1
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Muhunthan P, Li H, Vignat G, Toro ER, Younes K, Sun Y, Sokaras D, Weiss T, Rajkovic I, Osaka T, Inoue I, Song S, Sato T, Zhu D, Fulton JL, Ihme M. A versatile pressure-cell design for studying ultrafast molecular-dynamics in supercritical fluids using coherent multi-pulse x-ray scattering. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2024; 95:013901. [PMID: 38170817 PMCID: PMC10771079 DOI: 10.1063/5.0158497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Supercritical fluids (SCFs) can be found in a variety of environmental and industrial processes. They exhibit an anomalous thermodynamic behavior, which originates from their fluctuating heterogeneous micro-structure. Characterizing the dynamics of these fluids at high temperature and high pressure with nanometer spatial and picosecond temporal resolution has been very challenging. The advent of hard x-ray free electron lasers has enabled the development of novel multi-pulse ultrafast x-ray scattering techniques, such as x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) and x-ray pump x-ray probe (XPXP). These techniques offer new opportunities for resolving the ultrafast microscopic behavior in SCFs at unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution, unraveling the dynamics of their micro-structure. However, harnessing these capabilities requires a bespoke high-pressure and high-temperature sample system that is optimized to maximize signal intensity and address instrument-specific challenges, such as drift in beamline components, x-ray scattering background, and multi-x-ray-beam overlap. We present a pressure cell compatible with a wide range of SCFs with built-in optical access for XPCS and XPXP and discuss critical aspects of the pressure cell design, with a particular focus on the design optimization for XPCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Muhunthan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Haoyuan Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Guillaume Vignat
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Edna R. Toro
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Khaled Younes
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Yanwen Sun
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | | | - Thomas Weiss
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Ivan Rajkovic
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Taito Osaka
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Ichiro Inoue
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Sanghoon Song
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Takahiro Sato
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Diling Zhu
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - John L. Fulton
- Chemical and Materials Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
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2
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Baulu N, Langlais M, Dugas P, Thuilliez J, Jean‐Baptiste‐dit‐Dominique F, Lansalot M, Boisson C, D'Agosto F. Ethylene‐Coordinative Chain‐Transfer Polymerization‐Induced Self‐Assembly (CCTPISA). Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202089. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Baulu
- Université Lyon 1 CPE Lyon CNRS UMR 5128 Laboratoire CP2M Équipe PCM 43 Bd du 11 Nov. 1918 69616 Villeurbanne, CEDEX France
- Manufacture des pneumatiques Michelin 23 Place des Carmes Dechaux 63040 Clermont-Ferrand France
| | - Marvin Langlais
- Université Lyon 1 CPE Lyon CNRS UMR 5128 Laboratoire CP2M Équipe PCM 43 Bd du 11 Nov. 1918 69616 Villeurbanne, CEDEX France
- ChemistLab Michelin CP2M ICBMS joint Laboratory 43 Bd du 11 Nov. 1918 69616 Villeurbanne France
| | - Pierre‐Yves Dugas
- Université Lyon 1 CPE Lyon CNRS UMR 5128 Laboratoire CP2M Équipe PCM 43 Bd du 11 Nov. 1918 69616 Villeurbanne, CEDEX France
| | - Julien Thuilliez
- Manufacture des pneumatiques Michelin 23 Place des Carmes Dechaux 63040 Clermont-Ferrand France
| | - François Jean‐Baptiste‐dit‐Dominique
- Manufacture des pneumatiques Michelin 23 Place des Carmes Dechaux 63040 Clermont-Ferrand France
- ChemistLab Michelin CP2M ICBMS joint Laboratory 43 Bd du 11 Nov. 1918 69616 Villeurbanne France
| | - Muriel Lansalot
- Université Lyon 1 CPE Lyon CNRS UMR 5128 Laboratoire CP2M Équipe PCM 43 Bd du 11 Nov. 1918 69616 Villeurbanne, CEDEX France
| | - Christophe Boisson
- Université Lyon 1 CPE Lyon CNRS UMR 5128 Laboratoire CP2M Équipe PCM 43 Bd du 11 Nov. 1918 69616 Villeurbanne, CEDEX France
- ChemistLab Michelin CP2M ICBMS joint Laboratory 43 Bd du 11 Nov. 1918 69616 Villeurbanne France
| | - Franck D'Agosto
- Université Lyon 1 CPE Lyon CNRS UMR 5128 Laboratoire CP2M Équipe PCM 43 Bd du 11 Nov. 1918 69616 Villeurbanne, CEDEX France
- ChemistLab Michelin CP2M ICBMS joint Laboratory 43 Bd du 11 Nov. 1918 69616 Villeurbanne France
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3
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Data Mining of Polymer Phase Transitions upon Temperature Changes by Small and Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering Combined with Raman Spectroscopy. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13234203. [PMID: 34883710 PMCID: PMC8659756 DOI: 10.3390/polym13234203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex physical transformations of polymers upon external thermodynamic changes are related to the molecular length of the polymer and its associated multifaceted energetic balance. The understanding of subtle transitions or multistep phase transformation requires real-time phenomenological studies using a multi-technique approach that covers several length-scales and chemical states. A combination of X-ray scattering techniques with Raman spectroscopy and Differential Scanning Calorimetry was conducted to correlate the structural changes from the conformational chain to the polymer crystal and mesoscale organization. Current research applications and the experimental combination of Raman spectroscopy with simultaneous SAXS/WAXS measurements coupled to a DSC is discussed. In particular, we show that in order to obtain the maximum benefit from simultaneously obtained high-quality data sets from different techniques, one should look beyond traditional analysis techniques and instead apply multivariate analysis. Data mining strategies can be applied to develop methods to control polymer processing in an industrial context. Crystallization studies of a PVDF blend with a fluoroelastomer, known to feature complex phase transitions, were used to validate the combined approach and further analyzed by MVA.
