1
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Mazahir F, Yadav AK. Recent progress in engineered extracellular vesicles and their biomedical applications. Life Sci 2024; 350:122747. [PMID: 38797364 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
AIMS To present the recent update on the isolation, engineering techniques for extracellular vesicles, limitations associated with different isolation techniques, different biomedical applications, and challenges of engineered extracellular vesicles for the benefit of researchers from academic, industry, etc. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Peer-reviewed articles from most recognized journals were collected, and presented information was analyzed to discuss collection, chemical, electroporation, cellular, and membrane surface engineering to design extracellular vesicles for various therapeutic applications. In addition, we present the applications and limitations of techniques for the collection of extracellular vesicles. KEY FINDINGS There is a need for isolation techniques with the gold standard. However, advanced extracellular vesicle isolation techniques showed improved recovery, and purity of extracellular vesicles. Tumor therapy is a major part of the therapy section that illustrates the role of engineered extracellular vesicles in synergetic therapy such as phototherapy, theragnostic, and delivery of genetic materials. In addition, extracellular vesicles have shown their potential in the treatment of retinal disorders, neurodegenerative disease, tuberculosis, osteoporosis, inflammatory bowel disease, vaccine production, and wound healing. SIGNIFICANCE Engineered extracellular vesicles can deliver cargo to the specific cells, elicit an immune response and could be used for the development of the vaccines in the future. However, the progress is at the initial stage. Overall, this review will provide a comprehensive understanding and could serve as a reference for researchers in the clinical translation of engineered extracellular vesicles in different biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhan Mazahir
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Raebareli, A Transit Campus, Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Bijnor, Lucknow-226002, India
| | - Awesh K Yadav
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Raebareli, A Transit Campus, Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Bijnor, Lucknow-226002, India.
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2
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Chen J, Zheng M, Xiao Q, Wang H, Chi C, Lin T, Wang Y, Yi X, Zhu L. Recent Advances in Microfluidic-Based Extracellular Vesicle Analysis. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:630. [PMID: 38793203 PMCID: PMC11122811 DOI: 10.3390/mi15050630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) serve as vital messengers, facilitating communication between cells, and exhibit tremendous potential in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. However, conventional EV isolation methods are labor-intensive, and they harvest EVs with low purity and compromised recovery. In addition, the drawbacks, such as the limited sensitivity and specificity of traditional EV analysis methods, hinder the application of EVs in clinical use. Therefore, it is urgent to develop effective and standardized methods for isolating and detecting EVs. Microfluidics technology is a powerful and rapidly developing technology that has been introduced as a potential solution for the above bottlenecks. It holds the advantages of high integration, short analysis time, and low consumption of samples and reagents. In this review, we summarize the traditional techniques alongside microfluidic-based methodologies for the isolation and detection of EVs. We emphasize the distinct advantages of microfluidic technology in enhancing the capture efficiency and precise targeting of extracellular vesicles (EVs). We also explore its analytical role in targeted detection. Furthermore, this review highlights the transformative impact of microfluidic technology on EV analysis, with the potential to achieve automated and high-throughput EV detection in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiming Chen
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China; (J.C.); (M.Z.); (Q.X.); (H.W.); (C.C.); (T.L.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Functional and Clinical Translational Medicine, Fujian Province University, Xiamen 361023, China
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China
| | - Meiyu Zheng
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China; (J.C.); (M.Z.); (Q.X.); (H.W.); (C.C.); (T.L.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Functional and Clinical Translational Medicine, Fujian Province University, Xiamen 361023, China
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China
| | - Qiaoling Xiao
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China; (J.C.); (M.Z.); (Q.X.); (H.W.); (C.C.); (T.L.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Functional and Clinical Translational Medicine, Fujian Province University, Xiamen 361023, China
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China; (J.C.); (M.Z.); (Q.X.); (H.W.); (C.C.); (T.L.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Functional and Clinical Translational Medicine, Fujian Province University, Xiamen 361023, China
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China
| | - Caixing Chi
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China; (J.C.); (M.Z.); (Q.X.); (H.W.); (C.C.); (T.L.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Functional and Clinical Translational Medicine, Fujian Province University, Xiamen 361023, China
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China
| | - Tahui Lin
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China; (J.C.); (M.Z.); (Q.X.); (H.W.); (C.C.); (T.L.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Functional and Clinical Translational Medicine, Fujian Province University, Xiamen 361023, China
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China
| | - Yulin Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China; (J.C.); (M.Z.); (Q.X.); (H.W.); (C.C.); (T.L.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Functional and Clinical Translational Medicine, Fujian Province University, Xiamen 361023, China
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China
| | - Xue Yi
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China; (J.C.); (M.Z.); (Q.X.); (H.W.); (C.C.); (T.L.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Functional and Clinical Translational Medicine, Fujian Province University, Xiamen 361023, China
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China; (J.C.); (M.Z.); (Q.X.); (H.W.); (C.C.); (T.L.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Functional and Clinical Translational Medicine, Fujian Province University, Xiamen 361023, China
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China
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3
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Carvell T, Burgoyne P, Milne L, Campbell JDM, Fraser AR, Bridle H. Human leucocytes processed by fast-rate inertial microfluidics retain conventional functional characteristics. J R Soc Interface 2024; 21:20230572. [PMID: 38442860 PMCID: PMC10914517 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2023.0572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The manufacturing of clinical cellular therapies is a complex process frequently requiring manipulation of cells, exchange of buffers and volume reduction. Current manufacturing processes rely on either low throughput open centrifugation-based devices, or expensive closed-process alternatives. Inertial focusing (IF) microfluidic devices offer the potential for high-throughput, inexpensive equipment which can be integrated into a closed system, but to date no IF devices have been approved for use in cell therapy manufacturing, and there is limited evidence for the effects that IF processing has on human cells. The IF device described in this study was designed to simultaneously separate leucocytes, perform buffer exchange and provide a volume reduction to the cell suspension, using high flow rates with high Reynolds numbers. The performance and effects of the IF device were characterized using peripheral blood mononuclear cells and isolated monocytes. Post-processing cell effects were investigated using multi-parameter flow cytometry to track cell viability, functional changes and fate. The IF device was highly efficient at separating CD14+ monocytes (approx. 97% to one outlet, approx. 60% buffer exchange, 15 ml min-1) and leucocyte processing was well tolerated with no significant differences in downstream viability, immunophenotype or metabolic activity when compared with leucocytes processed with conventional processing techniques. This detailed approach provides robust evidence that IF devices could offer significant benefits to clinical cell therapy manufacture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Carvell
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Heriot-Watt Research Park, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Paul Burgoyne
- Tissues, Cells and Advanced Therapeutics, Jack Copland Centre, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Research Avenue North, Heriot-Watt Research Park, Edinburgh EH14 4BE, UK
| | - Laura Milne
- Tissues, Cells and Advanced Therapeutics, Jack Copland Centre, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Research Avenue North, Heriot-Watt Research Park, Edinburgh EH14 4BE, UK
| | - John D. M. Campbell
- Tissues, Cells and Advanced Therapeutics, Jack Copland Centre, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Research Avenue North, Heriot-Watt Research Park, Edinburgh EH14 4BE, UK
| | - Alasdair R. Fraser
- Tissues, Cells and Advanced Therapeutics, Jack Copland Centre, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Research Avenue North, Heriot-Watt Research Park, Edinburgh EH14 4BE, UK
| | - Helen Bridle
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Heriot-Watt Research Park, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
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4
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Bruschi M, Candiano G, Angeletti A, Lugani F, Panfoli I. Extracellular Vesicles as Source of Biomarkers in Glomerulonephritis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13894. [PMID: 37762196 PMCID: PMC10530272 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney disease is a global health and healthcare burden. Glomerulonephritis (Gn), both primary and secondary, is generally characterized by an inflammatory glomerular injury and may lead to end-stage renal disease. Kidney biopsy is fundamental to the diagnosis; however, kidney biopsy presents some concerns that may partly hamper the clinical process. Therefore, more accurate diagnostic tools are needed. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous vesicles released by cells and found in bodily fluids, including urine. EVs mediate intercellular signaling both in health and disease. EVs can have both harmful and cytoprotective effects in kidney diseases, especially Gn. Previous findings reported that the specific cargo of urinary EV contains an aerobic metabolic ability that may either restore the recipient cell metabolism or cause oxidative stress production. Here, we provide an overview of the most recent proteomic findings on the role of EVs in several aspects of glomerulopathies, with a focus on this metabolic and redox potential. Future studies may elucidate how the ability of EVs to interfere with aerobic metabolism and redox status can shed light on aspects of Gn etiology which have remained elusive so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Bruschi
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Laboratory of Molecular Nephrology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Candiano
