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Huang J, Li S, Qin J, Xu L, Zhu X, Yang LM. Facile Modification of a Noncovalently Fused-Ring Electron Acceptor Enables Efficient Organic Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:45806-45814. [PMID: 34523905 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c11412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Electron acceptors with nonfused aromatic cores (NCAs) have aroused increasing interest in organic solar cells due to the low synthetic complexity and flexible chemical modification, but the corresponding device performance still lags behind. Herein, we designed and synthesized two new quinoxaline-based NCAs, namely, QOC6-4H and QOC6-4Cl. Although both NCAs show good backbone coplanarity, QOC6-4Cl with chlorinated end groups exhibits higher extinction coefficient, enhanced crystallinity, and more compact π-π stacking, which is correlated with the stronger intermolecular interactions induced by chlorine atoms. Benefiting from the broader and stronger optical absorption, improved carrier mobilities, and suppressed charge recombination, a notable power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 12.32% with a distinctly higher short-current density (Jsc) of 22.91 mA cm-2 and a fill factor (FF) of 69.01% could be obtained for the PBDB-T:QOC6-4Cl-based device. The PCEs of PBDB-T:QOC6-4H were only lower than 8%, which could mainly be attributed to the unsymmetric charge transport. Our work proves that the chlorination of end groups is a facile and effective strategy to enhance the intermolecular interactions and thus the photovoltaic performance of NCAs, and a careful modulation of the intermolecular interactions plays a vital role in further developing both high-performance and low-cost organic photovoltaic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Sunsun Li
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Jinzhao Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Lei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Xiaozhang Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Lian-Ming Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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2
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Chen W, Tang H, Li N, Scheel MA, Xie Y, Li D, Körstgens V, Schwartzkopf M, Roth SV, Wang K, Sun XW, Müller-Buschbaum P. Colloidal PbS quantum dot stacking kinetics during deposition via printing. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2020; 5:880-885. [PMID: 32129402 DOI: 10.1039/d0nh00008f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal PbS quantum dots (QDs) are attractive for solution-processed thin-film optoelectronic applications. In particular, directly achieving QD thin-films by printing is a very promising method for low-cost and large-scale fabrication. The kinetics of QD particles during the deposition process play an important role in the QD film quality and their respective optoelectronic performance. In this work, the particle self-organization behavior of small-sized QDs with an average diameter of 2.88 ± 0.36 nm is investigated for the first time in situ during printing by grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS). The time-dependent changes in peak intensities suggest that the structure formation and phase transition of QD films happen within 30 seconds. The stacking of QDs is initialized by a templating effect, and a face-centered cubic (FCC) film forms in which a superlattice distortion is also found. A body-centered cubic nested FCC stacking is the final QD assembly layout. The small size of the inorganic QDs and the ligand collapse during the solvent evaporation can well explain this stacking behavior. These results provide important fundamental understanding of structure formation of small-sized QD based films prepared via large-scale deposition with printing with a slot die coater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.
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Chumakov AP, Napolskii KS, Petukhov AV, Snigirev AA, Snigireva II, Roslyakov IV, Grigoriev SV. High-resolution SAXS setup with tuneable resolution in direct and reciprocal space: a new tool to study ordered nanostructures. J Appl Crystallogr 2019. [DOI: 10.1107/s1600576719011221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel compact small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) setup with tuneable resolution in both direct and reciprocal space has been designed and tested for the study of nanostructured materials with a hierarchical structure. The setup exploits a set of compound refractive lenses that focus the X-ray beam at the detector position. Anodic alumina membranes with a self-ordered porous structure were chosen as test samples. The setup allows patterns to be collected with a minimum scattering vector value of 0.001 nm−1 and gives the possibility for an easy continuous switch between taking high-resolution statistically averaged diffraction data of macroscopically large sample volumes and lower-resolution diffraction on a small single domain of the anodic aluminium oxide film. It is revealed that the pores are longitudinal and their ordering within each domain tends towards the ideal hexagonal structure, whereas the in-plane orientation of the pore arrays changes from domain to domain. The possible advantages and disadvantages of the proposed compact SAXS scheme are discussed.