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4
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Terrill NJ, Dent AJ, Dobson B, Beale AM, Allen L, Bras W. Past, present and future-sample environments for materials research studies in scattering and spectroscopy; a UK perspective. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:483002. [PMID: 34479225 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac2389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Small angle x-ray scattering and x-ray absorption fine structure are two techniques that have been employed at synchrotron sources ever since their inception. Over the course of the development of the techniques, the introduction of sample environments for added value experiments has grown dramatically. This article reviews past successes, current developments and an exploration of future possibilities for these two x-ray techniques with an emphasis on the developments in the United Kingdom between 1980-2020.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew J Dent
- Diamond Light Source, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Barry Dobson
- Sagentia Ltd, Harston Mill, Harston Mill, CB22 7GG, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M Beale
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
- The Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Allen
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
- The Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Wim Bras
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, One Bethel Valley Road TN 37831, United States of America
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5
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Bergerbit C, Baffie F, Wolpers A, Dugas P, Boyron O, Taam M, Lansalot M, Monteil V, D'Agosto F. Ethylene Polymerization‐Induced Self‐Assembly (PISA) of Poly(ethylene oxide)‐
block
‐polyethylene Copolymers via RAFT. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202001741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Bergerbit
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon CNRS, UMR 5265 Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers and Processes (C2P2) 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 69616 Villeurbanne France
| | - Florian Baffie
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon CNRS, UMR 5265 Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers and Processes (C2P2) 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 69616 Villeurbanne France
| | - Arne Wolpers
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon CNRS, UMR 5265 Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers and Processes (C2P2) 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 69616 Villeurbanne France
| | - Pierre‐Yves Dugas
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon CNRS, UMR 5265 Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers and Processes (C2P2) 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 69616 Villeurbanne France
| | - Olivier Boyron
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon CNRS, UMR 5265 Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers and Processes (C2P2) 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 69616 Villeurbanne France
| | - Manel Taam
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon CNRS, UMR 5265 Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers and Processes (C2P2) 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 69616 Villeurbanne France
| | - Muriel Lansalot
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon CNRS, UMR 5265 Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers and Processes (C2P2) 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 69616 Villeurbanne France
| | - Vincent Monteil
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon CNRS, UMR 5265 Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers and Processes (C2P2) 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 69616 Villeurbanne France
| | - Franck D'Agosto
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon CNRS, UMR 5265 Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers and Processes (C2P2) 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 69616 Villeurbanne France
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6
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Haddleton AJ, Bassett SP, Howdle SM. Comparison of polymeric particles synthesised using scCO2 as the reaction medium on the millilitre and litre scale. J Supercrit Fluids 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2020.104785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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Bergerbit C, Baffie F, Wolpers A, Dugas PY, Boyron O, Taam M, Lansalot M, Monteil V, D'Agosto F. Ethylene Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly (PISA) of Poly(ethylene oxide)-block-polyethylene Copolymers via RAFT. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:10385-10390. [PMID: 32196910 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202001741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) with dithiocarbamate chain ends (PEO-SC(=S)-N(CH3 )Ph and PEO-SC(=S)-NPh2 , named PEO-1 and PEO-2, respectively) were used as macromolecular chain-transfer agents (macro-CTAs) to mediate the reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of ethylene in dimethyl carbonate (DMC) under relatively mild conditions (80 °C, 80 bar). While only a slow consumption of PEO-1 was observed, the rapid consumption of PEO-2 led to a clean chain extension and the formation of a polyethylene (PE) segment. Upon polymerization, the resulting block copolymers PEO-b-PE self-assembled into nanometric objects according to a polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Bergerbit