- Laboratory of Molecular Nephrology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea Angeletti
- Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesca Lugani
- Laboratory of Molecular Nephrology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - Isabella Panfoli
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, 16148 Genoa, Italy
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5
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Anoop TM, Basu PK, Chandramohan K, Thomas A, Manoj S. Evolving utility of exosomes in pancreatic cancer management. World J Methodol 2023; 13:46-58. [PMID: 37456979 PMCID: PMC10348087 DOI: 10.5662/wjm.v13.i3.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the development of newer oncological treatment, the survival of patients with pancreatic cancer (PC) remains poor. Recent studies have identified exosomes as essential mediators of intercellular communications and play a vital role in tumor initiation, metastasis and chemoresistance. Thus, the utility of liquid biopsies using exosomes in PC management can be used for early detection, diagnosis, monitoring as well as drug delivery vehicles for cancer therapy. This review summarizes the function, and clinical applications of exosomes in cancers as minimally invasive liquid biomarker in diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thattungal Manoharan Anoop
- Department of Medical Oncology, Regional Cancer Center, Medical College Campus, Thiruvananthapuram 695011, Kerala, India
| | - Palash Kumar Basu
- Department of Avionics, Indian Institute of Space Science & Technology (IIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695547, Kerala, India
| | - K Chandramohan
- Surgical Oncology, Regional Cancer Center, Thiruvananthapuram 695011, Kerala, India
| | - Ajai Thomas
- Department of Medical Oncology, Regional Cancer Center, Medical College Campus, Thiruvananthapuram 695011, Kerala, India
| | - S Manoj
- Department of Medical Oncology, Regional Cancer Center, Medical College Campus, Thiruvananthapuram 695011, Kerala, India
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6
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Bu Y, Wang J, Ni S, Guo Y, Yobas L. Continuous-flow label-free size fractionation of extracellular vesicles through electrothermal fluid rolls and dielectrophoresis synergistically integrated in a microfluidic device. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:2421-2433. [PMID: 36951129 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc01193j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived bioparticles that play significant roles in various biological processes including cell-to-cell communication and intercellular delivery. Additionally, they hold great potential as liquid biopsy biomarkers for pre-diagnostic applications. However, the isolation of EV subpopulations, especially exosomes from a biological fluid remains a challenge due to their submicron range. Here, we demonstrate continuous-flow label-free size fractionation of EVs for the first time through a synergistic combination of electrothermal fluid rolls and dielectrophoresis in a microfluidic device. The device features three dimensional microelectrodes with unique sidewall contours that give rise to effective electrothermal fluid rolls in cooperation with dielectrophoretic forces for the electrokinetic manipulation and size separation of submicron particles. We first validate the device functionality by separating submicron polystyrene particles from binary mixtures with a cut-off size of ∼200 nm and then isolate intact exosomes from cell culture medium or blood serum with a high recovery rate and purity (∼80%). The device operation in a high-conductivity medium renders the method ideal for the purification of target bioparticles directly from physiological fluids, and may offer a robust and versatile platform for EV related diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Bu
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Jinhui Wang
- Division of Life Sciences, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sheng Ni
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Yusong Guo
- Division of Life Sciences, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Levent Yobas
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, SAR, China
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7
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Khaksari S, Abnous K, Hadizadeh F, Ramezani M, Taghdisi SM, Mousavi Shaegh SA. Signal amplification strategies in biosensing of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Talanta 2023; 256:124244. [PMID: 36640707 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.124244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-enclosed vesicles secreted from mammalian cells. EVs act as multicomponent delivery vehicles to carry a wide variety of biological molecular information and participate in intercellular communications. Since elevated levels of EVs are associated with some pathological states such as inflammatory diseases and cancers, probing circulating EVs holds a great potential for early diagnostics. To this end, several detection methods have been developed in which biosensors have attracted great attentions in identification of EVs due to their simple instrumentation, versatile design and portability for point-of-care applications. The concentrations of EVs in bodily fluids are extremely low (i.e. 1-100 per μl) at early stages of a disease, which necessitates the use of signal amplification strategies for EVs detection. In this way, this review presents and discusses various amplification strategies for EVs biosensors based on detection modalities including surface plasmon resonance (SPR), calorimetry, fluorescence, electrochemical and electrochemiluminescence (ECL). In addition, microfluidic systems employed for signal amplification are reviewed and discussed in terms of their design and integration with the detection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedighe Khaksari
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Laboratory of Microfluidics and Medical Microsystems, Bu Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Khalil Abnous
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Farzin Hadizadeh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Ramezani
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Seyed Mohammad Taghdisi
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Seyed Ali Mousavi Shaegh
- Orthopedic Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Clinical Research Unit, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Laboratory of Microfluidics and Medical Microsystems, Bu Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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8
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Hua X, Zhu Q, Liu Y, Zhou S, Huang P, Li Q, Liu S. A double tangential flow filtration-based microfluidic device for highly efficient separation and enrichment of exosomes. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1258:341160. [PMID: 37087290 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Recently, exosomes have been recognized as important disease biomarkers due to the essential roles they played in disease development. Nevertheless, the highly efficient isolation and enrichment of exosomes from complex body fluids continues to hinder the research and application of exosomes for clinical use. In this work, we developed a double tangential flow filtration-based microfluidic device for exosome isolation from cell supernatants and human serum. The microfluidic device contained two modules. Each module included two polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) plates with symmetrical serpentine channels and a nanoporous membrane with 200 nm or 30 nm pore diameter and was used to separate larger vesicles, exosomes and free biomolecules. The design of double tangential flow filtration in symmetrical serpentine channels largely increased the contact area between the filtrate and the nanoporous membranes, thus improved the separation efficiency and prevented the clogging of the membrane. Compared with standard separation method, i.e. ultracentrifugation (UC), the microfluidic chip-based separation (Chip) of exosomes showed the advantages of much lower instrumental cost, lower consumable cost, shorter time (<120 min), higher purity (82.8%) and significantly higher recovery rate (77.8%). In addition, due to the label-free separation, the microfluidic device-collected exosomes could be directly used for downstream analysis such as proteomics analysis. The proteomics analysis results of exosomes isolated from the sera of clinical patients with different diseases by the chip revealed richer disease-related information comparing with those exosomes isolated by UC, demonstrating the good practicability of this chip for future clinical research and applications.
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Goss DM, Vasilescu SA, Sacks G, Gardner DK, Warkiani ME. Microfluidics facilitating the use of small extracellular vesicles in innovative approaches to male infertility. Nat Rev Urol 2023; 20:66-95. [PMID: 36348030 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-022-00660-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Sperm are transcriptionally and translationally quiescent and, therefore, rely on the seminal plasma microenvironment for function, survival and fertilization of the oocyte in the oviduct. The male reproductive system influences sperm function via the binding and fusion of secreted epididymal (epididymosomes) and prostatic (prostasomes) small extracellular vesicles (S-EVs) that facilitate the transfer of proteins, lipids and nucleic acids to sperm. Seminal plasma S-EVs have important roles in sperm maturation, immune and oxidative stress protection, capacitation, fertilization and endometrial implantation and receptivity. Supplementing asthenozoospermic samples with normospermic-derived S-EVs can improve sperm motility and S-EV microRNAs can be used to predict non-obstructive azoospermia. Thus, S-EV influence on sperm physiology might have both therapeutic and diagnostic potential; however, the isolation of pure populations of S-EVs from bodily fluids with current conventional methods presents a substantial hurdle. Many conventional techniques lack accuracy, effectiveness, and practicality; yet microfluidic technology has the potential to simplify and improve S-EV isolation and detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale M Goss
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- IVF Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Steven A Vasilescu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- NeoGenix Biosciences pty ltd, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gavin Sacks
- IVF Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David K Gardner
- Melbourne IVF, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Majid E Warkiani
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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10
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Meggiolaro A, Moccia V, Brun P, Pierno M, Mistura G, Zappulli V, Ferraro D. Microfluidic Strategies for Extracellular Vesicle Isolation: Towards Clinical Applications. BIOSENSORS 2022; 13:bios13010050. [PMID: 36671885 PMCID: PMC9855931 DOI: 10.3390/bios13010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are double-layered lipid membrane vesicles released by cells. Currently, EVs are attracting a lot of attention in the biological and medical fields due to their role as natural carriers of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Thus, they can transport useful genomic information from their parental cell through body fluids, promoting cell-to-cell communication even between different organs. Due to their functionality as cargo carriers and their protein expression, they can play an important role as possible diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in various types of diseases, e.g., cancers, neurodegenerative, and autoimmune diseases. Today, given the invaluable importance of EVs, there are some pivotal challenges to overcome in terms of their isolation. Conventional methods have some limitations: they are influenced by the starting sample, might present low throughput and low purity, and sometimes a lack of reproducibility, being operator dependent. During the past few years, several microfluidic approaches have been proposed to address these issues. In this review, we summarize the most important microfluidic-based devices for EV isolation, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages compared to existing technology, as well as the current state of the art from the perspective of the use of these devices in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Meggiolaro
