The College of New Jersey, Department of Chemistry, Ewing, NJ 08628, USA
| | - Laura F. Cotter
- Yale University, Department of Chemistry, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | | | - James M. Mayer
- Yale University, Department of Chemistry, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Leif Hammarström
- Uppsala University, Department of Chemistry, Ångström laboratory, Uppsala, Box 523, SE75120, Sweden
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45
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De Bonfils P, Sandoval‐Altamirano C, Moreau X, Nun P, Laurent AD, Gunther G, Coeffard V. Synthesis and Photophysical Characterizations of Pyrroloquinolone Photosensitizers for Singlet Oxygen Production. Photochem Photobiol 2022; 99:642-651. [PMID: 35976774 DOI: 10.1111/php.13681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of pyrroloquinolone photosensitizers bearing different halogen substituents (Cl, Br, I) on the heterocyclic framework was studied. These structures were readily prepared through a multi-step synthetic sequence involving an oxidative protocol as an important step to access the quinolone framework. Spectroscopic characterizations and computational investigations were carried out to study the dyes before and after the oxidative step. Interestingly, the fluorescence emission was significantly reduced upon oxidation. In spite of a low photostability under UV light, the pyrroloquinolone photosensitizers proved effective to produce singlet oxygen. Higher singlet oxygen quantum yields were obtained with photosensitizers bearing halogen atoms with a higher atomic number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul De Bonfils
- Nantes Université CNRS, CEISAM, UMR 6230 F‐44000 Nantes France
| | | | - Xavier Moreau
- Université Paris‐Saclay UVSQ, CNRS, Institut Lavoisier de Versailles 78035 Versailles France
| | - Pierrick Nun
- Nantes Université CNRS, CEISAM, UMR 6230 F‐44000 Nantes France
| | | | - German Gunther
- Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Departamento de Química Orgánica y Fisicoquímica, Casilla 233 Santiago 1 Chile
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46
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Nottoli M, Mazzeo P, Lipparini F, Cupellini L, Mennucci B. A ΔSCF model for excited states within a polarisable embedding. Mol Phys 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2022.2089605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Nottoli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Patrizia Mazzeo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
| | - Filippo Lipparini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cupellini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Benedetta Mennucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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47
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Luminescence of Reichardt's dye in polyelectrolyte-modified saponite colloids. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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48
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Sláma V, Cupellini L, Mennucci B. Excitonic Nature of Carotenoid–Phthalocyanine Dyads and Its Role in Transient Absorption Spectra. ACS PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY AU 2022; 2:206-215. [PMID: 35637783 PMCID: PMC9136948 DOI: 10.1021/acsphyschemau.1c00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Artificial carotenoid–tetrapyrrole
dyads have been extensively
used as model systems to understand the quenching mechanisms that
occur in light-harvesting complexes during nonphotochemical quenching.
In particular, dyads containing a carotenoid covalently linked to
a zinc phthalocyanine have been studied by transient absorption spectroscopy,
and the observed signals have been interpreted in terms of an excitonically
coupled state involving the lowest excited states of the two fragments.
If present, such excitonic delocalization would have significant implications
on the mechanism of nonphotochemical quenching. Here, we use quantum
chemical calculations to show that this delocalization is not needed
to reproduce the transient absorption spectra. On the contrary, the
observed signals can be explained through excitonic couplings in the
higher-energy manifold of states. We also argue that the covalent
linkage between the two fragments allows for electronic communications,
which complicates the analysis of the spectra based on two independent
but coupled moieties. These findings call for a more thorough reassessment
of the photophysics in these dyads and its implications in the context
of natural nonphotochemical quenching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav Sláma
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cupellini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Benedetta Mennucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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49
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Alam B, Jiang H, Zimmerman PM, Herbert JM. State-specific solvation for restricted active space spin-flip (RAS-SF) wave functions based on the polarizable continuum formalism. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:194110. [PMID: 35597663 DOI: 10.1063/5.0091636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The restricted active space spin-flip (RAS-SF) formalism is a particular form of single-reference configuration interaction that can describe some forms of strong correlation at a relatively low cost and which has recently been formulated for the description of charge-transfer excited states. Here, we introduce both equilibrium and nonequilibrium versions of a state-specific solvation correction for vertical transition energies computed using RAS-SF wave functions, based on the framework of a polarizable continuum model (PCM). Ground-state polarization is described using the solvent's static dielectric constant and in the nonequilibrium solvation approach that polarization is modified upon vertical excitation using the solvent's optical dielectric constant. Benchmark calculations are reported for well-studied models of photo-induced charge transfer, including naphthalene dimer, C2H4⋯C2F4, pentacene dimer, and perylene diimide (PDI) dimer, several of which are important in organic photovoltaic applications. For the PDI dimer, we demonstrate that the charge-transfer character of the excited states is enhanced in the presence of a low-dielectric medium (static dielectric constant ɛ0 = 3) as compared to a gas-phase calculation (ɛ0 = 1). This stabilizes mechanistic traps for singlet fission and helps to explain experimental singlet fission rates. We also examine the effects of nonequilibrium solvation on charge-separated states in an intramolecular singlet fission chromophore, where we demonstrate that the energetic ordering of the states changes as a function of solvent polarity. The RAS-SF + PCM methodology that is reported here provides a framework to study charge-separated states in solution and in photovoltaic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Alam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Hanjie Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Paul M Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - John M Herbert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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50
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Picconi D. Quantum dynamics of the photoinduced charge separation in a symmetric donor–acceptor–donor triad: The role of vibronic couplings, symmetry and temperature. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:184105. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0089887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The photoinduced charge separation in a symmetric donor–acceptor–donor (D–A–D) triad is studied quantum mechanically using a realistic diabatic vibronic coupling model. The model includes a locally excited DA*D state and two charge-transfer states D+A−D and DA−D+ and is constructed according to a procedure generally applicable to semirigid D–A–D structures and based on energies, forces, and force constants obtained by quantum chemical calculations. In this case, the electronic structure is described by time-dependent density functional theory, and the corrected linear response is used in conjunction with the polarizable continuum model to account for state-specific solvent effects. The multimode dynamics following the photoexcitation to the locally excited state are simulated by the hybrid Gaussian-multiconfigurational time-dependent Hartree method, and temperature effects are included using thermo field theory. The dynamics are connected to the transient absorption spectrum obtained in recent experiments, which is simulated and fully assigned from first principles. It is found that the charge separation is mediated by symmetry-breaking vibrations of relatively low frequency, which implies that temperature should be accounted for to obtain reliable estimates of the charge transfer rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Picconi
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany and Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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