1
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Peredkov S, Pereira N, Grötzsch D, Hendel S, Wallacher D, DeBeer S. PINK: a tender X-ray beamline for X-ray emission spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2024; 31:622-634. [PMID: 38662410 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577524002200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
A high-flux beamline optimized for non-resonant X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) in the tender X-ray energy range has been constructed at the BESSY II synchrotron source. The beamline utilizes a cryogenically cooled undulator that provides X-rays over the energy range 2.1 keV to 9.5 keV. This energy range provides access to XES [and in the future X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS)] studies of transition metals ranging from Ti to Cu (Kα, Kβ lines) and Zr to Ag (Lα, Lβ), as well as light elements including P, S, Cl, K and Ca (Kα, Kβ). The beamline can be operated in two modes. In PINK mode, a multilayer monochromator (E/ΔE ≃ 30-80) provides a high photon flux (1014 photons s-1 at 6 keV and 300 mA ring current), allowing non-resonant XES measurements of dilute substances. This mode is currently available for general user operation. X-ray absorption near-edge structure and resonant XAS techniques will be available after the second stage of the PINK commissioning, when a high monochromatic mode (E/ΔE ≃ 10000-40000) will be facilitated by a double-crystal monochromator. At present, the beamline incorporates two von Hamos spectrometers, enabling time-resolved XES experiments with time scales down to 0.1 s and the possibility of two-color XES experiments. This paper describes the optical scheme of the PINK beamline and the endstation. The design of the two von Hamos dispersive spectrometers and sample environment are discussed here in detail. To illustrate, XES spectra of phosphorus complexes, KCl, TiO2 and Co3O4 measured using the PINK setup are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Peredkov
- Department of Inorganic Spectroscopy, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Nilson Pereira
- Department of Inorganic Spectroscopy, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Daniel Grötzsch
- Berlin Laboratory for Innovative X-ray Technologies (BLiX), Institute of Optics and Atomic Physics, Technical University of Berlin, Hardenbergstrasse 36, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Hendel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk Wallacher
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin, Germany
| | - Serena DeBeer
- Department of Inorganic Spectroscopy, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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2
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Zymaková A, Precek M, Picchiotti A, Błachucki W, Zymak I, Szlachetko J, Vankó G, Németh Z, Sá J, Wiste T, Andreasson J. X-ray spectroscopy station for sample characterization at ELI Beamlines. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17258. [PMID: 37828024 PMCID: PMC10570313 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43924-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
X-ray spectroscopy is a demanded tool across multiple user communities. Here we report on a new station for X-ray emission spectroscopy at the Extreme Light Infrastructure Beamlines Facility. The instrument utilizes the von Hamos geometry and works with a number of different sample types, notably including liquid systems. We demonstrate a simple and reliable method for source position control using two cameras. This approach addresses energy calibration dependence on sample position, which is a characteristic source of measurement uncertainty for wavelength dispersive spectrometers in XES arrangement. We also present a straightforward procedure for energy calibration of liquid and powder samples to a thin film reference. The developed instrumentation enabled us to perform the first experimental determination of the Kα lines of liquidized K3Fe(CN)6 as well as powdered and liquidized FeNH4(SO4)2. Finally, we report on proof-of-principle use of a colliding jet liquid sample delivery system in an XES experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zymaková
- ELI Beamlines Facility, The Extreme Light Infrastructure ERIC, Za Radnicí 835, 25241, Dolní Břežany, Czech Republic.