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Valentina Moccia
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Paola Brun
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Via Gabelli 63, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Matteo Pierno
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Mistura
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Valentina Zappulli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Davide Ferraro
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padua, Italy
- Correspondence:
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11
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Zhang S, Deng J, Li J, Tian F, Liu C, Fang L, Sun J. Advanced microfluidic technologies for isolating extracellular vesicles. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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12
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Komuro H, Aminova S, Lauro K, Harada M. Advances of engineered extracellular vesicles-based therapeutics strategy. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2022; 23:655-681. [PMID: 36277506 PMCID: PMC9586594 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2022.2133342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous population of lipid bilayer membrane-bound vesicles which encapsulate bioactive molecules, such as nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. They mediate intercellular communication through transporting internally packaged molecules, making them attractive therapeutics carriers. Over the last decades, a significant amount of research has implied the potential of EVs servings as drug delivery vehicles for nuclear acids, proteins, and small molecular drugs. However, several challenges remain unresolved before the clinical application of EV-based therapeutics, including lack of specificity, stability, biodistribution, storage, large-scale manufacturing, and the comprehensive analysis of EV composition. Technical development is essential to overcome these issues and enhance the pre-clinical therapeutic effects. In this review, we summarize the current advancements in EV engineering which demonstrate their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Komuro
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Shakhlo Aminova
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Katherine Lauro
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Masako Harada
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Wang Y, Gao Y, Song Y. Microfluidics-Based Urine Biopsy for Cancer Diagnosis: Recent Advances and Future Trends. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200422. [PMID: 36040297 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Urine biopsy, allowing for the detection, analysis and monitoring of numerous cancer-associated urinary biomarkers to provide insights into cancer occurrence, progression and metastasis, has emerged as an attractive liquid biopsy strategy with enormous advantages over traditional tissue biopsy, such as noninvasiveness, large sample volume, and simple sampling operation. Microfluidics enables precise manipulation of fluids in a tiny chip and exhibits outstanding performance in urine biopsy owing to its minimization, low cost, high integration, high throughput and low sample consumption. Herein, we review recent advances in microfluidic techniques employed in urine biopsy for cancer detection. After briefly summarizing the major urinary biomarkers used for cancer diagnosis, we provide an overview of the typical microfluidic techniques utilized to develop urine biopsy devices. Some prospects along with the major challenges to be addressed for the future of microfluidic-based urine biopsy are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Wang
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Sino-French Engineer School, CHINA
| | - Yanfeng Gao
- Nanjing University, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, CHINA
| | - Yujun Song
- Nanjing University, Biomedical Engineering, 22 Hankou Road, 210093, Nanjing, CHINA
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14
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Current status and outlook of advances in exosome isolation. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:7123-7141. [PMID: 35962791 PMCID: PMC9375199 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04253-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles with a diameter ranging from 30 to 150 nm, which are an important medium for intercellular communication and are closely related to the progression of certain diseases. Therefore, exosomes are considered promising biomarkers for the diagnosis of specific diseases, and thereby, treatments based on exosomes are being widely examined. For exosome-related research, a rapid, simple, high-purity, and recovery isolation method is the primary prerequisite for exosomal large-scale application in medical practice. Although there are no standardized methods for exosome separation and analysis, various techniques have been established to explore their biochemical and physicochemical properties. In this review, we analyzed the progress in exosomal isolation strategies and proposed our views on the development prospects of various exosomal isolation techniques.
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15
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Cha H, Fallahi H, Dai Y, Yadav S, Hettiarachchi S, McNamee A, An H, Xiang N, Nguyen NT, Zhang J. Tuning particle inertial separation in sinusoidal channels by embedding periodic obstacle microstructures. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:2789-2800. [PMID: 35587546 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00197g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Inertial microfluidics functions solely based on the fluid dynamics at relatively high flow speed. Thus, channel geometry is the critical design parameter that contributes to the performance of the device. Four basic channel geometries (i.e., straight, expansion-contraction, spiral and serpentine) have been proposed and extensively studied. To further enhance the performance, innovative channel design through combining two or more geometries is promising. This work explores embedding periodic concave and convex obstacle microstructures in sinusoidal channels and investigates their influence on particle inertial focusing and separation. The concave obstacles could significantly enhance the Dean flow and tune the flow range for particle inertial focusing and separation. Based on this finding, we propose a cascaded device by connecting two sinusoidal channels consecutively for rare cell separation. The concave obstacles are embedded in the second channel to adapt its operational flow rates and enable the functional operation of both channels. Polystyrene beads and breast cancer cells (T47D) spiking in the blood were respectively processed by the proposed device. The results indicate an outstanding separation performance, with 3 to 4 orders of magnitude enhancement in purity for samples with a primary cancer cells ratio of 0.01% and 0.001%, respectively. Embedding microstructures as obstacles brings more flexibility to the design of inertial microfluidic devices, offering a feasible new way to combine two or more serial processing units for high-performance separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Cha
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
| | - Hedieh Fallahi
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
| | - Yuchen Dai
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
| | - Sharda Yadav
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
| | - Samith Hettiarachchi
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
| | - Antony McNamee
- Biorheology Research Laboratory, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Hongjie An
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
| | - Nan Xiang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211189, PR China
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
| | - Jun Zhang
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
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16
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Alteration of Inertial Focusing Positions in Triangular Channels Using Flexible PDMS Microfluidics. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-022-00062-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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17
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Clos-Sansalvador M, Monguió-Tortajada M, Roura S, Franquesa M, Borràs FE. Commonly used methods for extracellular vesicles’ enrichment: implications in downstream analyses and use. Eur J Cell Biol 2022; 101:151227. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2022.151227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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18
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Abouali H, Hosseini SA, Purcell E, Nagrath S, Poudineh M. Recent Advances in Device Engineering and Computational Analysis for Characterization of Cell-Released Cancer Biomarkers. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:288. [PMID: 35053452 PMCID: PMC8774172 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14020288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
During cancer progression, tumors shed different biomarkers into the bloodstream, including circulating tumor cells (CTCs), extracellular vesicles (EVs), circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA), and circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA). The analysis of these biomarkers in the blood, known as 'liquid biopsy' (LB), is a promising approach for early cancer detection and treatment monitoring, and more recently, as a means for cancer therapy. Previous reviews have discussed the role of CTCs and ctDNA in cancer progression; however, ctDNA and EVs are rapidly evolving with technological advancements and computational analysis and are the subject of enormous recent studies in cancer biomarkers. In this review, first, we introduce these cell-released cancer biomarkers and briefly discuss their clinical significance in cancer diagnosis and treatment monitoring. Second, we present conventional and novel approaches for the isolation, profiling, and characterization of these markers. We then investigate the mathematical and in silico models that are developed to investigate the function of ctDNA and EVs in cancer progression. We convey our views on what is needed to pave the way to translate the emerging technologies and models into the clinic and make the case that optimized next-generation techniques and models are needed to precisely evaluate the clinical relevance of these LB markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesam Abouali
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; (H.A.); (S.A.H.)
| | - Seied Ali Hosseini
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; (H.A.); (S.A.H.)
| | - Emma Purcell
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2800, USA; (E.P.); (S.N.)
| | - Sunitha Nagrath
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2800, USA; (E.P.); (S.N.)
| | - Mahla Poudineh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; (H.A.); (S.A.H.)
