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Guild JD, Knox ST, Burholt SB, Hilton EM, Terrill NJ, Schroeder SLM, Warren NJ. Correction to "Continuous-Flow Laboratory SAXS for In Situ Determination of the Impact of Hydrophilic Block Length on Spherical Nano-Object Formation during Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly". Macromolecules 2023; 56:7651. [PMID: 37781213 PMCID: PMC10537913 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c01712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c00585.].
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2
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Guild J, Knox ST, Burholt SB, Hilton E, Terrill NJ, Schroeder SL, Warren NJ. Continuous-Flow Laboratory SAXS for In Situ Determination of the Impact of Hydrophilic Block Length on Spherical Nano-Object Formation during Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly. Macromolecules 2023; 56:6426-6435. [PMID: 37637307 PMCID: PMC10448749 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c00585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
In situ small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is a powerful technique for characterizing block-copolymer nano-object formation during polymerization-induced self-assembly. To work effectively in situ, it requires high intensity X-rays which enable the short acquisition times required for real-time measurements. However, routine access to synchrotron X-ray sources is expensive and highly competitive. Flow reactors provide an opportunity to obtain temporal resolution by operating at a consistent flow rate. Here, we equip a flow-reactor with an X-ray transparent flow-cell at the outlet which facilitates the use of a low-flux laboratory SAXS instrument for in situ monitoring. The formation and morphological evolution of spherical block copolymer nano-objects was characterized during reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer polymerization of diacetone acrylamide in the presence of a series of poly(dimethylacrylamide) (PDMAm) macromolecular chain transfer agents with varying degrees of polymerization. SAXS analysis indicated that during the polymerization, highly solvated, loosely defined aggregates form after approximately 100 s, followed by expulsion of solvent to form well-defined spherical particles with PDAAm cores and PDMAm stabilizer chains, which then grow as the polymerization proceeds. Analysis also indicates that the aggregation number (Nagg) increases during the reaction, likely due to collisions between swollen, growing nanoparticles. In situ SAXS conducted on PISA syntheses using different PDMAm DPs indicated a varying conformation of the chains in the particle cores, from collapsed chains for PDMAm47 to extended chains for PDMAm143. At high conversion, the final Nagg decreased as a function of increasing PDMAm DP, indicating increased steric stabilization afforded by the longer chains which is reflected by a decrease in both core diameter (from SAXS) and hydrodynamic diameter (from DLS) for a constant core DP of 400.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan
D. Guild
- School
of Chemical and Processing Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Stephen T. Knox
- School
of Chemical and Processing Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Sam B. Burholt
- Diamond
House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Diamond Light Source, Didcot OX11 0DE, U.K.
| | - Eleanor.M. Hilton
- School
of Chemical and Processing Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Nicholas J. Terrill
- Diamond
House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Diamond Light Source, Didcot OX11 0DE, U.K.
| | - Sven L.M. Schroeder
- School
of Chemical and Processing Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Nicholas J. Warren
- School
of Chemical and Processing Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
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3
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Stavri R, Tay T, Wiles CC, Di Federico E, Boughton O, Ma S, Karunaratne A, Churchwell JH, Bhattacharya R, Terrill NJ, Cobb JP, Hansen U, Abel RL. A Cross-Sectional Study of Bone Nanomechanics in Hip Fracture and Aging. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1378. [PMID: 37374160 DOI: 10.3390/life13061378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone mechanics is well understood at every length scale except the nano-level. We aimed to investigate the relationship between bone nanoscale and tissue-level mechanics experimentally. We tested two hypotheses: (1) nanoscale strains were lower in hip fracture patients versus controls, and (2) nanoscale mineral and fibril strains were inversely correlated with aging and fracture. A cross-sectional sample of trabecular bone sections was prepared from the proximal femora of two human donor groups (aged 44-94 years): an aging non-fracture control group (n = 17) and a hip-fracture group (n = 20). Tissue, fibril, and mineral strain were measured simultaneously using synchrotron X-ray diffraction during tensile load to failure, then compared between groups using unpaired t-tests and correlated with age using Pearson's correlation. Controls exhibited significantly greater peak tissue, mineral, and fibril strains than the hip fracture (all p < 0.05). Age was associated with a decrease in peak tissue (p = 0.099) and mineral (p = 0.004) strain, but not fibril strain (p = 0.260). Overall, hip fracture and aging were associated with changes in the nanoscale strain that are reflected at the tissue level. Data must be interpreted within the limitations of the observational cross-sectional study design, so we propose two new hypotheses on the importance of nanomechanics. (1) Hip fracture risk is increased by low tissue strain, which can be caused by low collagen or mineral strain. (2) Age-related loss of tissue strain is dependent on the loss of mineral but not fibril strain. Novel insights into bone nano- and tissue-level mechanics could provide a platform for the development of bone health diagnostics and interventions based on failure mechanisms from the nanoscale up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Stavri
- MSk Laboratory, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W6 8PR, UK
| | - Tabitha Tay
- MSk Laboratory, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W6 8PR, UK
| | - Crispin C Wiles
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Erica Di Federico
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Oliver Boughton
- MSk Laboratory, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W6 8PR, UK
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Shaocheng Ma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Angelo Karunaratne
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Moratuwa 10400, Sri Lanka
| | - John H Churchwell
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London WCIE 6BT, UK
| | - Rajarshi Bhattacharya
- St. Mary's Hospital, Northwest London Major Trauma Centre, Imperial College London, London W2 1NY, UK
| | - Nicholas J Terrill
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Justin P Cobb
- MSk Laboratory, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W6 8PR, UK
| | - Ulrich Hansen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Richard L Abel
- MSk Laboratory, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W6 8PR, UK
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4
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Milsom A, Squires AM, Quant I, Terrill NJ, Huband S, Woden B, Cabrera-Martinez ER, Pfrang C. Exploring the Nanostructures Accessible to an Organic Surfactant Atmospheric Aerosol Proxy. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:7331-7341. [PMID: 36169656 PMCID: PMC9574911 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c04611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The composition of atmospheric aerosols varies with time,
season,
location, and environment. This affects key aerosol properties such
as hygroscopicity and reactivity, influencing the aerosol’s
impact on the climate and air quality. The organic fraction of atmospheric
aerosol emissions often contains surfactant material, such as fatty
acids. These molecules are known to form three-dimensional nanostructures
in contact with water. Different nanostructures have marked differences
in viscosity and diffusivity that are properties whose understanding
is essential when considering an aerosol’s atmospheric impact.
We have explored a range of nanostructures accessible to the organic
surfactant oleic acid (commonly found in cooking emissions), simulating
variation that is likely to happen in the atmosphere. This was achieved
by changing the amount of water, aqueous phase salinity and by addition
of other commonly coemitted compounds: sugars and stearic acid (the
saturated analogue of oleic acid). The nanostructure was observed
by both synchrotron and laboratory small/wide angle X-ray scattering
(SAXS/WAXS) and found to be sensitive to the proxy composition. Additionally,
the spacing between repeat units in these nanostructures was water
content dependent (i.e., an increase from 41 to 54 Å in inverse
hexagonal phase d-spacing when increasing the water
content from 30 to 50 wt %), suggesting incorporation of water within
the nanostructure. A significant decrease in mixture viscosity was
also observed with increasing water content from ∼104 to ∼102 Pa s when increasing the water content
from 30 to 60 wt %. Time-resolved SAXS experiments on levitated droplets
of this proxy confirm the phase changes observed in bulk phase mixtures
and demonstrate that coexistent nanostructures can form in droplets.