| | - M Precek
- ELI Beamlines Facility, The Extreme Light Infrastructure ERIC, Za Radnicí 835, 25241, Dolní Břežany, Czech Republic
| | - A Picchiotti
- ELI Beamlines Facility, The Extreme Light Infrastructure ERIC, Za Radnicí 835, 25241, Dolní Břežany, Czech Republic
- Hamburg University and The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - W Błachucki
- Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342, Kraków, Poland
| | - I Zymak
- ELI Beamlines Facility, The Extreme Light Infrastructure ERIC, Za Radnicí 835, 25241, Dolní Břežany, Czech Republic
| | - J Szlachetko
- National Synchrotron Radiation Centre SOLARIS, Czerwone Maki 98, 30-392, Kraków, Poland
| | - G Vankó
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Konkoly-Thege Miklós 29-33, Budapest, 1121, Hungary
| | - Z Németh
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Konkoly-Thege Miklós 29-33, Budapest, 1121, Hungary
| | - J Sá
- Uppsala University, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, SE-751 05, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - T Wiste
- ELI Beamlines Facility, The Extreme Light Infrastructure ERIC, Za Radnicí 835, 25241, Dolní Břežany, Czech Republic
| | - J Andreasson
- ELI Beamlines Facility, The Extreme Light Infrastructure ERIC, Za Radnicí 835, 25241, Dolní Břežany, Czech Republic
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3
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Mikeházi A, El Guettioui J, Földes IB, Vankó G, Németh Z. Multicolor single-analyzer high-energy-resolution XES spectrometer for simultaneous examination of different elements. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2022; 29:1216-1222. [PMID: 36073880 PMCID: PMC9455214 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577522007561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The present work demonstrates the performance of a von Hámos high-energy-resolution X-ray spectrometer based on a non-conventional conical Si single-crystal analyzer. The analyzer is tested with different primary and secondary X-ray sources as well as a hard X-ray sensitive CCD camera. The spectrometer setup is also characterized with ray-tracing simulations. Both experimental and simulated results affirm that the conical spectrometer can efficiently detect and resolve the two pairs of two elements (Ni and Cu) Kα X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) peaks simultaneously, requiring a less than 2 cm-wide array on a single position-sensitive detector. The possible applications of this simple yet broad-energy-spectrum crystal spectrometer range from quickly adapting it as another probe for complex experiments at synchrotron beamlines to analyzing X-ray emission from plasma generated by ultrashort laser pulses at modern laser facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antal Mikeházi
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Konkoly Thege M. 29-33, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jihad El Guettioui
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Konkoly Thege M. 29-33, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - István B. Földes
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Konkoly Thege M. 29-33, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Vankó
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Konkoly Thege M. 29-33, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Németh
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Konkoly Thege M. 29-33, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
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4
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Kvashnina KO, Butorin SM. High-energy resolution X-ray spectroscopy at actinide M 4,5 and ligand K edges: what we know, what we want to know, and what we can know. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:327-342. [PMID: 34874022 PMCID: PMC8725612 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04851a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, scientists have progressively recognized the role of electronic structures in the characterization of chemical properties for actinide containing materials. High-energy resolution X-ray spectroscopy at the actinide M4,5 edges emerged as a promising direction because this method can probe actinide properties at the atomic level through the possibility of reducing the experimental spectral width below the natural core-hole lifetime broadening. Parallel to the technical developments of the X-ray method and experimental discoveries, theoretical models, describing the observed electronic structure phenomena, have also advanced. In this feature article, we describe the latest progress in the field of high-energy resolution X-ray spectroscopy at the actinide M4,5 and ligand K edges and we show that the methods are able to (a) provide fingerprint information on the actinide oxidation state and ground state characters (b) probe 5f occupancy, non-stoichiometry, defects, and ligand/metal ratio and (c) investigate the local symmetry and effects of the crystal field. We discuss the chemical aspects of the electronic structure in terms familiar to chemists and materials scientists and conclude with a brief description of new opportunities and approaches to improve the experimental methodology and theoretical analysis for f-electron systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina O Kvashnina
- The Rossendorf Beamline at ESRF, The European Synchrotron, CS40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
- Institute of Resource Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), PO Box 510119, 01314 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Sergei M Butorin
- Condensed Matter Physics of Energy Materials, X-ray Photon Science, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden.
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5
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Tetef S, Govind N, Seidler GT. Unsupervised machine learning for unbiased chemical classification in X-ray absorption spectroscopy and X-ray emission spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:23586-23601. [PMID: 34651631 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02903g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We report a comprehensive computational study of unsupervised machine learning for extraction of chemically relevant information in X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) and in valence-to-core X-ray emission spectra (VtC-XES) for classification of a broad ensemble of sulphorganic molecules. By progressively decreasing the constraining assumptions of the unsupervised machine learning algorithm, moving from principal component analysis (PCA) to a variational autoencoder (VAE) to t-distributed stochastic neighbour embedding (t-SNE), we find improved sensitivity to steadily more refined chemical information. Surprisingly, when embedding the ensemble of spectra in merely two dimensions, t-SNE distinguishes not just oxidation state and general sulphur bonding environment but also the aromaticity of the bonding radical group with 87% accuracy as well as identifying even finer details in electronic structure within aromatic or aliphatic sub-classes. We find that the chemical information in XANES and VtC-XES is very similar in character and content, although they unexpectedly have different sensitivity within a given molecular class. We also discuss likely benefits from further effort with unsupervised machine learning and from the interplay between supervised and unsupervised machine learning for X-ray spectroscopies. Our overall results, i.e., the ability to reliably classify without user bias and to discover unexpected chemical signatures for XANES and VtC-XES, likely generalize to other systems as well as to other one-dimensional chemical spectroscopies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Tetef