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19
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Piffoux M, Silva AKA, Gazeau F, Salmon H. Potential of on‐chip analysis and engineering techniques for extracellular vesicle bioproduction for therapeutics. VIEW 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/viw.20200175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Max Piffoux
- Department of Medical Oncology Centre Léon Bérard Lyon France
- INSERM UMR 1197‐Interaction cellules souches‐niches: physiologie tumeurs et réparation tissulaire Villejuif France
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, CNRS Université de Paris Paris France
| | - Amanda K. A. Silva
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, CNRS Université de Paris Paris France
| | - Florence Gazeau
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, CNRS Université de Paris Paris France
| | - Hugo Salmon
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, CNRS Université de Paris Paris France
- Université de Paris, T3S, INSERM Paris France
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20
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Xiang N, Ni Z. Hand-Powered Inertial Microfluidic Syringe-Tip Centrifuge. BIOSENSORS 2021; 12:14. [PMID: 35049644 PMCID: PMC8774109 DOI: 10.3390/bios12010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Conventional sample preparation techniques require bulky and expensive instruments and are not compatible with next-generation point-of-care diagnostic testing. Here, we report a manually operated syringe-tip inertial microfluidic centrifuge (named i-centrifuge) for high-flow-rate (up to 16 mL/min) cell concentration and experimentally demonstrate its working mechanism and performance. Low-cost polymer films and double-sided tape were used through a rapid nonclean-room process of laser cutting and lamination bonding to construct the key components of the i-centrifuge, which consists of a syringe-tip flow stabilizer and a four-channel paralleled inertial microfluidic concentrator. The unstable liquid flow generated by the manual syringe was regulated and stabilized with the flow stabilizer to power inertial focusing in a four-channel paralleled concentrator. Finally, we successfully used our i-centrifuge for manually operated cell concentration. This i-centrifuge offers the advantages of low device cost, simple hand-powered operation, high-flow-rate processing, and portable device volume. Therefore, it holds potential as a low-cost, portable sample preparation tool for point-of-care diagnostic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Xiang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Zhonghua Ni
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
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21
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Bathini S, Pakkiriswami S, Ouellette RJ, Ghosh A, Packirisamy M. Magnetic particle based liquid biopsy chip for isolation of extracellular vesicles and characterization by gene amplification. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 194:113585. [PMID: 34517262 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are the cell-derived vesicles which play a critical role in cell-to-cell communication, and disease progression. These vesicles contain a myriad of substances like RNA, DNA, proteins, and lipids from their origin cells, offering a good source of biomarkers. The existing methods for the isolation of EVs are time-consuming, lack yield and purity, and expensive. In this work, we present a magnetic particle based liquid biopsy chip for the isolation of EVs by using a synthetic peptide, Vn96. To ensure capture efficiency, a 3D mixer is integrated in the chip, along with a sedimentation unit, which allows EV-captured magnetic particles to settle in it based on gravity assisted sedimentation. The captured EVs are then isolated for their elution and validation. The EVs are characterized by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements and the ability of capture and isolation of EVs is validated by the nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The DNA content of the EVs is further characterized by the absolute quantification of a housekeeping gene (RNase P) copies using droplet digital PCR (ddPCR). The results show that the chip can capture and isolate the EVs, without affecting their morphology. Thus, the liquid biopsy chip can be considered as a potential point of care device for diagnostics in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Bathini
- Optical Bio-Microsystems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Shanmugasundaram Pakkiriswami
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | | | - Anirban Ghosh
- Optical Bio-Microsystems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Muthukumaran Packirisamy
- Optical Bio-Microsystems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada.
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22
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Hassanpour Tamrin S, Sanati Nezhad A, Sen A. Label-Free Isolation of Exosomes Using Microfluidic Technologies. ACS NANO 2021; 15:17047-17079. [PMID: 34723478 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c03469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are cell-derived structures packaged with lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. They exist in diverse bodily fluids and are involved in physiological and pathological processes. Although their potential for clinical application as diagnostic and therapeutic tools has been revealed, a huge bottleneck impeding the development of applications in the rapidly burgeoning field of exosome research is an inability to efficiently isolate pure exosomes from other unwanted components present in bodily fluids. To date, several approaches have been proposed and investigated for exosome separation, with the leading candidate being microfluidic technology due to its relative simplicity, cost-effectiveness, precise and fast processing at the microscale, and amenability to automation. Notably, avoiding the need for exosome labeling represents a significant advance in terms of process simplicity, time, and cost as well as protecting the biological activities of exosomes. Despite the exciting progress in microfluidic strategies for exosome isolation and the countless benefits of label-free approaches for clinical applications, current microfluidic platforms for isolation of exosomes are still facing a series of problems and challenges that prevent their use for clinical sample processing. This review focuses on the recent microfluidic platforms developed for label-free isolation of exosomes including those based on sieving, deterministic lateral displacement, field flow, and pinched flow fractionation as well as viscoelastic, acoustic, inertial, electrical, and centrifugal forces. Further, we discuss advantages and disadvantages of these strategies with highlights of current challenges and outlook of label-free microfluidics toward the clinical utility of exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hassanpour Tamrin
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, CCIT 125, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Amir Sanati Nezhad
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, CCIT 125, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
- Center for Bioengineering Research and Education, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Arindom Sen
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
- Center for Bioengineering Research and Education, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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23
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[Microfluidic strategies for separation and analysis of circulating exosomes]. Se Pu 2021; 39:968-980. [PMID: 34486836 PMCID: PMC9404160 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2021.07005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
外泌体是一类由细胞分泌的含有脂质、蛋白、核酸等多种物质的纳米级囊泡,主要参与细胞间的物质交换及信息传导,与多种疾病的发生发展密切相关。对外泌体进行深入研究,理解其生物学功能,对疾病诊断与治疗具有重要意义。由于外泌体尺寸较小且密度和体液接近,想要对复杂生物样本中的外泌体进行分离与分析十分困难。传统的外泌体分离方法如超速离心、超滤等大都需要借助大型仪器设备,且耗时长、操作复杂。因此迫切需要开发高效、便捷的外泌体分离检测手段。微流控技术因其微型化、高通量、可集成等特点,为外泌体的分离分析提供了一个新的平台。该文主要对近年来微流控技术在外泌体分离分析相关领域的研究进展进行了综述。重点从外泌体物理特性和生化特性两个角度出发,介绍了微流控芯片技术用于外泌体分离领域的主要原理、策略和方法。此外,还介绍了微流控技术与荧光、电化学传感、表面等离子体共振等多模态检测方法结合,实现外泌体一体化分析的新进展。最后,该文分析了目前微流控技术用于外泌体分离检测存在的挑战,并对其发展趋势和前景进行了展望。随着微流控外泌体分离分析装置的不断微型化、集成化、自动化,微流控芯片技术将在外泌体分离、生化检测、机制研究等方面将发挥越来越重要的作用。
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24
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Exosomes in Lung Cancer: Actors and Heralds of Tumor Development. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13174330. [PMID: 34503141 PMCID: PMC8431734 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide and in most cases, diagnosis is reached when the tumor has already spread and prognosis is quite poor. For that reason, the research for new biomarkers that could improve early diagnosis and its management is essential. Exosomes are microvesicles actively secreted by cells, especially by tumor cells, hauling molecules that mimic molecules of the producing cells. There are multiple methods for exosome isolation and analysis, although not standardized, and cancer exosomes from biological fluids are especially difficult to study. Exosomes' cargo proteins, RNA, and DNA participate in the communication between cells, favoring lung cancer development by delivering signals for growth, metastasis, epithelial mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, immunosuppression and even drug resistance. Exosome analysis can be useful as a type of liquid biopsy in the diagnosis, prognosis and follow-up of lung cancer. In this review, we will discuss recent advances in the role of exosomes in lung cancer and their utility as liquid biopsy, with special attention to isolating methods.
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25
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Zhao Z, Wijerathne H, Godwin AK, Soper SA. Isolation and analysis methods of extracellular vesicles (EVs). EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES AND CIRCULATING NUCLEIC ACIDS 2021; 2:80-103. [PMID: 34414401 PMCID: PMC8372011 DOI: 10.20517/evcna.2021.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been recognized as an evolving biomarker within the liquid biopsy family. While carrying both host cell proteins and different types of RNAs, EVs are also present in sufficient quantities in biological samples to be tested using many molecular analysis platforms to interrogate their content. However, because EVs in biological samples are comprised of both disease and non-disease related EVs, enrichment is often required to remove potential interferences from the downstream molecular assay. Most benchtop isolation/enrichment methods require > milliliter levels of sample and can cause varying degrees of damage to the EVs. In addition, some of the common EV benchtop isolation methods do not sort the diseased from the non-diseased related EVs. Simultaneously, the detection of the overall concentration and size distribution of the EVs is highly dependent on techniques such as electron microscopy and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis, which can include unexpected variations and biases as well as complexity in the analysis. This review discusses the importance of EVs as a biomarker secured from a liquid biopsy and covers some of the traditional and non-traditional, including microfluidics and resistive pulse sensing, technologies for EV isolation and detection, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhao
- Bioengineering Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.,Center of BioModular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Harshani Wijerathne
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Andrew K Godwin
- KU Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Steven A Soper
- Bioengineering Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.,Center of BioModular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.,KU Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.,Ulsan National Institute of Science & Technology, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
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26
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Thakur A, Ke X, Chen YW, Motallebnejad P, Zhang K, Lian Q, Chen HJ. The mini player with diverse functions: extracellular vesicles in cell biology, disease, and therapeutics. Protein Cell 2021; 13:631-654. [PMID: 34374936 PMCID: PMC9233731 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-021-00863-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are tiny biological nanovesicles ranging from approximately 30-1000 nm in diameter that are released into the extracellular matrix of most cell types and in biofluids. The classification of EVs includes exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies, dependent on various factors such as size, markers, and biogenesis pathways. The transition of EV relevance from that of being assumed as a trash bag to be a key player in critical physiological and pathological conditions has been revolutionary in many ways. EVs have been recently revealed to play a crucial role in stem cell biology and cancer progression via intercellular communication, contributing to organ development and the progression of cancer. This review focuses on the significant research progress made so far in the role of the crosstalk between EVs and stem cells and their niche, and cellular communication among different germ layers in developmental biology. In addition, it discusses the role of EVs in cancer progression and their application as therapeutic agents or drug delivery vehicles. All such discoveries have been facilitated by tremendous technological advancements in EV-associated research, especially the microfluidics systems. Their pros and cons in the context of characterization of EVs are also extensively discussed in this review. This review also deliberates the role of EVs in normal cell processes and disease conditions, and their application as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool. Finally, we propose future perspectives for EV-related research in stem cell and cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhimanyu Thakur
- The Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Xiaoshan Ke
- The Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ya-Wen Chen
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.,Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Pedram Motallebnejad
- The Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kui Zhang
- The Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Qizhou Lian
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong. .,Prenatal Diagnostic Center and Cord Blood Bank, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China. .,HKUMed Laboratory of Cellular Therapeutics, the University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong.