Aerosol compositional and subsequent nanostructural changes could
affect aerosol processes, leading to an impact on the climate and
urban air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Milsom
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Adam M Squires
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, South Building, Soldier Down Ln, Claverton Down BA2 7AX, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Isabel Quant
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Terrill
- Diamond Light Source, Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, OX11 0DE, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Huband
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Woden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | - Edna R Cabrera-Martinez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Pfrang
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Earley Gate, RG6 6BB, Reading, United Kingdom
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5
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Badar W, Ali H, Brooker ON, Newham E, Snow T, Terrill NJ, Tozzi G, Fratzl P, Knight MM, Gupta HS. Collagen pre-strain discontinuity at the bone—Cartilage interface. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273832. [PMID: 36108273 PMCID: PMC9477506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The bone-cartilage unit (BCU) is a universal feature in diarthrodial joints, which is mechanically-graded and subjected to shear and compressive strains. Changes in the BCU have been linked to osteoarthritis (OA) progression. Here we report existence of a physiological internal strain gradient (pre-strain) across the BCU at the ultrastructural scale of the extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents, specifically the collagen fibril. We use X-ray scattering that probes changes in the axial periodicity of fibril-level D-stagger of tropocollagen molecules in the matrix fibrils, as a measure of microscopic pre-strain. We find that mineralized collagen nanofibrils in the calcified plate are in tensile pre-strain relative to the underlying trabecular bone. This behaviour contrasts with the previously accepted notion that fibrillar pre-strain (or D-stagger) in collagenous tissues always reduces with mineralization, via reduced hydration and associated swelling pressure. Within the calcified part of the BCU, a finer-scale gradient in pre-strain (0.6% increase over ~50μm) is observed. The increased fibrillar pre-strain is linked to prior research reporting large tissue-level residual strains under compression. The findings may have biomechanical adaptative significance: higher in-built molecular level resilience/damage resistance to physiological compression, and disruption of the molecular-level pre-strains during remodelling of the bone-cartilage interface may be potential factors in osteoarthritis-based degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqas Badar
- Institute of Bioengineering and School of Engineering and Material Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Husna Ali
- Institute of Bioengineering and School of Engineering and Material Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Olivia N. Brooker
- Institute of Bioengineering and School of Engineering and Material Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elis Newham
- Institute of Bioengineering and School of Engineering and Material Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Snow
- Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Diamond Light Source, Harwell, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Terrill
- Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Diamond Light Source, Harwell, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Gianluca Tozzi
- School of Engineering, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Peter Fratzl
- Department of Biomaterials, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam Wissenschaftspark, Golm, Germany
| | - Martin M. Knight
- Institute of Bioengineering and School of Engineering and Material Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Himadri S. Gupta
- Institute of Bioengineering and School of Engineering and Material Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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6
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Terrill NJ, Dent AJ, Dobson B, Beale AM, Allen L, Bras W. Past, present and future-sample environments for materials research studies in scattering and spectroscopy; a UK perspective. J Phys Condens Matter 2021; 33:483002. [PMID: 34479225 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac2389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Small angle x-ray scattering and x-ray absorption fine structure are two techniques that have been employed at synchrotron sources ever since their inception. Over the course of the development of the techniques, the introduction of sample environments for added value experiments has grown dramatically. This article reviews past successes, current developments and an exploration of future possibilities for these two x-ray techniques with an emphasis on the developments in the United Kingdom between 1980-2020.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew J Dent
- Diamond Light Source, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Barry Dobson
- Sagentia Ltd, Harston Mill, Harston Mill, CB22 7GG, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M Beale
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
- The Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Allen
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
- The Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Wim Bras
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, One Bethel Valley Road TN 37831, United States of America
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7
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Pauw BR, Smith AJ, Snow T, Shebanova O, Sutter JP, Ilavsky J, Hermida-Merino D, Smales GJ, Terrill NJ, Thünemann AF, Bras W. Extending synchrotron SAXS instrument ranges through addition of a portable, inexpensive USAXS module with vertical rotation axes. J Synchrotron Radiat 2021; 28:824-833. [PMID: 33949990 PMCID: PMC8127376 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577521003313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ultra-SAXS can enhance the capabilities of existing synchrotron SAXS/WAXS beamlines. A compact ultra-SAXS module has been developed, which extends the measurable q-range with 0.0015 ≤ q (nm-1) ≤ 0.2, allowing structural dimensions in the range 30 ≤ D (nm) ≤ 4000 to be probed in addition to the range covered by a high-end SAXS/WAXS instrument. By shifting the module components in and out on their respective motor stages, SAXS/WAXS measurements can be easily and rapidly interleaved with USAXS measurements. The use of vertical crystal rotation axes (horizontal diffraction) greatly simplifies the construction, at minimal cost to efficiency. In this paper, the design considerations, realization and synchrotron findings are presented. Measurements of silica spheres, an alumina membrane, and a porous carbon catalyst are provided as application examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R. Pauw
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrew J. Smith
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Snow
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Olga Shebanova
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - John P. Sutter
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Ilavsky
- Advanced Photon Source (APS), Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Daniel Hermida-Merino
- Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), Dutch–Belgian Beamlines at the ESRF, Grenoble, France
| | - Glen J. Smales
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicholas J. Terrill
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | | | - Wim Bras
- Chemical Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
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8
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De Falco P, Weinkamer R, Wagermaier W, Li C, Snow T, Terrill NJ, Gupta HS, Goyal P, Stoll M, Benner P, Fratzl P. Tomographic X-ray scattering based on invariant reconstruction: analysis of the 3D nanostructure of bovine bone. J Appl Crystallogr 2021; 54:486-497. [PMID: 33953654 PMCID: PMC8056764 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576721000881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A new tomographic approach using X-ray scattering is presented, allowing the characterization of the 3D nanostructure of hybrid materials. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is an effective characterization technique for multi-phase nanocomposites. The structural complexity and heterogeneity of biological materials require the development of new techniques for the 3D characterization of their hierarchical structures. Emerging SAXS tomographic methods allow reconstruction of the 3D scattering pattern in each voxel but are costly in terms of synchrotron measurement time and computer time. To address this problem, an approach has been developed based on the reconstruction of SAXS invariants to allow for fast 3D characterization of nanostructured inhomogeneous materials. SAXS invariants are scalars replacing the 3D scattering patterns in each voxel, thus simplifying the 6D reconstruction problem to several 3D ones. Standard procedures for tomographic reconstruction can be directly adapted for this problem. The procedure is demonstrated by determining the distribution of the nanometric bone mineral particle thickness (T parameter) throughout a macroscopic 3D volume of bovine cortical bone. The T parameter maps display spatial patterns of particle thickness in fibrolamellar bone units. Spatial correlation between the mineral nanostructure and microscopic features reveals that the mineral particles are particularly thin in the vicinity of vascular channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolino De Falco
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Richard Weinkamer
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wagermaier
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Chenghao Li
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Tim Snow
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Terrill
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Himadri S Gupta
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Pawan Goyal
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstrasse 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Martin Stoll
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstrasse 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Mathematics, TU Chemnitz, Reichenhainer Strasse 41, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Peter Benner
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstrasse 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Peter Fratzl
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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9
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Milsom A, Squires AM, Woden B, Terrill NJ, Ward AD, Pfrang C. The persistence of a proxy for cooking emissions in megacities: a kinetic study of the ozonolysis of self-assembled films by simultaneous small and wide angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS) and Raman microscopy. Faraday Discuss 2021; 226:364-381. [PMID: 33284926 DOI: 10.1039/d0fd00088d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cooking emissions account for a significant proportion of the organic aerosols emitted into the urban environment and high pollution events have been linked to an increased organic content on urban particulate matter surfaces. We present a kinetic study on surface coatings of self-assembled (semi-solid) oleic acid-sodium oleate cooking aerosol proxies undergoing ozonolysis. We found clear film thickness-dependent kinetic behaviour and measured the effect of the organic phase on the kinetics for this system. In addition to the thickness-dependent kinetics, we show that significant fractions of unreacted proxy remain after extensive ozone exposure and that this effect scales approximately linearly with film thickness, suggesting that a late-stage inert reaction product may form and inhibit reaction progress - effectively building up an inert crust. We determine this by using a range of simultaneous analytical techniques; most notably Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) has been used for the first time to measure the reaction kinetics of films of a wide range of thicknesses from ca. 0.59 to 73 μm with films <10 μm thick being of potential atmospheric relevance. These observations have implications for the evolution of particulate matter in the urban environment, potentially extending the atmospheric lifetimes of harmful aerosol components and affecting the local urban air quality and climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Milsom
- University of Birmingham, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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10
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Zhang Y, Garrevoet J, Wang Y, Roeh JT, Terrill NJ, Falkenberg G, Dong Y, Gupta HS. Molecular to Macroscale Energy Absorption Mechanisms in Biological Body Armour Illuminated by Scanning X-ray Diffraction with In Situ Compression. ACS Nano 2020; 14:16535-16546. [PMID: 33034451 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c02879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Determining multiscale, concurrent strain, and deformation mechanisms in hierarchical biological materials is a crucial engineering goal, to understand structural optimization strategies in Nature. However, experimentally characterizing complex strain and displacement fields within a 3D hierarchical composite, in a multiscale full-field manner, is challenging. Here, we determined the in situ strains at the macro-, meso-, and molecular-levels in stomatopod cuticle simultaneously, by exploiting the anisotropy of the 3D fiber diffraction coupled with sample rotation. The results demonstrate the method, using the mineralized 3D α-chitin fiber networks as strain sensors, can capture submicrometer deformation of a single lamella (mesoscale), can extract strain information on multiple constituents concurrently, and shows that α-chitin fiber networks deform elastically while the surrounding matrix deforms plastically before systematic failure under compression. Further, the results demonstrate a molecular-level prestrain gradient in chitin fibers, resulting from different mineralization degrees in the exo- and endo cuticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 100049 Beijing, China
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan Garrevoet
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yanhong Wang
- Queen Mary University of London, Institute of Bioengineering and School of Engineering and Material Science, E1 4NS London, U.K
| | - Jan Torben Roeh
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicholas J Terrill
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, OX11 0DE Harwell, U.K
| | | | - Yuhui Dong
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Himadri S Gupta
- Queen Mary University of London, Institute of Bioengineering and School of Engineering and Material Science, E1 4NS London, U.K
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11
