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Pak A, Zylstra AB, Baker KL, Casey DT, Dewald E, Divol L, Hohenberger M, Moore AS, Ralph JE, Schlossberg DJ, Tommasini R, Aybar N, Bachmann B, Bionta RM, Fittinghoff D, Gatu Johnson M, Geppert Kleinrath H, Geppert Kleinrath V, Hahn KD, Rubery MS, Landen OL, Moody JD, Aghaian L, Allen A, Baxamusa SH, Bhandarkar SD, Biener J, Birge NW, Braun T, Briggs TM, Choate C, Clark DS, Crippen JW, Danly C, Döppner T, Durocher M, Erickson M, Fehrenbach T, Freeman M, Havre M, Hayes S, Hilsabeck T, Holder JP, Humbird KD, Hurricane OA, Izumi N, Kerr SM, Khan SF, Kim YH, Kong C, Jeet J, Kozioziemski B, Kritcher AL, Lamb KM, Lemos NC, MacGowan BJ, Mackinnon AJ, MacPhee AG, Marley EV, Meaney K, Millot M, Di Nicola JMG, Nikroo A, Nora R, Ratledge M, Ross JS, Shin SJ, Smalyuk VA, Stadermann M, Stoupin S, Suratwala T, Trosseille C, Van Wonterghem B, Weber CR, Wild C, Wilde C, Wooddy PT, Woodworth BN, Young CV. Observations and properties of the first laboratory fusion experiment to exceed a target gain of unity. Phys Rev E 2024; 109:025203. [PMID: 38491694 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.109.025203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
An indirect-drive inertial fusion experiment on the National Ignition Facility was driven using 2.05 MJ of laser light at a wavelength of 351 nm and produced 3.1±0.16 MJ of total fusion yield, producing a target gain G=1.5±0.1 exceeding unity for the first time in a laboratory experiment [Phys. Rev. E 109, 025204 (2024)10.1103/PhysRevE.109.025204]. Herein we describe the experimental evidence for the increased drive on the capsule using additional laser energy and control over known degradation mechanisms, which are critical to achieving high performance. Improved fuel compression relative to previous megajoule-yield experiments is observed. Novel signatures of the ignition and burn propagation to high yield can now be studied in the laboratory for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pak
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A B Zylstra
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - K L Baker
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D T Casey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - E Dewald
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - L Divol
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Hohenberger
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A S Moore
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J E Ralph
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D J Schlossberg
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Tommasini
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - N Aybar
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B Bachmann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R M Bionta
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Fittinghoff
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Gatu Johnson
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - H Geppert Kleinrath
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - V Geppert Kleinrath
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - K D Hahn
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M S Rubery
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - O L Landen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J D Moody
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - L Aghaian
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - A Allen
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - S H Baxamusa
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S D Bhandarkar
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Biener
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - N W Birge
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - T Braun
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - T M Briggs
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C Choate
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D S Clark
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J W Crippen
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - C Danly
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - T Döppner
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Durocher
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - M Erickson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | | | - M Freeman
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - M Havre
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - S Hayes
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - T Hilsabeck
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J P Holder
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - K D Humbird
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - O A Hurricane
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - N Izumi
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S M Kerr
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S F Khan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - Y H Kim
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - C Kong
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J Jeet
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B Kozioziemski
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A L Kritcher
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - K M Lamb
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - N C Lemos
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B J MacGowan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A J Mackinnon
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A G MacPhee
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - E V Marley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - K Meaney
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - M Millot
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J-M G Di Nicola
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Nikroo
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Nora
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Ratledge
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J S Ross
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S J Shin
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - V A Smalyuk
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Stadermann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Stoupin
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - T Suratwala
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C Trosseille
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B Van Wonterghem
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C R Weber
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C Wild
- Diamond Materials GmbH, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - C Wilde
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - P T Wooddy
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B N Woodworth
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C V Young
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
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Patel D, Knauer JP, Cao D, Betti R, Nora R, Shvydky A, Gopalaswamy V, Lees A, Sampat S, Donaldson WR, Regan SP, Stoeckl C, Forrest CJ, Glebov VY, Harding DR, Bonino MJ, Janezic RT, Wasilewski D, Fella C, Shuldberg C, Murray J, Guzman D, Serrato B. Effects of Laser Bandwidth in Direct-Drive High-Performance DT-Layered Implosions on the OMEGA Laser. Phys Rev Lett 2023; 131:105101. [PMID: 37739360 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.105101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
In direct-drive inertial confinement fusion, the laser bandwidth reduces the laser imprinting seed of hydrodynamic instabilities. The impact of varying bandwidth on the performance of direct-drive DT-layered implosions was studied in targets with different hydrodynamic stability properties. The stability was controlled by changing the shell adiabat from (α_{F}≃5) (more stable) to (α_{F}≃3.5) (less stable). These experiments show that the performance of lower adiabat implosions improves considerably as the bandwidth is raised indicating that further bandwidth increases, beyond the current capabilities of OMEGA, would be greatly beneficial. These results suggest that the future generation of ultra-broadband lasers could enable achieving high convergence and possibly high gains in direct drive ICF.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Patel
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, New York 14623, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - J P Knauer
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - D Cao
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - R Betti
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, New York 14623, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, New York 14623, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - R Nora
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A Shvydky
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - V Gopalaswamy
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - A Lees
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - S Sampat
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - W R Donaldson
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - S P Regan
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - C Stoeckl
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - C J Forrest
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - V Yu Glebov
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - D R Harding
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M J Bonino
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - R T Janezic
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - D Wasilewski
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - C Fella
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - C Shuldberg
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J Murray
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - D Guzman
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - B Serrato
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
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3