| | - Huanhuan Joyce Chen
- The Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA. .,The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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27
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Shirejini SZ, Inci F. The Yin and Yang of exosome isolation methods: conventional practice, microfluidics, and commercial kits. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 54:107814. [PMID: 34389465 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are a subset of extracellular vesicles released from various cells, and they can be found in different bodily fluids. Exosomes are used as biomarkers to diagnose many diseases and to monitor therapy efficiency as they represent the status and origin of the cell, which they are released from. Considering that they co-exist in bodily fluids with other types of particles, their isolation still remains challenging since conventional separation methods are time-consuming, user-dependent, and result in low isolation yield. This review summarizes the conventional strategies and microfluidic-based methods for exosome isolation along with their strengths and limitations. Microfluidic devices emerge as a promising approach to overcome the limitations of the conventional methods due to their inherent characteristics, such as the need for minute sample volume and rapid operation, in order to isolate exosomes with a high yield and a high purity in a short amount of time, which make them unprecedented tools for molecular biology and clinical applications. This review elaborates on the existing microfluidic-based exosome isolation methods and denotes their benefits and drawbacks. Herein, we also introduce various commercially available platforms and kits for exosome isolation along with their working principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeedreza Zeibi Shirejini
- UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey; Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatih Inci
- UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey; Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey.
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Taatizadeh E, Dalili A, Rellstab-Sánchez PI, Tahmooressi H, Ravishankara A, Tasnim N, Najjaran H, Li ITS, Hoorfar M. Micron-sized particle separation with standing surface acoustic wave-Experimental and numerical approaches. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2021; 76:105651. [PMID: 34242866 PMCID: PMC8267599 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Traditional cell/particle isolation methods are time-consuming and expensive and can lead to morphology disruptions due to high induced shear stress. To address these problems, novel lab-on-a-chip-based purification methods have been employed. Among various methods introduced for the separation and purification of cells and synthetics particles, acoustofluidics has been one of the most effective methods. Unlike traditional separation techniques carried out in clinical laboratories based on chemical properties, the acoustofluidic process relies on the physical properties of the sample. Using acoustofluidics, manipulating cells and particles can be achieved in a label-free, contact-free, and highly biocompatible manner. To optimize the functionality of the platform, the numerical study should be taken into account before conducting experimental tests to save time and reduce fabrication expenses. Most current numerical studies have only considered one-dimensional harmonic standing waves to simulate the acoustic pressure distribution. However, one-dimensional simulations cannot calculate the actual acoustic pressure distribution inside the microchannel due to its limitation in considering longitudinal waves. To address this limitation, a two-dimensional numerical simulation was conducted in this study. Our numerical simulation investigates the effects of the platform geometrical and operational conditions on the separation efficiency. Next, the optimal values are tested in an experimental setting to validate these optimal parameters and conditions. This work provides a guideline for future acoustofluidic chip designs with a high degree of reproducibility and efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erfan Taatizadeh
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Irving K. Barber Faculty of Science, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada; School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculties of Applied Science and Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Arash Dalili
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Pamela Inés Rellstab-Sánchez
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Hamed Tahmooressi
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Adithya Ravishankara
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Nishat Tasnim
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Homayoun Najjaran
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Isaac T S Li
- Department of Chemistry, Irving K. Barber Faculty of Science, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Mina Hoorfar
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada.
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Campos CDM, Childers K, Gamage SST, Wijerathne H, Zhao Z, Soper SA. Analytical Technologies for Liquid Biopsy of Subcellular Materials. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2021; 14:207-229. [PMID: 33974805 PMCID: PMC8601690 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-091520-093931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Liquid biopsy markers, which can be secured from a simple blood draw or other biological samples, are used to manage a variety of diseases and even monitor for bacterial or viral infections. Although there are several different types of liquid biopsy markers, the subcellular ones, including cell-free DNA, microRNA, extracellular vesicles, and viral particles, are evolving in terms of their utility. A challenge with liquid biopsy markers is that they must be enriched from the biological sample prior to analysis because they are a vast minority in a mixed population, and potential interferences may be present in the sample matrix that can inhibit profiling the molecular cargo from the subcellular marker. In this article, we discuss existing and developing analytical enrichment platforms used to isolate subcellular liquid biopsy markers, and discuss their figures of merit such as recovery, throughput, and purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila D M Campos
- Life Science Department, Imec, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Electrical Engineering, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katie Childers
- Bioengineering Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA;
- Center of BioModular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
| | - Sachindra S T Gamage
- Center of BioModular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
| | - Harshani Wijerathne
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
| | - Zheng Zhao
- Bioengineering Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA;
- Center of BioModular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
| | - Steven A Soper
- Bioengineering Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA;
- Center of BioModular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
- KU Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
- Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
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30
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Ding L, Yang X, Gao Z, Effah CY, Zhang X, Wu Y, Qu L. A Holistic Review of the State-of-the-Art Microfluidics for Exosome Separation: An Overview of the Current Status, Existing Obstacles, and Future Outlook. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2007174. [PMID: 34047052 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202007174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes, a class of small extracellular vesicles (30-150 nm), are secreted by almost all types of cells into virtually all body fluids. These small vesicles are attracting increasing research attention owing to their potential for disease diagnosis and therapy. However, their inherent heterogeneity and the complexity of bio-fluids pose significant challenges for their isolation. Even the "gold standard," differential centrifugation, suffers from poor yields and is time-consuming. In this context, recent developments in microfluidic technologies have provided an ideal system for exosome extraction and these devices exhibit some fascinating properties such as high speeds, good portability, and low sample volumes. In this review, the focus is on the state-of-the-art microfluidic technologies for exosome isolation and highlight potential directions for future research and development by analyzing the challenges faced by the current strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Ding
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xiaonan Yang
- School of Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Zibo Gao
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Clement Yaw Effah
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xiaoju Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yongjun Wu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Lingbo Qu
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Construction of Functional Molecules and Their Bioanalytical Applications, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
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31
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Hadady H, Karamali F, Ejeian F, Haghjooy Javanmard S, Rafiee L, Nasr Esfahani MH. AC electrokinetic isolation and detection of extracellular vesicles from dental pulp stem cells: Theoretical simulation incorporating fluid mechanics. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:2018-2026. [PMID: 34013529 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived nanoscale vesicles involved in intracellular communication and the transportation of biomarkers. EVs released by mesenchymal stem cells have been recently reported to play a role in cell-free therapy of many diseases. However, the demand for better research tools to replace the tedious conventional methods used to study EVs is getting stronger. EVs' manipulation using alternating current (AC) electrokinetic forces in a microfluidic device has appeared to be a reliable and sensitive diagnosis and trapping technique. Given that different AC electrokinetic forces may contribute to the overall motion of particles and fluids in a microfluidic device, EVs' electrokinetic trapping must be examined considering all dominant forces involved depending on the experimental conditions. In this paper, AC electrokinetic trapping of EVs using an interdigitated electrode arrays is investigated. A 2D numerical simulation incorporating the two significant AC electrokinetic phenomena (Dielectrophoresis and AC electroosmosis) has been performed. Theoretical predictions are then compared with experimental results and allow for a plausible explanation of observations inconsistent with DEP theory. It is demonstrated that the inconsistencies can be attributed to a significant extent to the contribution of the AC electroosmotic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanieh Hadady
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Karamali
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ejeian
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shaghayegh Haghjooy Javanmard
- Applied Physiology Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Laleh Rafiee
- Applied Physiology Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Nasr Esfahani
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
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32
