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Xu Y, Hao Y, Arif M, Xing X, Deng X, Wang D, Meng Y, Wang S, Hasanin MS, Wang W, Zhou Q. Poly(Lysine)-Derived Carbon Quantum Dots Conquer Enterococcus faecalis Biofilm-Induced Persistent Endodontic Infections. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:5879-5893. [PMID: 38895145 PMCID: PMC11184170 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s453385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Persistent endodontic infections (PEIs) mediated by bacterial biofilm mainly cause persistent periapical inflammation, resulting in recurrent periapical abscesses and progressive bone destruction. However, conventional root canal disinfectants are highly damaging to the tooth and periodontal tissue and ineffective in treating persistent root canal infections. Antimicrobial materials that are biocompatible with apical tissues and can eliminate PEIs-associated bacteria are urgently needed. Methods Here, ε-poly (L-lysine) derived carbon quantum dots (PL-CQDs) are fabricated using pyrolysis to remove PEIs-associated bacterial biofilms. Results Due to their ultra-small size, high positive charge, and active reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation capacity, PL-CQDs exhibit highly effective antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis), which is greatly dependent on PL-CQDs concentrations. 100 µg/mL PL-CQDs could kill E. faecalis in 5 min. Importantly, PL-CQDs effectively achieved a reduction of biofilms in the isolated teeth model, disrupting the dense structure of biofilms. PL-CQDs have acceptable cytocompatibility and hemocompatibility in vitro and good biosafety in vivo. Discussion Thus, PL-CQDs provide a new strategy for treating E. faecalis-associated PEIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhi Xu
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Stomatology, Qingdao Stomatological Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanping Hao
- Department of Stomatology, Qingdao Stomatological Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Arif
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Materials for Tissue Repair and Rehabilitation, School of Rehabilitation Sciences and Engineering, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Xing
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuyang Deng
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Danyang Wang
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Meng
- Department of Stomatology, Qingdao Stomatological Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuai Wang
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | | | - Wanchun Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Qingdao Stomatological Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qihui Zhou
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Materials for Tissue Repair and Rehabilitation, School of Rehabilitation Sciences and Engineering, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Fibers and Eco-Dyeing & Finishing, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
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Angın AE, Özkan HD, Saral İP, Aydın B. The incidence and intensity of postoperative pain and Flare-up following the use of three different intracanal medicaments in teeth with posttreatment apical periodontitis: a randomized clinical trial. Clin Oral Investig 2024; 28:362. [PMID: 38849655 PMCID: PMC11161537 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-024-05760-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This randomized clinical trial aimed to compare the effect of intracanal medicaments on the incidence of postoperative pain and flare-up with posttreatment apical periodontitis (PTAP) of retreatment cases. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred twenty patients diagnosed with PTAP with single-rooted teeth with single-canal without spontaneous pain or swellings were included and randomly divided into three groups according to the intracanal medicament used. Intracanal medicaments were placed into the root canals following the removal of previous root canal fillings and re-instrumentation. Calcium hydroxide (Ca (OH)2), chlorhexidine gel (CHX), calcium hydroxide and chlorhexidine gel combinations were used as intracanal medicaments. Postoperative pain scores were recorded at 6 and 12 h and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 days using a visual analog scale (VAS). Sensitivity on percussion, spontaneous pain, swelling, antibiotic and analgesic requirements of the patients were evaluated during clinical examinations performed postoperatively after 2 and 7 days. RESULTS There were no statistically significant differences between groups in terms of VAS scores following the intracanal medicament application (p > 0.05). However, compared to the patients of 20-34 and 50-65 age groups, greater VAS scores were observed in patients of 35-49 age groups at 12 h, and 3, 4, 7 days (p < 0.05). Flare-up was observed in only one patient in the CHX gel group, and no flare-up was observed in other groups. CONCLUSIONS Similar postoperative pain incidence in all experimental groups indicates that all three medicaments are clinically acceptable in inter-appointment management of retreatment cases in terms of post-endodontic pain and flare-up. CLINICAL RELEVANCE In this randomized clinical trial, three different intracanal medicaments were utilized in nonsurgical endodontic retreatment and their effect on postoperative pain and flare-up incidence was examined. Thus, this study will be a significant contribution in the decision-making during clinical practice; since there are a limited number of prospective clinical trials in the literature about the severity of pain following retreatment procedures including intracanal medicament use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adile Esen Angın
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, 09100, Turkey
| | - Hicran Dönmez Özkan
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, 09100, Turkey.