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Alanazi TI, Game OS, Smith JA, Kilbride RC, Greenland C, Jayaprakash R, Georgiou K, Terrill NJ, Lidzey DG. Potassium iodide reduces the stability of triple-cation perovskite solar cells. RSC Adv 2020; 10:40341-40350. [PMID: 35520836 PMCID: PMC9057489 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07107b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The addition of alkali metal halides to hybrid perovskite materials can significantly impact their crystallisation and hence their performance when used in solar cell devices. Previous work on the use of potassium iodide (KI) in active layers to passivate defects in triple-cation mixed-halide perovskites has been shown to enhance their luminescence efficiency and reduce current-voltage hysteresis. However, the operational stability of KI passivated perovskite solar cells under ambient conditions remains largely unexplored. By investigating perovskite solar cell performance with SnO2 or TiO2 electron transport layers (ETL), we propose that defect passivation using KI is highly sensitive to the composition of the perovskite-ETL interface. We reconfirm findings from previous reports that KI preferentially interacts with bromide ions in mixed-halide perovskites, and - at concentrations >5 mol% in the precursor solution - modifies the primary absorber composition as well as leading to the phase segregation of an undesirable secondary non-perovskite phase (KBr) at high KI concentration. Importantly, by studying both material and device stability under continuous illumination and bias under ambient/high-humidity conditions, we show that this secondary phase becomes a favourable degradation product, and that devices incorporating KI have reduced stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek I Alanazi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield Sheffield S3 7RH UK
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Northern Border University Arar 73222 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Onkar S Game
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield Sheffield S3 7RH UK
| | - Joel A Smith
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield Sheffield S3 7RH UK
| | - Rachel C Kilbride
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield Sheffield S3 7RH UK
| | - Claire Greenland
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield Sheffield S3 7RH UK
| | - Rahul Jayaprakash
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield Sheffield S3 7RH UK
| | - Kyriacos Georgiou
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield Sheffield S3 7RH UK
| | - Nicholas J Terrill
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Fermi Ave Didcot Oxfordshire OX11 0DE UK
| | - David G Lidzey
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield Sheffield S3 7RH UK
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12
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Gregory GL, Sulley GS, Carrodeguas LP, Chen TTD, Santmarti A, Terrill NJ, Lee KY, Williams CK. Triblock polyester thermoplastic elastomers with semi-aromatic polymer end blocks by ring-opening copolymerization. Chem Sci 2020; 11:6567-6581. [PMID: 34094122 PMCID: PMC8159401 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc00463d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermoplastic elastomers benefit from high elasticity and straightforward (re)processability; they are widely used across a multitude of sectors. Currently, the majority derive from oil, do not degrade or undergo chemical recycling. Here a new series of ABA triblock polyesters are synthesized and show high-performances as degradable thermoplastic elastomers; their composition is poly(cyclohexene-alt-phthalate)-b-poly(ε-decalactone)-b-poly(cyclohexene-alt-phthalate) {PE-PDL-PE}. The synthesis is accomplished using a zinc(ii)/magnesium(ii) catalyst, in a one-pot procedure where ε-decalactone ring-opening polymerization yielding dihydroxyl telechelic poly(ε-decalatone) (PDL, soft-block) occurs first and, then, addition of phthalic anhydride/cyclohexene oxide ring-opening copolymerization delivers semi-aromatic polyester (PE, hard-block) end-blocks. The block compositions are straightforward to control, from the initial monomer stoichiometry, and conversions are high (85-98%). Two series of polyesters are prepared: (1) TBPE-1 to TBPE-5 feature an equivalent hard-block volume fraction (f hard = 0.4) and variable molar masses 40-100 kg mol-1; (2) TBPE-5 to TBPE-9 feature equivalent molar masses (∼100 kg mol-1) and variable hard-block volume fractions (0.12 < f hard < 0.4). Polymers are characterized using spectroscopies, size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). They are amorphous, with two glass transition temperatures (∼-51 °C for PDL; +138 °C for PE), and block phase separation is confirmed using small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Tensile mechanical performances reveal thermoplastic elastomers (f hard < 0.4 and N > 1300) with linear stress-strain relationships, high ultimate tensile strengths (σ b = 1-5 MPa), very high elongations at break (ε b = 1000-1900%) and excellent elastic recoveries (98%). There is a wide operating temperature range (-51 to +138 °C), an operable processing temperature range (+100 to +200 °C) and excellent thermal stability (T d,5% ∼ 300 °C). The polymers are stable in aqueous environments, at room temperature, but are hydrolyzed upon gentle heating (60 °C) and treatment with an organic acid (para-toluene sulfonic acid) or a common lipase (Novozyme® 51032). The new block polyesters show significant potential as sustainable thermoplastic elastomers with better properties than well-known styrenic block copolymers or polylactide-derived elastomers. The straightforward synthesis allows for other commercially available and/or bio-derived lactones, epoxides and anhydrides to be developed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina L Gregory
- Oxford Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Gregory S Sulley
- Oxford Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | | | - Thomas T D Chen
- Oxford Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Alba Santmarti
- Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Nicholas J Terrill
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot Harwell OX11 0DE UK
| | - Koon-Yang Lee
- Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Charlotte K Williams
- Oxford Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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13
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Sulley G, Gregory GL, Chen TTD, Peña Carrodeguas L, Trott G, Santmarti A, Lee KY, Terrill NJ, Williams CK. Switchable Catalysis Improves the Properties of CO 2-Derived Polymers: Poly(cyclohexene carbonate- b-ε-decalactone- b-cyclohexene carbonate) Adhesives, Elastomers, and Toughened Plastics. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:4367-4378. [PMID: 32078313 PMCID: PMC7146851 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b13106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide/epoxide copolymerization is an efficient way to add value to waste CO2 and to reduce pollution in polymer manufacturing. Using this process to make low molar mass polycarbonate polyols is a commercially relevant route to new thermosets and polyurethanes. In contrast, high molar mass polycarbonates, produced from CO2, generally under-deliver in terms of properties, and one of the most widely investigated, poly(cyclohexene carbonate), is limited by its low elongation at break and high brittleness. Here, a new catalytic polymerization process is reported that selectively and efficiently yields degradable ABA-block polymers, incorporating 6-23 wt % CO2. The polymers are synthesized using a new, highly active organometallic heterodinuclear Zn(II)/Mg(II) catalyst applied in a one-pot procedure together with biobased ε-decalactone, cyclohexene oxide, and carbon dioxide to make a series of poly(cyclohexene carbonate-b-decalactone-b-cyclohexene carbonate) [PCHC-PDL-PCHC]. The process is highly selective (CO2 selectivity >99% of theoretical value), allows for high monomer conversions (>90%), and yields polymers with predictable compositions, molar mass (from 38-71 kg mol-1), and forms dihydroxyl telechelic chains. These new materials improve upon the properties of poly(cyclohexene carbonate) and, specifically, they show good thermal stability (Td,5 ∼ 280 °C), high toughness (112 MJ m-3), and very high elongation at break (>900%). Materials properties are improved by precisely controlling both the quantity and location of carbon dioxide in the polymer chain. Preliminary studies show that polymers are stable in aqueous environments at room temperature over months, but they are rapidly degraded upon gentle heating in an acidic environment (60 °C, toluene, p-toluene sulfonic acid). The process is likely generally applicable to many other lactones, lactides, anhydrides, epoxides, and heterocumulenes and sets the scene for a host of new applications for CO2-derived polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory
S. Sulley
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Georgina L. Gregory
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Thomas T. D. Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Leticia Peña Carrodeguas
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Gemma Trott
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Alba Santmarti
- Department
of Aeronautics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Koon-Yang Lee
- Department
of Aeronautics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Nicholas J. Terrill
- Beamline
I22, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, U.K.
| | - Charlotte K. Williams
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
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14
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Xi L, De Falco P, Barbieri E, Karunaratne A, Bentley L, Esapa CT, Davis GR, Terrill NJ, Cox RD, Pugno NM, Thakker RV, Weinkamer R, Wu WW, Fang DN, Gupta HS. Reduction of fibrillar strain-rate sensitivity in steroid-induced osteoporosis linked to changes in mineralized fibrillar nanostructure. Bone 2020; 131:115111. [PMID: 31726107 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.115111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
As bone is used in a dynamic mechanical environment, understanding the structural origins of its time-dependent mechanical behaviour - and the alterations in metabolic bone disease - is of interest. However, at the scale of the mineralized fibrillar matrix (nanometre-level), the nature of the strain-rate dependent mechanics is incompletely understood. Here, we investigate the fibrillar- and mineral-deformation behaviour in a murine model of Cushing's syndrome, used to understand steroid induced osteoporosis, using synchrotron small- and wide-angle scattering/diffraction combined with in situ tensile testing at three strain rates ranging from 10-4 to 10-1 s-1. We find that the effective fibril- and mineral-modulus and fibrillar-reorientation show no significant increase with strain-rate in osteoporotic bone, but increase significantly in normal (wild-type) bone. By applying a fibril-lamellar two-level structural model of bone matrix deformation to fit the results, we obtain indications that altered collagen-mineral interactions at the nanoscale - along with altered fibrillar orientation distributions - may be the underlying reason for this altered strain-rate sensitivity. Our results suggest that an altered strain-rate sensitivity of the bone matrix in osteoporosis may be one of the contributing factors to reduced mechanical competence in such metabolic bone disorders, and that increasing this sensitivity may improve biomechanical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Xi
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; School of Engineering and Material Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK.
| | - P De Falco
- School of Engineering and Material Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK; Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, D-14424 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| | - E Barbieri
- School of Engineering and Material Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK; Department of Mathematical Science and Advanced Technology (MAT), Yokohama Institute for Earth Sciences (YES) 3173-25, Showa-machi, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama-city, Japan.
| | - A Karunaratne
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka.
| | - L Bentley
- MRC Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre, MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, OX11 0RD, UK.
| | - C T Esapa
- MRC Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre, MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, OX11 0RD, UK; Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7JL, UK.
| | - G R Davis
- Dental Physical Sciences Unit, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK.
| | - N J Terrill
- Beamline I22, Diamond Light Source Ltd., Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - R D Cox
- MRC Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre, MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, OX11 0RD, UK.
| | - N M Pugno
- Laboratory of Bio-Inspired & Graphene Nanomechanics, Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Via Mesiano, 77, 38123, Trento, Italy; School of Engineering and Material Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK; Ket Lab, Edoardo Amaldi Foundation, Via del Politecnico snc, 00133, Rome, Italy.
| | - R V Thakker
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7JL, UK.
| | - R Weinkamer
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, D-14424 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| | - W W Wu
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - D N Fang
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; State Key Laboratory for Turbulence and Complex Systems, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - H S Gupta
- School of Engineering and Material Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK.
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15
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Inamdar SR, Barbieri E, Terrill NJ, Knight MM, Gupta HS. Proteoglycan degradation mimics static compression by altering the natural gradients in fibrillar organisation in cartilage. Acta Biomater 2019; 97:437-450. [PMID: 31374336 PMCID: PMC6838783 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Structural and associated biomechanical gradients within biological tissues are important for tissue functionality and preventing damaging interfacial stress concentrations. Articular cartilage possesses an inhomogeneous structure throughout its thickness, driving the associated variation in the biomechanical strain profile within the tissue under physiological compressive loading. However, little is known experimentally about the nanostructural mechanical role of the collagen fibrils and how this varies with depth. Utilising a high-brilliance synchrotron X-ray source, we have measured the depth-wise nanostructural parameters of the collagen network in terms of the periodic fibrillar banding (D-period) and associated parameters. We show that there is a depth dependent variation in D-period reflecting the pre-strain and concurrent with changes in the level of intrafibrillar order. Further, prolonged static compression leads to fibrillar changes mirroring those caused by removal of extrafibrillar proteoglycans (as may occur in aging or disease). We suggest that fibrillar D-period is a sensitive indicator of localised changes to the mechanical environment at the nanoscale in soft connective tissues. Statement of Significance Collagen plays a significant role in both the structural and mechanical integrity of articular cartilage, allowing the tissue to withstand highly repetitive loading. However, the fibrillar mechanics of the collagen network in cartilage are not clear. Here we find that cartilage has a spatial gradient in the nanostructural collagen fibril pre-strain, with an increase in the fibrillar pre-strain with depth. Further, the fibrillar gradient changes similarly under compression when compared to an enzymatically degraded tissue which mimics age-related changes. Given that the fibrils potentially have a finite capacity to mechanically respond and alter their configuration, these findings are significant in understanding how collagen may alter in structure and gradient in diseased cartilage, and in informing the design of cartilage replacements.
