Periapical status of root-filled teeth exposed to the oral environment by loss of restoration or caries

Methodologies used for testing the sealability of endodontic temporary fillings in vitro: A narrative review

Introduction

The ability of the temporary filling to seal endodontic access cavities may be crucial for the success of endodontic treatment. Numerous in vitro studies have investigated the sealability of the temporary fillings used in endodontic treatments. However, in vitro sealability studies have been criticized for their inconsistent results and questionable clinical relevance. Some journals have imposed moratoriums on publishing such studies to encourage researchers to test their validity and clinical relevance. Since the implementation of this moratorium, little progress has been made in this field. To further encourage researchers to investigate the reliability of these studies, this review presents an overview of the methodologies of studies that examine the ability of temporary filling materials to seal the endodontic access cavity in vitro and discusses the criticisms of these studies in detail.

Materials and Methods

PubMed, Scopus, and Embase electronic databases were searched to identify studies that tested in vitro the ability of temporary filling materials to seal endodontic access cavities. Only original articles published in English between 01/01/1970 and 28/02/2022 were included.

Results

The search yielded 551 results. After removing duplicates and excluding studies that did not meet the inclusion criteria, 94 studies were included in this review.

Conclusion

Although clinical studies may be the best way to test the performance of temporary fillings, the ethical importance of conducting preliminary in vitro studies is undeniable. It seems that questioning the reliability of in vitro sealability studies is not based on sufficient scientific evidence and that the inconsistencies in the results of these studies may be due to differences in the methodological and clinically relevant variables between them, rather than due to their unreliability.

Effect of prosthetic restorations and root canal fillings on periapical health in a selected patient group

Aims To examine the effect of the quality of root canal fillings and prosthetic restorations on the frequency of apical periodontitis (AP).Methodology A total of 200 radiographs of 1,098 teeth with indirect restorations were selected. Each case was documented by age, sex, tooth location, tooth type, restoration type and presence of root canal treatment (RCT). Teeth were categorised as healthy or diseased considering periapical health. The quality of RCT and prosthetic restorations was categorised by radiographic and clinical examinations. Data were analysed using chi-squared test and logistic regression.Results Inadequate prosthetic restorations were found to be less healthy than the adequate ones. Statistical significance was found in teeth with RCT, which had a higher rate of AP (15.8%). Root-filled teeth categorised as inadequately treated (24.1%) were significantly unhealthier than the adequately root-filled teeth. Teeth with inadequate prosthetic restorations and RCT had an increase in AP risk of 6.41 and 20.74 times, respectively (p <0.05).Conclusions Results showed that AP risk was increased by both inadequate RCT and prosthetic restorations. Quality of RCT significantly affected periapical health more than the quality of prosthetic restorations. Not only radiographic but also clinical examination of restorations is required for successful evaluation.

Conservative endodontic management using a calcium silicate bioceramic sealer for delayed root fracture: A case report and review of the literature

BACKGROUND

The success rate of conservative endodontic management for root fracture varies greatly based on different methods used. It has been rarely reported that calcium silicate-based materials are applied in root fracture treatment.

CASE SUMMARY

A 38-year-old male patient presented with spontaneous pain from the upper left anterior teeth for 1 wk. The spontaneous pain was subsequently relieved, but pain on mastication persisted for 3 d. The patient had a dental trauma from a boxing match 15 years ago. Cone beam computed tomography showed that the maxillary left central incisor had oblique fracture lines and a radiolucent lesion around the fracture line. The tooth was diagnosed with an oblique root fracture with no healing and symptomatic apical periodontitis. In the following conservative endodontic management, the coronal and apical fragments of the canal both were chemo-mechanically prepared and obturated using a single cone gutta-percha with iRoot SP (Innovative BioCreamix Inc, Vancouver, Canada), a new calcium silicate-based bioceramic root canal sealer. At follow-ups at 1, 6, 12, and 24 mo, the patient was asymptomatic and the radiolucency around the fracture line was healing radiographically.

CONCLUSION

Conservative root canal treatment is an alternative treatment in some cases of oblique root fracture with no healing. The application of bioceramic sealers and single core obturation techniques may also be essential to obtain an excellent outcome.

The effect of an intraorifice barrier and base under coronal restorations on the healing of apical periodontitis: a randomized controlled trial

AIM

To evaluate the effect of intraorifice barriers and bases on the healing of apical periodontitis following root canal treatment in mandibular molars.