| | - İlkim Pınar Saral
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, 09100, Turkey
| | - Berdan Aydın
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey
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Ahmed S, Jehad Hassan S, Gajdhar S, Saleh Alhazmi L, Yahya Khalifah R, Alhusain Alrifai J, Salem Aljhdali S, Sheriff Maqbul M. Prevalence of Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans in endodontic retreatment Cases: A comprehensive study. Saudi Dent J 2024; 36:539-545. [PMID: 38690386 PMCID: PMC11056411 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2024.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Endodontic treatment failures often stem from the presence of microbial pathogens, particularly Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans. This study systematically assesses the prevalence of E. faecalis and C. albicans in endodontic retreatment cases, aiming to explore their impact on treatment outcomes. Methods Employing a systematic sampling approach, 30 patients with a history of previous endodontic treatment were selected. Rigorous clinical and radiographic assessments were conducted, following standardized protocols for root canal sample collection. Microbiological analysis, utilizing selective culture media, was employed to identify and quantify E. faecalis and C. albicans. Statistical analyses, including chi-square and logistic regression tests, were performed. Results The study involved 30 patients undergoing endodontic retreatment, with comprehensive clinical and radiographic evaluations for cases with and without periradicular lesions. Microbiological analysis unveiled a significant prevalence of E. faecalis and C. albicans, establishing a robust association between these pathogens and retreatment failure. These findings underscore the critical need for targeted antimicrobial interventions to enhance the overall success rates of endodontic retreatment procedures. Conclusion This study highlights the substantial prevalence of E. faecalis and C. albicans in endodontic retreatment cases, emphasizing the importance of identifying and effectively managing these pathogens for successful treatment outcomes. The notable association between these microbial agents and retreatment failure underscores the imperative for tailored antimicrobial strategies to enhance the efficacy of endodontic retreatment procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddiq Ahmed
- Department of Conservative Dental Sciences, Ibn Sina national College for medical studies, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami Jehad Hassan
- Department of Conservative Dental Sciences, Ibn Sina national College for medical studies, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaiq Gajdhar
- Department of Prosthodontics, Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lama Saleh Alhazmi
- Dental interns, Ibn Sina national College for medical studies, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rawan Yahya Khalifah
- Dental interns, Ibn Sina national College for medical studies, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Muazam Sheriff Maqbul
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Ibn Sina national College for medical studies, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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De Pedro-Muñoz A, Rico-Romano C, Sánchez-Llobet P, Montiel-Company JM, Mena-Álvarez J. Cyclic Fatigue Resistance of Rotary versus Reciprocating Endodontic Files: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med 2024; 13:882. [PMID: 38337577 PMCID: PMC10856014 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13030882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The failure of nickel-titanium (NiTi) rotary files is a complication related to endodontic instruments. The aim of this study was to compare the resistance to cyclic fatigue between rotary and reciprocating file systems. (2) Methods: Specific PICO: Population (P): artificial root canals; Interventions (I): instrumentation with NiTi rotary and reciprocating files; Comparison (C): rotary versus reciprocating files; Outcome (O): cyclic fatigue resistance. Studies were identified through bibliographic research using electronic databases (Medline, Embase, Scopus, SciELO, and WOS). The studies were combined using a random effects model by the inverse variance method. The effect size was the mean of the time to fracture (TTF) and number of cycles to fracture (NCF). Heterogeneity was assessed using the p value of the Q test for heterogeneity and the I2. (3) Results: TTF for rotary files was determined in 474.5 s and 839.1 for reciprocating without statistically significant differences. NCF for rotary systems was determined in 1444.2 and for reciprocating file systems in 4155.9 with statistically significant differences (p = 0.035), making reciprocating files more resistant. (4) Conclusions: Reciprocating files have better resistance to cyclic fatigue than rotary files. When tested in double curvature canals, reciprocating files also showed higher resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana De Pedro-Muñoz
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Alfonso X El Sabio University, 28691 Madrid, Spain; (A.D.P.-M.); (C.R.-R.); (P.S.-L.)
