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Bhukkar R, Sachdeva RK, Suri D, Shandilya J, Rawat A, Saikia B, Singh S. Reduced Natural Killer Cell Subsets in Perinatally Acquired Long-Term Non-Progressor Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Children. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2019; 35:437-443. [PMID: 30632379 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2018.0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphocyte subsets of long-term non-progressor (LPNT) HIV-infected children is a less studied aspect of HIV infection. Evaluation of different lymphocyte subsets was done in HIV-infected children ≥8 years of age. Subjects were divided in two groups-group 1 (LTNP), treatment-naive with CD4 ≥ 500 cells/μL (n = 20); group 2, non-long-term non-progressor (nLTNPs) receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) with CD4 count ≤500 on at least one occasion (n = 21). Group 3 comprised age-, sex-matched healthy controls (HCs, n = 20). Lymphocyte subsets were acquired with a flow cytometer (Navios; Beckman Coulter), and data were analyzed using Kaluza flow analysis software. The mean ages were 12.1 (±2.4 SD) and 12.5 (±2.7) years with mean duration of follow-up of 6.8 (±3.4) and 5.6 (±1.95) years in LTNP and nLTNP subjects, respectively. The mean duration of ART was 5.17 years for group 2. Absolute count and percentage of CD4+ T cells was lower in nLTNPs than in LTNPs. Cytotoxic T cells were high in both HIV-infected groups compared with HCs. Natural killer (NK) cells were found to be significantly lower in LTNP and nLTNP groups compared with HCs (p ≤ .000003 and p ≤ .00003, respectively). Naïve B cells were more in HIV-infected individuals than in HCs. NK cells were significantly lower in LTNP and nLTNP groups. Immune reconstitution was comparable in children initiated with ART early versus long-term HIV-infected children receiving no ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Bhukkar
- Department of Pediatrics, Advance Pediatric Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ravinder Kaur Sachdeva
- Department of Pediatrics, Advance Pediatric Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Deepti Suri
- Department of Pediatrics, Advance Pediatric Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Jitendra Shandilya
- Department of Pediatrics, Advance Pediatric Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Amit Rawat
- Department of Pediatrics, Advance Pediatric Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Biman Saikia
- Department of Immunopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Surjit Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, Advance Pediatric Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Zhang X, Zhang Z, He S, Fu Y, Chen Y, Yi N, Jiang Y, Geng W, Shang H. FOXO3, IRF4, and xIAP Are Correlated with Immune Activation in HIV-1-Infected Men Who Have Sex with Men During Early HIV Infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2017; 33:172-180. [PMID: 27841661 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2015.0316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Forkhead box O (FOXO)1, FOXO3, interferon regulatory factor (IRF)4, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (xIAP), and E74-like factor (ELF)4 have been described as important regulators of T cell functions and differentiation. However, whether these molecules are associated with HIV-1 disease progression is still unknown. In this study, we showed that the levels of FOXO3, IRF4, and xIAP mRNA in rapid progressors (RPs) were significantly higher than in HIV-negative healthy controls (HCs). Moreover, FOXO3 expression was positively correlated with HIV-1 viral load and CD4+ T cell activation. Remarkably, increased CD4+ and CD8+ T cell activation was apparent in RPs compared with typical progressors and HCs. In addition, a profile of higher apoptosis, more CD8+ TEM cells, and fewer CD4+ and CD8+ Naive T cells were observed in early HIV infection patients with low CD4+ T cell counts. Furthermore, in vitro, IRF4 and xIAP expression was enhanced in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy people following T cell receptor stimulation. T cell activation was decreased by treatment with siRNA inhibiting FOXO3, IRF4, and xIAP. Our results show that significantly increased levels of FOXO3, IRF4, and xIAP mRNA in Chinese HIV-1-infected patients were related to T cell immune activation, implicating them as potential targets for developing new therapeutic avenues to slow down HIV-1 disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zining Zhang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sijia He
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yajing Fu
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nan Yi
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongjun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenqing Geng
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Shang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
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Bunupuradah T, Matsuoka K, Imahashi M, Iwatani Y, Ananworanich J, Puthanakit T, Saphonn V, Aurpibul L, Sophonphan J, Yagi T, Phanuphak P, Sugiura W. APOBEC3G genotypes and proviral DNA hypermutations on HIV/AIDS disease progression in Thai and Cambodian children. Future Virol 2015. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.15.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aim: To evaluate the effect of APOBEC3G host factor on HIV/AIDS progression in perinatally HIV-infected Thai and Cambodian children with distinct clinical patterns; rapid progressors (RPs) and long-term nonprogressors (LTNPs). Materials & methods: APOBEC3G genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism in DNA samples. APOBEC3G-mediated G-to-A hypermutations were analyzed by sequencing of the vif/vpu genes from proviral DNA. Results: Frequency of APOBEC3G 186H/R genotypes, AA:AG:GG, in the RPs was 100:0:0% and 83:17:0% (p = 0.3) in LTNPs. Hypermutation of the vif-coding region was observed in none of the RPs and 8.3% of LTNPs (p = 0.5). Hypermutations at the vpu genes were not detected in either groups’ proviral DNA. Conclusion: We observed no significant association of APOBEC3G genotypes and hypermutation rates between children with different profiles of HIV/AIDS disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsak Bunupuradah
- HIV-NAT, the Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, 104 Ratchadamri Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Kazuhiro Matsuoka