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5265, Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers and Processes (C2P2), 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69616, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Florian Baffie
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5265, Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers and Processes (C2P2), 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69616, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Arne Wolpers
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5265, Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers and Processes (C2P2), 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69616, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Dugas
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5265, Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers and Processes (C2P2), 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69616, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Olivier Boyron
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5265, Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers and Processes (C2P2), 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69616, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Manel Taam
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5265, Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers and Processes (C2P2), 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69616, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Muriel Lansalot
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5265, Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers and Processes (C2P2), 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69616, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Vincent Monteil
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5265, Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers and Processes (C2P2), 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69616, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Franck D'Agosto
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5265, Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers and Processes (C2P2), 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69616, Villeurbanne, France
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8
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Knox ST, Warren NJ. Enabling technologies in polymer synthesis: accessing a new design space for advanced polymer materials. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00474b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses how developments in laboratory technologies can push the boundaries of what is achievable using existing polymer synthesis techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T. Knox
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering
- University of Leeds
- Leeds
- UK
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9
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Alauhdin M, Bennett TM, He G, Bassett SP, Portale G, Bras W, Hermida-Merino D, Howdle SM. Monitoring morphology evolution within block copolymer microparticles during dispersion polymerisation in supercritical carbon dioxide: a high pressure SAXS study. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py01578c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring morphology development and evolution within block copolymer microparticles dispersed in supercritical CO2 using in situ SAXS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guping He
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Nottingham
- Nottingham
- UK
| | | | - Giuseppe Portale
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials
- University of Groningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Wim Bras
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory
- Chemical Sciences Division
- Oak Ridge
- USA
| | - Daniel Hermida-Merino
- Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (N.W.O)
- 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9
- France
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10
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Ohligschläger A, Liauw MA. Intricate kinetics: in situ FTIR-spectroscopy discloses a phase change during ionic liquid synthesis. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:18018-18022. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp03257a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Autocatalytic behaviour is found in a Menshutkin-like IL synthesis using in situ-ATR-IR-spectroscopy. A sudden change in the reaction rate progress indicates a microscopic phase separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Ohligschläger
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Makromolekulare
- Chemie (ITMC)
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52074 Aachen
- Germany
| | - M. A. Liauw
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Makromolekulare
- Chemie (ITMC)
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52074 Aachen
- Germany
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11