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Knapp PF, Lewis WE. Advanced data analysis in inertial confinement fusion and high energy density physics. Rev Sci Instrum 2023; 94:061103. [PMID: 37862494 DOI: 10.1063/5.0128661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Bayesian analysis enables flexible and rigorous definition of statistical model assumptions with well-characterized propagation of uncertainties and resulting inferences for single-shot, repeated, or even cross-platform data. This approach has a strong history of application to a variety of problems in physical sciences ranging from inference of particle mass from multi-source high-energy particle data to analysis of black-hole characteristics from gravitational wave observations. The recent adoption of Bayesian statistics for analysis and design of high-energy density physics (HEDP) and inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments has provided invaluable gains in expert understanding and experiment performance. In this Review, we discuss the basic theory and practical application of the Bayesian statistics framework. We highlight a variety of studies from the HEDP and ICF literature, demonstrating the power of this technique. Due to the computational complexity of multi-physics models needed to analyze HEDP and ICF experiments, Bayesian inference is often not computationally tractable. Two sections are devoted to a review of statistical approximations, efficient inference algorithms, and data-driven methods, such as deep-learning and dimensionality reduction, which play a significant role in enabling use of the Bayesian framework. We provide additional discussion of various applications of Bayesian and machine learning methods that appear to be sparse in the HEDP and ICF literature constituting possible next steps for the community. We conclude by highlighting community needs, the resolution of which will improve trust in data-driven methods that have proven critical for accelerating the design and discovery cycle in many application areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Knapp
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - W E Lewis
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
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Gatu Johnson M. Charged particle diagnostics for inertial confinement fusion and high-energy-density physics experiments. Rev Sci Instrum 2023; 94:021104. [PMID: 36859013 DOI: 10.1063/5.0127438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
MeV-range ions generated in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) and high-energy-density physics experiments carry a wealth of information, including fusion reaction yield, rate, and spatial emission profile; implosion areal density; electron temperature and mix; and electric and magnetic fields. Here, the principles of how this information is obtained from data and the charged particle diagnostic suite currently available at the major US ICF facilities for making the measurements are reviewed. Time-integrating instruments using image plate, radiochromic film, and/or CR-39 detectors in different configurations for ion counting, spectroscopy, or emission profile measurements are described, along with time-resolving detectors using chemical vapor deposited diamonds coupled to oscilloscopes or scintillators coupled to streak cameras for measuring the timing of ion emission. A brief description of charged-particle radiography setups for probing subject plasma experiments is also given. The goal of the paper is to provide the reader with a broad overview of available capabilities, with reference to resources where more detailed information can be found.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gatu Johnson
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Moore AS, Schlossberg DJ, Eckart MJ, Hartouni EP, Hilsabeck TJ, Jeet JS, Kerr SM, Nora RC, Kilkenny J. Constraining time-dependent ion temperature measurements in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosions with an intermediate distance neutron time-of-flight (nToF) detector. Rev Sci Instrum 2022; 93:113536. [PMID: 36461534 DOI: 10.1063/5.0099933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A concept for using an intermediate distance (0.3-3.0 m) neutron time-of-flight (nToF) to provide a constraint on the measurement of the time-dependence of ion temperature in inertial confinement fusion implosions is presented. Simulated nToF signals at different distances are generated and, with a priori knowledge of the burn-averaged quantities and burn history, analyzed to determine requirements for a future detector. Results indicate a signal-to-noise ratio >50 and time resolution <20 ps to constrain the ion temperature gradient to ∼±25% (0.5 keV/100 ps).
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Moore
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D J Schlossberg
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M J Eckart
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - E P Hartouni
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - T J Hilsabeck
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J S Jeet
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S M Kerr
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R C Nora
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Kilkenny
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
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Du X, Zhang J, Sheng L, Qiu M, Tang C. Neutron spectrum unfolding of the magnetic proton recoil spectrometer using the GRAVEL and MLEM algorithms. Fusion Engineering and Design 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2022.113284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Kunimune JH, Gatu Johnson M, Moore AS, Trosseille CA, Johnson TM, Berg GPA, Mackinnon AJ, Kilkenny JD, Frenje JA. Phased plan for the implementation of the time-resolving magnetic recoil spectrometer on the National Ignition Facility (NIF). Rev Sci Instrum 2022; 93:083511. [PMID: 36050092 DOI: 10.1063/5.0100996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The time-resolving magnetic recoil spectrometer (MRSt) is a transformative diagnostic that will be used to measure the time-resolved neutron spectrum from an inertial confinement fusion implosion at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). It uses a CD foil on the outside of the hohlraum to convert fusion neutrons to recoil deuterons. An ion-optical system positioned outside the NIF target chamber energy-disperses and focuses forward-scattered deuterons. A pulse-dilation drift tube (PDDT) subsequently dilates, un-skews, and detects the signal. While the foil and ion-optical system have been designed, the PDDT requires more development before it can be implemented. Therefore, a phased plan is presented that first uses the foil and ion-optical systems with detectors that can be implemented immediately-namely CR-39 and hDISC streak cameras. These detectors will allow the MRSt to be commissioned in an intermediate stage and begin collecting data on a reduced timescale, while the PDDT is developed in parallel. A CR-39 detector will be used in phase 1 for the measurement of the time-integrated neutron spectra with excellent energy-resolution, necessary for the energy calibration of the system. Streak cameras will be used in phase 2 for measurement of the time-resolved spectrum with limited spectral coverage, which is sufficient to diagnose the time-resolved ion temperature. Simulations are presented that predict the performance of the streak camera detector, indicating that it will achieve excellent burn history measurements at current yields, and good time-resolved ion-temperature measurements at yields above 3 × 1017. The PDDT will be used for optimal efficiency and resolution in phase 3.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - A S Moore
- LLNL, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | | | - T M Johnson
- MIT PSFC, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - G P A Berg
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | | | | | - J A Frenje
- MIT PSFC, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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8
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Gatu Johnson M, Johnson TM, Lahmann BJ, Séguin FH, Sperry B, Bhandarkar N, Bionta RM, Casco E, Casey DT, Mackinnon AJ, Masters N, Moore A, Nikroo A, Hoppe M, Mohammed R, Sweet W, Freeman C, Picciotto V, Roumell J, Frenje JA. High-yield magnetic recoil neutron spectrometer on the National Ignition Facility for operation up to 60 MJ. Rev Sci Instrum 2022; 93:083513. [PMID: 36050054 DOI: 10.1063/5.0099317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress at the National Ignition Facility (NIF), with neutron yields of order 1 × 1017, places new constraints on diagnostics used to characterize implosion performance. The Magnetic Recoil neutron Spectrometer (MRS), which is routinely used to measure yield, ion temperature (Tion), and down-scatter ratio (dsr), has been adapted to allow measurements of dsr up to 5 × 1017, and yield and Tion up to 2 × 1018 in the near term with new data processing techniques and conversion foil solutions. This paper presents a solution for extending MRS operation up to a yield of 2 × 1019 (60 MJ) by moving the spectrometer outside of the NIF shield wall. This will not only enhance the upper yield limit by 10× but also improve signal-to-background by 5×.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gatu Johnson
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - T M Johnson
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - B J Lahmann
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - F H Séguin
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - B Sperry
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - N Bhandarkar
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R M Bionta
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - E Casco
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D T Casey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A J Mackinnon
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N Masters
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A Moore
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A Nikroo
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M Hoppe
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - R Mohammed
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - W Sweet
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - C Freeman
- State University of New York at Geneseo, Geneseo, New York 14454, USA
| | - V Picciotto
- State University of New York at Geneseo, Geneseo, New York 14454, USA
| | - J Roumell
- State University of New York at Geneseo, Geneseo, New York 14454, USA
| | - J A Frenje
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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9
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Mannion OM, Crilly AJ, Forrest CJ, Appelbe BD, Betti R, Glebov VY, Gopalaswamy V, Knauer JP, Mohamed ZL, Stoeckl C, Chittenden JP, Regan SP. Measurements of the temperature and velocity of the dense fuel layer in inertial confinement fusion experiments. Phys Rev E 2022; 105:055205. [PMID: 35706215 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.105.055205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The apparent ion temperature and mean velocity of the dense deuterium tritium fuel layer of an inertial confinement fusion target near peak compression have been measured using backscatter neutron spectroscopy. The average isotropic residual kinetic energy of the dense deuterium tritium fuel is estimated using the mean velocity measurement to be ∼103 J across an ensemble of experiments. The apparent ion-temperature measurements from high-implosion velocity experiments are larger than expected from radiation-hydrodynamic simulations and are consistent with enhanced levels of shell decompression. These results suggest that high-mode instabilities may saturate the scaling of implosion performance with the implosion velocity for laser-direct-drive implosions.