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Narikovich A, Polikarpov M, Barannikov A, Klimova N, Lushnikov A, Lyatun I, Bourenkov G, Zverev D, Panormov I, Sinitsyn A, Snigireva I, Snigirev A. CRL-based ultra-compact transfocator for X-ray focusing and microscopy. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2019; 26:1208-1212. [PMID: 31274445 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577519005708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A new ultra-compact transfocator (UCTF) based on X-ray compound refractive lenses (CRLs) is presented. The device can be used to change the number of one- and two-dimensional focusing CRLs by moving the individual parabolic lenses one-by-one independently, thus providing permanent energy and focal-length tunability for scanning and full-field X-ray microscopy applications. The small overall size and light weight of the device allow it to be integrated in any synchrotron beamline, while even simplifying the experimental layout. The UCTF was tested at the Excillium MetalJet microfocus X-ray source and at the P14 EMBL (PETRA-III) beamline, demonstrating high mechanical stability and lens positioning repeatability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Narikovich
- Immauel Kant Baltic Federal University, Nevskogo 14, 236041 Kaliningrad, Russian Federation
| | - Maxim Polikarpov
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Unit, Notkestraße 85, 25a, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Barannikov
- Immauel Kant Baltic Federal University, Nevskogo 14, 236041 Kaliningrad, Russian Federation
| | - Nataliya Klimova
- Immauel Kant Baltic Federal University, Nevskogo 14, 236041 Kaliningrad, Russian Federation
| | - Anatoly Lushnikov
- Immauel Kant Baltic Federal University, Nevskogo 14, 236041 Kaliningrad, Russian Federation
| | - Ivan Lyatun
- Immauel Kant Baltic Federal University, Nevskogo 14, 236041 Kaliningrad, Russian Federation
| | - Gleb Bourenkov
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Unit, Notkestraße 85, 25a, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dmitrii Zverev
- Immauel Kant Baltic Federal University, Nevskogo 14, 236041 Kaliningrad, Russian Federation
| | - Igor Panormov
- Immauel Kant Baltic Federal University, Nevskogo 14, 236041 Kaliningrad, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander Sinitsyn
- Immauel Kant Baltic Federal University, Nevskogo 14, 236041 Kaliningrad, Russian Federation
| | - Irina Snigireva
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, BP 220, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Anatoly Snigirev
- Immauel Kant Baltic Federal University, Nevskogo 14, 236041 Kaliningrad, Russian Federation
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Abstract
Refraction is a well-known optical phenomenon that alters the direction of light waves propagating through matter. Microscopes, lenses and prisms based on refraction are indispensable tools for controlling light beams at visible, infrared, ultraviolet and X-ray wavelengths1. In the past few decades, a range of extreme-ultraviolet and soft-X-ray sources has been developed in laboratory environments2-4 and at large-scale facilities5,6. But the strong absorption of extreme-ultraviolet radiation in matter hinders the development of refractive lenses and prisms in this spectral region, for which reflective mirrors and diffractive Fresnel zone plates7 are instead used for focusing. Here we demonstrate control over the refraction of extreme-ultraviolet radiation by using a gas jet with a density gradient across the profile of the extreme-ultraviolet beam. We produce a gas-phase prism that leads to a frequency-dependent deflection of the beam. The strong deflection near to atomic resonances is further used to develop a deformable refractive lens for extreme-ultraviolet radiation, with low absorption and a focal length that can be tuned by varying the gas pressure. Our results open up a route towards the transfer of refraction-based techniques, which are well established in other spectral regions, to the extreme-ultraviolet domain.