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya MedicalCenter, 4-1-1 Sannomaru, Naka-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 460-0001, Japan
| | - Mayumi Imahashi
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya MedicalCenter, 4-1-1 Sannomaru, Naka-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 460-0001, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Iwatani
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya MedicalCenter, 4-1-1 Sannomaru, Naka-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 460-0001, Japan
- Program in Integrated Molecular Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Jintanat Ananworanich
- HIV-NAT, the Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, 104 Ratchadamri Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Current address: US Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720 A, Rockledge Drive, Suite 400, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
- SEARCH, the Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, 104 Ratchadamri Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Thanyawee Puthanakit
- HIV-NAT, the Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, 104 Ratchadamri Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, 1873, Rama IV Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand 10330
| | - Vonthanak Saphonn
- Social Health Clinic, #2, St 289 (Kim Il Sung Blvd), Khan Toul Kok, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Linda Aurpibul
- Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, 110 Intavaroros Road, Sriphum, Muang, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Jiratchaya Sophonphan
- HIV-NAT, the Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, 104 Ratchadamri Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Tetsuya Yagi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Praphan Phanuphak
- HIV-NAT, the Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, 104 Ratchadamri Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Wataru Sugiura
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya MedicalCenter, 4-1-1 Sannomaru, Naka-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 460-0001, Japan
- Program in Integrated Molecular Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
- GlaxoSmithKline KK, 6-15, Sendagaya 4-chome, Shibuya-ku, Zip: 151-8566, Tokyo, Japan
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Romeiro JR, Pinto JA, Silva ML, Eloi-Santos SM. Further evidence that the expression of CD38 and HLA-DR(+) in CD8(+) lymphocytes does not correlate to disease progression in HIV-1 vertically infected children. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 11:164-8. [PMID: 21976139 DOI: 10.1177/1545109711421642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In adults, an increase in CD8(+)CD38(+) T cell levels is a strong indicator of disease progression in HIV infection. However, in children, data are conflicting. Slow-progressing children (SPC) provide an exceptional resource for the investigation and clarification of the immunological and virological mechanisms of natural control of HIV infection and can be used to investigate prognostic indicators of disease progression. OBJECTIVES To investigate the immune activation status and T regulatory (Treg) cell levels in SPC. STUDY DESIGN A cross-sectional study was carried out on 28 children 8 years old and older who were vertically infected with HIV. The children were stratified into 3 groups according to their clinical outcome: SPC (anti-retroviral-therapy-naïve; ≥8 years-old; CD4 ≥20%; viral load <25,000 copies), IF/VF (anti-retroviral-therapy but with no therapeutic response), and IS/VS (anti-retroviral therapy with good therapeutic response). Uninfected children (NI) were assessed as healthy control group. RESULTS A higher percentage of activated CD8(+) T cells were found in all HIV infected children, regardless of the evolution of disease. The activation of CD8(+) T cells was not associated with either viral load or the percentage of CD4(+) T cells. In addition, Treg cell levels did not show any correlation with the clinical outcome or the activation status of CD8(+) T cells. CONCLUSIONS HIV-1-infected children presented an increased percentage of activated CD8(+) T cells and an unaltered percentage of Treg cells, regardless of their clinical evolution. Thus, these immunological parameters should not be used for prognostic evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Ribeiro Romeiro
- 1Postgraduate Pathology Program, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Song W, Li Y, Wilson CM, Tang J. Identification of three immunologic correlates for HIV type 1 pathogenesis in youth. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2011; 27:639-46. [PMID: 20969482 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2010.0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the stability and heterogeneity of cytokine and chemokine profiles in 80 youth with and without HIV-1 infection, we tested plasma samples at repeated visits without antiretroviral therapy. Among nine analytes that were quantified using multiplexing assays, interleukin 10 (IL-10), IL-18, and soluble CD30 persistently showed a positive correlation with HIV-1 viral load (Spearman ρ = 0.40-0.59, p < 0.01 for all). A negative correlation with CD4(+) T cell counts (ρ = -0.40 to -0.60, p < 0.01 for all) was also persistent for the three analytes. Analyses restricted to 48 AIDS-free youth (96 visits) yielded similar findings, as did multivariable models in which race, sex, age, body mass index, and time interval between visits were treated as covariates. These relationships reflected two novel features observed for all three analytes. First, their presence in plasma was relatively stable between visits (ρ = 0.50-0.90, p < 0.03), regardless of HIV-1 infection status. Second, pairwise correlation was strong and persistent in HIV-1-seropositive youth (ρ = 0.40-0.59, p < 0.01), but not in HIV-1, seronegatives (p > 0.13). Additional analytes, especially eotaxin/CCL11 and SDF-1β/CXCL12, had no correlation with HIV-1-related outcomes despite their stability between visits. Overall, circulating IL-10, IL-18, and soluble CD30 could partially track unfavorable responses to HIV-1 infection in youth. These markers of persistent immune activation are individually and collectively indicative of HIV-1 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Song
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Yufeng Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Craig M. Wilson
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jianming Tang