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16
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Longley L, Collins SM, Li S, Smales GJ, Erucar I, Qiao A, Hou J, Doherty CM, Thornton AW, Hill AJ, Yu X, Terrill NJ, Smith AJ, Cohen SM, Midgley PA, Keen DA, Telfer SG, Bennett TD. Flux melting of metal-organic frameworks. Chem Sci 2019; 10:3592-3601. [PMID: 30996951 PMCID: PMC6430010 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc04044c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent demonstrations of melting in the metal-organic framework (MOF) family have created interest in the interfacial domain between inorganic glasses and amorphous organic polymers. The chemical and physical behaviour of porous hybrid liquids and glasses is of particular interest, though opportunities are limited by the inaccessible melting temperatures of many MOFs. Here, we show that the processing technique of flux melting, 'borrowed' from the inorganic domain, may be applied in order to melt ZIF-8, a material which does not possess an accessible liquid state in the pure form. Effectively, we employ the high-temperature liquid state of one MOF as a solvent for a secondary, non-melting MOF component. Differential scanning calorimetry, small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering, electron microscopy and X-ray total scattering techniques are used to show the flux melting of the crystalline component within the liquid. Gas adsorption and positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy measurements show that this results in enhanced, accessible porosity to a range of guest molecules in the resultant flux melted MOF glass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Longley
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy , University of Cambridge , Charles Babbage Road , Cambridge , CB3 0FS , UK .
| | - Sean M Collins
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy , University of Cambridge , Charles Babbage Road , Cambridge , CB3 0FS , UK .
| | - Shichun Li
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy , University of Cambridge , Charles Babbage Road , Cambridge , CB3 0FS , UK .
- Institute of Chemical Materials , China Academy of Engineering Physics , Mianyang 621900 , China
| | - Glen J Smales
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , Gordon Street , London , WC1H 0AJ , UK
- Diamond Light Source Ltd , Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus , Didcot OX11 0DE , UK
| | - Ilknur Erucar
- Department of Natural and Mathematical Sciences , Faculty of Engineering , Ozyegin University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Ang Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures , Wuhan University of Technology , Wuhan 430070 , China
| | - Jingwei Hou
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy , University of Cambridge , Charles Babbage Road , Cambridge , CB3 0FS , UK .
| | - Cara M Doherty
- Future Industries , Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation , Clayton South , Victoria 3168 , Australia
| | - Aaron W Thornton
- Future Industries , Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation , Clayton South , Victoria 3168 , Australia
| | - Anita J Hill
- Future Industries , Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation , Clayton South , Victoria 3168 , Australia
| | - Xiao Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92023-0358 , USA
| | - Nicholas J Terrill
- Diamond Light Source Ltd , Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus , Didcot OX11 0DE , UK
| | - Andrew J Smith
- Diamond Light Source Ltd , Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus , Didcot OX11 0DE , UK
| | - Seth M Cohen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92023-0358 , USA
| | - Paul A Midgley
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy , University of Cambridge , Charles Babbage Road , Cambridge , CB3 0FS , UK .
| | - David A Keen
- ISIS Facility , Rutherford Appleton Laboratory , Harwell Campus , Didcot , Oxon OX11 0QX , UK
| | - Shane G Telfer
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology , Institute of Fundamental Sciences , Massey University , Palmerston North 4442 , New Zealand
| | - Thomas D Bennett
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy , University of Cambridge , Charles Babbage Road , Cambridge , CB3 0FS , UK .
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17
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Xi L, De Falco P, Barbieri E, Karunaratne A, Bentley L, Esapa CT, Terrill NJ, Brown SDM, Cox RD, Davis GR, Pugno NM, Thakker RV, Gupta HS. Bone matrix development in steroid-induced osteoporosis is associated with a consistently reduced fibrillar stiffness linked to altered bone mineral quality. Acta Biomater 2018; 76:295-307. [PMID: 29902593 PMCID: PMC6084282 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIOP) is a major secondary form of osteoporosis, with the fracture risk significantly elevated - at similar levels of bone mineral density - in patients taking glucocorticoids compared with non-users. The adverse bone structural changes at multiple hierarchical levels in GIOP, and their mechanistic consequences leading to reduced load-bearing capacity, are not clearly understood. Here we combine experimental X-ray nanoscale mechanical imaging with analytical modelling of the bone matrix mechanics to determine mechanisms causing bone material quality deterioration during development of GIOP. In situ synchrotron small-angle X-ray diffraction combined with tensile testing was used to measure nanoscale deformation mechanisms in a murine model of GIOP, due to a corticotrophin-releasing hormone promoter mutation, at multiple ages (8-, 12-, 24- and 36 weeks), complemented by quantitative micro-computed tomography and backscattered electron imaging to determine mineral concentrations. We develop a two-level hierarchical model of the bone matrix (mineralized fibril and lamella) to predict fibrillar mechanical response as a function of architectural parameters of the mineralized matrix. The fibrillar elastic modulus of GIOP-bone is lower than healthy bone throughout development, and nearly constant in time, in contrast to the progressively increasing stiffness in healthy bone. The lower mineral platelet aspect ratio value for GIOP compared to healthy bone in the multiscale model can explain the fibrillar deformation. Consistent with this result, independent measurement of mineral platelet lengths from wide-angle X-ray diffraction finds a shorter mineral platelet length in GIOP. Our results show how lowered mineralization combined with altered mineral nanostructure in GIOP leads to lowered mechanical competence. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Increased fragility in musculoskeletal disorders like osteoporosis are believed to arise due to alterations in bone structure at multiple length-scales from the organ down to the supramolecular-level, where collagen molecules and elongated mineral nanoparticles form stiff fibrils. However, the nature of these molecular-level alterations are not known. Here we used X-ray scattering to determine both how bone fibrils deform in secondary osteoporosis, as well as how the fibril orientation and mineral nanoparticle structure changes. We found that osteoporotic fibrils become less stiff both because the mineral nanoparticles became shorter and less efficient at transferring load from collagen, and because the fibrils are more randomly oriented. These results will help in the design of new composite musculoskeletal implants for bone repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Xi
- School of Engineering and Material Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK; Department of Nuclear Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - P De Falco
- School of Engineering and Material Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK; Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, D-14424 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| | - E Barbieri
- School of Engineering and Material Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK; Department of Mathematical Science and Advanced Technology (MAT), Yokohama Institute for Earth Sciences (YES) 3173-25, Showa-machi, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama-city, Japan.
| | - A Karunaratne
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka
| | - L Bentley
- MRC Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre, MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, OX11 0RD, UK.
| | - C T Esapa
- MRC Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre, MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, OX11 0RD, UK; Academic Endocrine Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 7JL, UK.
| | - N J Terrill
- Beamline I22, Diamond Light Source Ltd., Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, UK.
| | - S D M Brown
- MRC Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre, MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, OX11 0RD, UK.
| | - R D Cox
- MRC Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre, MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, OX11 0RD, UK.
| | - G R Davis
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, E1 2AD, UK.
| | - N M Pugno
- Laboratory of Bio-Inspired & Graphene Nanomechanics, Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Via Mesiano, 77, 38123 Trento, Italy; School of Engineering and Material Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK; Ket Lab, Edoardo Amaldi Foundation, Italian Space Agency, Via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - R V Thakker
- MRC Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre, MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, OX11 0RD, UK; Academic Endocrine Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 7JL, UK.
| | - H S Gupta
- School of Engineering and Material Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK.
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18
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Inamdar SR, Knight DP, Terrill NJ, Karunaratne A, Cacho-Nerin F, Knight MM, Gupta HS. The Secret Life of Collagen: Temporal Changes in Nanoscale Fibrillar Pre-Strain and Molecular Organization during Physiological Loading of Cartilage. ACS Nano 2017; 11:9728-9737. [PMID: 28800220 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Articular cartilage is a natural biomaterial whose structure at the micro- and nanoscale is critical for healthy joint function and where degeneration is associated with widespread disorders such as osteoarthritis. At the nanoscale, cartilage mechanical functionality is dependent on the collagen fibrils and hydrated proteoglycans that form the extracellular matrix. The dynamic response of these ultrastructural building blocks at the nanoscale, however, remains unclear. Here we measure time-resolved changes in collagen fibril strain, using small-angle X-ray diffraction during compression of bovine and human cartilage explants. We demonstrate the existence of a collagen fibril tensile pre-strain, estimated from the D-period at approximately 1-2%, due to osmotic swelling pressure from the proteoglycan. We reveal a rapid reduction and recovery of this pre-strain which occurs during stress relaxation, approximately 60 s after the onset of peak load. Furthermore, we show that this reduction in pre-strain is linked to disordering in the intrafibrillar molecular packing, alongside changes in the axial overlapping of tropocollagen molecules within the fibril. Tissue degradation in the form of selective proteoglycan removal disrupts both the collagen fibril pre-strain and the transient response during stress relaxation. This study bridges a fundamental gap in the knowledge describing time-dependent changes in collagen pre-strain and molecular organization that occur during physiological loading of articular cartilage. The ultrastructural details of this transient response are likely to transform our understanding of the role of collagen fibril nanomechanics in the biomechanics of cartilage and other hydrated soft tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheetal R Inamdar
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London , London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - David P Knight
- Orthox Ltd. , 66 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon OX14 4RQ, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Terrill
- Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Diamond Light Source , Harwell, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Angelo Karunaratne
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Fernando Cacho-Nerin
- Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Diamond Light Source , Harwell, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Martin M Knight
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London , London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Himadri S Gupta
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London , London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
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19
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Zhang Y, De Falco P, Wang Y, Barbieri E, Paris O, Terrill NJ, Falkenberg G, Pugno NM, Gupta HS. Towards in situ determination of 3D strain and reorientation in the interpenetrating nanofibre networks of cuticle. Nanoscale 2017; 9:11249-11260. [PMID: 28753215 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr02139a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Determining the in situ 3D nano- and microscale strain and reorientation fields in hierarchical nanocomposite materials is technically very challenging. Such a determination is important to understand the mechanisms enabling their functional optimization. An example of functional specialization to high dynamic mechanical resistance is the crustacean stomatopod cuticle. Here we develop a new 3D X-ray nanostrain reconstruction method combining analytical modelling of the diffraction signal, fibre-composite theory and in situ deformation, to determine the hitherto unknown nano- and microscale deformation mechanisms in stomatopod tergite cuticle. Stomatopod cuticle at the nanoscale consists of mineralized chitin fibres and calcified protein matrix, which form (at the microscale) plywood (Bouligand) layers with interpenetrating pore-canal fibres. We uncover anisotropic deformation patterns inside Bouligand lamellae, accompanied by load-induced fibre reorientation and pore-canal fibre compression. Lamination theory was used to decouple in-plane fibre reorientation from diffraction intensity changes induced by 3D lamellae tilting. Our method enables separation of deformation dynamics at multiple hierarchical levels, a critical consideration in the cooperative mechanics characteristic of biological and bioinspired materials. The nanostrain reconstruction technique is general, depending only on molecular-level fibre symmetry and can be applied to the in situ dynamics of advanced nanostructured materials with 3D hierarchical design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- Queen Mary University of London, Institute of Bioengineering and School of Engineering and Material Science, London, E1 4NS, UK. and Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | - P De Falco
- Queen Mary University of London, Institute of Bioengineering and School of Engineering and Material Science, London, E1 4NS, UK.