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Zykov A, Bommel S, Wolf C, Pithan L, Weber C, Beyer P, Santoro G, Rabe JP, Kowarik S. Diffusion and nucleation in multilayer growth of PTCDI-C8 studied with in situ X-ray growth oscillations and real-time small angle X-ray scattering. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:052803. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4961460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anton Zykov
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstr. 15, 12489 Berlin,
Germany
| | - Sebastian Bommel
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstr. 15, 12489 Berlin,
Germany
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg,
Germany
| | - Christopher Wolf
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstr. 15, 12489 Berlin,
Germany
| | - Linus Pithan
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstr. 15, 12489 Berlin,
Germany
| | - Christopher Weber
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstr. 15, 12489 Berlin,
Germany
| | - Paul Beyer
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstr. 15, 12489 Berlin,
Germany
| | - Gonzalo Santoro
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg,
Germany
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM-CSIC), c/Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid,
Spain
| | - Jürgen P. Rabe
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstr. 15, 12489 Berlin,
Germany
- IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Zum Großen Windkanal 6, 12489 Berlin,
Germany
| | - Stefan Kowarik
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstr. 15, 12489 Berlin,
Germany
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Schwartzkopf M, Roth SV. Investigating Polymer-Metal Interfaces by Grazing Incidence Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering from Gradients to Real-Time Studies. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2016; 6:E239. [PMID: 28335367 PMCID: PMC5302712 DOI: 10.3390/nano6120239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Tailoring the polymer-metal interface is crucial for advanced material design. Vacuum deposition methods for metal layer coating are widely used in industry and research. They allow for installing a variety of nanostructures, often making use of the selective interaction of the metal atoms with the underlying polymer thin film. The polymer thin film may eventually be nanostructured, too, in order to create a hierarchy in length scales. Grazing incidence X-ray scattering is an advanced method to characterize and investigate polymer-metal interfaces. Being non-destructive and yielding statistically relevant results, it allows for deducing the detailed polymer-metal interaction. We review the use of grazing incidence X-ray scattering to elucidate the polymer-metal interface, making use of the modern synchrotron radiation facilities, allowing for very local studies via in situ (so-called "stop-sputter") experiments as well as studies observing the nanostructured metal nanoparticle layer growth in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephan V Roth
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany.
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Philipp M, Körstgens V, Magerl D, Heller C, Yao Y, Wang W, Santoro G, Roth SV, Müller-Buschbaum P. Sorption of Water and Initial Stages of Swelling of Thin PNIPAM Films Using in Situ GISAXS Microfluidics. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:9619-9627. [PMID: 26280809 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b01978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The sorption of low-molecular penetrants by thin polymer films, as well as structural changes provoked therein, is of high relevance for many fields of application. Complex permeation, diffusion, swelling, and dissolution processes are often induced within films by solvents or gases. Here, we use a novel in situ microfluidics-grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) setup to examine changes in film thickness and in the surface structure of a thin polymer film that sorbs a good solvent. Thus, this technique is highly complementary to the established techniques on the field of diffusion in polymers. The initial stages of water uptake and swelling are resolved for a 50 nm thin, hydrophilic poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) film, before its dissolution sets in. The initial stages of swelling are tentatively described by anomalous swelling induced by a time- and space-dependent diffusion coefficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Philipp
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Volker Körstgens
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - David Magerl
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Christoph Heller
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Yuan Yao
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Weijia Wang
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Gonzalo Santoro
- Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) , Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephan V Roth
- Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) , Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
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9
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Altinpinar S, Zhao H, Ali W, Kappes RS, Schuchardt P, Salehi S, Santoro G, Theato P, Roth SV, Gutmann JS. Distortion of Ultrathin Photocleavable Block Copolymer Films during Photocleavage and Nanopore Formation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:8947-52. [PMID: 26161944 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Highly ordered block copolymer thin films have been studied extensively during the last years because they afford versatile self-assembled morphologies via a bottom-up approach. They promise to be used in applications such as polymeric membranes or templates for nanostructured materials. Among the block copolymer structures, perpendicular cylinders have received strong attention due to their ability to fabricate highly ordered nanopores and nanowires. Nanopores can be created from a thin block copolymer film upon the removal of one block by selective etching or by dissolution of one polymer block. Here we demonstrate the utilization of polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene oxide) diblock copolymer (PS-hν-PEO) with an ortho-nitrobenzyl ester (ONB) as the photocleavable block-linker to create highly ordered thin films. Removal of the PEO block by choosing an appropriate solvent upon photocleavage is expected to yield arrays of nanopores decorated with functional groups, thus lending itself to adsorption or filtration uses. While the feasibility of this approach has been demonstrated, it is crucial to understand the influence of removal conditions (i.e., efficiency of photocleavage as well as best washing solvent) and to evaluate changes in the surface topology and inner structure upon photocleavage. To this end, the time dependence evolution of the surface morphology of block copolymer thin films was studied using grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) technique in combination with scanning probe microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedakat Altinpinar
- †Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 2, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | | | - Wael Ali
- †Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 2, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Ralf S Kappes
- §Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum Nord-West gGmbH, Adlerstraße 1, 47798 Krefeld, Germany
| | - Patrick Schuchardt
- †Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 2, 45141 Essen, Germany
- §Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum Nord-West gGmbH, Adlerstraße 1, 47798 Krefeld, Germany
| | - Sahar Salehi
- §Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum Nord-West gGmbH, Adlerstraße 1, 47798 Krefeld, Germany
- ∥WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, 980-8577 Sendai, Japan
| | | | | | - Stephan V Roth
- ⊥Photon Science, DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jochen S Gutmann
- †Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 2, 45141 Essen, Germany
- §Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum Nord-West gGmbH, Adlerstraße 1, 47798 Krefeld, Germany
- ∥WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, 980-8577 Sendai, Japan
- #CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Carl-Benz-Strasse 199, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
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Schwartzkopf M, Santoro G, Brett CJ, Rothkirch A, Polonskyi O, Hinz A, Metwalli E, Yao Y, Strunskus T, Faupel F, Müller-Buschbaum P, Roth SV. Real-Time Monitoring of Morphology and Optical Properties during Sputter Deposition for Tailoring Metal-Polymer Interfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:13547-56. [PMID: 26030314 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b02901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The reproducible low-cost fabrication of functional metal-polymer nanocomposites with tailored optoelectronic properties for advanced applications remains a major challenge in applied nanotechnology. To obtain full control over the nanostructural evolution at the metal-polymer interface and its impact on optoelectronic properties, we employed combined in situ time-resolved microfocus grazing incidence small angle X-ray scattering (μGISAXS) with in situ UV/vis specular reflectance spectroscopy (SRS) during sputter deposition of gold on thin polystyrene films. On the basis of the temporal evolution of the key scattering features in the real-time μGISAXS experiment, we directly observed four different growth regimes: nucleation, isolated island growth, growth of larger aggregates via partial coalescence, and continuous layer growth. Moreover, their individual thresholds were identified with subnanometer resolution and correlated to the changes in optical properties. During sputter deposition, a change in optical reflectivity of the pristine gray-blue PS film was observed ranging from dark blue color due to the presence of isolated nanoclusters at the interface to bright red color from larger Au aggregates. We used simplified geometrical assumptions to model the evolution of average real space parameters (distance, size, density, contact angle) in excellent agreement with the qualitative observation of key scattering features. A decrease of contact angles was observed during the island-to-percolation transition and confirmed by simulations. Furthermore, a surface diffusion coefficient according to the kinetic freezing model and interfacial energy of Au on PS at room temperature were calculated based on a real-time experiment. The morphological characterization is complemented by X-ray reflectivity, optical, and electron microscopy. Our study permits a better understanding of the growth kinetics of gold clusters and their self-organization into complex nanostructures on polymer substrates. It opens up the opportunity to improve nanofabrication and tailoring of metal-polymer nanostructures for optoelectronic applications, organic photovoltaics, and plasmonic-enhanced technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schwartzkopf
- †Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestr. 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gonzalo Santoro
- †Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestr. 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Calvin J Brett
- †Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestr. 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - André Rothkirch
- †Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestr. 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oleksandr Polonskyi
- ‡Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Institut für Materialwissenschaft, Christian Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kaiserstr.2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Alexander Hinz
- ‡Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Institut für Materialwissenschaft, Christian Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kaiserstr.2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Ezzeldin Metwalli
- §Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Yuan Yao
- §Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Thomas Strunskus
- ‡Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Institut für Materialwissenschaft, Christian Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kaiserstr.2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Franz Faupel