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Affiliation(s)
- O M Mannion
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - A J Crilly
- Centre for Inertial Fusion Studies, The Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College, London SW72AZ, United Kingdom
| | - C J Forrest
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - B D Appelbe
- Centre for Inertial Fusion Studies, The Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College, London SW72AZ, United Kingdom
| | - R Betti
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - V Yu Glebov
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - V Gopalaswamy
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - J P Knauer
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - Z L Mohamed
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - C Stoeckl
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - J P Chittenden
- Centre for Inertial Fusion Studies, The Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College, London SW72AZ, United Kingdom
| | - S P Regan
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
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10
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Berg GPA, Frenje JA, Kunimune JH, Trosseille CA, Couder M, Kilkenny JD, Mackinnon AJ, Moore AS, Waltz CS, Wiescher MC. Design of the ion-optics for the MRSt neutron spectrometer at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). Rev Sci Instrum 2022; 93:033505. [PMID: 35364969 DOI: 10.1063/5.0080991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A new Magnetic Recoil Spectrometer (MRSt) is designed to provide time-resolved measurements of the energy spectrum of neutrons emanating from an inertial confinement fusion implosion at the National Ignition Facility. At present, time integrated parameters are being measured using the existing magnet recoil and neutron time-of-flight spectrometers. The capability of high energy resolution of 2 keV and the extension to high time resolution of about 20 ps are expected to improve our understanding of conditions required for successful fusion experiments. The layout, ion-optics, and specifications of the MRSt will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P A Berg
- Department of Physics, Notre Dame College of Science, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - J A Frenje
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J H Kunimune
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C A Trosseille
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M Couder
- Department of Physics, Notre Dame College of Science, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - J D Kilkenny
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - A J Mackinnon
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A S Moore
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C S Waltz
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M C Wiescher
- Department of Physics, Notre Dame College of Science, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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11
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Lahmann B, Johnson MG, Frenje JA, Birkel AJ, Adrian PJ, Kabadi N, Kunimune JH, Johnson TM, Pearcy JA, Reichelt BL, Séguin FH, Sutcliffe G, Petrasso RD. Extension of charged-particle spectrometer capabilities for diagnosing implosions on OMEGA, Z, and the NIF. Rev Sci Instrum 2021; 92:083506. [PMID: 34470381 DOI: 10.1063/5.0062584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
New designs and a new analysis technique have been developed for an existing compact charged-particle spectrometer on the NIF and OMEGA. The new analysis technique extends the capabilities of this diagnostic to measure arbitrarily shaped ion spectra down to 1 MeV with yields as low as 106. Three different designs are provided optimized for the measurement of DD protons, T3He deuterons, and 3He3He protons. The designs are highly customizable, and a generalized framework is provided for optimizing the design for alternative applications. Additionally, the understanding of the detector's response and uncertainties is greatly expanded upon. A new calibration procedure is also developed to increase the precision of the measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lahmann
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Gatu Johnson
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J A Frenje
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A J Birkel
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - P J Adrian
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - N Kabadi
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J H Kunimune
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - T M Johnson
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J A Pearcy
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - B L Reichelt
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - F H Séguin
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - G Sutcliffe
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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12
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Schlossberg DJ, Bionta RM, Casey DT, Eckart MJ, Fittinghoff DN, Geppert-Kleinrath V, Grim GP, Hahn KD, Hartouni EP, Jeet J, Kerr SM, Mackinnon AJ, Moore AS, Volegov PL. Three-dimensional diagnostics and measurements of inertial confinement fusion plasmas. Rev Sci Instrum 2021; 92:053526. [PMID: 34243327 DOI: 10.1063/5.0043853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent inertial confinement fusion measurements have highlighted the importance of 3D asymmetry effects on implosion performance. One prominent example is the bulk drift velocity of the deuterium-tritium plasma undergoing fusion ("hotspot"), vHS. Upgrades to the National Ignition Facility neutron time-of-flight diagnostics now provide vHS to better than 1 part in 104 and enable cross correlations with other measurements. This work presents the impact of vHS on the neutron yield, downscatter ratio, apparent ion temperature, electron temperature, and 2D x-ray emission. The necessary improvements to diagnostic suites to take these measurements are also detailed. The benefits of using cross-diagnostic analysis to test hotspot models and theory are discussed, and cross-shot trends are shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Schlossberg
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R M Bionta
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D T Casey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M J Eckart
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D N Fittinghoff
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | | | - G P Grim
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - K D Hahn
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - E P Hartouni
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Jeet
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S M Kerr
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A J Mackinnon
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A S Moore
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - P L Volegov
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87185, USA
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13
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Mannion OM, Woo KM, Crilly AJ, Forrest CJ, Frenje JA, Johnson MG, Glebov VY, Knauer JP, Mohamed ZL, Romanofsky MH, Stoeckl C, Theobald W, Regan SP. Reconstructing 3D asymmetries in laser-direct-drive implosions on OMEGA. Rev Sci Instrum 2021; 92:033529. [PMID: 33819982 DOI: 10.1063/5.0043514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional reconstruction algorithms have been developed, which determine the hot-spot velocity, hot-spot apparent ion temperature distribution, and fuel areal-density distribution present in laser-direct-drive inertial confinement fusion implosions on the OMEGA laser. These reconstructions rely on multiple independent measurements of the neutron energy spectrum emitted from the fusing plasma. Measurements of the neutron energy spectrum on OMEGA are made using a suite of quasi-orthogonal neutron time-of-flight detectors and a magnetic recoil spectrometer. These spectrometers are positioned strategically around the OMEGA target chamber to provide unique 3D measurements of the conditions of the fusing hot spot and compressed fuel near peak compression. The uncertainties involved in these 3D reconstructions are discussed and are used to identify a new nTOF diagnostic line of sight, which when built will reduce the uncertainty in the hot-spot apparent ion temperature distribution from 700 to <400 eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- O M Mannion
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - K M Woo
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - A J Crilly
- Centre for Inertial Fusion Studies, The Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College, London SW72AZ, United Kingdom
| | - C J Forrest
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - J A Frenje
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Gatu Johnson
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - V Yu Glebov
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - J P Knauer
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - Z L Mohamed
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M H Romanofsky
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - C Stoeckl
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - W Theobald
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - S P Regan
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
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14
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Kunimune JH, Frenje JA, Berg GPA, Trosseille CA, Nora RC, Waltz CS, Moore AS, Kilkenny JD, Mackinnon AJ. Top-level physics requirements and simulated performance of the MRSt on the National Ignition Facility. Rev Sci Instrum 2021; 92:033514. [PMID: 33820013 DOI: 10.1063/5.0040745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The time-resolving Magnetic Recoil Spectrometer (MRSt) for the National Ignition Facility (NIF) has been identified by the US National Diagnostic Working Group as one of the transformational diagnostics that will reshape the way inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosions are diagnosed. The MRSt will measure the time-resolved neutron spectrum of an implosion, from which the time-resolved ion temperature, areal density, and yield will be inferred. Top-level physics requirements for the MRSt were determined based on simulations of numerous ICF implosions with varying degrees of alpha heating, P2 asymmetry, and mix. Synthetic MRSt data were subsequently generated for different configurations using Monte-Carlo methods to determine its performance in relation to the requirements. The system was found to meet most requirements at current neutron yields at the NIF. This work was supported by the DOE and LLNL.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Kunimune