| | - Y Wang
- Queen Mary University of London, Institute of Bioengineering and School of Engineering and Material Science, London, E1 4NS, UK.
| | - E Barbieri
- Queen Mary University of London, Institute of Bioengineering and School of Engineering and Material Science, London, E1 4NS, UK.
| | - O Paris
- Institute of Physics, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Leoben, Austria
| | - N J Terrill
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, UK
| | - G Falkenberg
- Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | - N M Pugno
- Laboratory of Bio-Inspired & Graphene Nanomechanics, Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Via Mesiano, 77, 38123, Trento, Italy and Queen Mary University of London, Institute of Bioengineering and School of Engineering and Material Science, London, E1 4NS, UK. and Ket Lab, Edoardo Amaldi Foundation, Italian Space Agency, Via del Politecnico snc, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - H S Gupta
- Queen Mary University of London, Institute of Bioengineering and School of Engineering and Material Science, London, E1 4NS, UK.
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20
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Richardson SJ, Burton MR, Luo X, Staniec PA, Nandhakumar IS, Terrill NJ, Elliott JM, Squires AM. Watching mesoporous metal films grow during templated electrodeposition with in situ SAXS. Nanoscale 2017; 9:10227-10232. [PMID: 28665429 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr03321d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we monitor the real-time growth of mesoporous platinum during electrodeposition using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Previously, we have demonstrated that platinum films featuring the 'single diamond' (Fd3m) morphology can be produced from 'double diamond' (Pn3m) lipid cubic phase templates; the difference in symmetry provides additional scattering signals unique to the metal. Taking advantage of this, we present simultaneous in situ SAXS/electrochemical measurement as the platinum nanostructures grow within the lipid template. This measurement allows us to correlate the nanostructure appearance with the deposition current density and to monitor the evolution of the orientational and lateral ordering of the lipid and platinum during deposition and after template removal. In other periodic metal nanomaterials deposited within any of the normal topology liquid crystal, mesoporous silica or block copolymer templates previously published, the template and emerging metal have the same symmetry, so such a study has not been possible previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Richardson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AD, UK.
| | - M R Burton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - X Luo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AD, UK.
| | - P A Staniec
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - I S Nandhakumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - N J Terrill
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - J M Elliott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AD, UK.
| | - A M Squires
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AD, UK.
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21
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Burton MR, Lei C, Staniec PA, Terrill NJ, Squires AM, White NM, Nandhakumar IS. 3D semiconducting nanostructures via inverse lipid cubic phases. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6405. [PMID: 28743929 PMCID: PMC5526932 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06895-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Well-ordered and highly interconnected 3D semiconducting nanostructures of bismuth sulphide were prepared from inverse cubic lipid mesophases. This route offers significant advantages in terms of mild conditions, ease of use and electrode architecture over other routes to nanomaterials synthesis for device applications. The resulting 3D bicontinous nanowire network films exhibited a single diamond topology of symmetry Fd3m (Q227) which was verified by Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and holds great promise for potential applications in optoelectronics, photovoltaics and thermoelectrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Burton
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - C Lei
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - P A Staniec
- Diamond Light Source, Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxon, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - N J Terrill
- Diamond Light Source, Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxon, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - A M Squires
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AD, UK
| | - N M White
- Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, Southampton, UK
| | - Iris S Nandhakumar
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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22
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Filik J, Ashton AW, Chang PCY, Chater PA, Day SJ, Drakopoulos M, Gerring MW, Hart ML, Magdysyuk OV, Michalik S, Smith A, Tang CC, Terrill NJ, Wharmby MT, Wilhelm H. Processing two-dimensional X-ray diffraction and small-angle scattering data in DAWN 2. J Appl Crystallogr 2017; 50:959-966. [PMID: 28656043 PMCID: PMC5458597 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576717004708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The Powder Calibration and Processing packages implemented in DAWN 2 provide an automated diffraction-geometry calibration and data processing environment for two-dimensional diffraction experiments. The customizable processing chains permit the execution of data processing steps to convert raw two-dimensional data into meaningful data and diffractograms. The provenance of the processed data is maintained, which guarantees reproducibility and transparency of the data treatment. A software package for the calibration and processing of powder X-ray diffraction and small-angle X-ray scattering data is presented. It provides a multitude of data processing and visualization tools as well as a command-line scripting interface for on-the-fly processing and the incorporation of complex data treatment tasks. Customizable processing chains permit the execution of many data processing steps to convert a single image or a batch of raw two-dimensional data into meaningful data and one-dimensional diffractograms. The processed data files contain the full data provenance of each process applied to the data. The calibration routines can run automatically even for high energies and also for large detector tilt angles. Some of the functionalities are highlighted by specific use cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Filik
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - A W Ashton
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - P C Y Chang
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - P A Chater
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - S J Day
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - M Drakopoulos
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - M W Gerring
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - M L Hart
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - O V Magdysyuk
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - S Michalik
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - A Smith
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - C C Tang
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - N J Terrill
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - M T Wharmby
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - H Wilhelm
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
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23
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Perkins SJ, Wright DW, Zhang H, Brookes EH, Chen J, Irving TC, Krueger S, Barlow DJ, Edler KJ, Scott DJ, Terrill NJ, King SM, Butler PD, Curtis JE. Atomistic modelling of scattering data in the Collaborative Computational Project for Small Angle Scattering (CCP-SAS). J Appl Crystallogr 2016; 49:1861-1875. [PMID: 27980506 PMCID: PMC5139988 DOI: 10.1107/s160057671601517x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The capabilities of current computer simulations provide a unique opportunity to model small-angle scattering (SAS) data at the atomistic level, and to include other structural constraints ranging from molecular and atomistic energetics to crystallography, electron microscopy and NMR. This extends the capabilities of solution scattering and provides deeper insights into the physics and chemistry of the systems studied. Realizing this potential, however, requires integrating the experimental data with a new generation of modelling software. To achieve this, the CCP-SAS collaboration (http://www.ccpsas.org/) is developing open-source, high-throughput and user-friendly software for the atomistic and coarse-grained molecular modelling of scattering data. Robust state-of-the-art molecular simulation engines and molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo force fields provide constraints to the solution structure inferred from the small-angle scattering data, which incorporates the known physical chemistry of the system. The implementation of this software suite involves a tiered approach in which GenApp provides the deployment infrastructure for running applications on both standard and high-performance computing hardware, and SASSIE provides a workflow framework into which modules can be plugged to prepare structures, carry out simulations, calculate theoretical scattering data and compare results with experimental data. GenApp produces the accessible web-based front end termed SASSIE-web, and GenApp and SASSIE also make community SAS codes available. Applications are illustrated by case studies: (i) inter-domain flexibility in two- to six-domain proteins as exemplified by HIV-1 Gag, MASP and ubiquitin; (ii) the hinge conformation in human IgG2 and IgA1 antibodies; (iii) the complex formed between a hexameric protein Hfq and mRNA; and (iv) synthetic 'bottlebrush' polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J. Perkins
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - David W. Wright
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Hailiang Zhang
- Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8562, USA
| | - Emre H. Brookes
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
| | - Jianhan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Thomas C. Irving
- Department of Biology, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3101 S. Dearborn, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
| | - Susan Krueger
- Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8562, USA
| | - David J. Barlow
- Pharmacy Department, Franklin-Wilkins Building, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Karen J. Edler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - David J. Scott
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
- Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, UK
- ISIS Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Nicholas J. Terrill
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Stephen M. King
- ISIS Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Paul D. Butler
- Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8562, USA
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-1600, USA
| | - Joseph E. Curtis
- Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8562, USA
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24
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Mo J, Prévost SF, Blowes LM, Egertová M, Terrill NJ, Wang W, Elphick MR, Gupta HS. Interfibrillar stiffening of echinoderm mutable collagenous tissue demonstrated at the nanoscale. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E6362-E6371. [PMID: 27708167 PMCID: PMC5081653 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1609341113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The mutable collagenous tissue (MCT) of echinoderms (e.g., sea cucumbers and starfish) is a remarkable example of a biological material that has the unique attribute, among collagenous tissues, of being able to rapidly change its stiffness and extensibility under neural control. However, the mechanisms of MCT have not been characterized at the nanoscale. Using synchrotron small-angle X-ray diffraction to probe time-dependent changes in fibrillar structure during in situ tensile testing of sea cucumber dermis, we investigate the ultrastructural mechanics of MCT by measuring fibril strain at different chemically induced mechanical states. By measuring a variable interfibrillar stiffness (EIF), the mechanism of mutability at the nanoscale can be demonstrated directly. A model of stiffness modulation via enhanced fibrillar recruitment is developed to explain the biophysical mechanisms of MCT. Understanding the mechanisms of MCT quantitatively may have applications in development of new types of mechanically tunable biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Mo
- School of Engineering and Material Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvain F Prévost
- Beamline ID02, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Liisa M Blowes
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Michaela Egertová
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Terrill
- Beamline I22, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Wen Wang
- School of Engineering and Material Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, United Kingdom; Institute of Bioengineering, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Maurice R Elphick
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, United Kingdom;
| | - Himadri S Gupta
- School of Engineering and Material Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, United Kingdom; Institute of Bioengineering, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, United Kingdom
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25
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Karunaratne A, Xi L, Bentley L, Sykes D, Boyde A, Esapa CT, Terrill NJ, Brown SDM, Cox RD, Thakker RV, Gupta HS. Multiscale alterations in bone matrix quality increased fragility in steroid induced osteoporosis. Bone 2016; 84:15-24. [PMID: 26657825 PMCID: PMC4764652 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A serious adverse clinical effect of glucocorticoid steroid treatment is secondary osteoporosis, enhancing fracture risk in bone. This rapid increase in bone fracture risk is largely independent of bone loss (quantity), and must therefore arise from degradation of the quality of the bone matrix at the micro- and nanoscale. However, we lack an understanding of both the specific alterations in bone quality n steroid-induced osteoporosis as well as the mechanistic effects of these changes. Here we demonstrate alterations in the nanostructural parameters of the mineralized fibrillar collagen matrix, which affect bone quality, and develop a model linking these to increased fracture risk in glucocorticoid induced osteoporosis. Using a mouse model with an N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU)-induced corticotrophin releasing hormone promoter mutation (Crh(-120/+)) that developed hypercorticosteronaemia and osteoporosis, we utilized in situ mechanical testing with small angle X-ray diffraction, synchrotron micro-computed tomography and quantitative backscattered electron imaging to link altered nano- and microscale deformation mechanisms in the bone matrix to abnormal macroscopic mechanics. We measure the deformation of the mineralized collagen fibrils, and the nano-mechanical parameters including effective fibril modulus and fibril to tissue strain ratio. A significant reduction (51%) of fibril modulus was found in Crh(-120/+) mice. We also find a much larger fibril strain/tissue strain ratio in Crh(-120/+) mice (~1.5) compared to the wild-type mice (~0.5), indicative of a lowered mechanical competence at the nanoscale. Synchrotron microCT show a disruption of intracortical architecture, possibly linked to osteocytic osteolysis. These findings provide a clear quantitative demonstration of how bone quality changes increase macroscopic fragility in secondary osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Karunaratne
- Queen Mary University of London, School of Engineering and Material Science, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK.