METHODOLOGY

A total of 120 permanent mandibular molars with necrotic pulps and periapical radiolucencies (PAI score ≥ 3) were recruited. Root canal treatment was performed in all teeth using a standard protocol, following which they were randomly allocated to one of the three treatment groups: intraorifice barrier group: coronal 3-mm gutta-percha was removed and replaced with glass-ionomer cement (GIC) barrier. The floor of the pulp chamber was then sealed with 2-mm-thick GIC base followed by final composite resin restoration; base group: received 2-mm-thick GIC base before placement of composite resin restoration; and control group: had pulp chamber entirely filled with composite resin only. Follow-up was done at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. Combination of clinical and radiographic parameters were used to assess treatment outcome. The data were analysed using Kruskal-Wallis, chi-square and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests and logistic regression analysis.

RESULTS

At the end of 12 months, the base group had the most favourable healing (97.1%), whilst the control group had the least favourable healing (83.8%). The intraorifice barrier group had healing of 92.1%. However, there was no significant difference in healing between groups at the end of the follow-up period (P > 0.05). Additional subgroup analysis revealed a nonsignificant effect of periodontal status and root filling level on periapical healing.

CONCLUSION

The use of an additional barrier under permanent restorations did not significantly improve the outcome of primary root canal treatment in posterior teeth after 12 months. However, its influence in the long term requires further evaluation.

Bacterial leakage and micro-computed tomography evaluation in round-shaped canals obturated with bioceramic cone and sealer using matched single cone technique

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate sealing ability of root canals obturated with bioceramic-impregnated gutta percha cone (BCC) or gutta percha (GP), with bioceramic sealer (BCS) or AH Plus (AH; Dentsply-Maillefer), in roundly-prepared canals using matched single-cone technique, based on bacterial leakage test, and to analyze obturation quality using micro-computed tomography (CT) analysis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Ninety-two distobuccal roots of maxillary molars were prepared using nickel-titanium files to apical size 40/0.06. The roots were divided into 4 groups (n = 20) that were obturated with a master cone and sealer: GP/AH, BCC/AH, GP/BCS, and BCC/BCS. Bacterial leakage model using Enterococcus faecalis was used to evaluate sealing ability for 60-day period. Obturated samples from each group (n = 4) were analyzed using micro-CT.

RESULTS

All groups showed bacterial leakage at 20%-45% of samples with mean leakage times of 42-52 days. There were no significant differences in bacterial leakage among the groups. Micro-CT showed minimal gaps and voids in all groups at less than 1%.

CONCLUSIONS

In roundly-prepared canals, the single cone obturation with BCC/BCS was comparable to GP/AH for bacterial leakage at 60 days.

Influence of the internal anatomy on the leakage of root canals filled with thermoplastic technique

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the influence of the internal anatomy on the leakage of root canals filled with the thermoplastic technique.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The upper central incisors (UCI) and mesial roots of the lower molars (MRLM) (n = 12 each) were tested regarding leakage using the gas-enhanced permeation test (GEPT) after root filling. The quality of the root fillings was assessed using micro-computed tomography (μCT) by superimposing scans before and after treatment to calculate unfilled volume. The calculated void volume was compared between the groups and correlated to the measured leakage values. Data were analyzed using t test and Pearson's correlation tests (p < 0.05).

RESULTS

The mean void volume did not differ between UCI and MRLM (13.7 ± 6.2% vs. 14.2 ± 6.8%, respectively). However, significantly more leakage was evident in the MRLM (p < 0.001). While the leakage correlated highly to the void volume in the MRLM group (R ² = 0.981, p < 0.001), no correlation was found in UCI (R ² = 0.467, p = 0.126).

CONCLUSION

MRLM showed higher leakage values, which correlated to the void volume in the root canal fillings.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Care should always be taken while doing root canal treatments, but attention to teeth with known/expected complex root canal anatomy should be considered.