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J A Frenje
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - G P A Berg
- Department of Physics, Notre Dame College of Science, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - C A Trosseille
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R C Nora
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C S Waltz
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A S Moore
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J D Kilkenny
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A J Mackinnon
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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15
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Gatu Johnson M, Aguirre B, Armstrong J, Fooks JA, Forrest C, Frenje JA, Glebov VY, Hoppe M, Katz J, Knauer JP, Martin W, Parker CE, Reynolds HG, Schoff ME, Séguin FH, Sorce C, Sperry B, Stoeckl C, Petrasso RD. Using millimeter-sized carbon-deuterium foils for high-precision deuterium-tritium neutron spectrum measurements in direct-drive inertial confinement fusion at the OMEGA laser facility. Rev Sci Instrum 2021; 92:023503. [PMID: 33648107 DOI: 10.1063/5.0040549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Millimeter-sized CD foils fielded close (order mm) to inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosions have been proposed as a game-changer for improving energy resolution and allowing time-resolution in neutron spectrum measurements using the magnetic recoil technique. This paper presents results from initial experiments testing this concept for direct drive ICF at the OMEGA Laser Facility. While the foils are shown to produce reasonable signals, inferred spectral broadening is seen to be high (∼5 keV) and signal levels are low (by ∼20%) compared to expectation. Before this type of foil is used for precision experiments, the foil mount must be improved, oxygen uptake in the foils must be better characterized, and impact of uncontrolled foil motion prior to detection must be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gatu Johnson
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - B Aguirre
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - J Armstrong
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - J A Fooks
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - C Forrest
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - J A Frenje
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - V Yu Glebov
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M Hoppe
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J Katz
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - J P Knauer
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - W Martin
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - C E Parker
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - H G Reynolds
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - M E Schoff
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - F H Séguin
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C Sorce
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - B Sperry
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C Stoeckl
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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16
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Zylstra AB, Kritcher AL, Hurricane OA, Callahan DA, Baker K, Braun T, Casey DT, Clark D, Clark K, Döppner T, Divol L, Hinkel DE, Hohenberger M, Kong C, Landen OL, Nikroo A, Pak A, Patel P, Ralph JE, Rice N, Tommasini R, Schoff M, Stadermann M, Strozzi D, Weber C, Young C, Wild C, Town RPJ, Edwards MJ. Record Energetics for an Inertial Fusion Implosion at NIF. Phys Rev Lett 2021; 126:025001. [PMID: 33512226 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.025001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Inertial confinement fusion seeks to create burning plasma conditions in a spherical capsule implosion, which requires efficiently absorbing the driver energy in the capsule, transferring that energy into kinetic energy of the imploding DT fuel and then into internal energy of the fuel at stagnation. We report new implosions conducted on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) with several improvements on recent work [Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 245003 (2018)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.120.245003; Phys. Rev. E 102, 023210 (2020)PRESCM2470-004510.1103/PhysRevE.102.023210]: larger capsules, thicker fuel layers to mitigate fuel-ablator mix, and new symmetry control via cross-beam energy transfer; at modest velocities, these experiments achieve record values for the implosion energetics figures of merit as well as fusion yield for a NIF experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Zylstra
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A L Kritcher
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - O A Hurricane
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D A Callahan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - K Baker
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - T Braun
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D T Casey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D Clark
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - K Clark
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - T Döppner
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - L Divol
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D E Hinkel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M Hohenberger
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C Kong
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - O L Landen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A Nikroo
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A Pak
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - P Patel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J E Ralph
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N Rice
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - R Tommasini
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M Schoff
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - M Stadermann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D Strozzi
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C Weber
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C Young
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C Wild
- Diamond Materials Gmbh, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - R P J Town
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M J Edwards
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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17
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Lahmann B, Gatu Johnson M, Hahn KD, Frenje JA, Ampleford DJ, Jones B, Mangan MA, Maurer A, Ruiz CL, Séguin FH, Petrasso RD. A neutron recoil-spectrometer for measuring yield and determining liner areal densities at the Z facility. Rev Sci Instrum 2020; 91:073501. [PMID: 32752812 DOI: 10.1063/5.0011499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A proof-of-principle CR-39 based neutron-recoil-spectrometer was built and fielded on the Z facility. Data from this experiment match indium activation yields within a factor of 2 using simplified instrument response function models. The data also demonstrate the need for neutron shielding in order to infer liner areal densities. A new shielded design has been developed. The spectrometer is expected to achieve signal-to-background greater than 2 for the down-scattered neutron signal and greater than 30 for the primary signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lahmann
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Gatu Johnson
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - K D Hahn
- Pulsed Power Sciences Center at Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - J A Frenje
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - D J Ampleford
- Pulsed Power Sciences Center at Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - B Jones
- Pulsed Power Sciences Center at Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - M A Mangan
- Pulsed Power Sciences Center at Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - A Maurer
- Pulsed Power Sciences Center at Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - C L Ruiz
- Pulsed Power Sciences Center at Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - F H Séguin
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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18
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Lahmann B, Gatu Johnson M, Frenje JA, Glebov YY, Rinderknecht HG, Séguin FH, Sutcliffe G, Petrasso RD. CR-39 nuclear track detector response to inertial confinement fusion relevant ions. Rev Sci Instrum 2020; 91:053502. [PMID: 32486747 DOI: 10.1063/5.0004129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The detection properties of CR-39 were investigated for protons, deuterons, and tritons of various energies. Two models for the relationship between the track diameter and particle energy are presented and demonstrated to match experimental data for all three species. Data demonstrate that CR-39 has 100% efficiency for protons between 1 MeV and 4 MeV, deuterons between 1 MeV and 12.2 MeV, and tritons between 1 MeV and 10 MeV. The true upper bounds for deuterons and tritons exceed what could be measured in data. Simulations were developed to further explore the properties of CR-39 and suggest that the diameter-energy relationship of alpha particles cannot be captured by the conventional c-parameter model. These findings provide confidence in CR-39 track diameter based spectroscopy of all three species and provide invaluable insight for designing filtering for all CR-39 based diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lahmann
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Gatu Johnson
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J A Frenje
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Y Yu Glebov
- University of Rochester Laboratory For Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - H G Rinderknecht
- University of Rochester Laboratory For Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - F H Séguin
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - G Sutcliffe