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Niranjan Govind
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Gerald T Seidler
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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6
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Li M, Li W, Hu Y, Yakovenko AA, Ren Y, Luo J, Holden WM, Shakouri M, Xiao Q, Gao X, Zhao F, Liang J, Feng R, Li R, Seidler GT, Brandys F, Divigalpitiya R, Sham TK, Sun X. New Insights into the High-Performance Black Phosphorus Anode for Lithium-Ion Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2101259. [PMID: 34292627 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Black phosphorus (BP) is a promising anode material in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) owing to its high electrical conductivity and capacity. However, the huge volume change of BP during cycling induces rapid capacity fading. In addition, the unclear electrochemical mechanism of BP hinders the development of rational designs and preparation of high-performance BP-based anodes. Here, a high-performance nanostructured BP-graphite-carbon nanotubes composite (BP/G/CNTs) synthesized using ball-milling method is reported. The BP/G/CNTs anode delivers a high initial capacity of 1375 mA h g-1 at 0.15 A g-1 and maintains 1031.7 mA h g-1 after 450 cycles. Excellent high-rate performance is demonstrated with a capacity of 508.1 mA h g-1 after 3000 cycles at 2 A g-1 . Moreover, for the first time, direct evidence is provided experimentally to present the electrochemical mechanism of BP anodes with three-step lithiation and delithiation using ex situ X-ray diffraction (XRD), ex situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), ex situ X-ray emission spectroscopy, operando XRD, and operando XAS, which reveal the formation of Li3 P7 , LiP, and Li3 P. Furthermore, the study indicates an open-circuit relaxation effect of the electrode with ex situ and operando XAS analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsi Li
- Department of Chemistry and Soochow-Western Centre for Synchrotron Radiation Research, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Weihan Li
- Department of Chemistry and Soochow-Western Centre for Synchrotron Radiation Research, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Yongfeng Hu
- Canadian Light Source, 44 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 2V3, Canada
| | - Andrey A Yakovenko
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Yang Ren
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Jing Luo
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B9, Canada
| | | | - Mohsen Shakouri
- Canadian Light Source, 44 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 2V3, Canada
| | - Qunfeng Xiao
- Canadian Light Source, 44 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 2V3, Canada
| | - Xuejie Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Soochow-Western Centre for Synchrotron Radiation Research, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Feipeng Zhao
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Jianwen Liang
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Renfei Feng
- Canadian Light Source, 44 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 2V3, Canada
| | - Ruying Li
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Gerald T Seidler
- Physics Department, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-1560, USA
| | - Frank Brandys
- 3M Canada Company, 1840 Oxford Street East, London, Ontario, N5V 3R6, Canada
| | | | - Tsun-Kong Sham
- Department of Chemistry and Soochow-Western Centre for Synchrotron Radiation Research, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Xueliang Sun
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B9, Canada
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7
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Kavčič M, Petric M, Rajh A, Isaković K, Vizintin A, Talian SD, Dominko R. Characterization of Li-S Batteries Using Laboratory Sulfur X-ray Emission Spectroscopy. ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS 2021; 4:2357-2364. [PMID: 33842854 PMCID: PMC8029652 DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.0c02878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Application of laboratory-based X-ray analytical techniques that are capable of a reliable characterization of the chemical state of sulfur within bulk battery cathode in parallel with electrochemical characterization is essential for further development of lithium-sulfur batteries. In this work, MeV proton-induced X-ray emission (XES) sulfur measurements were performed in ex situ mode on laboratory-synthesized sulfur standards and precycled battery cathodes. The average sulfur charge was determined from the energy shift of the Kα emission line and from the spectral shape of the Kβ emission spectrum. Finally, operando Kα XES measurements were performed to monitor reduction of sulfur within battery cathode during discharge. The experimental approach presented here provides an important step toward more routine laboratory analysis of sulfur-based battery systems and also other sulfur-neighboring low-Z bulk materials with emission energies in the tender X-ray range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matjaž Kavčič
- Jožef
Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty
of Mathematics and Physics, University of
Ljubljana, Jadranska
19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Petric
- Jožef
Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty
of Geotechnical Engineering, University
of Zagreb, Varaždin 42000, Croatia
| | - Ava Rajh
- Jožef
Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty
of Mathematics and Physics, University of
Ljubljana, Jadranska
19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kristina Isaković
- Jožef
Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alen Vizintin
- National
Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Robert Dominko
- National
Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of
Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University
of Ljubljana, Večna
pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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8
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Petric M, Rajh A, Vizintin A, Talian SD, Dominko R, Kavčič M. Sulfur valence-to-core X-ray emission spectroscopy study of lithium sulfur batteries. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:7573-7576. [PMID: 34250987 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03023j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, valence-to-core (VtC) Kβ sulfur X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) was used to perform quantitative analysis of different sulfur compounds produced in a lithium sulfur (Li-S) battery during discharge. The analysis is based on the theoretical sulfur Kβ XES spectra obtained from ab initio quantum chemical calculations based on density functional theory. The emphasis is given to the Kβ sulfur XES spectra of the polysulfide molecules (Li2Sx, x = 2,,8) produced electrochemically within the Li-S battery. Ab initio molecular dynamics calculations are used further to calculate also the Kβ spectra of Li2Sx dissolved in a model solvent. Calculated spectra were directly compared with the experimental ones collected with a Johansson type tender XES spectrometer on laboratory synthesized Li2Sx reference standards and pre-cycled battery cathodes. These results demonstrate that sulfur VtC XES can be used effectively to quantitatively analyze electrochemical sulfur conversion, also in a smaller laboratory without the need for large scale synchrotron facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Petric