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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Ananworanich J, Apornpong T, Kosalaraksa P, Jaimulwong T, Hansudewechakul R, Pancharoen C, Bunupuradah T, Chandara M, Puthanakit T, Ngampiyasakul C, Wongsawat J, Kanjanavanit S, Luesomboon W, Klangsinsirikul P, Ngo-Giang-Huong N, Kerr SJ, Ubolyam S, Mengthaisong T, Gelman RS, Pattanapanyasat K, Saphonn V, Ruxrungtham K, Shearer WT. Characteristics of lymphocyte subsets in HIV-infected, long-term nonprogressor, and healthy Asian children through 12 years of age. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 126:1294-301.e10. [PMID: 21134574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are limited data on the immune profiles of HIV-positive children compared with healthy controls, and no such data for Asian children. OBJECTIVES To immunophenotype HIV-positive Asian children, including long-term nonprogressors (LTNPs), compared with age-matched healthy controls. METHODS We used flow cytometry to analyze 13 lymphocyte and monocyte subsets from 222 untreated, HIV-positive children with 15% to 24% CD4(+) T cells and no AIDS-related illnesses and 142 healthy children (controls). Data were compared among age categories. Profiles from LTNPs (n = 50), defined as children ≥8 years old with CD4(+) T-cell counts ≥350 cells/mm(3), were compared with data from age-matched non-LTNPs (n = 17) and controls (n = 53). RESULTS Compared with controls, HIV-positive children had lower values (cell count per mm(3) and percent distribution) for T(H) cells and higher values for cytotoxic T cells, with reductions in populations of naive T(H) and cytotoxic T cells, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells. HIV-positive children had high values for activated T(H) and cytotoxic T cells. Compared with non-LTNPs, LTNPs had higher values of T(H) and cytotoxic T cells, naive and memory T-cell subsets, and B and NK cells. Surprisingly, counts of activated T(H) and cytotoxic T cells were also higher among LTNPs. LNTPs were more frequently male. CONCLUSION Untreated, HIV-infected Asian children have immune profiles that differ from those of controls, characterized by low values for T(H) cells, naive T cells, B cells, and NK cells but high values for cytotoxic, activated T(H), and cytotoxic T cells. The higher values for activated T cells observed in LTNPs require confirmation in longitudinal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jintanat Ananworanich
- HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Center, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Macedo C, Webber SA, Donnenberg AD, Popescu I, Hua Y, Green M, Rowe D, Smith L, Brooks MM, Metes D. EBV-specific CD8+ T cells from asymptomatic pediatric thoracic transplant patients carrying chronic high EBV loads display contrasting features: activated phenotype and exhausted function. J Immunol 2011; 186:5854-62. [PMID: 21460204 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Serial EBV load monitoring of clinically asymptomatic pediatric thoracic organ transplant patients has identified three groups of children who exhibit undetectable (<100 copies/ml), chronic low (100-16,000 copies/ml), or chronic high (>16,000 copies/ml) EBV loads in peripheral blood. Chronic high EBV load patients have a 45% rate of progression to late-onset posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders. In this article, we report that asymptomatic patients carrying EBV loads (low and high) expressed increased frequencies of EBV-specific CD8(+) T cells, as compared with patients with undetectable EBV loads. Although patients with low viral load displayed EBV-specific CD8(+) T cells with moderate signs of activation (CD38(+/-)/CD127(+/-)), programmed death 1 upregulation and effective IFN-γ secretion, high EBV load carriers showed significant CD38(+) upregulation, features of cellular exhaustion (programmed death 1(+)/CD127(-)) accompanied by a decline in IFN-γ release. Immunopolarization of EBV-specific CD8(+) T cells was skewed from the expected type 1 (IFN-γ) toward type 0 (IFN-γ/IL-5) in patients, and Tr1 (IL-10) in high load carriers. These results indicate the importance of chronic EBV load and of the levels of antigenic pressure in shaping EBV-specific memory CD8(+) T cells. Concomitant phenotypic and functional EBV monitoring is critical for identifying the complex "functional" versus "exhausted" signature of EBV-specific CD8(+) T cells, with implications for immunologic monitoring in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Macedo
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Charlebois ED, Ruel TD, Gasasira AF, Achan J, Kateera F, Akello C, Cao H, Dorsey G, Rosenthal PJ, Ssewanyana I, Kamya MR, Havlir DV. Short-term risk of HIV disease progression and death in Ugandan children not eligible for antiretroviral therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2010; 55:330-5. [PMID: 20592617 DOI: 10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181e583da] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing numbers of HIV-infected children not yet eligible for antiretroviral therapy (ART) are entering health care in Africa. We sought to characterize the risk of short-term disease progression in this population. METHODS In a cohort of HIV-infected ART-naive and -ineligible Ugandan children older than 1 year, the rates of clinical/immunologic progression within 2 years were assessed using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and multivariate Cox proportional-hazards modeling. RESULTS Among 192 children (mean age: 6.4 years, CD4%:25), 19% progressed within 2 years by World Health Organization stage 3/4 event (n = 22), death (n = 3), or World Health Organization-defined CD4 threshold for ART initiation (n = 12). Significant univariate predictors were CD4% [hazard ratio (HR) = 2.0 per 10% decrease, P = 0.005], HIV RNA level (HR = 2.4 per log10 increase, P = 0.002), male gender (HR = 2.0, P = 0.04), age < 3 years (HR = 3.7, P = 0.001), CD4 activation (%CD4+ CD38+ HLADR+) (HR = 1.6 per 10% increase, P = 0.05), and CD8 activation (%CD8+ CD38+ HLADR+) (HR = 1.3 per 10% increase, P = 0.05] (HR = 1.3, P = 0.5). In multivariate analysis, CD4% (HR = 2.0, P = 0.034), HIV RNA level (HR = 1.8, P = 0.013), and age < 3 years (HR = 3.0, P = 0.008) were independently predictive. Children with HIV RNA >10 copies per milliliter and CD4% <25 had progression rates of 29% (1 year) and 34% (2 years). CONCLUSIONS Even with frequent CD4 monitoring, HIV-infected Ugandan children experienced significant clinical events while ineligible for ART per WHO 2006 guidelines.