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Wang J, Ma P, Kim DH, Liu BF, Demirci U. Towards Microfluidic-Based Exosome Isolation and Detection for Tumor Therapy. NANO TODAY 2021; 37:101066. [PMID: 33777166 PMCID: PMC7990116 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2020.101066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are a class of cell-secreted, nano-sized extracellular vesicles with a bilayer membrane structure of 30-150 nm in diameter. Their discovery and application have brought breakthroughs in numerous areas, such as liquid biopsies, cancer biology, drug delivery, immunotherapy, tissue repair, and cardiovascular diseases. Isolation of exosomes is the first step in exosome-related research and its applications. Standard benchtop exosome separation and sensing techniques are tedious and challenging, as they require large sample volumes, multi-step operations that are complex and time-consuming, requiring cumbersome and expensive instruments. In contrast, microfluidic platforms have the potential to overcome some of these limitations, owing to their high-precision processing, ability to handle liquids at a microscale, and integrability with various functional units, such as mixers, actuators, reactors, separators, and sensors. These platforms can optimize the detection process on a single device, representing a robust and versatile technique for exosome separation and sensing to attain high purity and high recovery rates with a short processing time. Herein, we overview microfluidic strategies for exosome isolation based on their hydrodynamic properties, size filtration, acoustic fields, immunoaffinity, and dielectrophoretic properties. We focus especially on advances in label-free isolation of exosomes with active biological properties and intact morphological structures. Further, we introduce microfluidic techniques for the detection of exosomal proteins and RNAs with high sensitivity, high specificity, and low detection limits. We summarize the biomedical applications of exosome-mediated therapeutic delivery targeting cancer cells. To highlight the advantages of microfluidic platforms, conventional techniques are included for comparison. Future challenges and prospects of microfluidics towards exosome isolation applications are also discussed. Although the use of exosomes in clinical applications still faces biological, technical, regulatory, and market challenges, in the foreseeable future, recent developments in microfluidic technologies are expected to pave the way for tailoring exosome-related applications in precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94304-5427, USA
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94305, USA
| | - Peng Ma
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94304-5427, USA
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94305, USA
| | - Daniel H Kim
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94305, USA
| | - Bi-Feng Liu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Utkan Demirci
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94304-5427, USA
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94305, USA
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Characterization of Nanoparticle Adsorption on Polydimethylsiloxane-Based Microchannels. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21061978. [PMID: 33799754 PMCID: PMC7998103 DOI: 10.3390/s21061978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) are used in various medicinal applications. Exosomes, bio-derived NPs, are promising biomarkers obtained through separation and concentration from body fluids. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based microchannels are well-suited for precise handling of NPs, offering benefits such as high gas permeability and low cytotoxicity. However, the large specific surface area of NPs may result in nonspecific adsorption on the device substrate and thus cause sample loss. Therefore, an understanding of NP adsorption on microchannels is important for the operation of microfluidic devices used for NP handling. Herein, we characterized NP adsorption on PDMS-based substrates and microchannels by atomic force microscopy to correlate NP adsorptivity with the electrostatic interactions associated with NP and dispersion medium properties. When polystyrene NP dispersions were introduced into PDMS-based microchannels at a constant flow rate, the number of adsorbed NPs decreased with decreasing NP and microchannel zeta potentials (i.e., with increasing pH), which suggested that the electrostatic interaction between the microchannel and NPs enhanced their repulsion. When exosome dispersions were introduced into PDMS-based microchannels with different wettabilities at constant flow rates, exosome adsorption was dominated by electrostatic interactions. The findings obtained should facilitate the preconcentration, separation, and sensing of NPs by PDMS-based microfluidic devices.
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Kalyan S, Torabi C, Khoo H, Sung HW, Choi SE, Wang W, Treutler B, Kim D, Hur SC. Inertial Microfluidics Enabling Clinical Research. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:257. [PMID: 33802356 PMCID: PMC7999476 DOI: 10.3390/mi12030257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fast and accurate interrogation of complex samples containing diseased cells or pathogens is important to make informed decisions on clinical and public health issues. Inertial microfluidics has been increasingly employed for such investigations to isolate target bioparticles from liquid samples with size and/or deformability-based manipulation. This phenomenon is especially useful for the clinic, owing to its rapid, label-free nature of target enrichment that enables further downstream assays. Inertial microfluidics leverages the principle of inertial focusing, which relies on the balance of inertial and viscous forces on particles to align them into size-dependent laminar streamlines. Several distinct microfluidic channel geometries (e.g., straight, curved, spiral, contraction-expansion array) have been optimized to achieve inertial focusing for a variety of purposes, including particle purification and enrichment, solution exchange, and particle alignment for on-chip assays. In this review, we will discuss how inertial microfluidics technology has contributed to improving accuracy of various assays to provide clinically relevant information. This comprehensive review expands upon studies examining both endogenous and exogenous targets from real-world samples, highlights notable hybrid devices with dual functions, and comments on the evolving outlook of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srivathsan Kalyan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; (S.K.); (C.T.); (H.K.); (S.-E.C.)
| | - Corinna Torabi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; (S.K.); (C.T.); (H.K.); (S.-E.C.)
| | - Harrison Khoo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; (S.K.); (C.T.); (H.K.); (S.-E.C.)
| | - Hyun Woo Sung
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA;
| | - Sung-Eun Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; (S.K.); (C.T.); (H.K.); (S.-E.C.)
| | - Wenzhao Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; (W.W.); (B.T.)
| | - Benjamin Treutler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; (W.W.); (B.T.)
| | - Dohyun Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Myongji University, Yongin-si 17508, Korea
| | - Soojung Claire Hur
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; (S.K.); (C.T.); (H.K.); (S.-E.C.)
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, 600 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, 401 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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35
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Lin B, Lei Y, Wang J, Zhu L, Wu Y, Zhang H, Wu L, Zhang P, Yang C. Microfluidic-Based Exosome Analysis for Liquid Biopsy. SMALL METHODS 2021; 5:e2001131. [PMID: 34927834 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202001131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Liquid biopsy offers non-invasive and real-time molecular profiling of individual patients, and is thus considered a revolutionary technology in precision medicine. Exosomes have been acknowledged as significant biomarkers in liquid biopsy, as they play a central role in cell-cell communication and are closely related to the pathogenesis of most human malignancies. Nevertheless, in biofluids exosomes always co-exist with other particles, and the cargo components of exosomes are highly heterogeneous. Thus, the isolation and molecular characterization of exosomes are still technically challenging. Microfluidics technology effectively addresses this challenge by virtue of its inherent advantages, such as precise manipulation of fluids, low consumption of samples and reagents, and a high level of integration. Recent advances in microfluidics allow in situ exosome capture and molecular detection with unprecedented selectivity and sensitivity. In this review, the state-of-the-art developments in microfluidics-based exosome research, including exosome isolation approaches and molecular detection strategies, with highlights of the characterization of exosomal biomarkers in cancer liquid biopsy is summarized. The major challenges are also discussed and some perspectives for the future directions of exosome-based liquid biopsy in microfluidic systems are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqian Lin
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yanmei Lei
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Junxia Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yuqi Wu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Lingling Wu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Chaoyong Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
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Kandimalla R, Aqil F, Tyagi N, Gupta R. Milk exosomes: A biogenic nanocarrier for small molecules and macromolecules to combat cancer. Am J Reprod Immunol 2021; 85:e13349. [PMID: 32966664 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are unique biogenic nanocarriers of endocytic origin that are generated from most of the cells and found in biofluids like milk, plasma, saliva, and urine. Bovine milk represents the largest and an economic source for the production of exosomes. In recent past, the utility of the milk exosomes as drug carriers is intensified. Exosomes are emerging for delivery of both small and large therapeutics due to their biocompatibility. In this article, we highlighted the various exosomal isolation techniques, physicochemical properties, their biodistribution, and utility of milk exosomes in delivering the small drug molecules and siRNA to combat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghuram Kandimalla
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Farrukh Aqil
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Neha Tyagi
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Ramesh Gupta
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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DeCastro J, Littig J, Chou PP, Mack-Onyeike J, Srinivasan A, Conboy MJ, Conboy IM, Aran K. The Microfluidic Toolbox for Analyzing Exosome Biomarkers of Aging. Molecules 2021; 26:535. [PMID: 33498573 PMCID: PMC7864353 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
As the fields of aging and neurological disease expand to liquid biopsies, there is a need to identify informative biomarkers for the diagnosis of neurodegeneration and other age-related disorders such as cancers. A means of high-throughput screening of biomolecules relevant to aging can facilitate this discovery in complex biofluids, such as blood. Exosomes, the smallest of extracellular vesicles, are found in many biofluids and, in recent years, have been found to be excellent candidates as liquid biopsy biomarkers due to their participation in intercellular communication and various pathologies such as cancer metastasis. Recently, exosomes have emerged as novel biomarkers for age-related diseases. Hence, the study of exosomes, their protein and genetic cargo can serve as early biomarkers for age-associated pathologies, especially neurodegenerative diseases. However, a disadvantage of exosome studies includes a lack in standardization of isolating, detecting, and profiling exosomes for downstream analysis. In this review, we will address current techniques for high-throughput isolation and detection of exosomes through various microfluidic and biosensing strategies and how they may be adapted for the detection of biomarkers of age-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonalyn DeCastro
- Keck Graduate Institute, The Claremont Colleges, Claremont, CA 91711, USA; (J.D.); (J.L.); (J.M.-O.)
| | - Joshua Littig
- Keck Graduate Institute, The Claremont Colleges, Claremont, CA 91711, USA; (J.D.); (J.L.); (J.M.-O.)
| | | | - Jada Mack-Onyeike
- Keck Graduate Institute, The Claremont Colleges, Claremont, CA 91711, USA; (J.D.); (J.L.); (J.M.-O.)
| | - Amrita Srinivasan
- Claremont McKenna College, The Claremont Colleges, Claremont, CA 91711, USA;
| | - Michael J. Conboy
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; (M.J.C.); (I.M.C.)
| | - Irina M. Conboy
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; (M.J.C.); (I.M.C.)
| | - Kiana Aran
- Keck Graduate Institute, The Claremont Colleges, Claremont, CA 91711, USA; (J.D.); (J.L.); (J.M.-O.)