| | - Cristina Rico-Romano
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Alfonso X El Sabio University, 28691 Madrid, Spain; (A.D.P.-M.); (C.R.-R.); (P.S.-L.)
| | - Patricia Sánchez-Llobet
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Alfonso X El Sabio University, 28691 Madrid, Spain; (A.D.P.-M.); (C.R.-R.); (P.S.-L.)
| | - José María Montiel-Company
- Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Jesús Mena-Álvarez
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Alfonso X El Sabio University, 28691 Madrid, Spain; (A.D.P.-M.); (C.R.-R.); (P.S.-L.)
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Jakkrawanpithak P, Powattanasuk W, Sooppapipatt N, Pudla M, Srimaneekarn N, Buranachad N, Yuma S, Supa-Amornkul S. Efficacy of antiseptics for rubber dam sterilization prior to endodontic treatment. J Oral Sci 2024; 66:5-8. [PMID: 37853618 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.23-0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the efficacy of various antiseptics for disinfection of rubber dams used during endodontic treatment, the duration of disinfection effectiveness, and the disinfection protocol employed by dental schools in Thailand. METHODS The efficacy of 10% povidone-iodine, 1.5% tincture iodine and 70% ethyl alcohol in eliminating Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) and Candida albicans (C. albicans) on the rubber dam was investigated. Time duration of disinfection was evaluated at 0, 30, 60, and 120 min. The two-step disinfection method adopted at Thai dental school was examined. Independent t-test or Kruskal-Wallis followed by a Dunnett's test was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS Among the three antiseptics, 10% povidone and 1.5% tincture iodine eradicated the microorganisms completely, whereas 70% ethyl alcohol did not achieve a statistically significant decrease. The duration of sterilization effectiveness was 120 min for 10% povidone-iodine, but bacteria were eliminated only at 0 min by 1.5% tincture iodine. The results also indicated that the two-step protocol scarcely eliminated the microorganisms. CONCLUSION The best antiseptic for rubber dam disinfection is 10% povidone-iodine, which remains effective for 120 min. The two-step protocol typically practiced in Thai dental schools needs to be updated. The use of 10% povidone-iodine alone is adequate for complete eradication of E. faecalis and C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wifada Powattanasuk
- Mahidol International Dental School, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University
| | | | - Matsayapan Pudla
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University
| | | | - Naiyana Buranachad
- Department of Advance General Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University
| | - Suraphong Yuma
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University
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Jiang W, Zhang Y, Yan J, He Z, Chen W. Differences of protein expression in enterococcus faecalis biofilm during resistance to environmental pressures. Technol Health Care 2024; 32:371-383. [PMID: 38759062 DOI: 10.3233/thc-248033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterococcus faecalis biofilm was frequently found on the failed treated root canal wall, which survived by resisting disinfectant during endodontic treatment.Many researches have been conducted to explore the mechanisms of persistence of this pathogen in unfavorable conditions. However, no comprehensive proteomics studies have been conducted to investigate stress response in Enterococcus faecalis caused by alkali and NaOCl. OBJECTIVE Enterococcus faecalis (E.f) has been recognized as a main pathogen of refractory apical periodontitis, its ability to withstand environmental pressure is the key to grow in the environment of high alkaline and anti-bacterial drug that causes chronic infection in the root canal. This study aims to focus on the protein expression patterns of E.f biofilm under extreme pressure environment". METHODS Enterococcus faecalis biofilm model was established in vitro. Liquid Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometer (LC-MS/MS)-based label free quantitative proteomics approach was applied to compare differential protein expression under different environmental pressures (pH 10 and 5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)). And then qPCR and Parallel Reaction Monitoring Verification (PRM) were utilized to verify the consequence of proteomics. RESULTS The number of taxa in this study was higher than those in previous studies, demonstrating the presence of a remarkable number of proteins in the groups of high alkaline and NaOCl. Proteins involved in ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter were significantly enriched in experimental samples. We identified a total of 15 highly expressed ABC transporters in the high alkaline environment pressure group, with 7 proteins greater than 1.5 times. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed considerable changes in expression of proteins in E.f biofilm during resistance to environmental pressures. The findings enriched our understanding of association between the differential expression proteins and environmental pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Hudong Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Hudong Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Youmeng Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Eye and Ent Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Hudong Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Yan