Controversies in Endodontics

Diseases of the dental pulp often have an infectious origin, and treatments are aimed to control infections of the root canal system. Endodontic treatment principles originally evolved on the basis of trial and error, and only in recent decades have scientific methods been adopted to support clinical strategies. Yet, relevant research on the disease processes, their diagnoses, and efficient treatment are rare in the endodontic literature. Hence, the advancement of biologically based knowledge significant to clinical endodontics has been slow. Therefore, many differences of opinion still prevail in this field of dentistry. This review highlights and analyzes the background of some of the more heavily debated issues in recent years. Specifically, it deals with disagreements regarding the clinical management of pulpal exposures by caries in the adult dentition, definitions of success and failure of endodontic therapy, and causes of and measures to control infections of the root canal system. Clearly, a most apparent gap in the published endodontic literature is the lack of randomized clinical trials that address the more significant controversial matters relating to the management of pulpal wounds, medication, and the number of appointments required for the treatment of infected root canals. However, trials in endodontics require extremely long follow-up periods if valid conclusions are to be generated. Therefore, it is not to be expected that there will be rapid solutions to these issues in the foreseeable future.

An assessment of coronal leakage of permanent filling materials in endodontically treated teeth: An in vitro study

Introduction:

The present in vitro study was undertaken to evaluate and compare the sealing ability of hybrid composite, glass ionomer cement type II, silver amalgam and Ketac molar as permanent filling material in root canal treated teeth.

Methodology:

Hundred maxillary central incisors were selected for the study. After cleaning all the teeth, root canal treatment was carried out on all of them. The crown portion was cut-off at the cervical level. Three millimeter of coronal Gutta-percha was replaced by four different restorative materials. Then after thermocycling, samples were immersed in dye for 2 weeks. The amount of dye penetration was measured using stereomicroscope. Data were collected and analyzed statistically with ANOVA test and Student–Newman–Keuls test.

Results:

Coronal leakage was seen in all groups. Composite hybrid showed least amount of microleakage as compared to the other three experimental groups, and Ketac molar showed more leakage compared to other experimental groups.

Conclusion:

This study showed that hybrid composites offer better sealing ability compared to other materials tested in this study.

Technical quality of root canal therapies performed by novice dental students in preclinical practice

Background:

For improving the quality of endodontic performance of practitioners in clinical practice, their basic, preclinical performance and knowledge must be taken into consideration. This study aimed to radiographically evaluate the technical quality of preclinical molar root canal treatments (RCTs) performed by undergraduate dental students at a dental school in Iran. Further, the effect of using Gates-Glidden (GG) drills on the final quality of RCTs was evaluated.

Materials and Methods:

In this retrospective cross-sectional study, 315 roots of 105 endodontically treated teeth in preclinical practice were evaluated radiographically. The analyzed quality parameters included length, taper and density of fillings, which were scored as S2 (adequate standard), the S1 (slight deviation), or S0 (considerable deviation). For all the parameters, acceptable, moderate and poor fillings received total scores of 6, 3-5 and 0-2, respectively. There were two groups of students: One group had used only K-files, and the other had used K-files along with GG drills. The quality of RCTs between these groups was evaluated using the aforementioned scoring protocol. The results were analyzed using Chi-square, Mann–Whitney and Fisher's exact tests (α = 0.05).

Results:

Under-fillings (P = 0.001) and under-shapings (P = 0.007) occurred mostly in mandibular root fillings. A lower density was found in maxillary fillings (P < 0.001). No relationship was observed between the technique used (irrespective of GG drills usage) and length (P = 0.499) and taper of fillings (P = 0.238). The roots instrumented with GG drills had a higher filling density (P = 0.004). The quality mean score of RCTs was improved when GG drills were used (P = 0.008).

Conclusion:

The technical quality of preclinical molar RCTs performed by undergraduate dental students was considered acceptable in 35.6% of the cases. When GG drills were used along with K-files, the technical quality of RCTs was enhanced.

Is apical periodontitis in root filled teeth associated with the type of restoration?

OBJECTIVE

To study the association between type of restoration and apical periodontitis (AP) in root filled teeth.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The present study used data from surveys conducted in 1983, 1993 and 2003. In 1983, 130 randomly selected subjects aged 3-80 years in the city of Jönköping, Sweden, were invited for a clinical and radiological examination. The study was repeated in 1993 and 2003. New participants were, thus, recruited with the same sampling criteria and sample size in the same geographical area in 1993 and 2003, respectively. In the present study, only dentate individuals aged 20-70 years with ≥1 root filled tooth were included, yielding a sample of 788 subjects with 2634 root filled teeth. Apical periodontitis on the tooth level was the dependent variable. Periapical status was assessed according to Periapical Index (PAI). Independent variables were root filling quality, recurrent caries, type of restoration, number of teeth with apical periodontitis, age and gender. Root fillings appearing homogenous and ending within 2 mm from radiographic apex were regarded as adequate, otherwise inadequate. All radiographs were re-studied by one observer regarding periapical status and root filling quality. Risk was analyzed by means of a GEE model.