- ‡Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Institut für Materialwissenschaft, Christian Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kaiserstr.2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- §Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Stephan V Roth
- †Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestr. 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
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11
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Yao Y, Metwalli E, Su B, Körstgens V, Moseguí González D, Miasnikova A, Laschewsky A, Opel M, Santoro G, Roth SV, Müller-Buschbaum P. Arrangement of Maghemite Nanoparticles via Wet Chemical Self-Assembly in PS-b-PNIPAM Diblock Copolymer Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:13080-13091. [PMID: 26001128 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b03308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The structure and magnetic behavior of hybrid films composed of maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) nanoparticles (NPs) and an asymmetric diblock copolymer (DBC) polystyrene61-block-polyN-isopropylacrylamide115 are investigated. The NPs are coated with PS chains, which allow for a selective incorporation inside the PS domains at different NP concentrations. Upon incorporation of low amounts of NPs into the DBC thin films, the initial parallel (to film surface) cylinder morphology changes to a well ordered, perpendicularly oriented one. The characteristic domain distance of the DBC is increased due to the swelling of the PS domains with NPs. At higher NP concentrations, the excess NPs which can no longer be embedded in the PS domains, are accumulated at the film surface, and NP aggregates form. Irrespective of NP concentration, a superparamagnetic behavior of the metal oxide-DBC hybrid films is found. Such superparamagnetic properties make the established hybrid films interesting for high density magnetic storage media and thermoresponsive magnetic sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yao
- †Technische Universität München, Physik-Department, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Ezzeldin Metwalli
- †Technische Universität München, Physik-Department, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Bo Su
- †Technische Universität München, Physik-Department, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Volker Körstgens
- †Technische Universität München, Physik-Department, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Daniel Moseguí González
- †Technische Universität München, Physik-Department, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Anna Miasnikova
- ‡Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Andre Laschewsky
- ‡Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- §Fraunhofer Institut für Angewandte Polymerforschung IAP, Geiselbergstrasse 69, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Matthias Opel
- ∥Walther-Meissner-Institut, Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Walther-Meissner-Strasse 8, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Gonzalo Santoro
- ⊥Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
- #Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, ICMM-CSIC, sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Stephan V Roth
- ⊥Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- †Technische Universität München, Physik-Department, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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12
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Reinke SK, Roth SV, Santoro G, Vieira J, Heinrich S, Palzer S. Tracking Structural Changes in Lipid-based Multicomponent Food Materials due to Oil Migration by Microfocus Small-Angle X-ray Scattering. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:9929-9936. [PMID: 25894460 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b02092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
One of the major problems in the confectionery industry is chocolate fat blooming, that is, the formation of white defects on the chocolate surface due to fat crystals. Nevertheless, the mechanism responsible for the formation of chocolate fat blooming is not fully understood yet. Chocolate blooming is often related to the migration of lipids to the surface followed by subsequent recrystallization. Here, the migration pathway of oil into a cocoa butter matrix with different dispersed particles was investigated by employing microfocus small-angle X-ray scattering and contact angle measurements. Our results showed that the chocolate powders get wet by the oil during the migration process and that the oil is migrating into the pores within seconds. Subsequently, cocoa butter is dissolved by the oil, and thus, its characteristic crystalline structure is lost. The chemical process provoked by the dissolution is also reflected by microscopical changes of the surface morphology of chocolate model samples after several hours from the addition of oil to the sample. Finally, the surface morphology was investigated before and after oil droplet exposure and compared to that of water exposure, whereby water seems to physically migrate through the particles, namely cocoa powder, sucrose, and milk powder, which dissolve in the presence of water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja K Reinke
- †Institute of Solids Process Engineering and Particle Technology, Denickestr. 15, 21075 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephan V Roth
- ‡Photon Science, DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Josélio Vieira
- §Nestlé Product Technology Centre York, P.O. Box 204, Haxby Road, York YO91 1XY, England, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Heinrich
- †Institute of Solids Process Engineering and Particle Technology, Denickestr. 15, 21075 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Palzer
- ∥Nestlé SA, Avenue Nestlé 55, 1800 Vevey, Switzerland
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13