- JoŽef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia. and Faculty of Geotechnical Engineering, University of Zagreb, Hallerova aleja 7, VaraŽdin HR-42000, Croatia
| | - Ava Rajh
- JoŽef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia. and Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, Jadranska 19, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Alen Vizintin
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | | | - Robert Dominko
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia and Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Vecna pot 113, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - MatjaŽ Kavčič
- JoŽef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia. and Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, Jadranska 19, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
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9
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Glatzel P, Harris A, Marion P, Sikora M, Weng TC, Guilloud C, Lafuerza S, Rovezzi M, Detlefs B, Ducotté L. The five-analyzer point-to-point scanning crystal spectrometer at ESRF ID26. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2021; 28:362-371. [PMID: 33399588 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577520015416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
X-ray emission spectroscopy in a point-to-point focusing geometry using instruments that employ more than one analyzer crystal poses challenges with respect to mechanical design and performance. This work discusses various options for positioning the components and provides the formulas for calculating their relative placement. Ray-tracing calculations were used to determine the geometrical contributions to the energy broadening including the source volume as given by the beam footprint on the sample. The alignment of the instrument is described and examples are given for the performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Glatzel
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyres, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Philippe Marion
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyres, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Marcin Sikora
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyres, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Tsu Chien Weng
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyres, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Cyril Guilloud
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyres, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Sara Lafuerza
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyres, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Mauro Rovezzi
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyres, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Blanka Detlefs
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyres, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Ludovic Ducotté
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyres, 38000 Grenoble, France
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10
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Honkanen AP, Huotari S. General method to calculate the elastic deformation and X-ray diffraction properties of bent crystal wafers. IUCRJ 2021; 8:102-115. [PMID: 33520246 PMCID: PMC7793001 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252520014165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Toroidally and spherically bent single crystals are widely employed as optical elements in hard X-ray spectrometry at synchrotron and free-electron laser light sources, and in laboratory-scale instruments. To achieve optimal spectrometer performance, a solid theoretical understanding of the diffraction properties of such crystals is essential. In this work, a general method to calculate the internal stress and strain fields of toroidally bent crystals and how to apply it to predict their diffraction properties is presented. Solutions are derived and discussed for circular and rectangular spherically bent wafers due to their prevalence in contemporary instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari-Pekka Honkanen
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, PO Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Simo Huotari
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, PO Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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11
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Zimmermann P, Peredkov S, Abdala PM, DeBeer S, Tromp M, Müller C, van Bokhoven JA. Modern X-ray spectroscopy: XAS and XES in the laboratory. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Holden WM, Jahrman EP, Govind N, Seidler GT. Probing Sulfur Chemical and Electronic Structure with Experimental Observation and Quantitative Theoretical Prediction of Kα and Valence-to-Core Kβ X-ray Emission Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:5415-5434. [PMID: 32486638 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c04195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
An extensive experimental and theoretical study of the Kα and Kβ high-resolution X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) of sulfur-bearing systems is presented. This study encompasses a wide range of organic and inorganic compounds, including numerous experimental spectra from both prior published work and new measurements. Employing a linear-response time-dependent density functional theory (LR-TDDFT) approach, strong quantitative agreement is found in the calculation of energy shifts of the core-to-core Kα as well as the full range of spectral features in the valence-to-core Kβ spectrum. The ability to accurately calculate the sulfur Kα energy shift supports the use of sulfur Kα XES as a bulk-sensitive tool for assessing sulfur speciation. The fine structure of the sulfur Kβ spectrum, in conjunction with the theoretical results, is shown to be sensitive to the local electronic structure including effects of symmetry, ligand type and number, and, in the case of organosulfur compounds, to the nature of the bonded organic moiety. This agreement between theory and experiment, augmented by the potential for high-access XES measurements with the latest generation of laboratory-based spectrometers, demonstrates the possibility of broad analytical use of XES for sulfur and nearby third-row elements. The effective solution of the forward problem, i.e., successful prediction of detailed spectra from known molecular structure, also suggests future use of supervised machine learning approaches to experimental inference, as has seen recent interest for interpretation of X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES).