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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19
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Gopalaswamy V, Betti R, Knauer JP, Luciani N, Patel D, Woo KM, Bose A, Igumenshchev IV, Campbell EM, Anderson KS, Bauer KA, Bonino MJ, Cao D, Christopherson AR, Collins GW, Collins TJB, Davies JR, Delettrez JA, Edgell DH, Epstein R, Forrest CJ, Froula DH, Glebov VY, Goncharov VN, Harding DR, Hu SX, Jacobs-Perkins DW, Janezic RT, Kelly JH, Mannion OM, Maximov A, Marshall FJ, Michel DT, Miller S, Morse SFB, Palastro J, Peebles J, Radha PB, Regan SP, Sampat S, Sangster TC, Sefkow AB, Seka W, Shah RC, Shmyada WT, Shvydky A, Stoeckl C, Solodov AA, Theobald W, Zuegel JD, Johnson MG, Petrasso RD, Li CK, Frenje JA. Tripled yield in direct-drive laser fusion through statistical modelling. Nature 2019; 565:581-586. [PMID: 30700868 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-0877-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Focusing laser light onto a very small target can produce the conditions for laboratory-scale nuclear fusion of hydrogen isotopes. The lack of accurate predictive models, which are essential for the design of high-performance laser-fusion experiments, is a major obstacle to achieving thermonuclear ignition. Here we report a statistical approach that was used to design and quantitatively predict the results of implosions of solid deuterium-tritium targets carried out with the 30-kilojoule OMEGA laser system, leading to tripling of the fusion yield to its highest value so far for direct-drive laser fusion. When scaled to the laser energies of the National Ignition Facility (1.9 megajoules), these targets are predicted to produce a fusion energy output of about 500 kilojoules-several times larger than the fusion yields currently achieved at that facility. This approach could guide the exploration of the vast parameter space of thermonuclear ignition conditions and enhance our understanding of laser-fusion physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Gopalaswamy
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA. .,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - R Betti
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - J P Knauer
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - N Luciani
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.,Dipartimento di Energetica, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - D Patel
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - K M Woo
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - A Bose
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.,Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - I V Igumenshchev
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - E M Campbell
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - K S Anderson
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - K A Bauer
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - M J Bonino
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - D Cao
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - A R Christopherson
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - G W Collins
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - T J B Collins
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - J R Davies
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - J A Delettrez
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - D H Edgell
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - R Epstein
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - C J Forrest
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - D H Froula
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - V Y Glebov
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - V N Goncharov
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - D R Harding
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - S X Hu
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - D W Jacobs-Perkins
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - R T Janezic
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - J H Kelly
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - O M Mannion
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - A Maximov
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - F J Marshall
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - D T Michel
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - S Miller
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - S F B Morse
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - J Palastro
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - J Peebles
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - P B Radha
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - S P Regan
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - S Sampat
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - T C Sangster
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - A B Sefkow
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - W Seka
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - R C Shah
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - W T Shmyada
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - A Shvydky
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - C Stoeckl
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - A A Solodov
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - W Theobald
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - J D Zuegel
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - M Gatu Johnson
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - C K Li
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - J A Frenje
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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20
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Parker CE, Frenje JA, Johnson MG, Schlossberg DJ, Reynolds HG, Hopkins LB, Bionta R, Casey DT, Felker SJ, Hilsabeck TJ, Kilkenny JD, Li CK, Mackinnon AJ, Robey H, Schoff ME, Séguin FH, Wink CW, Petrasso RD. Implementation of the foil-on-hohlraum technique for the magnetic recoil spectrometer for time-resolved neutron measurements at the National Ignition Facility. Rev Sci Instrum 2018; 89:113508. [PMID: 30501287 DOI: 10.1063/1.5052184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The next-generation Magnetic Recoil Spectrometer, called MRSt, will provide time-resolved measurements of the deuterium-tritium-neutron spectrum from inertial confinement fusion implosions at the National Ignition Facility. These measurements will provide critical information about the time evolution of the fuel assembly, hot-spot formation, and nuclear burn. The absolute neutron spectrum in the energy range of 12-16 MeV will be measured with high accuracy (∼5%), unprecedented energy resolution (∼100 keV) and, for the first time ever, time resolution (∼20 ps). Crucial to the design of the system is a CD conversion foil for the production of recoil deuterons positioned as close to the implosion as possible. The foil-on-hohlraum technique has been demonstrated by placing a 1-mm-diameter, 40-μm-thick CD foil on the hohlraum diagnostic band along the line-of-sight of the current time-integrated MRS system, which measured the recoil deuterons. In addition to providing validation of the foil-on-hohlraum technique for the MRSt design, substantial improvement of the MRS energy resolution has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Parker
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J A Frenje
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Gatu Johnson
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - D J Schlossberg
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - H G Reynolds
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - L Berzak Hopkins
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R Bionta
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D T Casey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S J Felker
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | | | - J D Kilkenny
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - C K Li
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A J Mackinnon
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - H Robey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M E Schoff
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - F H Séguin
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C W Wink
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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21
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Gatu Johnson M, Katz J, Forrest C, Frenje JA, Glebov VY, Li CK, Paguio R, Parker CE, Robillard C, Sangster TC, Schoff M, Séguin FH, Stoeckl C, Petrasso RD. Measurement of apparent ion temperature using the magnetic recoil spectrometer at the OMEGA laser facility. Rev Sci Instrum 2018; 89:10I129. [PMID: 30399924 DOI: 10.1063/1.5035287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Magnetic Recoil neutron Spectrometer (MRS) at the OMEGA laser facility has been routinely used to measure deuterium-tritium (DT) yield and areal density in cryogenically layered implosions since 2008. Recently, operation of the OMEGA MRS in higher-resolution mode with a new smaller, thinner (4 cm2, 57 μm thick) CD2 conversion foil has also enabled inference of the apparent DT ion temperature (T ion) from MRS data. MRS-inferred T ion compares well with T ion as measured using neutron time-of-flight spectrometers, which is important as it demonstrates good understanding of the very different systematics associated with the two independent measurements. The MRS resolution in this configuration, ΔE MRS = 0.91 MeV FWHM, is still higher than that required for a high-precision T ion measurement. We show how fielding a smaller foil closer to the target chamber center and redesigning the MRS detector array could bring the resolution to ΔE MRS = 0.45 MeV, reducing the systematic T ion uncertainty by more than a factor of 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gatu Johnson
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J Katz
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - C Forrest
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - J A Frenje
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - V Yu Glebov
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - C K Li
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R Paguio
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - C E Parker
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C Robillard
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - T C Sangster
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M Schoff