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; (M.J.C.); (I.M.C.)
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Huang D, Man J, Jiang D, Zhao J, Xiang N. Inertial microfluidics: Recent advances. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:2166-2187. [PMID: 33027533 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Inertial microfluidics has attracted significant attentions in last decade due to its superior advantages of high throughput, label- and external field-free operation, simplicity, and low cost. A wide variety of channel geometry designs were demonstrated for focusing, concentrating, isolating, or separating of various bioparticles such as blood components, circulating tumor cells, bacteria, and microalgae. In this review, we first briefly introduce the physics of inertial migration and Dean flow for allowing the readers with diverse backgrounds to have a better understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of inertial microfluidics. Then, we present a comprehensive review of the recent advances and applications of inertial microfluidic devices according to different channel geometries ranging from straight channels, curved channels to contraction-expansion-array channels. Finally, the challenges and future perspective of inertial microfluidics are discussed. Owing to its superior benefit for particle manipulation, the inertial microfluidics will play a more important role in biology and medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Huang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Province and Education Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center of Intelligent Mining Equipment, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxiang Man
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Province and Education Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center of Intelligent Mining Equipment, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Di Jiang
- School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Jiyun Zhao
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Province and Education Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center of Intelligent Mining Equipment, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Nan Xiang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, P. R. China
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Han BH, Kim S, Seo G, Heo Y, Chung S, Kang JY. Isolation of extracellular vesicles from small volumes of plasma using a microfluidic aqueous two-phase system. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:3552-3559. [PMID: 32808641 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00345j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
As conventional bulky methods for extracellular vesicle (EV) separation are unsuitable for small volumes of samples, microfluidic devices are thought to offer a solution for the integrated and automatic processing of EV separation. This study demonstrates a simple microfluidic aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) for EV separation with high recovery efficiency to overcome the limitation of previous devices, which require complex external equipment or high cost manufacturing. With polyethylene glycol and dextran in the microfluidic channel, the isolation mechanism of the microfluidic ATPS was analyzed by comparison between two-phase and one-phase systems. Our device could facilitate continuous EV isolation with 83.4% recovery efficiency and remove 65.4% of the proteins from the EV-protein mixture. EVs were also successfully isolated from human plasma at high recovery efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hoon Han
- Center for BioMicrosystems, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea. and School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sumi Kim
- Center for BioMicrosystems, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Geeyoon Seo
- Center for BioMicrosystems, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Youhee Heo
- Center for BioMicrosystems, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea. and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seok Chung
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea and KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Yoon Kang
- Center for BioMicrosystems, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea. and Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology (UST), Korea Institute of Science and Technology School, Seoul, Korea
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40
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Multiplex detection and characterization of breast cancer exosomes by magneto-actuated immunoassay. Talanta 2020; 211:120657. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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41
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Yang D, Zhang W, Zhang H, Zhang F, Chen L, Ma L, Larcher LM, Chen S, Liu N, Zhao Q, Tran PH, Chen C, Veedu RN, Wang T. Progress, opportunity, and perspective on exosome isolation - efforts for efficient exosome-based theranostics. Theranostics 2020; 10:3684-3707. [PMID: 32206116 PMCID: PMC7069071 DOI: 10.7150/thno.41580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 460] [Impact Index Per Article: 115.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles with diameters of 30-150 nm. In both physiological and pathological conditions, nearly all types of cells can release exosomes, which play important roles in cell communication and epigenetic regulation by transporting crucial protein and genetic materials such as miRNA, mRNA, and DNA. Consequently, exosome-based disease diagnosis and therapeutic methods have been intensively investigated. However, as in any natural science field, the in-depth investigation of exosomes relies heavily on technological advances. Historically, the two main technical hindrances that have restricted the basic and applied researches of exosomes include, first, how to simplify the extraction and improve the yield of exosomes and, second, how to effectively distinguish exosomes from other extracellular vesicles, especially functional microvesicles. Over the past few decades, although a standardized exosome isolation method has still not become available, a number of techniques have been established through exploration of the biochemical and physicochemical features of exosomes. In this work, by comprehensively analyzing the progresses in exosome separation strategies, we provide a panoramic view of current exosome isolation techniques, providing perspectives toward the development of novel approaches for high-efficient exosome isolation from various types of biological matrices. In addition, from the perspective of exosome-based diagnosis and therapeutics, we emphasize the issue of quantitative exosome and microvesicle separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongbin Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery of Hebi People's Hospital; Hebi Neuroanatomical Laboratory, Hebi, 458030, China
| | - Weihong Zhang
- School of Nursing, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Huanyun Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery of Hebi People's Hospital; Hebi Neuroanatomical Laboratory, Hebi, 458030, China
| | - Fengqiu Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Ion-beam Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China, 450000
| | - Lanmei Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Nature Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China
| | - Lixia Ma
- School of Statistics, Henan University of Economics and Law, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Leon M. Larcher
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia
| | - Suxiang Chen
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia
| | - Nan Liu
- General Practice Centre, Nanhai Hospital, Southern Medical University, 528244, Foshan, China
| | - Qingxia Zhao
- School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Phuong H.L. Tran
- School of Medicine, and Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, 3216, Australia
| | - Changying Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zheng Zhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Rakesh N Veedu
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth 6009, Australia
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Nursing, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth 6009, Australia
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42
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Gaillard M, Thuaire A, Nonglaton G, Agache V, Roupioz Y, Raillon C. Biosensing extracellular vesicles: contribution of biomolecules in affinity-based methods for detection and isolation. Analyst 2020; 145:1997-2013. [PMID: 31960838 DOI: 10.1039/c9an01949a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are lipid vesicles secreted by cells that allow intercellular communication. They are decorated with surface proteins, which are membrane proteins that can be targeted by biochemical techniques to isolate EVs from background particles. EVs have recently attracted attention for their potential applications as biomarkers for numerous diseases. This review focuses on the contribution of biomolecules used as ligands in affinity-based biosensors for the detection and isolation of EVs. Capturing biological objects like EVs with antibodies is well described in the literature through different biosensing techniques. However, since handling proteins can be challenging due to stability issues, sensors using non-denaturable biomolecules are emerging. DNA aptamers, short DNA fragments that mimic antibody action, are currently being developed and considered as the future of antibody-like ligands. These molecules offer undeniable advantages: unparalleled ease of production, very high stability in air, similar affinity constants to antibodies, and compatibility with many organic solvents. The use of peptides specific to EVs is also an exciting biochemical solution to target EV membrane proteins and complement other probes. These different ligands have been used in several types of biosensors: electrochemical, optical, microfluidic using both generic probes (targeting widely expressed membrane proteins such as the tetraspanins) and specific probes (targeting disease biomarkers such as proteins overexpressed in cancer).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gaillard
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, SyMMES, 38000 Grenoble, France.