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Holden
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Evan P Jahrman
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Niranjan Govind
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Gerald T Seidler
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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13
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Rovezzi M, Harris A, Detlefs B, Bohdan T, Svyazhin A, Santambrogio A, Degler D, Baran R, Reynier B, Noguera Crespo P, Heyman C, Van Der Kleij HP, Van Vaerenbergh P, Marion P, Vitoux H, Lapras C, Verbeni R, Kocsis MM, Manceau A, Glatzel P. TEXS: in-vacuum tender X-ray emission spectrometer with 11 Johansson crystal analyzers. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2020; 27:813-826. [PMID: 32381786 PMCID: PMC7285681 DOI: 10.1107/s160057752000243x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The design and first results of a large-solid-angle X-ray emission spectrometer that is optimized for energies between 1.5 keV and 5.5 keV are presented. The spectrometer is based on an array of 11 cylindrically bent Johansson crystal analyzers arranged in a non-dispersive Rowland circle geometry. The smallest achievable energy bandwidth is smaller than the core hole lifetime broadening of the absorption edges in this energy range. Energy scanning is achieved using an innovative design, maintaining the Rowland circle conditions for all crystals with only four motor motions. The entire spectrometer is encased in a high-vacuum chamber that allocates a liquid helium cryostat and provides sufficient space for in situ cells and operando catalysis reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Rovezzi
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, Irstea, Météo France, OSUG, FAME, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble, France
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Blanka Detlefs
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Timothy Bohdan
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Artem Svyazhin
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble, France
- M. N. Miheev Institute of Metal Physics, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 620990 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Alessandro Santambrogio
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - David Degler
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Rafal Baran
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Benjamin Reynier
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Pedro Noguera Crespo
- Added Value Solutions (AVS), Pol. Ind. Sigma Xixilion Kalea 2, Bajo Pabellón 10, 20870 Elgoibar, Spain
| | | | - Hans-Peter Van Der Kleij
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Pierre Van Vaerenbergh
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Philippe Marion
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Hugo Vitoux
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Christophe Lapras
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Roberto Verbeni
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Menhard Menyhert Kocsis
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Alain Manceau
- ISTerre, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CS 40700, 38058 Grenoble, France
| | - Pieter Glatzel
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble, France
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14
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Ditter AS, Holden WM, Cary SK, Mocko V, Latimer MJ, Nelson EJ, Kozimor SA, Seidler GT. Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering using a miniature dispersive Rowland refocusing spectrometer. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2020; 27:446-454. [PMID: 32153283 PMCID: PMC7064111 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577520001022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) beamlines worldwide are steadily increasing their emphasis on full photon-in/photon-out spectroscopies, such as resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS), resonant X-ray emission spectroscopy (RXES) and high energy resolution fluorescence detection XAS (HERFD-XAS). In such cases, each beamline must match the choice of emission spectrometer to the scientific mission of its users. Previous work has recently reported a miniature tender X-ray spectrometer using a dispersive Rowland refocusing (DRR) geometry that functions with high energy resolution even with a large X-ray spot size on the sample [Holden et al. (2017). Rev. Sci. Instrum. 88, 073904]. This instrument has been used in the laboratory in multiple studies of non-resonant X-ray emission spectroscopy using a conventional X-ray tube, though only for preliminary measurements at a low-intensity microfocus synchrotron beamline. This paper reports an extensive study of the performance of a miniature DRR spectrometer at an unfocused wiggler beamline, where the incident monochromatic flux allows for resonant studies which are impossible in the laboratory. The results support the broader use of the present design and also suggest that the DRR method with an unfocused beam could have important applications for materials with low radiation damage thresholds and that would not survive analysis on focused beamlines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S. Ditter
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, PO Box 351650, Seattle, WA 98195-1560, USA
- C-IIAC, Los Alamos National Laboratory, PO Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - William M. Holden
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, PO Box 351650, Seattle, WA 98195-1560, USA
| | - Samantha K. Cary
- C-IIAC, Los Alamos National Laboratory, PO Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Veronika Mocko
- C-IIAC, Los Alamos National Laboratory, PO Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Matthew J. Latimer
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Erik J. Nelson
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Stosh A. Kozimor
- C-IIAC, Los Alamos National Laboratory, PO Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Gerald T. Seidler
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, PO Box 351650, Seattle, WA 98195-1560, USA
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16
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Ditter AS, Jahrman EP, Bradshaw LR, Xia X, Pauzauskie PJ, Seidler GT. A mail-in and user facility for X-ray absorption near-edge structure: the CEI-XANES laboratory X-ray spectrometer at the University of Washington. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2019; 26:2086-2093. [PMID: 31721755 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577519012839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