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Ruel T, Ssewanyana I, Achan J, Gasasira A, Kamya MR, Kekitiinwa A, Wong JK, Cao H, Havlir D, Charlebois ED. Dynamics of T cell activation accompanying CD4 recovery in antiretroviral treated HIV-infected Ugandan children. Clin Immunol 2009; 131:410-4. [PMID: 19303366 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2009.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2008] [Revised: 12/31/2008] [Accepted: 01/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Africans have elevated T cell activation compared to residents of Europe or the USA. Levels of T cell activation also correlate with disease progression in HIV-infected individuals. We sought to determine if treatment with antiretroviral therapy (ART) would reduce levels of T cell activation (CD38 and HLADR co-expression) in HIV-infected Ugandan children. The median CD8+ T cell activation level among 199 ART-treated children (30%) was lower than in 57 ART-naïve children (45%, p<0.001), but remained higher than in 30 HIV-uninfected children (18%, p<0.001). Among ART-treated children, CD4% was inversely correlated with both CD8- (rho=-0.61, p<0.001) and CD8+ (rho=-0.38, p<0.001) T cell activation. Prospectively, CD4 recovery correlated with post-treatment CD8+ T cell activation level (p=0.008). Our data suggest that significant decreases in T cell activation accompany CD4 recovery in ART-treated HIV-infected African children, to levels that approach but do not reach those of uninfected children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Ruel
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0136, USA.
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Cao W, Jamieson BD, Hultin LE, Hultin PM, Effros RB, Detels R. Premature aging of T cells is associated with faster HIV-1 disease progression. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2009; 50:137-47. [PMID: 19131896 DOI: 10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181926c28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if untreated HIV-1 infection and progression is associated with premature aging of memory CD8 and CD4 T cells and naive CD4 T cells. METHODS Twenty HIV-1-infected fast progressors and 40 slow progressors were included in our study, using risk set sampling. The expression of cell surface markers reflecting the differentiation stages of lymphocytes was measured using flow cytometry analyses performed on cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells. RESULTS We found that HIV-1 disease progression is associated with a decreased CD28 median florescence intensity on CD4 and CD8 T cells; an increased proportion of intermediate- and late-differentiated CD8 T cells and a decreased CD31 median florescence intensity on naive CD4 T cells of recent thymic origin. A selective depletion of peripherally expanded naive CD4 T cells was found to be associated with HIV-1 infection but not with HIV-1 disease progression. CONCLUSIONS The overall change during HIV-1 infection and progression is associated with a shift in the T-cell population toward an aged conformation, which may be further compromised by impaired renewal of the less-differentiated CD4 T-cell population. Our results suggest that HIV-1 infection induces an accelerated aging of T lymphocytes, which is associated with the clinical progression to AIDS and death.