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Hudong Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Hudong Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyan He
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weixu Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Eye and Ent Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Alamri HM, Liu H, Zhang D, Shen Y, Haapasalo M. An In Vitro Study: Does Adding Iodine Potassium Iodide and Cetrimide to Calcium Hydroxide Paste Enhance Its Antimicrobial Effect Against Oral Biofilms? Cureus 2023; 15:e51203. [PMID: 38283497 PMCID: PMC10818093 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.51203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to evaluate the antibiofilm effect of calcium hydroxide (CH), 0.5% iodine potassium iodide (IKI), and 0.5% cetrimide (CTR), alone and in combinations on one-week and three-week-old biofilms. Materials and methods Gingival plaque was collected, and biofilms were grown in vitro anaerobically. Biofilms were exposed to each of the three medicaments and their combinations for one day, one week, and two weeks. Proportions of dead and live bacteria in the biofilms were evaluated. Results The killing of bacteria by different medicaments in the three-week-old biofilm was lower than in the one-week-old biofilm (p<0.05). The efficacy of IKI and CTR in killing bacteria was weaker than that of CH, but the highest efficacy in killing was achieved when all three were combined (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in the antibiofilm effect between a day's exposure to the mixture of the three medicaments and one or two weeks of treatment with CH alone (p>0.05). Conclusions Three-week-old biofilms are more resistant to medicaments than one-week-old biofilms. Combining IKI and CTR with CH resulted in a stronger antibiofilm effect than using CH alone. Mixing the three medicaments may enable obtaining the desired clinical effect in a shorter exposure time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi M Alamri
- Department of Dentistry, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, SAU
| | - He Liu
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, CAN
| | - Duo Zhang
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, CAN
| | - Ya Shen
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, CAN
| | - Markus Haapasalo
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, CAN
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Nikhade P, Agrawal P, Mahapatra J, Suryawanshi T, Bhopatkar J, Umate L. Efficacy of Triple Antibiotic Paste and Bromelain Paste As Intracanal Medicament Against Enterococcus faecalis: An In-Vivo Study. Cureus 2023; 15:e48098. [PMID: 38046769 PMCID: PMC10690073 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.48098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Microorganisms are pivotal contributors to pulp and periapical pathology, often culminating in endodontic treatment failures. The successful outcome of such treatment hinges on the effective eradication of microbial flora through various interventions, including intracanal medicaments (ICMs). However, Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis), a highly adaptive Gram-positive bacterium, exhibits remarkable resilience and can persist even after rigorous disinfection efforts. This study explores the efficacy of two ICMs, calcium hydroxide-based triple antibiotic paste (TAP) and a novel alternative containing bromelain, derived from pineapples, in combating E. faecalis infections in vivo. Methodology This in-vivo study was conducted at Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital, Wardha, India, and ethical approval was obtained from the institutional ethical committee. The sample size was calculated using the OpenEpi program (version 3.04.04, Open Source Epidemiologic Statistics for Public Health, www.OpenEpi.com), resulting in 15 participants per group. Inclusion criteria encompassed mandibular premolars with carious involvement but no prior restorations, diagnosed with necrotic or infected pulp, and no significant medical history. Exclusion criteria included systemic conditions, pregnancy, retreatment cases, recent