| | - L Xi
- Queen Mary University of London, School of Engineering and Material Science, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK.
| | - L Bentley
- MRC Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre, MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, OX11 0RD, UK.
| | - D Sykes
- Core Research Laboratories, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK.
| | - A Boyde
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, E1 2AD, UK.
| | - C T Esapa
- MRC Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre, MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, OX11 0RD, UK; Academic Endocrine Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 7JL, UK.
| | - N J Terrill
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Beamline I22, Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0DE, UK; Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Brookhill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK.
| | - S D M Brown
- MRC Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre, MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, OX11 0RD, UK.
| | - R D Cox
- MRC Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre, MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, OX11 0RD, UK.
| | - R V Thakker
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 7JL, UK.
| | - H S Gupta
- Queen Mary University of London, School of Engineering and Material Science, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK.
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26
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Richardson SJ, Burton MR, Staniec PA, Nandhakumar IS, Terrill NJ, Elliott JM, Squires AM. Aligned platinum nanowire networks from surface-oriented lipid cubic phase templates. Nanoscale 2016; 8:2850-2856. [PMID: 26763739 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr06691c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Mesoporous metal structures featuring a bicontinuous cubic morphology have a wide range of potential applications and novel opto-electronic properties, often orientation-dependent. We describe the production of nanostructured metal films 1-2 microns thick featuring 3D-periodic 'single diamond' morphology that show high out-of-plane alignment, with the (111) plane oriented parallel to the substrate. These are produced by electrodeposition of platinum through a lipid cubic phase (Q(II)) template. Further investigation into the mechanism for the orientation revealed the surprising result that the Q(II) template, which is tens of microns thick, is polydomain with no overall orientation. When thicker platinum films are grown, they also show increased orientational disorder. These results suggest that polydomain Q(II) samples display a region of uniaxial orientation at the lipid/substrate interface up to approximately 2.8 ± 0.3 μm away from the solid surface. Our approach gives previously unavailable information on the arrangement of cubic phases at solid interfaces, which is important for many applications of Q(II) phases. Most significantly, we have produced a previously unreported class of oriented nanomaterial, with potential applications including metamaterials and lithographic masks.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Richardson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AD, UK.
| | - M R Burton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - P A Staniec
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - I S Nandhakumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - N J Terrill
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - J M Elliott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AD, UK.
| | - A M Squires
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AD, UK.
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27
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Bulpett JM, Snow T, Quignon B, Beddoes CM, Tang TYD, Mann S, Shebanova O, Pizzey CL, Terrill NJ, Davis SA, Briscoe WH. Hydrophobic nanoparticles promote lamellar to inverted hexagonal transition in phospholipid mesophases. Soft Matter 2015; 11:8789-8800. [PMID: 26391613 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm01705j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on how the mesophase transition behaviour of the phospholipid dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) is altered by the presence of 10 nm hydrophobic and 14 nm hydrophilic silica nanoparticles (NPs) at different concentrations. The lamellar to inverted hexagonal phase transition (Lα-HII) of phospholipids is energetically analogous to the membrane fusion process, therefore understanding the Lα-HII transition with nanoparticulate additives is relevant to how membrane fusion may be affected by these additives, in this case the silica NPs. The overriding observation is that the HII/Lα boundaries in the DOPE p-T phase diagram were shifted by the presence of NPs: the hydrophobic NPs enlarged the HII phase region and thus encouraged the inverted hexagonal (HII) phase to occur at lower temperatures, whilst hydrophilic NPs appeared to stabilise the Lα phase region. This effect was also NP-concentration dependent, with a more pronounced effect for higher concentration of the hydrophobic NPs, but the trend was less clear cut for the hydrophilic NPs. There was no evidence that the NPs were intercalated into the mesophases, and as such it was likely that they might have undergone microphase separation and resided at the mesophase domain boundaries. Whilst the loci and exact roles of the NPs invite further investigation, we tentatively discuss these results in terms of both the surface chemistry of the NPs and the effect of their curvature on the elastic bending energy considerations during the mesophase transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Bulpett
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK.
| | - Tim Snow
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK.
| | - Benoit Quignon
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK.
| | - Charlotte M Beddoes
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK.
| | - T-Y D Tang
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK.
| | - Stephen Mann
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK.
| | - Olga Shebanova
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Claire L Pizzey
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Nicholas J Terrill
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Sean A Davis
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK.
| | - Wuge H Briscoe
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK.
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28
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Richardson SJ, Staniec PA, Newby GE, Rawle JL, Slaughter AR, Terrill NJ, Elliott JM, Squires AM. Glycerol prevents dehydration in lipid cubic phases. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:11386-9. [PMID: 26084976 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc03771a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Lipid cubic phase samples dry out and undergo phase transitions when exposed to air. We demonstrate experimentally and theoretically that adding glycerol controllably lowers the humidity at which cubic phases form. These results broaden the potential applications of cubic phases and open up the potential of a new humidity-responsive nanomaterial.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Richardson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AD, UK.
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Bras W, Koizumi S, Terrill NJ. Beyond simple small-angle X-ray scattering: developments in online complementary techniques and sample environments. IUCrJ 2014; 1:478-91. [PMID: 25485128 PMCID: PMC4224466 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252514019198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS, WAXS) are standard tools in materials research. The simultaneous measurement of SAXS and WAXS data in time-resolved studies has gained popularity due to the complementary information obtained. Furthermore, the combination of these data with non X-ray based techniques, via either simultaneous or independent measurements, has advanced understanding of the driving forces that lead to the structures and morphologies of materials, which in turn give rise to their properties. The simultaneous measurement of different data regimes and types, using either X-rays or neutrons, and the desire to control parameters that initiate and control structural changes have led to greater demands on sample environments. Examples of developments in technique combinations and sample environment design are discussed, together with a brief speculation about promising future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim Bras
- Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), DUBBLE@ESRF, BP 220, 6 Rue Jules Horowitz, Grenoble 38043, France
| | - Satoshi Koizumi
- College of Engineering, Ibaraki University, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Nicholas J Terrill
- Science Division, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, UK
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Dunlop IE, Ryan MP, Goode AE, Schuster C, Terrill NJ, Weaver JVM. Direct synthesis of PEG-encapsulated gold nanoparticles using branched copolymer nanoreactors. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra03500c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A highly scalable approach to generating PEG-stabilized gold nanoparticles for biomedical applications using micelle-like branched copolymers as nanoreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain E. Dunlop
- Department of Materials
- Imperial College London
- London SW18 4UT, UK
| | - Mary P. Ryan
- Department of Materials
- Imperial College London
- London SW18 4UT, UK
| | - Angela E. Goode
- Department of Materials
- Imperial College London
- London SW18 4UT, UK
| | - Carlos Schuster
- Department of Materials
- Imperial College London
- London SW18 4UT, UK
| | | | - Jonathan V. M. Weaver
- Department of Materials
- Imperial College London
- London SW18 4UT, UK
- Department of Bioengineering
- Imperial College London
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31
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Boote C, Dooley EP, Gardner SJ, Kamma-Lorger CS, Hayes S, Nielsen K, Hjortdal J, Sorensen T, Terrill NJ, Meek KM. Correction: Quantification of Collagen Ultrastructure after Penetrating Keratoplasty - Implications for Corneal Biomechanics. PLoS One 2013; 8. [PMID: 24116238 PMCID: PMC3790893 DOI: 10.1371/annotation/1ca782a6-c5c1-4ef8-9c08-ca8ae0cdbaa6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article on p. e68166 in vol. 8.].