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Mekmullica J, Brouwers P, Charurat M, Paul M, Shearer W, Mendez H, Diaz C, Read JS, Mondal P, Smith R, McIntosh K. Early immunological predictors of neurodevelopmental outcomes in HIV-infected children. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 48:338-46. [PMID: 19115969 DOI: 10.1086/595885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A previous analysis of children infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the Women and Infants Transmission Study showed a strong correlation between low activated CD8(+) T lymphocytes in the first 2 months of life and good immunological prognosis. We sought to extend these observations to neurodevelopmental prognosis. METHODS Ninety-eight HIV-infected children born before 1994 with flow cytometric data from the first 2 months of life and adequate neurodevelopmental testing through age 30 months were studied. Children were divided into those with low (<or=5% CD8(+)HLA-DR(+) cells or <or=25% CD8(+)CD38(+) cells) or high (>5% CD8(+)HLA-DR(+) cells or >25% CD8(+)CD38(+) cells) immune activation at 1 and/or 2 months of age. Analysis was performed using survival analysis, Cox's proportional hazard regression, and longitudinal regression models. RESULTS Absence of immune activation, measured as <or=5% CD8(+)HLA-DR(+) cells, was strongly associated with better performance on the psychomotor developmental index of the Bayley scales of infant development through the third year of life. This association persisted after adjustment for CD4 cell count, viral load, and progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (P= .005). An association with the mental development index was also present (P= .048). Significant association between neurodevelopmental outcomes and <or=25% CD8(+)CD38(+) cells was not seen. CONCLUSIONS In this prospective cohort study of HIV-infected children, there was a significant favorable association of low immune activation in peripheral T cells at age 1 or 2 months, measured by a low percentage of CD8(+)HLA-DR(+) cells, with subsequent psychomotor and mental development. This association was independent of other indices of severity and progression of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutarat Mekmullica
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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12
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Yin L, Rodriguez CA, Hou W, Potter O, Caplan MJ, Goodenow MM, Sleasman JW. Antiretroviral therapy corrects HIV-1-induced expansion of CD8+ CD45RA+ CD2-) CD11a(bright) activated T cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 122:166-72, 172.e1-2. [PMID: 18538835 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Revised: 04/24/2008] [Accepted: 04/25/2008] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV infection decreases thymic output and induces chronic T-cell activation. OBJECTIVE To examine the reconstitution of naive and activated T cells. METHODS Extended immune phenotyping of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell subsets was combined with T-cell receptor rearrangement excision circle (TREC) levels and measures of T-cell receptor repertoire perturbations in CD8(+) T-cell subpopulation to define the global effect of HIV-1 on T-cell dynamics. Evaluations before and after therapy were performed in HIV-infected children and compared with those in healthy individuals. RESULTS Ten HIV-infected children and adolescents with a broad range of pretherapy CD4(+) T-cell counts were compared with healthy individuals. Pretherapy late activated CD8(+) T cells (CD3(+)CD8(+)CD45RA(+)CD27(-)CD11a(bright) cells) were expanded among HIV-infected subjects. Successful antiretroviral therapy increased the proportion of naive T cells (CD3(+)CD4(+)CD45RA(+)CD27(+)CD28(+) and CD3(+)CD8(+)CD45RA(+)CD27(+)CD11a(dim) cells), with a significant decrease in late activated CD8(+) T cells. The proportion of naive CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells significantly predicted log(10) TREC copies/10(6) PBMCs in infected children and healthy control subjects, with a negative correlation in late activated CD8(+) T cells and activated CD4(+) T cells. Treatment re-established Gaussian distributions and decreased oligoclonal expansion within the Vbeta repertoire of CD8(+)CD45RA(+) T cells, but compared with that seen in healthy children, the proportion of late activated CD8(+) T cells remained increased. CONCLUSION HIV infection strikingly shifts the proportion of naive and late activated CD45RA(+)CD8(+) T cells. Homeostasis within this T-cell population reflects TREC levels and the extent of T-cell receptor Vbeta perturbations.
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13
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Wu JQ, Wang B, Belov L, Chrisp J, Learmont J, Dyer WB, Zaunders J, Cunningham AL, Dwyer DE, Saksena NK. Antibody microarray analysis of cell surface antigens on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from HIV+ individuals correlates with disease stages. Retrovirology 2007; 4:83. [PMID: 18036256 PMCID: PMC2212635 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-4-83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2007] [Accepted: 11/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Expression levels of cell surface antigens such as CD38 and HLA-DR are related to HIV disease stages. To date, the immunophenotyping of cell surface antigens relies on flow cytometry, allowing estimation of 3–6 markers at a time. The recently described DotScan antibody microarray technology enables the simultaneous analysis of a large number of cell surface antigens. This new technology provides new opportunities to identify novel differential markers expressed or co-expressed on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, which could aid in defining the stage of evolution of HIV infection and the immune status of the patient. Results Using this new technology, we compared cell surface antigen expression on purified CD4+ and CD8+ T cells between 3 HIV disease groups (long-term non-progressors controlling viremia naturally; HIV+ patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) with HIV plasma viral loads <50 copies/ml; and HIV+ patients with viremia during HAART) and uninfected controls. Pairwise comparisons identified 17 statistically differential cell surface antigens including 5 novel ones (CD212b1, CD218a, CD183, CD3 epsilon and CD9), not previously reported. Notably, changes in activation marker expression were more pronounced in CD8+ T cells, whereas changes in the expression of cell membrane receptors for cytokines and chemokines were more pronounced in CD4+ T cells. Conclusion Our study not only confirmed cell surface antigens previously reported to be related to HIV disease stages, but also identified 5 novel ones. Of these five, three markers point to major changes in responsiveness to certain cytokines, which are involved in Th1 responses. For the first time our study shows how density of cell surface antigens could be efficiently exploited in an array manner in relation to HIV disease stages. This new platform of identifying disease markers can be further extended to study other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Qin Wu
- Retroviral Genetics Division, Center for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Darcy Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Sydney, Australia.