antibiotic therapy, calcified canals, and other contraindications. After proper patient consent, access opening and chemomechanical preparation were performed, and root canals (RCs) were randomly divided into two groups: TAP and bromelain paste (BP). TAP was prepared using ciprofloxacin, metronidazole, and minocycline, while BP comprised bromelain powder mixed with saline. Both groups received intracanal medicaments, followed by temporary sealing. Microbiological samples were collected before and after treatment for analysis. Results E. faecalis count (CFU/mL) before instrumentation for the TAP group was (1.94 x 105 [Formula: see text] 7.45 x 103) and for BP group was (1.97 x 105 [Formula: see text] 7.70 x 103) with p-value 0.26 [Formula: see text] p=0.05, so no significant difference was found between them. E. faecalis count (CFU/mL) after instrumentation for the TAP group was (7.70 x 103 [Formula: see text] 9.11 x 102) and for the BP group was (7.26 x 103 [Formula: see text] 8.43 x 102) with p-value 0.18 [Formula: see text] p=0.05, so no significant difference was found between them. However, the E. faecalis count obtained after seven days of intracanal medicament for the TAP group was (3.63 x 101 [Formula: see text] 5.60) and for the BP group was (3.13 x 101 [Formula: see text] 4.55) with p-value 0.012 < p=0.05, so a significant difference was found between them. This means that when compared with the TAP group, there was a greater amount of reduction in E. faecalis count (CFU/mL) for the BP group seven days after the placement of intracanal medicament, and this reduction was statistically significant. Conclusion This in-vivo study highlights the potential of BP as a more effective intracanal medicament against E. faecalis when compared to the conventional TAP. Bromelain's selectivity for Gram-positive bacteria and its diverse therapeutic properties make it a promising natural alternative for endodontic treatment. Further research is warranted to optimize bromelain's clinical application and assess its potential to enhance endodontic outcomes, potentially revolutionizing the field of endodontics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradnya Nikhade
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research (DMIHER), Wardha, IND
| | - Paridhi Agrawal
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research (DMIHER), Wardha, IND
| | - Joyeeta Mahapatra
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research (DMIHER), Wardha, IND
| | - Tejas Suryawanshi
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research (DMIHER), Wardha, IND
| | - Jay Bhopatkar
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research (DMIHER), Wardha, IND
| | - Laxmikant Umate
- Department of Research and Development, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research (DMIHER), Wardha, IND
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De Sarkar M, Mala K, Shenoy Mala S, Kabekkodu SP, Natarajan S, Shetty N, Madhav Kamath P, Thomas M. Antimicrobial efficacy of Kerr pulp canal sealer (EWT) in combination with 10% amoxicillin on Enterococcus faecalis: A confocal laser scanning microscopic study. F1000Res 2023; 12:725. [PMID: 37521769 PMCID: PMC10382784 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.132047.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Sealers with antimicrobial properties play an important role in endodontic therapy success especially against Enterococcus faecalis infection found in failed root canal therapy. Addition of antibiotic agents to endodontic sealers may show significant increase in their antibacterial properties both against anaerobic and aerobic microbes. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate antimicrobial efficacy of Kerr pulp canal sealer (EWT) in combination with 10% amoxicillin against E. faecalis and post-root canal treatment viability of Enterococcus faecalis on the first and seventh day. Methods: A total of 60 extracted human mandibular premolar teeth were decoronated after initial decontamination with 1% NaOCl. Root length standardized to 12 mm. Canal instrumentation was done using ProTaper Universal file system till size F2 using 5.25% NaOCl. It was then infected with a pure strain of E. faecalis for a period of four days. Obturation was done using plain sealer, (n=30) and sealer-antibiotic combination, (n=30). Half of the teeth were sectioned at 24 hours (S, SA) and other half were sectioned seven days after obturation (S7, SA7). All samples were stained with SYTO9 and propidium iodide for imaging under Confocal Laser Scanning microscope. Statistical analysis was performed with the statistical software SPSS v. 17.0 (SPSS for Windows; SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL). Data was analysed using One Way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey test to determine statistical significance with p value < 0.01 considered significant. Results: Statistically significant differences were observed in green to red ratio between group S (9.561976) and S7 (0.435418) (p < 0.01). There was no difference found between SA (mean of green to red ratio, (0.70431) and SA7 (mean of green to red ratio, 0.85184). Conclusions: Antibiotics added to the sealer effectively eradicated of E. faecalis 24 hours post-obturation. However, after seven days, plain sealer was as effective as sealer-antibiotic combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhureema De Sarkar