RESULTS

Type of restoration, root filling quality, number of teeth with apical periodontitis within the individual and age were found to be predictors of AP in root filled teeth. Presence of recurrent caries and gender were not found to be associated with AP.

CONCLUSIONS

According to the present study, root filling quality and type of restoration may be predictive of AP in root filled teeth.

Intraorifice sealing ability of different materials in endodontically treated teeth: An in vitro study

Background:

Microbial contamination of the pulp space is one of the major factors associated with endodontic failure. Thus, in addition to a three dimentional apical filling a coronal seal for root canal fillings has been recommended.

Aim:

The present study was conducted to evaluate and compare the intra-orifice sealing ability of three experimental materials after obturation of the root canal system.

Materials and Methods:

Fourty single rooted mandibular premolars were decoronated, cleaned, shaped and obturated. Gutta-percha was removed to the depth of 3.5 mm from the orifice with a heated plugger. Ten specimens each were sealed with Light Cure Glass Ionomer Cement (LCGIC), Flowable Composite (Tetric N-Flow), and Light Cure Glass Ionomer Cement with Flowable Composite in Sandwich Technique along with a positive control respectively and roots submerged in Rhodamine-B dye in vacuum for one week. Specimens were longitudinally sectioned and leakage measured using a 10X stereomicroscope and graded for depth of leakage.

Results:

According to the results of the present study LC GIC + Tetric N Flow demonstrated significantly better seal (P < 0.01) than LC GIC. However there was no statistically significant difference in leakage (P > 0.01) between Tetric N-Flow and LCGIC+Tetric N-Flow groups.

Conclusion:

In the current study LCGIC+Tetric N-Flow was found to be superior over other experimental materials as intra-orifice barriers.

Attitude of general dental practitioners toward root canal treatment procedures in India

OBJECTIVE

The percentage of general dental practitioners is very common in India, so the purpose of this study was to assess attitude of general dental practitioners toward root canal treatment (RCT) procedures.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In a cross-sectional study, 178 dentists (96 males and 82 females) were surveyed using a selfadministered, structured questionnaire pretested through a pilot survey. The questionnaire collected information regarding RCT procedures among participants. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 15. Frequency and percentage distributions were calculated.

RESULTS

In the present study most of the participants, i.e. 86.4% reported that they perform (RCT) procedures in posterior teeth. Isolation is mainly done with cotton rolls only (74.6%) and very few are using rubber dam in their practice (3.2%). Radiographs were not taken after every step in most of the cases. Rotary instruments were used in less number of cases and K-files were the most popular instruments (66.2%). Also single sitting RCT was not commonly seen.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

This study indicates that most of the general dental practitioners' do not comply with quality standards guidelines such as use of rubber dam as isolation. So dentist should update their knowledge and practices with current techniques and materials through CDE programs.

A retrospective radiographic study of coronal-periapical status and root canal filling quality in a selected adult Turkish population

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the oral health (with regard to the periapical status, quality of root fillings and coronal restorations) in an urban adult Turkish subpopulation using digital panoramic radiographs.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

One thousand digital panoramic radiographs involving 28,000 teeth were selected from the archive of the Public Oral and Dental Health Center of Isparta. Coronal status (the type of restoration, signs of marginal leakage or decay), root filling quality (length and lateral seal) and periapical status (according to Periapical Index, PAI) were evaluated. Correlations between apical periodontitis (AP) and the quality of root fillings or coronal restorations were statistically analyzed using the χ(2) test.

RESULTS

Of the 28,000 teeth evaluated, 22,380 (80.0%) were sound, 4,732 (16.9%) were missing, 753 (2.6%) were filled and 135 (0.5%) were decayed. Of the 753 coronal restorations, 400 (53.1%) were radiographically acceptable. Of the 23,268 teeth, 601 (2.6%) were root filled and 247 root fillings were adequate. Ninety-five (15.8%) root-filled teeth had AP (PAI 3-5). Out of the total, the AP prevalence was 0.4% in root-filled teeth and 0.8% in teeth without root fillings. The presence of AP was significantly correlated with inadequate coronal restorations and root canal fillings (p = 0.000).

CONCLUSION

Tooth type, quality and type of coronal restorations, and length and homogeneity of root fillings significantly affected periapical status.