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Abstract
Nanotechnology has made remarkable contributions to clinical oncology. Nanotherapeutics and diagnostic tools have distinctive characteristics which allow them superior abilities to deliver therapeutics and imaging agents for radiation oncology. Compared to solid biopsies and imaging, the analysis of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) offers a more rapid, real-time, and less invasive method to monitor the dynamic molecular profiles of tumors. The potential of CTCs to be translated as a novel cancer biomarker has been demonstrated in numerous clinical studies. This review will discuss clinical applications of nanomaterials in radiation oncology and the implication of CTCs in cancer detection and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Sun
- Radiation Oncology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 125 Mason Farm Road, Marsico 2236, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - C Tilden Hagan
- UNC/NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, 125 Mason Farm Road, Marsico 2120, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Joseph Caster
- Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Andrew Z Wang
- Radiation Oncology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 101 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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44
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Su W, Li H, Chen W, Qin J. Microfluidic strategies for label-free exosomes isolation and analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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45
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Moore JH, Varhue WB, Su YH, Linton SS, Farmehini V, Fox TE, Matters GL, Kester M, Swami NS. Conductance-Based Biophysical Distinction and Microfluidic Enrichment of Nanovesicles Derived from Pancreatic Tumor Cells of Varying Invasiveness. Anal Chem 2019; 91:10424-10431. [PMID: 31333013 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Diagnostics based on exosomes and other extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as strategies for informing cancer progression and therapies, since the lipid content and macromolecular cargo of EVs can provide key phenotypic and genotypic information on the parent tumor cell and its microenvironment. We show that EVs derived from more invasive pancreatic tumor cells that express high levels of tumor-specific surface proteins and are composed of highly unsaturated lipids that increase membrane fluidity, exhibit significantly higher conductance versus those derived from less invasive tumor cells, based on dielectrophoresis measurements. Furthermore, through specific binding of the EVs to gold nanoparticle-conjugated antibodies, we show that these conductance differences can be modulated in proportion to the type as well as level of expressed tumor-specific antigens, thereby presenting methods for selective microfluidic enrichment and cytometry-based quantification of EVs based on invasiveness of their parent cell.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Samuel S Linton
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , Pennsylvania 17033 , United States
| | | | | | - Gail L Matters
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , Pennsylvania 17033 , United States
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46
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Iliescu FS, Poenar DP, Yu F, Ni M, Chan KH, Cima I, Taylor HK, Cima I, Iliescu C. Recent advances in microfluidic methods in cancer liquid biopsy. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2019; 13:041503. [PMID: 31431816 PMCID: PMC6697033 DOI: 10.1063/1.5087690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Early cancer detection, its monitoring, and therapeutical prediction are highly valuable, though extremely challenging targets in oncology. Significant progress has been made recently, resulting in a group of devices and techniques that are now capable of successfully detecting, interpreting, and monitoring cancer biomarkers in body fluids. Precise information about malignancies can be obtained from liquid biopsies by isolating and analyzing circulating tumor cells (CTCs) or nucleic acids, tumor-derived vesicles or proteins, and metabolites. The current work provides a general overview of the latest on-chip technological developments for cancer liquid biopsy. Current challenges for their translation and their application in various clinical settings are discussed. Microfluidic solutions for each set of biomarkers are compared, and a global overview of the major trends and ongoing research challenges is given. A detailed analysis of the microfluidic isolation of CTCs with recent efforts that aimed at increasing purity and capture efficiency is provided as well. Although CTCs have been the focus of a vast microfluidic research effort as the key element for obtaining relevant information, important clinical insights can also be achieved from alternative biomarkers, such as classical protein biomarkers, exosomes, or circulating-free nucleic acids. Finally, while most work has been devoted to the analysis of blood-based biomarkers, we highlight the less explored potential of urine as an ideal source of molecular cancer biomarkers for point-of-care lab-on-chip devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florina S. Iliescu
- School of Applied Science, Republic Polytechnic, Singapore 738964, Singapore
| | - Daniel P. Poenar
- VALENS-Centre for Bio Devices and Signal Analysis, School of EEE, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Fang Yu
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, A*STAR, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Ming Ni
- School of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Technological University, San Miguel de Urcuquí 100105, Ecuador
| | - Kiat Hwa Chan
- Division of Science, Yale-NUS College, Singapore 138527, Singapore
| | | | - Hayden K. Taylor
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Igor Cima
- DKFZ-Division of Translational Oncology/Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg and University Hospital Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
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Iliescu FS, Vrtačnik D, Neuzil P, Iliescu C. Microfluidic Technology for Clinical Applications of Exosomes. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10060392. [PMID: 31212754 PMCID: PMC6631586 DOI: 10.3390/mi10060392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes, a type of nanovesicle, are distinct cellular entities specifically capable of carrying various cargos between cells. It has been hypothesized that exosomes, as an enriched source of biomolecules, may serve as biomarkers for various diseases. This review introduces general aspects of exosomes, presents the challenges in exosome research, discusses the potential of exosomes as biomarkers, and describes the contribution of microfluidic technology to enable their isolation and analysis for diagnostic and disease monitoring. Additionally, clinical applications of exosomes for diagnostic purposes are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florina S Iliescu
- School of Applied Science, Republic Polytechnic Singapore, Singapore 738964, Singapore.
| | - Danilo Vrtačnik
- Laboratory of Microsensor Structures and Electronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Pavel Neuzil
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno 613 00, Czech Republic.
- Department of Microelectronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Technická 3058/10, 61600 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Ciprian Iliescu
- Biomedical Institute for Global Health Research and Technology (BIGHEART), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore.
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Bucharest 050094, Romania.
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48
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Cavallaro S, Horak J, Hååg P, Gupta D, Stiller C, Sahu SS, Görgens A, Gatty HK, Viktorsson K, El Andaloussi S, Lewensohn R, Karlström AE, Linnros J, Dev A. Label-Free Surface Protein Profiling of Extracellular Vesicles by an Electrokinetic Sensor. ACS Sens 2019; 4:1399-1408. [PMID: 31020844 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) generated from the endolysosomal system, often referred to as exosomes, have attracted interest as a suitable biomarker for cancer diagnostics, as they carry valuable biological information and reflect their cells of origin. Herein, we propose a simple and inexpensive electrical method for label-free detection and profiling of sEVs in the size range of exosomes. The detection method is based on the electrokinetic principle, where the change in the streaming current is monitored as the surface markers of the sEVs interact with the affinity reagents immobilized on the inner surface of a silica microcapillary. As a proof-of-concept, we detected sEVs derived from the non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell line H1975 for a set of representative surface markers, such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), CD9, and CD63. The detection sensitivity was estimated to be ∼175000 sEVs, which represents a sensor surface coverage of only 0.04%. We further validated the ability of the sensor to measure the expression level of a membrane protein by using sEVs displaying artificially altered expressions of EGFR and CD63, which were derived from NSCLC and human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293T cells, respectively. The analysis revealed that the changes in EGFR and CD63 expressions in sEVs can be detected with a sensitivity in the order of 10% and 3%, respectively, of their parental cell expressions. The method can be easily parallelized and combined with existing microfluidic-based EV isolation technologies, allowing for rapid detection and monitoring of sEVs for cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Cavallaro
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Engineering Sciences, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 16440 Kista, Sweden
| | - Josef Horak
- Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Petra Hååg
- Department of Oncology/Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital (Theme, Cancer; Patient Area, Pelvis), Akademiska stråket 1, 171 64 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dhanu Gupta
- Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Evox Therapeutics Limited, Oxford OX4 4HG, United Kingdom
| | - Christiane Stiller
- Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Siddharth S. Sahu
- Department of Solid State Electronics, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 534, Uppsala SE-751-21, Sweden
| | - André Görgens
- Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Evox Therapeutics Limited, Oxford OX4 4HG, United Kingdom
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Hithesh K. Gatty
- Department of Solid State Electronics, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 534, Uppsala SE-751-21, Sweden
| | - Kristina Viktorsson
- Department of Oncology/Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital (Theme, Cancer; Patient Area, Head and Neck, Lung, and Skin), Akademiska stråket 1, 171 64 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Samir El Andaloussi
- Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Evox Therapeutics Limited, Oxford OX4 4HG, United Kingdom
| | - Rolf Lewensohn
- Department of Oncology/Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital (Theme, Cancer; Patient Area, Head and Neck, Lung, and Skin), Akademiska stråket 1, 171 64 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Amelie E. Karlström
- Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Linnros
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Engineering Sciences, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 16440 Kista, Sweden
| | - Apurba Dev
- Department of Solid State Electronics, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 534, Uppsala SE-751-21, Sweden
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49
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Dong L, Zieren RC, Wang Y, de Reijke TM, Xue W, Pienta KJ. Recent advances in extracellular vesicle research for urological cancers: From technology to application. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2019; 1871:342-360. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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50
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Li X, Corbett AL, Taatizadeh E, Tasnim N, Little JP, Garnis C, Daugaard M, Guns E, Hoorfar M, Li ITS. Challenges and opportunities in exosome research-Perspectives from biology, engineering, and cancer therapy. APL Bioeng 2019; 3:011503. [PMID: 31069333 PMCID: PMC6481742 DOI: 10.1063/1.5087122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small (∼30-140 nm) lipid bilayer-enclosed particles of endosomal origin. They are a subset of extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are secreted by most cell types. There has been growing interest in exosome research in the last decade due to their emerging role as intercellular messengers and their potential in disease diagnosis. Indeed, exosomes contain proteins, lipids, and RNAs that are specific to their cell origin and could deliver cargo to both nearby and distant cells. As a result, investigation of exosome cargo contents could offer opportunities for disease detection and treatment. Moreover, exosomes have been explored as natural drug delivery vehicles since they can travel safely in extracellular fluids and deliver cargo to destined cells with high specificity and efficiency. Despite significant efforts made in this relatively new field of research, progress has been held back by challenges such as inefficient separation methods, difficulties in characterization, and lack of specific biomarkers. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge in exosome biogenesis, their roles in disease progression, and therapeutic applications and opportunities in bioengineering. Furthermore, we highlight the established and emerging technological developments in exosome isolation and characterization. We aim to consider critical challenges in exosome research and provide directions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Alexander L. Corbett
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | | | - Nishat Tasnim
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Jonathan P. Little
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Cathie Garnis
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 1L3, Canada, and Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Mads Daugaard
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada, and Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Emma Guns
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada, and Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Mina Hoorfar
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Isaac T. S. Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
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