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 575001, India
| | - Kundabala Mala
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 575001, India
| | - Suchitra Shenoy Mala
- Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 575001, India
| | - Shama Prasada Kabekkodu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Srikant Natarajan
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 575001, India
| | - Neeta Shetty
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 575001, India
| | - Priyanka Madhav Kamath
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 575001, India
| | - Manuel Thomas
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 575001, India
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10
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De Sarkar M, Mala K, Shenoy Mala S, Kabekkodu SP, Natarajan S, Shetty N, Madhav Kamath P, Thomas M. Antimicrobial efficacy of Kerr pulp canal sealer (EWT) in combination with 10% amoxicillin on Enterococcus faecalis: A confocal laser scanning microscopic study. F1000Res 2023; 12:725. [PMID: 37521769 PMCID: PMC10382784 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.132047.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Sealers with antimicrobial properties play an important role in endodontic therapy success especially against Enterococcus faecalis infection found in failed root canal therapy. Addition of antibiotic agents to endodontic sealers may show significant increase in their antibacterial properties both against anaerobic and aerobic microbes. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate antimicrobial efficacy of Kerr pulp canal sealer (EWT) in combination with 10% amoxicillin against E. faecalis and post-root canal treatment viability of Enterococcus faecalis on the first and seventh day. Methods: A total of 60 extracted human mandibular premolar teeth were decoronated after initial decontamination with 1% NaOCl. Root length standardized to 12 mm. Canal instrumentation was done using ProTaper Universal file system till size F2 using 5.25% NaOCl. It was then infected with a pure strain of E. faecalis for a period of four days. Obturation was done using plain sealer, (n=30) and sealer-antibiotic combination, (n=30). Half of the teeth were sectioned at 24 hours (S, SA) and other half were sectioned seven days after obturation (S7, SA7). All samples were stained with SYTO9 and propidium iodide for imaging under Confocal Laser Scanning microscope. Statistical analysis was performed with the statistical software SPSS v. 17.0 (SPSS for Windows; SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL). Data was analysed using One Way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey test to determine statistical significance with p value < 0.01 considered significant. Results: Statistically significant differences were observed in green to red ratio between group S (9.561976) and S7 (0.435418) (p < 0.01). There was no difference found between SA (mean of green to red ratio, (0.70431) and SA7 (mean of green to red ratio, 0.85184). Conclusions: Antibiotics added to the sealer effectively eradicated of E. faecalis 24 hours post-obturation. However, after seven days, plain sealer was as effective as sealer-antibiotic combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhureema De Sarkar
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 575001, India
| | - Kundabala Mala
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 575001, India
| | - Suchitra Shenoy Mala
- Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 575001, India
| | - Shama Prasada Kabekkodu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Srikant Natarajan
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 575001, India
| | - Neeta Shetty
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 575001, India
| | - Priyanka Madhav Kamath
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 575001, India
| | - Manuel Thomas
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 575001, India