Impact of the quality of coronal restoration versus the quality of root canal fillings on success of root canal treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis

INTRODUCTION

Thorough cleaning and shaping of root canals are essential for periapical healing. Restoration of endodontically treated teeth is also required for them to function and prevent coronal leakage. This study compared the impact of the quality of root canal treatment versus the quality of coronal restoration in treatment outcomes.

METHODS

Literature search was conducted using the search terms "coronal restoration," "root canal," "periapical status," and "quality." Articles that evaluated the effect of the quality of root filling and coronal restoration or both on the success of root canal treatment were selected. Nine articles were identified and were reviewed by 3 investigators. Data were collected based on predetermined criteria. Percentages of teeth without apical periodontitis were recorded for each category: adequate root canal treatment (AE), inadequate root canal treatment (IE), adequate restoration (AR), and inadequate restoration (IR). Data were analyzed using meta-analysis for odds ratios (ORs).

RESULTS

After adjusting for significant covariates to reduce heterogeneity, the results were combined to obtain pooled estimates of the common OR for the comparison of AR/AE versus AR/IE (OR = 2.734; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.61-2.88; P < .001) and AR/AE versus IR/AE (OR = 2.808; 95% CI, 2.64-2.97; P < .001).

CONCLUSIONS

On the basis of the current best available evidence, the odds for healing of apical periodontitis increase with both adequate root canal treatment and adequate restorative treatment. Although poorer clinical outcomes may be expected with adequate root filling-inadequate coronal restoration and inadequate root filling-adequate coronal restoration, there is no significant difference in the odds of healing between these 2 combinations.

Is endodontic re-treatment mandatory for every relatively old temporary restoration? A narrative review

OBJECTIVES AND BACKGROUND

In this review, the authors examine whether there is any decisive evidence to support the revision of root fillings that have been exposed to the oral environment for more than three months, undertaken solely because of suspicions of microleakage. Researchers in numerous endodontic studies have addressed the evaluation of coronal microleakage by using different tracers and techniques. The need to achieve a tight, permanent coronal seal as soon as possible after the completion of endodontic treatment is obvious. However, the clinical importance of microleakage studies recently has been questioned because of their wide range and even contradictory results, and findings from only a few clinical investigations have demonstrated a clear relationship between the endodontic success rate and failure rate owed to coronal microleakage in cases involving high-quality endodontic therapy.

METHODS

The authors analyzed commonly cited articles regarding the clinical relevance of microleakage studies and the success rate of teeth with compromised restorations.

CONCLUSIONS

In a review of the literature, the authors found no clear evidence to support immediate replacement of well-obturated endodontic treatment that has lasted more than three months solely because of suspicions of microleakage. It may be prudent in such cases to make a new coronal restoration immediately and to observe the tooth for at least three months before placing the permanent crown.

Radiographic quality of root canal fillings performed in a postgraduate program in endodontics

The aim of this study was to evaluate the standard quality of 1,347 root fillings performed by postgraduate students in Endodontics according to 3 radiographic quality parameters. The analyzed quality parameters included apical extension (AE), taper (TA) and homogeneity (HO), which received scores S2 (ideal standard), S1 (slight deviation) or S0 (accentuated deviation). A perfect filling (PF) received S2 for all parameters. In the absence of one or two S2 score, the fillings were deemed as satisfactory (SF) or deficient (DF), respectively. The results showed 51.7%, 41.5% and 6.8% of PF, SF, and DF, respectively. AE, TA, and HO presented equivalent quality parameters in root-filled canals of mandibular incisors and mandibular premolars (p>0.05). Conversely, in maxillary incisors, canines and distal root of mandibular molars, significant differences (p<0.05) were found between 2 parameters. Besides, there were significant differences (p<0.05) among the measured parameters in root-filled canals of maxillary premolars, all root canals of the maxillary molars and mesial root of the mandibular molars. AE showed the lowest frequency of S2 score for all groups. In conclusion the prevalence of perfect, satisfactory and deficient fillings varied significantly according to the root canal group. The quality parameters categorized fillings in 3 complexity degrees. AE was the most critical parameter of quality in root canal fillings.

Outcome of primary root canal treatment: systematic review of the literature - part 1. Effects of study characteristics on probability of success

AIMS

The aims of this study were (i) to conduct a comprehensive systematic review of the literature on the outcome of primary (initial or first time) root canal treatment; (ii) to investigate the influence of some study characteristics on the estimated pooled success rates.