There are more than 100 beamlines or endstations worldwide that frequently support X-ray absorption fine-structure (XAFS) measurements, thus providing critical enabling capability for research across numerous scientific disciplines. However, the absence of a supporting tier of more readily accessible, lower-performing options has caused systemic inefficiencies, resulting in high oversubscription and the omission of many scientifically and socially valuable XAFS applications that are incompatible with the synchrotron facility access model. To this end, this work describes the design, performance and uses of the Clean Energy Institute X-ray absorption near-edge structure (CEI-XANES) laboratory spectrometer and its use as both a user-present and mail-in facility. Such new additions to the XAFS infrastructure landscape raise important questions about the most productive interactions between synchrotron radiation and laboratory-based capabilities; this can be discussed in the framework of five categories, only one of which is competitive. The categories include independent operation on independent problems, use dictated by convenience, pre-synchrotron preparatory use of laboratory capability, post-synchrotron follow-up use of laboratory capability, and parallel use of both synchrotron radiation and laboratory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S Ditter
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, PO Box 351650, Seattle, WA 98195-1560, USA
| | - Evan P Jahrman
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, PO Box 351650, Seattle, WA 98195-1560, USA
| | - Liam R Bradshaw
- Molecular Analysis Facility, University of Washington, 4000 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Xiaojing Xia
- Department of Molecular Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Peter J Pauzauskie
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, 3920 E. Stevens Way NE, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Gerald T Seidler
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, PO Box 351650, Seattle, WA 98195-1560, USA
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17
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Moya‐Cancino JG, Honkanen A, van der Eerden AMJ, Schaink H, Folkertsma L, Ghiasi M, Longo A, de Groot FMF, Meirer F, Huotari S, Weckhuysen BM. In-situ X-Ray Absorption Near Edge Structure Spectroscopy of a Solid Catalyst using a Laboratory-Based Set-up. ChemCatChem 2019; 11:1039-1044. [PMID: 31007776 PMCID: PMC6471006 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201801822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
An in-situ laboratory-based X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) Spectroscopy set-up is presented, which allows performing long-term experiments on a solid catalyst at relevant reaction conditions of temperature and pressure. Complementary to research performed at synchrotron radiation facilities the approach is showcased for a Co/TiO2 Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) catalyst. Supported cobalt metal nanoparticles next to a (very small) fraction of cobalt(II) titanate, which is an inactive phase for FTS, were detected, with no signs of re-oxidation of the supported cobalt metal nanoparticles during FTS at 523 K, 5 bar and 200 h, indicating that cobalt metal is maintained as the main active phase during FTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- José G. Moya‐Cancino
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 99Utrecht3584 CGThe Netherlands
| | - Ari‐Pekka Honkanen
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of Helsinki PO Box 64HelsinkiFI-00014Finland
| | - Ad M. J. van der Eerden
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 99Utrecht3584 CGThe Netherlands
| | - Herrick Schaink
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 99Utrecht3584 CGThe Netherlands
| | - Lieven Folkertsma
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 99Utrecht3584 CGThe Netherlands
| | - Mahnaz Ghiasi
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 99Utrecht3584 CGThe Netherlands
| | - Alessandro Longo
- Dutch-Belgian Beamline BM26European Synchrotron Radiation Facility CS 40220, Grenoble Cedex 938043France
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN)-CNR USO, Via Ugo La Malfa 153Palermo90146Italy
| | - Frank M. F. de Groot
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 99Utrecht3584 CGThe Netherlands
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 99Utrecht3584 CGThe Netherlands
| | - Simo Huotari
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of Helsinki PO Box 64HelsinkiFI-00014Finland
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 99Utrecht3584 CGThe Netherlands
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18
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Jahrman EP, Holden WM, Ditter AS, Mortensen DR, Seidler GT, Fister TT, Kozimor SA, Piper LFJ, Rana J, Hyatt NC, Stennett MC. An improved laboratory-based x-ray absorption fine structure and x-ray emission spectrometer for analytical applications in materials chemistry research. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:024106. [PMID: 30831699 DOI: 10.1063/1.5049383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) and x-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) are advanced x-ray spectroscopies that impact a wide range of disciplines. However, unlike the majority of other spectroscopic methods, XAFS and XES are accompanied by an unusual access model, wherein the dominant use of the technique is for premier research studies at world-class facilities, i.e., synchrotron x-ray light sources. In this paper, we report the design and performance of an improved XAFS and XES spectrometer based on the general conceptual design of Seidler et al. [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 85, 113906 (2014)]. New developments include reduced mechanical degrees of freedom, much-increased flux, and a wider Bragg angle range to enable extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurement and analysis for the first time with this type of modern laboratory XAFS configuration. This instrument enables a new class of routine applications that are incompatible with the mission and access model of the synchrotron light sources. To illustrate this, we provide numerous examples of x-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES), EXAFS, and XES results for a variety of problems and energy ranges. Highlights include XAFS and XES measurements of battery electrode materials, EXAFS of Ni with full modeling of results to validate monochromator performance, valence-to-core XES for 3d transition metal compounds, and uranium XANES and XES for different oxidation states. Taken en masse, these results further support the growing perspective that modern laboratory-based XAFS and XES have the potential to develop a new branch of analytical chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan P Jahrman
- Physics Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1560, USA
| | - William M Holden
- Physics Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1560, USA
| | - Alexander S Ditter
- Physics Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1560, USA
| | - Devon R Mortensen
- Physics Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1560, USA
| | - Gerald T Seidler