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - F H Séguin
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C Stoeckl
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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22
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Le Pape S, Berzak Hopkins LF, Divol L, Pak A, Dewald EL, Bhandarkar S, Bennedetti LR, Bunn T, Biener J, Crippen J, Casey D, Edgell D, Fittinghoff DN, Gatu-Johnson M, Goyon C, Haan S, Hatarik R, Havre M, Ho DDM, Izumi N, Jaquez J, Khan SF, Kyrala GA, Ma T, Mackinnon AJ, MacPhee AG, MacGowan BJ, Meezan NB, Milovich J, Millot M, Michel P, Nagel SR, Nikroo A, Patel P, Ralph J, Ross JS, Rice NG, Strozzi D, Stadermann M, Volegov P, Yeamans C, Weber C, Wild C, Callahan D, Hurricane OA. Fusion Energy Output Greater than the Kinetic Energy of an Imploding Shell at the National Ignition Facility. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 120:245003. [PMID: 29956968 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.245003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A series of cryogenic, layered deuterium-tritium (DT) implosions have produced, for the first time, fusion energy output twice the peak kinetic energy of the imploding shell. These experiments at the National Ignition Facility utilized high density carbon ablators with a three-shock laser pulse (1.5 MJ in 7.5 ns) to irradiate low gas-filled (0.3 mg/cc of helium) bare depleted uranium hohlraums, resulting in a peak hohlraum radiative temperature ∼290 eV. The imploding shell, composed of the nonablated high density carbon and the DT cryogenic layer, is, thus, driven to velocity on the order of 380 km/s resulting in a peak kinetic energy of ∼21 kJ, which once stagnated produced a total DT neutron yield of 1.9×10^{16} (shot N170827) corresponding to an output fusion energy of 54 kJ. Time dependent low mode asymmetries that limited further progress of implosions have now been controlled, leading to an increased compression of the hot spot. It resulted in hot spot areal density (ρr∼0.3 g/cm^{2}) and stagnation pressure (∼360 Gbar) never before achieved in a laboratory experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Le Pape
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - L F Berzak Hopkins
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - L Divol
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A Pak
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - E L Dewald
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S Bhandarkar
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - L R Bennedetti
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - T Bunn
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Biener
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Crippen
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - D Casey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D Edgell
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14636, USA
| | - D N Fittinghoff
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M Gatu-Johnson
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C Goyon
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S Haan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R Hatarik
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M Havre
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - D D-M Ho
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N Izumi
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Jaquez
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - S F Khan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - G A Kyrala
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - T Ma
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A J Mackinnon
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A G MacPhee
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - B J MacGowan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N B Meezan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Milovich
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M Millot
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - P Michel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S R Nagel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A Nikroo
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - P Patel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Ralph
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J S Ross
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N G Rice
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - D Strozzi
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M Stadermann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - P Volegov
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - C Yeamans
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C Weber
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C Wild
- Diamond Materials Gmbh, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - D Callahan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - O A Hurricane
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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23
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Yu B, Liu S, Chen Z, Huang T, Jiang W, Chen B, Pu Y, Yan J, Zhang X, Song Z, Tang Q, Hou L, Ding Y, Zheng J. Coaxial CVD diamond detector for neutron diagnostics at ShenGuang III laser facility. Rev Sci Instrum 2017; 88:063506. [PMID: 28667965 DOI: 10.1063/1.4989698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A coaxial, high performance diamond detector has been developed for neutron diagnostics of inertial confinement fusion at ShenGuangIII laser facility. A Φ10 mm × 1 mm "optical grade" chemical-vapor deposition diamond wafer is assembled in coaxial-designing housing, and the signal is linked to a SubMiniature A connector by the cathode cone. The coaxial diamond detector performs excellently for neutron measurement with the full width at half maximum of response time to be 444 ps for a 50 Ω measurement system. The average sensitivity is 0.677 μV ns/n for 14 MeV (DT fusion) neutrons at an electric field of 1000 V/mm, and the linear dynamic range is beyond three orders of magnitude. The ion temperature results fluctuate widely from the neutron time-of-flight scintillator detector results because of the short flight length. These characteristics of small size, large linear dynamic range, and insensitive to x-ray make the diamond detector suitable to measure the neutron yield, ion temperature, and neutron emission time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yu
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Shenye Liu
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Zhongjing Chen
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Tianxuan Huang
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Bolun Chen
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Yudong Pu
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Ji Yan
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Zifeng Song
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Qi Tang
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Lifei Hou
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Yongkun Ding
- Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jian Zheng
- Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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24
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Reynolds HG, Schoff ME, Farrell MP, Johnson MG, Bionta RM, Frenje JA. Improvements in Fabrication of Elastic Scattering Foils Used to Measure Neutron Yield by the Magnetic Recoil Spectrometer. Fusion Science and Technology 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst15-235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. G. Reynolds
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186
| | - M. E. Schoff
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186
| | - M. P. Farrell
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186
| | - M. Gatu Johnson
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - R. M. Bionta
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - J. A. Frenje
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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25
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Wink CW, Frenje JA, Hilsabeck TJ, Bionta R, Khater HY, Gatu Johnson M, Kilkenny JD, Li CK, Séguin FH, Petrasso RD. Signal and background considerations for the MRSt on the National Ignition Facility (NIF). Rev Sci Instrum 2016; 87:11D808. [PMID: 27910587 DOI: 10.1063/1.4958938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A Magnetic Recoil Spectrometer (MRSt) has been conceptually designed for time-resolved measurements of the neutron spectrum at the National Ignition Facility. Using the MRSt, the goals are to measure the time-evolution of the spectrum with a time resolution of ∼20-ps and absolute accuracy better than 5%. To meet these goals, a detailed understanding and optimization of the signal and background characteristics are required. Through ion-optics, MCNP simulations, and detector-response calculations, it is demonstrated that the goals and a signal-to background >5-10 for the down-scattered neutron measurement are met if the background, consisting of ambient neutrons and gammas, at the MRSt is reduced 50-100 times.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Wink
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J A Frenje
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | | | - R Bionta
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - H Y Khater
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M Gatu Johnson
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J D Kilkenny
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - C K Li
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - F H Séguin
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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26
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Yeamans CB, Gharibyan N. A neutron activation spectrometer and neutronic experimental platform for the National Ignition Facility (invited). Rev Sci Instrum 2016; 87:11D702. [PMID: 27910563 DOI: 10.1063/1.4962871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