METHODOLOGY

Longitudinal clinical studies investigating outcome of primary root canal treatment, published up to the end of 2002, were identified electronically (MEDLINE and Cochrane database 1966-2002 December, week 4). Four journals (International Endodontic Journal, Journal of Endodontics, Oral Surgery Oral Medicine Oral Pathology Endodontics Radiology and Dental Traumatology & Endodontics), bibliographies of all relevant papers and review articles were hand-searched. Three reviewers (Y-LN, SR and KG) independently assessed, selected the studies based on specified inclusion criteria, and extracted the data onto a pre-designed proforma. The study inclusion criteria were: longitudinal clinical studies investigating root canal treatment outcome; only primary root canal treatment carried out on the teeth studied; sample size given; at least 6-month postoperative review; success based on clinical and/or radiographic criteria (strict, absence of apical radiolucency; loose, reduction in size of radiolucency); overall success rate given or could be calculated from the raw data. The findings by individual study were summarized and the pooled success rates by each potential influencing factor were calculated for this part of the study.

RESULTS

Of the 119 articles identified, 63 studies published from 1922 to 2002, fulfilling the inclusion criteria were selected for the review: six were randomized trials, seven were cohort studies and 48 were retrospective studies. The reported mean success rates ranged from 31% to 96% based on strict criteria or from 60% to 100% based on loose criteria, with substantial heterogeneity in the estimates of pooled success rates. Apart from the radiographic criteria of success, none of the other study characteristics could explain this heterogeneity. Twenty-four factors (patient and operative) had been investigated in various combinations in the studies reviewed. The influence of preoperative pulpal and periapical status of the teeth on treatment outcome were most frequently explored, but the influence of treatment technique was poorly investigated.

CONCLUSIONS

The estimated weighted pooled success rates of treatments completed at least 1 year prior to review, ranged between 68% and 85% when strict criteria were used. The reported success rates had not improved over the last four (or five) decades. The quality of evidence for treatment factors affecting primary root canal treatment outcome is sub-optimal; there was substantial variation in the study-designs. It would be desirable to standardize aspects of study-design, data recording and presentation format of outcome data in the much needed future outcome studies.

Questions and answers in evidence-based patient care

Evidence-based healthcare has become the mainstream of current healthcare practices, yet there seem to be many misunderstandings concerning this concept. This paper reviews several aspects of the concept of evidence-based healthcare in a simple question-and-answer format. The areas considered include: the significance of the evidence-based concept in clinical practice, the method of conducting a detailed electronic search of the literature, and the interpretation and application of research evidence to patients and immediate clinical applications.

Endodontic treatment outcome: effect of the permanent restoration

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the relationship between the presence of the coronal restoration and endodontic treatment success or failure.

METHODS

This study comprised 200 endodontically treated teeth with 441 roots. Follow-up examination was conducted 4 +/- 0.5 years after completion of endodontic treatment. Outcome criteria were modified from Strindberg.

RESULTS

Teeth/roots restored with permanent coronal restoration (casting or filling) had a higher success rate (80%) than teeth/roots not restored (60%; P < .01) in the analysis of aggregate data. However, the results of stratified analysis on key confounding factor (preoperative periapical diagnosis) showed that there is no significant association between the presence of permanent restoration and endodontic outcome. Teeth with preoperative apical periodontitis were less likely to be restored with a crown (23.9%) than teeth without apical periodontitis (76.1%; P < .01). Anterior teeth were more likely to be restored with a filling and sooner than the posterior teeth. These associations suggest a treatment selection bias.

CONCLUSIONS

Stratified analysis on the key confounding factor reveals that endodontic outcome is driven by the presence of preoperative root canal infection (apical periodontitis). Lack of stratification on key confounding factors inaccurately suggests that presence of permanent restoration contributes to the success of endodontic treatment in the aggregate analysis of grouped data. The choice to restore the tooth as well as the choice and timing of permanent restoration may be the result of a bias in treatment selection. Stratified analysis on key confounding factors is the key to valid analysis and accurate results.

Treatment planning the endodontic case

Following a definitive diagnosis of the need for root canal treatment, the treatment planning stage should be straightforward if a logical sequence of decision-making is followed. Very few contra-indications exist for providing root canal treatment, but the planning must include several aspects. Firstly, is root canal treatment best for the patient to maintain a functional dentition long term? Secondly, who should provide the treatment? Thirdly, what are the restorative options that will ensure the best long-term prognosis? The sequencing of root canal treatment generally occurs early in a typical treatment plan, and prompt restoration after treatment is crucial to long-term survival of the tooth.