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Derry MJ, Fielding LA, Warren NJ, Mable CJ, Smith AJ, Mykhaylyk OO, Armes SP. In situ small-angle X-ray scattering studies of sterically-stabilized diblock copolymer nanoparticles formed during polymerization-induced self-assembly in non-polar media. Chem Sci 2016; 7:5078-5090. [PMID: 30155157 PMCID: PMC6018718 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc01243d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) dispersion polymerization of benzyl methacrylate (BzMA) is utilized to prepare a series of poly(stearyl methacrylate)-poly(benzyl methacrylate) (PSMA-PBzMA) diblock copolymer nano-objects at 90 °C directly in mineral oil. Polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) occurs under these conditions, with the resulting nanoparticles exhibiting spherical, worm-like or vesicular morphologies when using a relatively short PSMA13 macromolecular chain transfer agent (macro-CTA), as confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) studies. Only kinetically-trapped spherical nanoparticles are obtained when using longer macro-CTAs (e.g. PSMA18 or PSMA31), with higher mean degrees of polymerization (DPs) for the PBzMA core-forming block simply producing progressively larger spheres. SAXS is used for the first time to monitor the various morphological transitions that occur in situ during the RAFT dispersion polymerization of BzMA when targeting either spheres or vesicles as the final copolymer morphology. This powerful characterization technique enables the evolution of particle diameter, mean aggregation number, number of copolymer chains per unit surface area (Sagg) and the distance between adjacent copolymer chains at the core-shell interface (dint) to be monitored as a function of monomer conversion for kinetically-trapped spheres. Moreover, the gradual evolution of copolymer morphology during PISA is confirmed unequivocally, with approximate 'lifetimes' assigned to the intermediate pure sphere and worm morphologies when targeting PSMA13-PBzMA150 vesicles. Within vesicle phase space, the membrane thickness (Tm) increases monotonically with PBzMA DP. Furthermore, a combination of dynamic light scattering (DLS), TEM and post mortem SAXS studies indicate that the lumen volume is reduced while the overall vesicle dimensions remain essentially constant. Thus the constrained vesicles grow inwards, as recently reported for an aqueous PISA formulation. This suggests a universal vesicle growth mechanism for all PISA formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Derry
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Sheffield , Dainton Building, Brook Hill , Sheffield , South Yorkshire S3 7HF , UK . ; ;
| | - Lee A Fielding
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Sheffield , Dainton Building, Brook Hill , Sheffield , South Yorkshire S3 7HF , UK . ; ;
| | - Nicholas J Warren
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Sheffield , Dainton Building, Brook Hill , Sheffield , South Yorkshire S3 7HF , UK . ; ;
| | - Charlotte J Mable
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Sheffield , Dainton Building, Brook Hill , Sheffield , South Yorkshire S3 7HF , UK . ; ;
| | - Andrew J Smith
- Diamond Light Source Ltd , Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus , Didcot , Oxfordshire OX11 0DE , UK
| | - Oleksandr O Mykhaylyk
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Sheffield , Dainton Building, Brook Hill , Sheffield , South Yorkshire S3 7HF , UK . ; ;
| | - Steven P Armes
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Sheffield , Dainton Building, Brook Hill , Sheffield , South Yorkshire S3 7HF , UK . ; ;
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12
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Gasc F, Corso B, Causse J, Lacroix-Desmazes P. Study of self-association of gradient copolymers in supercritical CO 2 thanks to synchrotron and in-house small-angle X-rays scattering measurements. J Supercrit Fluids 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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14
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Jennings J, He G, Howdle SM, Zetterlund PB. Block copolymer synthesis by controlled/living radical polymerisation in heterogeneous systems. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:5055-84. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00253f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We review the range of CLRP-controlled syntheses of block copolymer particles in dispersed systems, which are being exploited to create new opportunities for the design of nanostructured soft materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Jennings
- School of Chemistry
- University of Nottingham
- Nottingham
- UK
- Department of Chemistry
| | - G. He
- School of Chemistry
- University of Nottingham
- Nottingham
- UK
| | - S. M. Howdle
- School of Chemistry
- University of Nottingham
- Nottingham
- UK
| | - P. B. Zetterlund
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD)
- School of Chemical Engineering
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
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15
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Alaimo D, Hermida Merino D, Grignard B, Bras W, Jérôme C, Debuigne A, Gommes CJ. Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Insights into the Architecture-Dependent Emulsifying Properties of Amphiphilic Copolymers in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:1706-16. [DOI: 10.1021/jp5086558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Alaimo
- Center
for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), University of Liège, B6a, Sart-Tilman, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Daniel Hermida Merino
- DUBBLE@ESRF, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), 6 Rue Jules Horowitz, Grenoble 38043, France
| | - Bruno Grignard
- Center
for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), University of Liège, B6a, Sart-Tilman, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Wim Bras
- DUBBLE@ESRF, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), 6 Rue Jules Horowitz, Grenoble 38043, France
| | - Christine Jérôme
- Center
for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), University of Liège, B6a, Sart-Tilman, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Antoine Debuigne
- Center
for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), University of Liège, B6a, Sart-Tilman, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Cedric J. Gommes
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Liège, B6a, Sart-Tilman, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
- Polymer
Chemistry and Materials, Chemistry Department, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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