At the National Ignition Facility, the diagnostic instrument manipulator-based neutron activation spectrometer is used as a diagnostic of implosion performance for inertial confinement fusion experiments. Additionally, it serves as a platform for independent neutronic experiments and may be connected to fast recording systems for neutron effect tests on active electronics. As an implosion diagnostic, the neutron activation spectrometers are used to quantify fluence of primary DT neutrons, downscattered neutrons, and neutrons above the primary DT neutron energy created by reactions of upscattered D and T in flight. At a primary neutron yield of 1015 and a downscattered fraction of neutrons in the 10-12 MeV energy range of 0.04, the downscattered neutron fraction can be measured to a relative uncertainty of 8%. Significant asymmetries in downscattered neutrons have been observed. Spectrometers have been designed and fielded to measure the tritium-tritium and deuterium-tritium neutron outputs simultaneously in experiments using DT/TT fusion ratio as a direct measure of mix of ablator into the gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Yeamans
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N Gharibyan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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Frenje JA, Hilsabeck TJ, Wink CW, Bell P, Bionta R, Cerjan C, Gatu Johnson M, Kilkenny JD, Li CK, Séguin FH, Petrasso RD. The magnetic recoil spectrometer (MRSt) for time-resolved measurements of the neutron spectrum at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). Rev Sci Instrum 2016; 87:11D806. [PMID: 27910467 DOI: 10.1063/1.4959164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The next-generation magnetic recoil spectrometer for time-resolved measurements of the neutron spectrum has been conceptually designed for the National Ignition Facility. This spectrometer, called MRSt, represents a paradigm shift in our thinking about neutron spectrometry for inertial confinement fusion applications, as it will provide simultaneously information about the burn history and time evolution of areal density (ρR), apparent ion temperature (Ti), yield (Yn), and macroscopic flows during burn. From this type of data, an assessment of the evolution of the fuel assembly, hotspot, and alpha heating can be made. According to simulations, the MRSt will provide accurate data with a time resolution of ∼20 ps and energy resolution of ∼100 keV for total neutron yields above ∼1016. At lower yields, the diagnostic will be operated at a higher-efficiency, lower-energy-resolution mode to provide a time resolution of ∼20 ps.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Frenje
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | | | - C W Wink
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - P Bell
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R Bionta
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C Cerjan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M Gatu Johnson
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J D Kilkenny
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - C K Li
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - F H Séguin
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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28
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Gatu Johnson M, Frenje JA, Bionta RM, Casey DT, Eckart MJ, Farrell MP, Grim GP, Hartouni EP, Hatarik R, Hoppe M, Kilkenny JD, Li CK, Petrasso RD, Reynolds HG, Sayre DB, Schoff ME, Séguin FH, Skulina K, Yeamans CB. High-resolution measurements of the DT neutron spectrum using new CD foils in the Magnetic Recoil neutron Spectrometer (MRS) on the National Ignition Facility. Rev Sci Instrum 2016; 87:11D816. [PMID: 27910455 DOI: 10.1063/1.4959946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The Magnetic Recoil neutron Spectrometer (MRS) on the National Ignition Facility measures the DT neutron spectrum from cryogenically layered inertial confinement fusion implosions. Yield, areal density, apparent ion temperature, and directional fluid flow are inferred from the MRS data. This paper describes recent advances in MRS measurements of the primary peak using new, thinner, reduced-area deuterated plastic (CD) conversion foils. The new foils allow operation of MRS at yields 2 orders of magnitude higher than previously possible, at a resolution down to ∼200 keV FWHM.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gatu Johnson
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J A Frenje
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R M Bionta
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D T Casey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M J Eckart
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M P Farrell
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - G P Grim
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - E P Hartouni
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R Hatarik
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M Hoppe
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J D Kilkenny
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - C K Li
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - H G Reynolds
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - D B Sayre
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M E Schoff
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - F H Séguin
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - K Skulina
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C B Yeamans
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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29
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Gatu Johnson M, Knauer JP, Cerjan CJ, Eckart MJ, Grim GP, Hartouni EP, Hatarik R, Kilkenny JD, Munro DH, Sayre DB, Spears BK, Bionta RM, Bond EJ, Caggiano JA, Callahan D, Casey DT, Döppner T, Frenje JA, Glebov VY, Hurricane O, Kritcher A, LePape S, Ma T, Mackinnon A, Meezan N, Patel P, Petrasso RD, Ralph JE, Springer PT, Yeamans CB. Indications of flow near maximum compression in layered deuterium-tritium implosions at the National Ignition Facility. Phys Rev E 2016; 94:021202. [PMID: 27627237 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.94.021202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An accurate understanding of burn dynamics in implosions of cryogenically layered deuterium (D) and tritium (T) filled capsules, obtained partly through precision diagnosis of these experiments, is essential for assessing the impediments to achieving ignition at the National Ignition Facility. We present measurements of neutrons from such implosions. The apparent ion temperatures T_{ion} are inferred from the variance of the primary neutron spectrum. Consistently higher DT than DD T_{ion} are observed and the difference is seen to increase with increasing apparent DT T_{ion}. The line-of-sight rms variations of both DD and DT T_{ion} are small, ∼150eV, indicating an isotropic source. The DD neutron yields are consistently high relative to the DT neutron yields given the observed T_{ion}. Spatial and temporal variations of the DT temperature and density, DD-DT differential attenuation in the surrounding DT fuel, and fluid motion variations contribute to a DT T_{ion} greater than the DD T_{ion}, but are in a one-dimensional model insufficient to explain the data. We hypothesize that in a three-dimensional interpretation, these effects combined could explain the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gatu Johnson
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J P Knauer
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - C J Cerjan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M J Eckart
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - G P Grim
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - E P Hartouni
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R Hatarik
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J D Kilkenny
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - D H Munro
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D B Sayre
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - B K Spears
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R M Bionta
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - E J Bond
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J A Caggiano
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D Callahan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D T Casey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - T Döppner
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J A Frenje
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - V Yu Glebov
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - O Hurricane
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A Kritcher
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S LePape
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - T Ma
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A Mackinnon
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N Meezan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - P Patel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J E Ralph
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - P T Springer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C B Yeamans
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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30
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Rinderknecht HG, Rojas-Herrera J, Zylstra AB, Frenje JA, Gatu Johnson M, Sio H, Sinenian N, Rosenberg MJ, Li CK, Séguin FH, Petrasso RD, Filkins T, Steidle JA, Steidle JA, Traynor N, Freeman C. Impact of x-ray dose on track formation and data analysis for CR-39-based proton diagnostics. Rev Sci Instrum 2015; 86:123511. [PMID: 26724031 DOI: 10.1063/1.4938161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear track detector CR-39 is used extensively for charged particle diagnosis, in particular proton spectroscopy, at inertial confinement fusion facilities. These detectors can absorb x-ray doses from the experiments in the order of 1-100 Gy, the effects of which are not accounted for in the previous detector calibrations. X-ray dose absorbed in the CR-39 has previously been shown to affect the track size of alpha particles in the detector, primarily due to a measured reduction in the material bulk etch rate [Rojas-Herrera et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 86, 033501 (2015)]. Similar to the previous findings for alpha particles, protons with energies in the range 0.5-9.1 MeV are shown to produce tracks that are systematically smaller as a function of the absorbed x-ray dose in the CR-39. The reduction of track size due to x-ray dose is found to diminish with time between exposure and etching if the CR-39 is stored at ambient temperature, and complete recovery is observed after two weeks. The impact of this effect on the analysis of data from existing CR-39-based proton diagnostics on OMEGA and the National Ignition Facility is evaluated and best practices are proposed for cases in which the effect of x rays is significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Rinderknecht