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14
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Figueiredo Soares T, Aguiar Rocha G, Camargos Rocha AM, Corrêa-Oliveira R, Martins-Filho OA, Teles Carvalho AS, Souto Bittencourt PF, Afonso Oliveira C, Ferreira Nogueira AMM, Alvares Cabral MMD, Caetano Faria AM, Queiroz DMM. Differences in peripheral blood lymphocyte phenotypes between Helicobacter pylori-positive children and adults with duodenal ulcer. Clin Microbiol Infect 2007; 13:1083-8. [PMID: 17727687 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2007.01814.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The immunological mechanisms involved in the development of duodenal ulcer, especially in childhood, are unclear. Helicobacter pylori-positive children and adults, with and without duodenal ulcer, were therefore compared with respect to CD4(+) T-cells, and CD8(+) T-cells, B-cells and B1a-cells, as well as cell activation (CD4(+)/HLA-DR(+) and CD8(+)/HLA-DR(+)) and co-stimulatory (CD4(+)/CD28(+) and CD8(+)/CD28(+)) markers, in peripheral blood. Children with and without duodenal ulcer differed significantly. In particular, there was a phenotypic change in CD8(+) T-cells from children with ulcer that involved a 200% increase in the number of CD8(+)/HLA-DR(+) cells/mm(3) and a decrease of 34.2% in the number of CD8(+)/CD28(+) cells/mm(3). This phenotype of chronically activated memory CD8(+) T-cells, which has also been observed in patients with AIDS and tuberculosis, is associated with disease severity and progression. A lower frequency of B1a-cells was also observed in the group of children with ulcer. Conversely, no difference between infected adults with and without ulcer was observed, but the percentage of CD4(+)/HLA-DR(+) cells was lower in adults with ulcer, suggesting that a down-regulated immune response may play a role in the development of duodenal ulcer in adults. Gastric inflammation correlated positively with CD4(+) and chronically activated CD4(+) T-cells in children and adults without duodenal ulcer, respectively. These results suggest that there are differences in the immunophenotyping profile between H. pylori-positive children and adults with duodenal ulcer, indicating the possibility of distinct immune mechanisms in the development of the disease according to age.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Figueiredo Soares
- Laboratory of Research in Bacteriology, Faculdade de Medicina/UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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15
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Crough T, Fazou C, Weiss J, Campbell S, Davenport MP, Bell SC, Galbraith A, McNeil K, Khanna R. Symptomatic and asymptomatic viral recrudescence in solid-organ transplant recipients and its relationship with the antigen-specific CD8(+) T-cell response. J Virol 2007; 81:11538-42. [PMID: 17686874 PMCID: PMC2045544 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00581-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Using ex vivo antigen-specific T-cell analysis, we found that symptomatic cytomegalovirus recrudescence in transplant recipients was coincident with reduced expression of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) by virus-specific CD8(+) T cells and an up-regulation of CD38 expression on these T cells, although there was no significant change in the absolute number of virus-specific cells (as assessed by major histocompatibility complex-peptide multimers). In contrast, HLA class I-matched transplant patients with asymptomatic viral recrudescence showed increased expansion of antigen-specific T cells and highly stable IFN-gamma expression by epitope-specific T cells. These studies suggest that a strong functional T-cell response plays a crucial role in defining the clinical outcome of acute viral recrudescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Crough
- Australian Centre for Vaccine Development and Tumour Immunology Laboratory, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
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16
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Abstract
Advances in laboratory methods have driven improvements in the management and treatment of HIV infection. The methods to accurately and rapidly diagnose HIV infection in infants and children have been outlined in the previous article. In this review, the laboratory evaluation of infected children is described and methods to monitor progression of disease and response to therapy outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina A Rodriguez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA
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17
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Leigh JE, McNulty KM, Fidel PL. Characterization of the immune status of CD8+ T cells in oral lesions of human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons with oropharyngeal Candidiasis. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2006; 13:678-83. [PMID: 16760327 PMCID: PMC1489553 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00015-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) remains the most common oral infection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease. In a high percentage of HIV(+) persons with reduced CD4(+) T cells, oral lesions with Candida present at the outer epithelium have an accumulation of CD8(+) T cells at the epithelium-lamina propria interface associated with reduced expression of the mucosal cell-trafficking adhesion molecule E-cadherin. The purpose of the present study was to characterize the immune status of these CD8(+) T cells. Immunohistochemical staining for phenotypic and activation and costimulation markers was performed on frozen biopsy tissue sections from HIV(+) OPC(+) persons with accumulated CD8(+) T cells. CD8(+) T cells consisted primarily of central memory cells by virtue of positive CD45RO (memory) and CD27 (central memory) expression. However, concomitant negative expression of CD62L and CCR7 (effector memory) was suggestive of a transitioning memory phenotype within the tissue. Despite this, the cells are considered to be activated on the basis of positive expression of CD69. The CD8(+) T cells are not considered to be NK T cells or anti-HIV CD8(+) T cells because of negative or low expression of CD161 and vascular cell adhesion molecule, respectively. These results suggest that the accumulated mucosal migratory-challenged CD8(+) T cells are otherwise normal memory T cells in an activated state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet E Leigh