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Fen LB, Chen S, Kyo Y, Herpoldt KL, Terrill NJ, Dunlop IE, McPhail DS, Shaffer MS, Schwander S, Gow A, Zhang J(J, Chung KF, Tetley TD, Porter AE, Ryan MP. The stability of silver nanoparticles in a model of pulmonary surfactant. Environ Sci Technol 2013; 47:11232-40. [PMID: 23988335 PMCID: PMC3990461 DOI: 10.1021/es403377p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The growing use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in consumer products has raised concerns about their potential impact on the environment and human health. Whether AgNPs dissolve and release Ag(+) ions, or coarsen to form large aggregates, is critical in determining their potential toxicity. In this work, the stability of AgNPs in dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), the major component of pulmonary surfactant, was investigated as a function of pH. Spherical, citrate-capped AgNPs with average diameters of 14 ± 1.6 nm (n = 200) were prepared by a chemical bath reduction. The kinetics of Ag(+) ion release was strongly pH-dependent. After 14 days of incubation in sodium perchlorate (NaClO4) or perchloric acid (HClO4) solutions, the total fraction of AgNPs dissolved varied from ∼10% at pH 3, to ∼2% at pH 5, with negligible dissolution at pH 7. A decrease in pH from 7 to 3 also promoted particle aggregation and coarsening. DPPC (100 mg·L(-1)) delayed the release of Ag(+) ions, but did not significantly alter the total amount of Ag(+) released after two weeks. In addition, DPPC improved the dispersion of the AgNPs and inhibited aggregation and coarsening. TEM images revealed that the AgNPs were coated with a DPPC layer serving as a semipermeable layer. Hence, lung lining fluid, particularly DPPC, can modify the aggregation state and kinetics of Ag(+) ion release of inhaled AgNPs in the lung. These observations have important implications for predicting the potential reactivity of AgNPs in the lung and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Bey Fen
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Building, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, MALAYSIA
| | - Shu Chen
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Yoshihiko Kyo
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Karla-Luise Herpoldt
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Nicholas J. Terrill
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Iain E. Dunlop
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - David S. McPhail
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Milo S. Shaffer
- Department of Chemistry and London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Stephan Schwander
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Medicine and Dentistry (UMDNJ) School of Public Health, New Jersey, USA
| | - Andrew Gow
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology at Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Junfeng (Jim) Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, USA
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK
| | | | - Alexandra E. Porter
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Corresponding Authors: ; phone: (+44)2075946755; fax: (+44)2075945017. ; phone: (+44)2075949691; fax: (+44)2075945017
| | - Mary P. Ryan
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Corresponding Authors: ; phone: (+44)2075946755; fax: (+44)2075945017. ; phone: (+44)2075949691; fax: (+44)2075945017
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Boote C, Dooley EP, Gardner SJ, Kamma-Lorger CS, Hayes S, Nielsen K, Hjortdal J, Sorensen T, Terrill NJ, Meek KM. Quantification of collagen ultrastructure after penetrating keratoplasty - implications for corneal biomechanics. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68166. [PMID: 23861866 PMCID: PMC3702563 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To quantify long-term changes in stromal collagen ultrastructure following penetrating keratoplasty (PK), and evaluate their possible implications for corneal biomechanics. METHODS A pair of 16 mm post-mortem corneo-scleral buttons was obtained from a patient receiving bilateral penetrating keratoplasty 12 (left)/28 (right) years previously. Small-angle x-ray scattering quantified collagen fibril spacing, diameter and spatial order at 0.5 mm or 0.25 mm intervals along linear scans across the graft margin. Corresponding control data was collected from two corneo-scleral buttons with no history of refractive surgery. Wide-angle x-ray scattering quantified collagen fibril orientation at 0.25 mm (horizontal)×0.25 mm (vertical) intervals across both PK specimens. Quantification of orientation changes in the graft margin were verified by equivalent analysis of data from a 13 year post-operative right PK specimen obtained from a second patient in a previous study, and comparison made with new and published data from normal corneas. RESULTS Marked changes to normal fibril alignment, in favour of tangentially oriented collagen, were observed around the entire graft margin in all PK specimens. The total number of meridional fibrils in the wound margin was observed to decrease by up to 40%, with the number of tangentially oriented fibrils increasing by up to 46%. As a result, in some locations the number of fibrils aligned parallel to the wound outnumbered those spanning it by up to five times. Localised increases in fibril spacing and diameter, with an accompanying reduction in matrix order, were also evident. CONCLUSIONS Abnormal collagen fibril size and spatial order within the PK graft margin are indicative of incomplete stromal wound remodelling and the long term persistence of fibrotic scar tissue. Lasting changes in collagen fibril orientation in and around PK wounds may alter corneal biomechanics and compromise the integrity of the graft-host interface in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Boote
- Structural Biophysics Group, School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Erin P. Dooley
- Structural Biophysics Group, School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Steven J. Gardner
- Structural Biophysics Group, School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Christina S. Kamma-Lorger
- Structural Biophysics Group, School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Sally Hayes
- Structural Biophysics Group, School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Kim Nielsen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jesper Hjortdal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | - Keith M. Meek
- Structural Biophysics Group, School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Karunaratne A, Boyde A, Esapa CT, Hiller J, Terrill NJ, Brown SDM, Cox RD, Thakker RV, Gupta HS. Symmetrically reduced stiffness and increased extensibility in compression and tension at the mineralized fibrillar level in rachitic bone. Bone 2013; 52:689-98. [PMID: 23128355 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2012.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In metabolic bone diseases, the alterations in fibrillar level bone-material quality affecting macroscopic mechanical competence are not well-understood quantitatively. Here, we quantify the fibrillar level deformation in cantilever bending in a mouse model for hereditary rickets (Hpr). Microfocus in-situ synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) combined with cantilever bending was used to resolve nanoscale fibril strain in tensile- and compressive tissue regions separately, with quantitative backscattered scanning electron microscopy used to measure microscale mineralization. Tissue-level flexural moduli for Hpr mice were significantly (p<0.01) smaller compared to wild-type (~5 to 10-fold reduction). At the fibrillar level, the fibril moduli within the tensile and compressive zones were significantly (p<0.05) lower by ~3- to 5-fold in Hpr mice compared to wild-type mice. Hpr mice have a lower mineral content (24.2±2.1Cawt.% versus 27.4±3.3Ca wt.%) and its distribution was more heterogeneous compared to wild-type animals. However, the average effective fibril modulus did not differ significantly (p>0.05) over ages (4, 7 and 10weeks) between tensile and compressive zones. Our results indicate that incompletely mineralized fibrils in Hpr mice have greater deformability and lower moduli in both compression and tension, and those compressive and tensile zones have similar moduli at the fibrillar level.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Karunaratne
- School of Engineering and Material Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK.
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Abstract
In situ synchrotron X-ray scattering and diffraction, in combination with micromechanical testing, can provide quantitative information on the nanoscale mechanics of biomineralized composites, such as bone, nacre, and enamel. Due to the hierarchical architecture of these systems, the methodology for extraction of mechanical parameters at the molecular and supramolecular scale requires special considerations regarding design of mechanical test apparatus, sample preparation and testing, data analysis, and interpretation of X-ray structural information in terms of small-scale mechanics. In this chapter, this methodology is described using as a case study the deformation mechanisms at the fibrillar and mineral particle level in cortical bone. Following a description of the sample preparation, testing, and analysis procedures for bone in general, two applications of the method-to understand fibrillar-level mechanics in tension and bending in a mouse model of rachitic disease-are presented, together with a discussion of how to relate in situ scattering and diffraction data acquired during mechanical testing to nanostructural models for deformation of biomineralized composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Karunaratne
- Queen Mary University of London, School of Engineering and Material Sciences, London, United Kingdom
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36
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Boote C, Du Y, Morgan S, Harris J, Kamma-Lorger CS, Hayes S, Lathrop KL, Roh DS, Burrow MK, Hiller J, Terrill NJ, Funderburgh JL, Meek KM. Quantitative assessment of ultrastructure and light scatter in mouse corneal debridement wounds. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53:2786-95. [PMID: 22467580 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-9305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The mouse has become an important wound healing model with which to study corneal fibrosis, a frequent complication of refractive surgery. The aim of the current study was to quantify changes in stromal ultrastructure and light scatter that characterize fibrosis in mouse corneal debridement wounds. METHODS Epithelial debridement wounds, with and without removal of basement membrane, were produced in C57BL/6 mice. Corneal opacity was measured using optical coherence tomography, and collagen diameter and matrix order were quantified by x-ray scattering. Electron microscopy was used to visualize proteoglycans. Quantitative PCR (Q-PCR) measured mRNA transcript levels for several quiescent and fibrotic markers. RESULTS Epithelial debridement without basement membrane disruption produced a significant increase in matrix disorder at 8 weeks, but minimal corneal opacity. In contrast, basement membrane penetration led to increases in light scatter, matrix disorder, and collagen diameter, accompanied by the appearance of abnormally large proteoglycans in the subepithelial stroma. This group also demonstrated upregulation of several quiescent and fibrotic markers 2 to 4 weeks after wounding. CONCLUSIONS Fibrotic corneal wound healing in mice involves extensive changes to collagen and proteoglycan ultrastructure, consistent with deposition of opaque scar tissue. Epithelial basement membrane penetration is a deciding factor determining the degree of ultrastructural changes and resulting opacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Boote
- Structural Biophysics Group, School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
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Karunaratne A, Esapa CR, Hiller J, Boyde A, Head R, Bassett JHD, Terrill NJ, Williams GR, Brown MA, Croucher PI, Brown SDM, Cox RD, Barber AH, Thakker RV, Gupta HS. Significant deterioration in nanomechanical quality occurs through incomplete extrafibrillar mineralization in rachitic bone: evidence from in-situ synchrotron X-ray scattering and backscattered electron imaging. J Bone Miner Res 2012; 27:876-90. [PMID: 22161748 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Bone diseases such as rickets and osteoporosis cause significant reduction in bone quantity and quality, which leads to mechanical abnormalities. However, the precise ultrastructural mechanism by which altered bone quality affects mechanical properties is not clearly understood. Here we demonstrate the functional link between altered bone quality (reduced mineralization) and abnormal fibrillar-level mechanics using a novel, real-time synchrotron X-ray nanomechanical imaging method to study a mouse model with rickets due to reduced extrafibrillar mineralization. A previously unreported N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) mouse model for hypophosphatemic rickets (Hpr), as a result of missense Trp314Arg mutation of the phosphate regulating gene with homologies to endopeptidase on the X chromosome (Phex) and with features consistent with X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets (XLHR) in man, was investigated using in situ synchrotron small angle X-ray scattering to measure real-time changes in axial periodicity of the nanoscale mineralized fibrils in bone during tensile loading. These determine nanomechanical parameters including fibril elastic modulus and maximum fibril strain. Mineral content was estimated using backscattered electron imaging. A significant reduction of effective fibril modulus and enhancement of maximum fibril strain was found in Hpr mice. Effective fibril modulus and maximum fibril strain in the elastic region increased consistently with age in Hpr and wild-type mice. However, the mean mineral content was ∼21% lower in Hpr mice and was more heterogeneous in its distribution. Our results are consistent with a nanostructural mechanism in which incompletely mineralized fibrils show greater extensibility and lower stiffness, leading to macroscopic outcomes such as greater bone flexibility. Our study demonstrates the value of in situ X-ray nanomechanical imaging in linking the alterations in bone nanostructure to nanoscale mechanical deterioration in a metabolic bone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Karunaratne