Microleakage evaluation of intraorifice sealing materials in endodontically treated teeth

OBJECTIVE

Evaluate intraorifice sealing materials Cavit, Vitremer, and Flow-It for the prevention of coronal microleakage in root-canal treatment.

STUDY DESIGN

Root-canal treatment was performed on 80 extracted human molars. Three millimeters of coronal gutta-percha was removed from the coronal aspect of the root canal and replaced with one of the 3 filling materials. After thermocycling (5 degrees C to 55 degrees C) and 5 days of immersion in dye, the teeth were cleared for stereomicroscope evaluation for evidence of dye penetration into the sealing material and along canal walls.

RESULTS

All groups showed dye penetration into the root canal. Cavit sealed significantly better than the other groups (P < .01), preventing the coronal leakage in 90% of the specimens. Flow-It exhibited the highest leakage (65% of specimens) and did not differ significantly from the Vitremer group, which showed dye penetration in 55% of specimens.

CONCLUSION

Cavit sealed significantly better than Vitremer and Flow-It when used as intraorifice filling materials.

Periradicular status related to the quality of coronal restorations and root canal fillings in a Brazilian population

OBJECTIVE

This cross-sectional study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of periradicular lesions in root-filled teeth from an urban adult Brazilian population, and to investigate the quality of root canal fillings and coronal restorations and their association with the periradicular status of these teeth.

STUDY DESIGN

Root canal fillings from 2,051 teeth were categorized as adequate or inadequate on the basis of root canal filling length and homogeneity. Coronal restorations from the same teeth were categorized into adequate, inadequate, or absent. Results were analyzed statistically using the chi-squared test.

RESULTS

The overall success rate of root-filled teeth was 49.7%. Cases with adequate endodontic treatment and adequate restorations had a success rate of 71%. When cases with adequate treatment and inadequate restoration were evaluated, the success rate was 65%. Cases with adequate treatment and absent restoration showed a success rate of 48%. Teeth with inadequate treatment combined with adequate restoration yielded a success rate of 38%, whereas the combination of inadequate treatment and inadequate restoration resulted in a success rate of 25%. Teeth with inadequate treatment and absent restoration showed the lowest success rate of this study (18%). Data analysis revealed that when the root canal filling appeared to be adequate, the quality of the restoration did not significantly influence the treatment outcome. However, when a coronal restoration was absent, the success rate of adequately treated canals was significantly reduced. The quality of the coronal restoration significantly affected the outcome of inadequately treated teeth.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results revealed a high prevalence of periradicular lesions in root-filled teeth, which was comparable to that reported in other methodologically compatible studies from diverse geographical locations. In addition, even though the coronal restoration had a significant impact on the periradicular health, the quality of the root canal filling was found to be the most critical factor in this regard.

The Effect of Thermocycling on a Colored Glass Ionomer Intracoronal Barrier

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of thermocycling on a colored glass ionomer intracoronal barrier used for the prevention of microleakage. Thirty single canal premolars were decoronated, standardized in length, instrumented, obturated, and randomly assigned to three groups. Group 1 received a 1 mm intracoronal barrier of Triage glass ionomer, group 2 received a 2 mm Triage barrier, and group 3 received no barrier. After incubation for sealer set, teeth were thermocycled. Microleakage was measured using the fluid transport model. Groups 1, 2, and 3 demonstrated 1.68 mm, 0.60 mm, and 23.24 mm of movement, respectively. Using ANOVA and Student-Neumann-Keuls, group 3 leaked significantly more (p < 0.05) than groups 1 and 2, with no difference between groups 1 and 2. A 1 or 2 mm intracoronal barrier of Triage significantly reduced coronal microleakage in thermocycled endodontically treated teeth.

Adhesive Dentistry and Endodontics: Materials, Clinical Strategies and Procedures for Restoration of Access Cavities: A Review

The complexity of restorative dentistry has increased greatly in recent years, with the myriad of products used in "adhesive dentistry." So too has the "simple" matter of restoring access cavities after completion of endodontic treatment. This review discusses current methods of "bonding" to tooth structure, ceramic materials, and metals, with emphasis on those aspects that are important to endodontics. Specific materials, procedures and major decision making elements are discussed, as well as how to avoid problems in compatibility between endodontic and restorative materials.