- Physics Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1560, USA
| | - Timothy T Fister
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Stosh A Kozimor
- Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Louis F J Piper
- Department of Physics, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York 13902, USA
| | - Jatinkumar Rana
- Department of Physics, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York 13902, USA
| | - Neil C Hyatt
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, The University of Sheffield, Mapping Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - Martin C Stennett
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, The University of Sheffield, Mapping Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
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19
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Jahrman EP, Holden WM, Ditter AS, Kozimor SA, Kihara SL, Seidler GT. Vacuum formed temporary spherically and toroidally bent crystal analyzers for x-ray absorption and x-ray emission spectroscopy. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:013106. [PMID: 30709184 DOI: 10.1063/1.5057231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that vacuum forming of 10-cm diameter silicon wafers of various crystallographic orientations under an x-ray permeable, flexible window can easily generate spherically bent crystal analyzers and toroidally bent crystal analyzers with ∼1-eV energy resolution and a 1-m major radius of curvature. In applications at synchrotron light sources, x-ray free electron lasers, and laboratory spectrometers, these characteristics are generally sufficient for many x-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS), x-ray emission spectroscopy (XES), and resonant inelastic x-ray scattering applications in the chemical sciences. Unlike existing optics manufacturing methods using epoxy or anodic bonding, vacuum forming without adhesive is temporary in the sense that the bent wafer can be removed when vacuum is released and exchanged for a different orientation wafer. Therefore, the combination of an x-ray compatible vacuum-forming chamber, a library of thin wafers, and a small number of forms having different secondary curvatures can give extreme flexibility in spectrometer energy range. As proof of this method, we determine the energy resolution and reflectivity for several such vacuum-formed bent crystal analyzers in laboratory-based XAFS and XES studies using a conventional x-ray tube. For completeness, we also show x-ray images collected on the detector plane to characterize the resulting focal spots and optical aberrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan P Jahrman
- Physics Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - William M Holden
- Physics Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Alexander S Ditter
- Physics Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Stosh A Kozimor
- Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Scott L Kihara
- Physics Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Gerald T Seidler
- Physics Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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20
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Malzer W, Grötzsch D, Gnewkow R, Schlesiger C, Kowalewski F, Van Kuiken B, DeBeer S, Kanngießer B. A laboratory spectrometer for high throughput X-ray emission spectroscopy in catalysis research. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:113111. [PMID: 30501328 DOI: 10.1063/1.5035171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We have built a laboratory spectrometer for X-ray emission spectroscopy. The instrument is employed in catalysis research. The key component is a von Hamos full cylinder optic with Highly Annealed Pyrolytic Graphite (HAPG) as a dispersive element. With this very efficient optic, the spectrometer subtends an effective solid angle of detection of around 1 msr, allowing for the analysis of dilute samples. The resolving power of the spectrometer is approximately E/ΔE = 4000, with an energy range of ∼2.3 keV-10 keV. The instrument and its characteristics are described herein. Further, a comparison with a prototype spectrometer, based on the same principle, shows the substantial improvement in the spectral resolution and energy range for the present setup. The paper concludes with a discussion of sample handling. A compilation of HAPG fundamentals and related publications are given in a brief Appendix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Malzer
- Institute for Optic and Atomic Physics, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Grötzsch
- Institute for Optic and Atomic Physics, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Richard Gnewkow
- Institute for Optic and Atomic Physics, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christopher Schlesiger
- Institute for Optic and Atomic Physics, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Fabian Kowalewski
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Benjamin Van Kuiken
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Serena DeBeer
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Birgit Kanngießer
- Institute for Optic and Atomic Physics, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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21
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Holden WM, Hoidn OR, Seidler GT, DiChiara AD. A color x-ray camera for 2-6 keV using a mass produced back illuminated complementary metal oxide semiconductor sensor. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:093111. [PMID: 30278704 PMCID: PMC6147753 DOI: 10.1063/1.5047934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
There are several reports in the scientific literature of the use of mass-produced charge coupled device or complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) sensors as x-ray detectors that combine high spatial resolution with significant energy resolution. Exploiting a relatively new especially favorable ambient-temperature back-illuminated CMOS sensor, we report the development of a spectroscopic x-ray camera having particularly impressive performance for 2-6 keV photons. This instrument has several beneficial characteristics for advanced x-ray spectroscopy studies in the laboratory, at synchrotron light sources, at x-ray free electron lasers, or when using pulsed x-ray sources such as for laser plasma physics research. These characteristics include fine position and energy resolution for individual photon events, high saturation rates, frame rates above 100 Hz, easy user maintenance for damaged sensors, and software for real-time processing. We evaluate this camera as an alternative to traditional energy-dispersive solid-state detectors, such as silicon drift detectors, and also illustrate its use in a very high resolution wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectrometer (i.e., x-ray emission spectrometer) that has recently been reported elsewhere [W. M. Holden et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 88(7), 073904 (2017)].