- Department of General Dentistry, Louisiana State University School of Dentistry, 1100 Florida Avenue, New Orleans, 70119, USA
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Lombardi VRM, Pereira J, Etcheverría I, Fernández-Novoa L, Seoane S, Cacabelos R. Improvement of immune function by means ofConger congerextract in anin vivorat model of cold stress. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/09540100600916569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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19
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Abstract
The strict limit in proliferative potential of normal human somatic cells - a process known as replicative senescence - is highly relevant to the immune system, because clonal expansion is fundamental to adaptive immunity. CD8(+) T cells that undergo extensive rounds of antigen-driven proliferation in cell culture invariably reach the end stage of replicative senescence, characterized by irreversible cell-cycle arrest and a critically short telomere length. Cultures of senescent CD8(+) T cells also show resistance to apoptosis, permanent loss of CD28 expression, altered cytokine profiles, reduced ability to respond to stress, and various functional changes. Cells with similar characteristics accumulate during normal aging as well as in younger persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus, suggesting that the process of replicative senescence is not an artifact of cell culture but is also occurring in vivo. Interestingly, in elderly persons, the presence of high proportions of CD8(+) T cells with characteristics of replicative senescence is correlated with reduced antibody responses to vaccines as well as with osteoporotic fractures. CD8(+)CD28(-) T cells also accumulate in patients with certain types of cancer. The emerging picture is that senescent CD8(+) T cells may modulate both immune and non-immune functions, contributing not only to reduced anti-viral immunity but also to diverse age-related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita B Effros
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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20
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Abstract
The loss of CD28 expression on T cells is the most consistent biological indicator of aging in the human immune system, and the frequency of CD28(null) T cells is a key predictor of immune incompetence in the elderly. There is also mounting evidence for the high frequency of these unusual T cells among patients with inflammatory syndromes or with chronic infections disproportionate with their age. In these pathological states, CD28(null) T cells likely represent prematurely senescent lymphocytes due to persistent immune activation. Unlike the situation in CD28 gene knockout mice that have anergic CD28(0/0) T cells, human CD28(null) T cells are functionally active, long-lived, oligoclonal lymphocytes that lack or have limited proliferative capacity. Results of replicative senescence studies show that CD28(null) T cells are derived from CD28(+) precursors that have undergone repeated stimulation, indicating that CD28 silencing underlies the program of T-cell aging. Dissection of the machinery regulating CD28 expression is paving the way in elucidating the molecular events leading to immune senescence as well as providing clues into the functional rejuvenation of senescent T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbe N Vallejo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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21
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Paul ME, Mao C, Charurat M, Serchuck L, Foca M, Hayani K, Handelsman EL, Diaz C, McIntosh K, Shearer WT. Predictors of immunologic long-term nonprogression in HIV-infected children: implications for initiating therapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 115:848-55. [PMID: 15806009 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2004.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early markers that predict immunologic long-term nonprogression in infants with perinatally acquired HIV infection might assist in subsequent antiretroviral treatment decisions. OBJECTIVES We sought to identify early markers of immunologic long-term HIV disease nonprogression. METHODS We analyzed immunologic and virologic characteristics at 1 and 2 months of age in HIV-infected children who were enrolled in the Women and Infants Transmission Study and born before 1995, comparing immunologic long-term nonprogressors (ILTNPs; n = 10) with non-ILTNPs (n = 127). ILTNPs were children who survived to 8 years or older with CD4 percentages of 25% or greater and counts of 500 cells/mm 3 or more without receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. Non-ILTNPs were defined as all other HIV-infected children. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to assess combined sensitivity and specificity for each of these characteristics and to determine potential threshold values to discriminate between ILTNPs and non-ILTNPs. RESULTS Characteristics in the first 2 months of life associated with ILTNP status in univariate analysis included higher CD4 percentages, lower CD8 + percentages, lower CD8 + HLA-DR + percentages, and lower HIV-1 RNA PCR values. In receiver operating characteristic analysis CD8 + HLA-DR + percentage had the best combined sensitivity and specificity for discriminating between ILTNPs and non-ILTNPs. CD8 + HLA-DR + percentages of 5% or less predicted ILTNP status with 80% sensitivity and 80% specificity. In multivariate analysis CD8 + HLA-DR+ percentage of 5% or less remained a significant predictor of ILTNP status after adjusting for CD3 + CD4 + percentage and HIV-1 RNA PCR value (odds ratio, 15.4; 95% CI, 1.9-124.7). CONCLUSION CD8 + HLA-DR + T-lymphocyte percentage of less than 5% at 1 to 2 months of age might be predictive for ILTNP status but should not be used at this time to make treatment-deferral decisions. Immune activation in HIV-infected infants might herald more disease progression. Further study of the use of this subpopulation in early infancy to predict ILTNP status is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Paul
- Section of Allergy and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, 6621 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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22
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Abstract