Periapical status and quality of root fillings and coronal restorations in an adult Spanish population

AIM

To investigate the quality of root fillings and coronal restorations and their association with periapical status in an adult Spanish population.

METHODOLOGY

A total of 180 subjects, aged 37.1 +/- 15.7 years, who presented as new patients at the Faculty of Dentistry, Seville, Spain, were examined. All participants underwent a full-mouth radiographic survey incorporating 14 periapical radiographs. The periapical region of all root filled teeth, excluding third molars, were examined. The technical quality of root fillings was evaluated in terms of length in relation to the root apex and lateral adaptation to the canal wall. Radiographic signs of overhang or open margins associated with coronal restorations were also evaluated. Periapical status was assessed using the Periapical Index score. Statistical analyses were conducted using the Cohen's kappa test and logistic regression.

RESULTS

The total number of root filled teeth was 93, and 60 (64.5%) had apical periodontitis (AP). Presence of AP in root filled teeth was associated with inadequate adaptation of the filling (OR = 2.29; P = 0.06), inadequate length of the root filling (OR = 2.44; P = 0.048), and with poor radiographic quality of the coronal restoration (OR = 2.38; P = 0.054). Only 34.4% of the root fillings were adequate from a technical perspective. When both root fillings and coronal restorations were adequate the incidence of AP decreased to 31.3% (OR = 5.50; P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

The incidence of AP in root filled teeth was high. Many root fillings were technically unsatisfactory. Adequate root fillings and coronal restorations were associated with a lower incidence of AP; an adequate root filling had a more substantial impact on the outcome of treatment than the quality of the coronal restoration.

Clinical response to a vacant post space

AIM

To report a case demonstrating a radiolucency of developing adjacent to an unfilled post space.

SUMMARY

A mandibular left first molar was root filled before post-space preparation. The tooth was restored coronally but the post space was left empty, and 14 months later, pain and furcal radiolucency developed. Cleaning, shaping, medicating and filling the post space resulted in the resolution of symptoms and healing of the radiolucency.

KEY LEARNING POINTS

Post space should be prepared under conditions of asepsis. A post space must not be allowed to remain empty when a tooth is restored.

Cohort study of endodontic therapy success

A retrospective cohort study was carried out aiming to assess the success rate of endodontic treatment of patients from the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Pernambuco, Brazil. The dental records of the sampling comprised all patients treated in 1998 and 1999. Trials were standardized and a pilot study was carried out to determine the feasibility of the proposed study. Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were used to calculate the level of significance that was set at 5%. Logistic regression models were used to confirm significant effect of some variables on the endodontic outcome. The final sample size comprised 311 (75.9%) women and 99 (21.1%) men. The majority of cases (82.9%) were considered successful. Success was less frequent for patients with up to primary school education (55.6%) than for those with a higher degree of education (89.7%). The vital condition of the pulp showed a statistically significant relationship with the success of endodontic therapy (p < 0.05). These results suggest that it is possible to attain very high success rates for endodontic treatment when both the intraradicular andthe extraradicular causes of failure of endodontic treatment are well managed.

Bacterial status in root-filled teeth exposed to the oral environment by loss of restoration and fracture or caries - a histobacteriological study of treated cases

AIM

To describe histological and microbiological findings in teeth where root fillings had been exposed to caries and the oral environment for a prolonged period.

METHODOLOGY

For inclusion in the study, only teeth with a follow-up period of 3 years or more and those that had been without proper restoration for at least a period of 3 months were considered. Some root fillings had been without restoration for several years. In all, 39 roots representing 32 teeth were examined by histology.

RESULTS

The majority of the specimens were without a discernible periapical bone lesion as assessed by radiography. Osteolytic lesions were seen with five roots. Longitudinal tissue sections stained with a modified Brown/Brenn staining technique revealed presence of stainable bacteria in abundance at the canal entrance and in dentinal tubules but were absent mid-root and apically in all but two specimens. Soft tissue attached to the root tip and in apical ramifications displayed distinct inflammatory cell infiltrates, suggesting microbial exposure in 7 of the 39 roots examined. In all other specimens, inflammatory cell infiltrates were either nonexistent or sparse and then associated with extruded sealer material.

CONCLUSIONS

Well-prepared and filled root canals resist bacterial penetration even upon frank and long-standing oral exposure by caries, fracture or loss of restoration.