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Holden
- Physics Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1560, USA
| | - Oliver R Hoidn
- Physics Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1560, USA
| | - Gerald T Seidler
- Physics Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1560, USA
| | - Anthony D DiChiara
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Labs, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
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22
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Cossairt BM, Stein JL, Holden WM, Seidler GT. 4‐1:
Invited Paper:
Role of Phosphorus Oxidation in Controlling the Luminescent Properties of Indium Phosphide Quantum Dots. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/sdtp.12481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brandi M. Cossairt
- Department of Chemistry University of Washington Box 351700 Seattle WA 98195-1700
| | - Jennifer L. Stein
- Department of Chemistry University of Washington Box 351700 Seattle WA 98195-1700
| | - William M. Holden
- Department of Physics University of Washington Box 351560 Seattle WA 98195-1560
| | - Gerald T. Seidler
- Department of Physics University of Washington Box 351560 Seattle WA 98195-1560
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23
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Jahrman EP, Seidler GT, Sieber JR. Determination of Hexavalent Chromium Fractions in Plastics Using Laboratory-Based, High-Resolution X-ray Emission Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2018; 90:6587-6593. [PMID: 29762013 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cr(VI) is a well-known human carcinogen with many water-soluble moieties. Its presence in both natural and man-made substances poses a risk to public health, especially when contamination of groundwater is possible. This has led the European Union and other jurisdictions to include Cr(VI) in restriction of hazardous substances regulations. However, for several important industrial and commercial purposes, analytical capability to characterize Cr(VI) is known to be insufficient for regulatory purposes. For example, advanced X-ray spectroscopies, particularly synchrotron-based X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) studies, have shown that species interconversion and under-extraction can be difficult to prevent in many existing liquid extraction protocols when applied to plastics, mining ores and tailings, and paint sludges. Here, we report that wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy taken at energy resolutions close to the theoretical limit imposed by the core-hole lifetime, generally called X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) in the synchrotron community, can be used in the laboratory setting for noninvasive, analytical characterization of the Cr(VI)/Cr ratio in plastics. The selected samples have been part of ongoing efforts by standards development organizations to create improved Cr(VI) testing protocols, and the present work provides a direct proof-of-principle for the use of such extremely high-resolution laboratory WDXRF as an alternative to liquid extraction methods for regulatory compliance testing of Cr(VI) content. As a practical application of this work, we report a value for the Cr(VI) mass fraction of the new NIST Standard Reference Material 2859 Restricted Elements in Polyvinyl Chloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan P Jahrman
- Physics Department , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195-1560 , United States
| | - Gerald T Seidler
- Physics Department , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195-1560 , United States
| | - John R Sieber
- Chemical Sciences Division , National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899-8391 , United States
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24
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Holden WM, Seidler GT, Cheah S. Sulfur Speciation in Biochars by Very High Resolution Benchtop Kα X-ray Emission Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:5153-5161. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b02816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- William M. Holden
- Physics Department, University of Washington, Seattle Washington 98122, United States
| | - Gerald T. Seidler
- Physics Department, University of Washington, Seattle Washington 98122, United States
| | - Singfoong Cheah
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, MS 3322, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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25
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Sze JR, Wei AC. Crossed Czerny-Turner Spectrometer with Extended Spectrum Using Movable Planar Mirrors. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 72:776-786. [PMID: 29258318 DOI: 10.1177/0003702817752486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study reports a crossed Czerny-Turner spectrometer with multiple mirrors to extend the inspected spectrum. A design example with two movable mirrors and a stationary planar mirror is experimentally demonstrated to offer two additional spectral bands, thereby leading to thrice the spectral range of the original Czerny-Turner spectrometer. The results indicate that the configurations to measure the three bands have almost identical parameters. The moving direction of the planar mirror and the plane of incidence are orthogonal; thus, the influence of mirror movement on the repeatability of the spectrum is minimized. In addition to the merits of cost-effectiveness and rapid inspection, the reported mechanism of mirror movement is applied to general spectrometers to extend the spectral coverage without sacrificing the resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyh-Rou Sze
- 1 87786 Instrument Technology Research Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - An-Chi Wei
- 2 Graduate Institute of Energy Engineering, National Central University, Taiwan, Republic of China
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