Long-lived clonal T cells deficient in CD28 expression are commonly found in patients with inflammatory syndromes and persistent infections. Considering that CD28 loss is the most consistent immunological marker of aging, we propose that, in pathological states, CD28(null) T cells represent prematurely senescent cells resulting from persistent immune activation. These unusual lymphocytes have aberrant functions that contribute to disease-related immune abnormalities, and the degree of accumulation of CD28(null) T cells predicts the severity of clinical manifestations. We suggest that understanding of the biological properties of T cells that have reached replicative senescence will influence the future management of certain diseases. Indeed, studies on the molecular basis for the loss of CD28 are already providing information on methods to functionally rescue senescent T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbe N Vallejo
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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23
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Lewis DE, Merched-Sauvage M, Goronzy JJ, Weyand CM, Vallejo AN. Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and CD80 Modulate CD28 Expression through a Similar Mechanism of T-cell Receptor-independent Inhibition of Transcription. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:29130-8. [PMID: 15128741 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m402194200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Replicative senescence of human T cells is characterized by the loss of CD28 expression, exemplified by the clonal expansion of CD28(null) T cells during repeated stimulation in vitro as well as in chronic inflammatory and infectious diseases and in the normal course of aging. Because CD28 is the major costimulatory receptor for the induction of T cell-mediated immunity, the mechanism(s) underlying CD28 loss is of paramount interest. Current models of replicative senescence involve protracted procedures to generate CD28(null) cells from CD28(+) precursors; hence, a T-cell line model was used to examine the dynamics of CD28 expression. Here, we show the versatility of the JT and Jtag cell lines in tracking CD28(null) <--> CD28(hi) phenotypic transitions. JT and Jtag cells were CD28(null) and CD28(lo), respectively, but expressed high levels of CD28 when exposed to phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. This was a result of the reconstitution of the CD28 gene transcriptional initiator (INR). Tumor necrosis factor-alpha reduced CD28 expression because of the inhibition of INR-driven transcription. Ligation of CD28 by an antibody or by CD80 also down-regulated CD28 transcription through the same mechanism, providing evidence that CD28 can generate a T cell receptor-independent signal with a unique biological outcome. Collectively, these data unequivocally demonstrate the critical role of the INR in the regulation of CD28 expression. T cell lines with transient expression of CD28 are invaluable in the dissection of the biochemical processes involved in the transactivation of the CD28 INR, the silencing of which is a key event in the ontogenesis of senescent T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy E Lewis
- Department of Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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24
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Sindhu STAK, Ahmad R, Blagdon M, Ahmad A, Toma E, Morisset R, Menezes J. Virus load correlates inversely with the expression of cytotoxic T lymphocyte activation markers in HIV-1-infected/AIDS patients showing MHC-unrestricted CTL-mediated lysis. Clin Exp Immunol 2003; 132:120-7. [PMID: 12653846 PMCID: PMC1808669 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2003.02120.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) are key players to suppress viral load (VL) but CTL responses become compromised with progression of HIV-infection/AIDS. Some progressors develop MHC-unrestricted CTL with anti-CD4+ cytocidal activity. Immune activation status of these CTL and its significance in disease progression are unknown. To determine the relationship between VL and T cell activation, a cross-sectional study was carried out using blood samples from 13 HIV-1-infected/AIDS patients at various stages of progression and seven age-matched seronegative controls. We examined expression of HLA-DR and CD38 activation markers on purified CTL. MHC-unrestricted killing by these CTL was also evaluated against uninfected, allogeneic CD4+ T cells as well as several human cell lines. The expression of activation markers correlated inversely (rs = - 0.91, P < 0.0001) with VL of the subjects. CTL effectors of these patients killed targets expressing or lacking CD4+, independently of MHC class I recognition. Interestingly, the patients with higher VL showed an increased number of gammadeltaTCR-bearing CTL in blood and their MHC-unrestricted killing activity was blocked significantly (P < 0.01) by gammadeltaTCR-specific monoclonal antibody. CD3+ T counts of these patients were also consistently subnormal. Inverse correlation between VL and CD8+ T cell activation markers seems to be an indicator of CTL-associated immunopathogenesis in HIV patients with elevated gammadeltaCTL in the peripheral blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T A K Sindhu
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, St Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada
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25
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Abstract
Great progress has been made with respect to our understanding of the immunopathogenesis of AIDS and the infectious agent, HIV, that causes the disease. HIV, a human retrovirus with tropism for CD4(+) T cells and monocytes, induces a decrease of T-cell counts, T-cell dysfunction, and, ultimately, immunodeficiency. HIV also causes B-cell dysfunction characterized by polyclonal activation, hypergammaglobulinemia, and lack of specific antibody responses. Chemokine receptors-mainly CCR5 and CXCR4-have been found to be necessary for viral entry into the host cell, a step that can be inhibited by chemokine-related molecules that are ligands for those receptors. After HIV infection, a strong cellular immunity develops and partially controls viral replication. It can take several years for HIV infection to become clinically evident. Studies in long-term nonprogressors have shown the determinant roles of both helper and cytotoxic T cells in the control of HIV disease. Advances in HIV immunology research are currently being applied in the development of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Chinen
- Allergy and Immunology Program, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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