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Bahadur J, Sen D, Mazumder S, Santoro G, Yu S, Roth SV, Melnichenko YB. Colloidal Nanoparticle Interaction Transition during Solvent Evaporation Investigated by in-Situ Small-Angle X-ray Scattering. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:4612-4618. [PMID: 25839830 DOI: 10.1021/la504769k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In-situ scanning small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments have been performed to probe the drying of a single suspended droplet of silica colloids. It has been demonstrated that the formation of a nanoparticle shell during drying can be confirmed just by measuring the temporal evolution of the spatial transmission profile across the drying droplet. The shrinkage of the droplet stops once the shell is formed. The temporal dependence of the shell thickness and droplet radius has been estimated by quantitative analysis of the functionality of the transmission profiles. It is revealed that the position of the correlation peak originating from interactions between silica nanoparticles evolves linearly during the initial stage of drying and exhibits sigmoidal growth behavior in later stages. The interaction between colloidal particles in different drying stages has been investigated. We provide experimental confirmation of the transition from repulsive interaction to a capillary-driven short-range attraction during shell formation. The present work demonstrates that in-situ scanning SAXS on a suspended droplet is an invaluable technique for monitoring the dynamic self-organization of colloids as it probes the drying of complex fluids without the interference of a substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bahadur
- †Solid State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
- ‡Biology and Soft Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - D Sen
- †Solid State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - S Mazumder
- †Solid State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - G Santoro
- §Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestr. 85 D-22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - S Yu
- §Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestr. 85 D-22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - S V Roth
- §Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestr. 85 D-22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Y B Melnichenko
- ‡Biology and Soft Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
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14
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Silva BFB, Zepeda-Rosales M, Venkateswaran N, Fletcher BJ, Carter LG, Matsui T, Weiss TM, Han J, Li Y, Olsson U, Safinya CR. Nematic director reorientation at solid and liquid interfaces under flow: SAXS studies in a microfluidic device. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:4361-71. [PMID: 25396748 PMCID: PMC4400036 DOI: 10.1021/la5034614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work we investigate the interplay between flow and boundary condition effects on the orientation field of a thermotropic nematic liquid crystal under flow and confinement in a microfluidic device. Two types of experiments were performed using synchrotron small-angle X-ray-scattering (SAXS). In the first, a nematic liquid crystal flows through a square-channel cross section at varying flow rates, while the nematic director orientation projected onto the velocity/velocity gradient plane is measured using a 2D detector. At moderate-to-high flow rates, the nematic director is predominantly aligned in the flow direction, but with a small tilt angle of ∼±11° in the velocity gradient direction. The director tilt angle is constant throughout most of the channel width but switches sign when crossing the center of the channel, in agreement with the Ericksen-Leslie-Parodi (ELP) theory. At low flow rates, boundary conditions begin to dominate, and a flow profile resembling the escaped radial director configuration is observed, where the director is seen to vary more smoothly from the edges (with homeotropic alignment) to the center of the channel. In the second experiment, hydrodynamic focusing is employed to confine the nematic phase into a sheet of liquid sandwiched between two layers of Triton X-100 aqueous solutions. The average nematic director orientation shifts to some extent from the flow direction toward the liquid boundaries, although it remains unclear if one tilt angle is dominant through most of the nematic sheet (with abrupt jumps near the boundaries) or if the tilt angle varies smoothly between two extreme values (∼90 and 0°). The technique presented here could be applied to perform high-throughput measurements for assessing the influence of different surfactants on the orientation of nematic phases and may lead to further improvements in areas such as boundary lubrication and clarifying the nature of defect structures in LC displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno F. B. Silva
- Department of Materials, Department
of Physics and Department of
Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Division
of Physical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
- E-mail:
| | - Miguel Zepeda-Rosales
- Department of Materials, Department
of Physics and Department of
Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Neeraja Venkateswaran
- Department of Materials, Department
of Physics and Department of
Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Bretton J. Fletcher
- Department of Materials, Department
of Physics and Department of
Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | | | - Tsutomu Matsui
- Stanford
Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Thomas M. Weiss
- Stanford
Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Jun Han
- Paul
Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Youli Li
- Department of Materials, Department
of Physics and Department of
Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Ulf Olsson
- Division
of Physical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Cyrus R. Safinya
- Department of Materials, Department
of Physics and Department of
Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- E-mail:
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15