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J Rojas-Herrera
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A B Zylstra
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J A Frenje
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Gatu Johnson
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - H Sio
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - N Sinenian
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M J Rosenberg
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C K Li
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - F H Séguin
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - T Filkins
- State University of New York at Geneseo, Geneseo, New York 14454, USA
| | | | - Jessica A Steidle
- State University of New York at Geneseo, Geneseo, New York 14454, USA
| | - N Traynor
- State University of New York at Geneseo, Geneseo, New York 14454, USA
| | - C Freeman
- State University of New York at Geneseo, Geneseo, New York 14454, USA
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31
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Zhang J, Ouyang X, Qiu S, Zhang G, Ruan J, Zhang X, Zhang X, Yang S, Song J, Liu L, Li H. Development of a compact magnetic proton recoil spectrometer for measurement of deuterium-tritium neutrons. Rev Sci Instrum 2015; 86:125115. [PMID: 26724081 DOI: 10.1063/1.4939010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A new compact magnetic proton recoil (MPR) neutron spectrometer has been designed for precise measurement of deuterium-tritium (DT) neutrons. This design is presented emphasizing the magnetic analyzing system, which is based on a compact quadrupole-dipole (QD) electromagnet. The focal plane detector (FPD) is also discussed with respect to application for the next step. The characteristics of the MPR spectrometer were calculated by using Monte Carlo simulation. A preliminary experiment was performed to test the magnetic analyzing system and the proton images of the FPD. Since the QD electromagnet design allows for a larger foil thickness and solid angle to be utilized, the MPR spectrometer defined in this paper can achieve neutron detection efficiency more than 5 × 10(-7) at an energy resolution of 1.5% for measuring DT neutrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfu Zhang
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoping Ouyang
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Suizheng Qiu
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoguang Zhang
- Applied Institute of Nuclear Technology, China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing 102413, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinlu Ruan
- Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi'an 710024, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi'an 710024, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianpeng Zhang
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaohua Yang
- Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi'an 710024, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiwen Song
- Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi'an 710024, People's Republic of China
| | - Linyue Liu
- Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi'an 710024, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyun Li
- Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi'an 710024, People's Republic of China
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32
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Gatu Johnson M, Frenje JA, Li CK, Séguin FH, Petrasso RD, Bionta RM, Casey DT, Caggiano JA, Hatarik R, Khater HY, Sayre DB, Knauer JP, Sangster TC, Herrmann HW, Kilkenny JD. Measurements of fuel and ablator ρR in Symmetry-Capsule implosions with the Magnetic Recoil neutron Spectrometer (MRS) on the National Ignition Facility. Rev Sci Instrum 2014; 85:11E104. [PMID: 25430283 DOI: 10.1063/1.4886418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The Magnetic Recoil neutron Spectrometer (MRS) on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) measures the neutron spectrum in the energy range of 4-20 MeV. This paper describes MRS measurements of DT-fuel and CH-ablator ρR in DT gas-filled symmetry-capsule implosions at the NIF. DT-fuel ρR's of 80-140 mg/cm(2) and CH-ablator ρR's of 400-680 mg/cm(2) are inferred from MRS data. The measurements were facilitated by an improved correction of neutron-induced background in the low-energy part of the MRS spectrum. This work demonstrates the accurate utilization of the complete MRS-measured neutron spectrum for diagnosing NIF DT implosions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gatu Johnson
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J A Frenje
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C K Li
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - F H Séguin
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R M Bionta
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D T Casey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J A Caggiano
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R Hatarik
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - H Y Khater
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D B Sayre
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J P Knauer
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - T C Sangster
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - H W Herrmann
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J D Kilkenny
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
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33
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Zylstra AB, Gatu Johnson M, Frenje JA, Séguin FH, Rinderknecht HG, Rosenberg MJ, Sio HW, Li CK, Petrasso RD, McCluskey M, Mastrosimone D, Glebov VY, Forrest C, Stoeckl C, Sangster TC. A compact neutron spectrometer for characterizing inertial confinement fusion implosions at OMEGA and the NIF. Rev Sci Instrum 2014; 85:063502. [PMID: 24985814 DOI: 10.1063/1.4880203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A compact spectrometer for measurements of the primary deuterium-tritium neutron spectrum has been designed and implemented on the OMEGA laser facility [T. Boehly et al., Opt. Commun. 133, 495 (1997)]. This instrument uses the recoil spectrometry technique, where neutrons produced in an implosion elastically scatter protons in a plastic foil, which are subsequently detected by a proton spectrometer. This diagnostic is currently capable of measuring the yield to ~±10% accuracy, and mean neutron energy to ~±50 keV precision. As these compact spectrometers can be readily placed at several locations around an implosion, effects of residual fuel bulk flows during burn can be measured. Future improvements to reduce the neutron energy uncertainty to ±15-20 keV are discussed, which will enable measurements of fuel velocities to an accuracy of ~±25-40 km/s.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Zylstra
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Gatu Johnson
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J A Frenje
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - F H Séguin
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - H G Rinderknecht
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M J Rosenberg
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - H W Sio
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C K Li
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M McCluskey
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - D Mastrosimone
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - V Yu Glebov
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - C Forrest
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - C Stoeckl
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - T C Sangster
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
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Hahn KD, Cooper GW, Ruiz CL, Fehl DL, Chandler GA, Knapp PF, Leeper RJ, Nelson AJ, Smelser RM, Torres JA. Fusion-neutron-yield, activation measurements at the Z accelerator: design, analysis, and sensitivity. Rev Sci Instrum 2014; 85:043507. [PMID: 24784607 DOI: 10.1063/1.4870779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We present a general methodology to determine the diagnostic sensitivity that is directly applicable to neutron-activation diagnostics fielded on a wide variety of neutron-producing experiments, which include inertial-confinement fusion (ICF), dense plasma focus, and ion beam-driven concepts. This approach includes a combination of several effects: (1) non-isotropic neutron emission; (2) the 1/r(2) decrease in neutron fluence in the activation material; (3) the spatially distributed neutron scattering, attenuation, and energy losses due to the fielding environment and activation material itself; and (4) temporally varying neutron emission. As an example, we describe the copper-activation diagnostic used to measure secondary deuterium-tritium fusion-neutron yields on ICF experiments conducted on the pulsed-power Z Accelerator at Sandia National Laboratories. Using this methodology along with results from absolute calibrations and Monte Carlo simulations, we find that for the diagnostic configuration on Z, the diagnostic sensitivity is 0.037% ± 17% counts/neutron per cm(2) and is ∼ 40% less sensitive than it would be in an ideal geometry due to neutron attenuation, scattering, and energy-loss effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Hahn
- Sandia National Laboratories, Diagnostics and Target Physics, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - G W Cooper
- Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - C L Ruiz
- Sandia National Laboratories, Diagnostics and Target Physics, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - D L Fehl
- Sandia National Laboratories, Diagnostics and Target Physics, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - G A Chandler
- Sandia National Laboratories, Diagnostics and Target Physics, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - P F Knapp
- Sandia National Laboratories, Diagnostics and Target Physics, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - R J Leeper
- Los Alamos National Laboratories, Plasma Physics Group, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - A J Nelson
- Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - R M Smelser
- Sandia National Laboratories, Diagnostics and Target Physics, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - J A Torres
- Sandia National Laboratories, Diagnostics and Target Physics, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
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