- School of Engineering and Material Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Boote C, Kamma-Lorger CS, Hayes S, Harris J, Burghammer M, Hiller J, Terrill NJ, Meek KM. Quantification of collagen organization in the peripheral human cornea at micron-scale resolution. Biophys J 2011; 101:33-42. [PMID: 21723812 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2011.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The collagen microstructure of the peripheral cornea is important in stabilizing corneal curvature and refractive status. However, the manner in which the predominantly orthogonal collagen fibrils of the central cornea integrate with the circumferential limbal collagen is unknown. We used microfocus wide-angle x-ray scattering to quantify the relative proportion and orientation of collagen fibrils over the human corneolimbal interface at intervals of 50 μm. Orthogonal fibrils changed direction 1-1.5 mm before the limbus to integrate with the circumferential limbal fibrils. Outside the central 6 mm, additional preferentially aligned collagen was found to reinforce the cornea and limbus. The manner of integration and degree of reinforcement varied significantly depending on the direction along which the limbus was approached. We also employed small-angle x-ray scattering to measure the average collagen fibril diameter from central cornea to limbus at 0.5 mm intervals. Fibril diameter was constant across the central 6 mm. More peripherally, fibril diameter increased, indicative of a merging of corneal and scleral collagen. The point of increase varied with direction, consistent with a scheme in which the oblique corneal periphery is reinforced by chords of scleral collagen. The results have implications for the cornea's biomechanical response to ocular surgeries involving peripheral incision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Boote
- Structural Biophysics Group, School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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39
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Gilroy JB, Rupar PA, Whittell GR, Chabanne L, Terrill NJ, Winnik MA, Manners I, Richardson RM. Probing the Structure of the Crystalline Core of Field-Aligned, Monodisperse, Cylindrical Polyisoprene-block-Polyferrocenylsilane Micelles in Solution Using Synchrotron Small- and Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:17056-62. [DOI: 10.1021/ja207417z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joe B. Gilroy
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, BS8 1TS
| | - Paul A. Rupar
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, BS8 1TS
| | - George R. Whittell
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, BS8 1TS
| | - Laurent Chabanne
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, BS8 1TS
| | - Nicholas J. Terrill
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, United Kingdom, OX11 0DE
| | - Mitchell A. Winnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3H6
| | - Ian Manners
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, BS8 1TS
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Newby GE, Hamley IW, King SM, Martin CM, Terrill NJ. Structure, rheology and shear alignment of Pluronic block copolymer mixtures. J Colloid Interface Sci 2008; 329:54-61. [PMID: 18930467 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2008.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2008] [Revised: 09/18/2008] [Accepted: 09/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The structure and flow behaviour of binary mixtures of Pluronic block copolymers P85 and P123 is investigated by small-angle scattering, rheometry and mobility tests. Micelle dimensions are probed by dynamic light scattering. The micelle hydrodynamic radius for the 50/50 mixture is larger than that for either P85 or P123 alone, due to the formation of mixed micelles with a higher association number. The phase diagram for 50/50 mixtures contains regions of cubic and hexagonal phases similar to those for the parent homopolymers, however the region of stability of the cubic phase is enhanced at low temperature and concentrations above 40 wt%. This is ascribed to favourable packing of the mixed micelles containing core blocks with two different chain lengths, but similar corona chain lengths. The shear flow alignment of face-centred cubic and hexagonal phases is probed by in situ small-angle X-ray or neutron scattering with simultaneous rheology. The hexagonal phase can be aligned using steady shear in a Couette geometry, however the high modulus cubic phase cannot be aligned well in this way. This requires the application of oscillatory shear or compression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma E Newby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AD, UK
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41
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Cernik RJ, Barnes P, Bushnell-Wye G, Dent AJ, Diakun GP, Flaherty JV, Greaves GN, Heeley EL, Helsby W, Jacques SDM, Kay J, Rayment T, Ryan A, Tang CC, Terrill NJ. The new materials processing beamline at the SRS Daresbury, MPW6.2. J Synchrotron Radiat 2004; 11:163-170. [PMID: 14960781 DOI: 10.1107/s0909049503027870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2003] [Accepted: 12/03/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A new beamline (MPW6.2) has been designed and built for the study of materials during processing where three synchrotron techniques, SAXS, WAXS and XAS, are available simultaneously. It has been demonstrated that Rietveld refinable data can be collected from silicon SRM 640b over a 60 degrees range in a time scale of 1 s. The data have been refined to a chi(2) of 2.4, the peaks fitting best to a Pearson VII function or with fundamental parameters. The peak halfwidths have been found to be approximately constant at 0.06 degrees over a 120 degrees angular range indicating that the instrumental resolution function has matched its design specification. A quantitative comparison of data sets collected on the same isotactic polypropylene system on MPW6.2 and DUBBLE at the ESRF shows a 17% improvement in angular resolution and a 1.8 improvement in peak-to-background ratio with the RAPID2 system; the ESRF data vary more smoothly across detector channels. The time-dependent wide-angle XRD was tested by comparing a hydration reaction of gypsum-bassanite-anhydrite with energy-dispersive data collected on the same system on the same time scale. Three sample data sets from the reaction were selected for analysis and gave an average chi(2) of 3.8. The Rietveld-refined lattice parameters are a good match with published values and the corresponding errors show a mean value of 3.3 x 10(-4). The data have also been analysed by the Pawley decomposition phase-modelling technique demonstrating the ability of the station to quickly and accurately identify new phases. The combined SAXS/WAXS capability of the station was tested with the crystallization and spinodal decomposition of a very dilute polymer system. Our measurements show that the crystallization of a high-density co-polymer (E76B38) as low as 0.5% by weight can be observed in solution in hexane. The WAXS and SAXS data sets were collected on the same time scale. The SAXS detector was calibrated using a collagen sample that gave 30 orders of diffraction in 1 s of data collection. The combined XRD and XAS measurement capability of the station was tested by observing the collapse and re-crystallization of zinc-exchanged zeolite A (zeolite Zn/Na-A). Previous studies of this material on station 9.3 at the SRS were compared with those from the new station. A time improvement of 38 was observed with better quality counting statistics. The improved angular resolution from the WAXS detector enabled new peaks to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Cernik
- Daresbury Laboratory, Warrington WA4 4AD, UK.
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Arrighi V, Holmes PF, McEwen IJ, Terrill NJ, Qian H. Nanophase-separated regions and side-chain relaxation in dialkyl itaconate copolymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1039/b411048j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J. Ryan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom
- CCLRC Daresbury Laboratory, Warrington WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
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Ryan AJ, Patrick A. Fairclough J, Terrill NJ, Olmsted PD, Poon WCK. A scattering study of nucleation phenomena in polymer crystallisation. Faraday Discuss 1999. [DOI: 10.1039/a900246d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Mai SM, Fairclough JPA, Terrill NJ, Turner SC, Hamley IW, Matsen MW, Ryan AJ, Booth C. Microphase Separation in Poly(oxyethylene)−Poly(oxybutylene) Diblock Copolymers. Macromolecules 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ma981089k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Min Mai
- Manchester Polymer Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K., Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K., School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9TJ, U.K., CCLRC Daresbury Laboratory, Warrington WA4 4AD, U.K., and Polymer Science Centre, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AF, U.K
| | - J. Patrick A. Fairclough
- Manchester Polymer Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K., Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K., School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9TJ, U.K., CCLRC Daresbury Laboratory, Warrington WA4 4AD, U.K., and Polymer Science Centre, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AF, U.K
| | - Nicholas J. Terrill
- Manchester Polymer Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K., Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K., School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9TJ, U.K., CCLRC Daresbury Laboratory, Warrington WA4 4AD, U.K., and Polymer Science Centre, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AF, U.K
| | - Simon C. Turner
- Manchester Polymer Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K., Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K., School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9TJ, U.K., CCLRC Daresbury Laboratory, Warrington WA4 4AD, U.K., and Polymer Science Centre, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AF, U.K
| | - Ian W. Hamley
- Manchester Polymer Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K., Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K., School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9TJ, U.K., CCLRC Daresbury Laboratory, Warrington WA4 4AD, U.K., and Polymer Science Centre, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AF, U.K
| | - Mark W. Matsen
- Manchester Polymer Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K., Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K., School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9TJ, U.K., CCLRC Daresbury Laboratory, Warrington WA4 4AD, U.K., and Polymer Science Centre, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AF, U.K
| | - Anthony J. Ryan
- Manchester Polymer Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K., Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K., School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9TJ, U.K., CCLRC Daresbury Laboratory, Warrington WA4 4AD, U.K., and Polymer Science Centre, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AF, U.K
| | - Colin Booth
- Manchester Polymer Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K., Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K., School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9TJ, U.K., CCLRC Daresbury Laboratory, Warrington WA4 4AD, U.K., and Polymer Science Centre, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AF, U.K
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Terrill NJ, Fairclough PA, Towns-Andrews E, Komanschek BU, Young RJ, Ryan AJ. Density fluctuations: The nucleation event in isotactic polypropylene crystallization. POLYMER 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(97)00547-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Hamley IW, Fairclough JPA, Terrill NJ, Ryan AJ, Lipic PM, Bates FS, Towns-Andrews E. Crystallization in Oriented Semicrystalline Diblock Copolymers. Macromolecules 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ma960343a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian W. Hamley
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, W. Yorkshire LS2 9JT, U.K
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Pochan DJ, Gido SP, Pispas S, Mays JW, Ryan AJ, Fairclough JPA, Hamley IW, Terrill NJ. Morphologies of Microphase-Separated A2B Simple Graft Copolymers. Macromolecules 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ma951696x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Howard JAK, Knox SAR, Terrill NJ, Yates MI. Reactivity of alkenes at a diruthenium centre: carbon–carbon bond formation via HF elimination. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1039/c39890000640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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