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Peterson VK, Papadakis CM. Functional materials analysis using in situ and in operando X-ray and neutron scattering. IUCRJ 2015; 2:292-304. [PMID: 25866665 PMCID: PMC4392421 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252514026062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In situ and in operando studies are commonplace and necessary in functional materials research. This review highlights recent developments in the analysis of functional materials using state-of-the-art in situ and in operando X-ray and neutron scattering and analysis. Examples are given covering a number of important materials areas, alongside a description of the types of information that can be obtained and the experimental setups used to acquire them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa K. Peterson
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, New South Wales 2232, Australia
| | - Christine M. Papadakis
- Physik-Department, Fachgebiet Physik weicher Materie, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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16
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Körstgens V, Pröller S, Buchmann T, Moseguí González D, Song L, Yao Y, Wang W, Werhahn J, Santoro G, Roth SV, Iglev H, Kienberger R, Müller-Buschbaum P. Laser-ablated titania nanoparticles for aqueous processed hybrid solar cells. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:2900-4. [PMID: 25623567 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr06782g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Titania nanoparticles are produced by laser ablation in liquid in order to initiate functionalization of titania with the polymer for the active layer. By combining these titania nanoparticles and water-soluble poly[3-(potassium-6-hexanoate)thiophene-2,5-diyl] (P3P6T) hybrid solar cells are realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Körstgens
- Technische Universität München, Physik-Department, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.
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17
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Wang W, Pröller S, Niedermeier MA, Körstgens V, Philipp M, Su B, Moseguí González D, Yu S, Roth SV, Müller-Buschbaum P. Development of the morphology during functional stack build-up of P3HT:PCBM bulk heterojunction solar cells with inverted geometry. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:602-610. [PMID: 25495375 DOI: 10.1021/am5067749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Highly efficient poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT):phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) bulk heterojunction solar cells are achieved by using an inverted geometry. The development of the morphology is investigated as a function of the multilayer stack assembling during the inverted solar cell preparation. Atomic force microscopy is used to reveal the surface morphology of each stack, and the inner structure is probed with grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering. It is found that the smallest domain size of P3HT is introduced by replicating the fluorine-doped tin oxide structure underneath. The structure sizes of the P3HT:PCBM active layer are further optimized after thermal annealing. Compared to devices with standard geometry, the P3HT:PCBM layer in the inverted solar cells shows smaller domain sizes, which are much closer to the exciton diffusion length in the polymer. The decrease in domain sizes is identified as the main reason for the improvement of the device performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijia Wang
- Technische Universität München , Physik-Department, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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18
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Wernecke J, Okuda H, Ogawa H, Siewert F, Krumrey M. Depth-Dependent Structural Changes in PS-b-P2VP Thin Films Induced by Annealing. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma500642d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Wernecke
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestrasse 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hiroshi Okuda
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyoto University, Yoshida Honmachi, Sakyoku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ogawa
- SPring-8, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute , 1-1-1, Kouto,
Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Frank Siewert
- Institute
Nanometre Optics and Technology, Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin (HZB), Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Krumrey
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestrasse 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
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19
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Patra S, Sen D, Pandey AK, Bahadur J, Mazumder S, Ramagiri SV, Bellare JR, Roth SV, Santoro G, Yu S, Goswami A. Time resolved growth of membrane stabilized silver NPs and their catalytic activity. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra10400e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth kinetics of membrane stabilized silver nanoparticles have been studied for the first time with time resolved in situ SAXS. The catalytic application of nanocomposite membranes thus formed has also been explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabyasachi Patra
- Radiochemistry Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai-400 085, India
| | - Debasis Sen
- Solid State Physics Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai-400 085, India
| | - Ashok K. Pandey
- Radiochemistry Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai-400 085, India
| | - J. Bahadur
- Solid State Physics Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai-400 085, India
| | - S. Mazumder
- Solid State Physics Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai-400 085, India
| | | | - Jayesh R. Bellare
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- I.I.T. Bombay
- Mumbai 400 076, India
| | - S. V. Roth
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
- Hamburg, Germany
| | - G. Santoro
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
- Hamburg, Germany
| | - S. Yu
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
- Hamburg, Germany
| | - A. Goswami
- Radiochemistry Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai-400 085, India
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