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Tariq R, Khurshid Z, Ahmed Farooqui W, Adanir N. Anti-bacterial efficacy of Aloe vera against E. Faecalis in comparison to other intracanal medicaments: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Saudi Dent J 2023; 35:451-467. [PMID: 37520604 PMCID: PMC10373152 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2023.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction This review article aims to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of Aloe vera against Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) in comparison to other intracanal medicaments by assessing experimental in-vitro studies associated with the objective, many of which performed bacterial inoculation on extracted human teeth or directly on laboratory petri dishes. Materials & Methods Publications from 2012 to 2022 were retrieved from databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library, and they were screened against our inclusion criteria, leading to the incorporation of 18 studies into the systematic review and nine into the meta-analysis. Colony-forming units (CFUs) in the Aloe vera group were compared with saline, sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), chlorhexidine (CHX), and calcium hydroxide (CaOH) using a meta-analysis (Stata software version 16.0), and forest plots were computed to record the sample size, mean and standard deviation value of the outcome CFU, and 95% confidence intervals. Results This systematic review indicates that Aloe vera demonstrates bactericidal properties that are higher than or similar to those of saline and CaOH, but CHX, NaOCl, and propolis exhibited higher antibacterial properties against E. faecalis than Aloe vera. In a meta-analysis, Aloe vera showed a non-significantly lower CFU count than CaOH and saline (p > 0.05), while Aloe vera had a higher CFU count than CHX and NaOCl (p > 0.05). Conclusion In summary, Aloe vera exhibits antibacterial capabilities against E. faecalis that are superior or equal to those of saline and CaOH, respectively, while CHX and NaOCl showed greater antibacterial efficacy against E. faecalis than Aloe vera (PROSPERO registration no. CRD42022314790).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Tariq
- Department of Research, School of Public Health, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan
| | - Zohaib Khurshid
- Department of Prosthodontics and Dental Implantology, College of Dentistry, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence for Regenerative Dentistry, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Waqas Ahmed Farooqui
- School of Public Health, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan
| | - Nejdet Adanir
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
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Zhang W, Xu T, Li X, Zhang Y, Zou X, Chen F, Yue L. Single-cell atlas of dental pulp stem cells exposed to the oral bacteria Porphyromonas gingivalis and Enterococcus faecalis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1166934. [PMID: 37287452 PMCID: PMC10242116 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1166934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Porphyromonas gingivalis and Enterococcus faecalis promote the development of pulpitis and periapical periodontitis. These bacteria are difficult to eliminate from the root canal systems, leading to persistent infection and poor treatment outcomes. We explored the response of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) to bacterial invasion and the mechanisms underlying the impact of residual bacteria on dental pulp regeneration. Methods: Single-cell sequencing was used to categorize the hDPSCs into clusters based on their response to P. gingivalis and E. faecalis. We depicted a single-cell transcriptome atlas of hDPSCs stimulated by P. gingivalis or E. faecalis. Results: The most differentially expressed genes in the Pg samples were THBS1, COL1A2, CRIM1, and STC1, which are related to matrix formation and mineralization, and HILPDA and PLIN2, which are related to the cellular response to hypoxia. A cell cluster characterized by high expression levels of THBS1 and PTGS2 was increased after P. gingivalis stimulation. Further signaling pathway analysis showed that hDPSCs prevented P. gingivalis infection by regulating the TGF-β/SMAD, NF-κB, and MAPK/ERK signaling pathways. Differentiation potency and pseudotime trajectory analyses showed that hDPSCs infected by P. gingivalis undergo multidirectional differentiation, particularly to the mineralization-related cell lineage. Furthermore, P. gingivalis can create a hypoxia environment to effect cell differentiation. The Ef samples were characterized by the expression of CCL2, which is related to leukocyte chemotaxis, and ACTA2, which is related to actin. There was an increased proportion of a cell cluster that was similar to myofibroblasts and exhibited significant ACTA2 expression. The presence of E. faecalis promoted the differentiation of hDPSCs into fibroblast-like cells, which highlights the role of fibroblast-like cells and myofibroblasts in tissue repair. Discussion: hDPSCs do not maintain their stem cell status in the presence of P. gingivalis and E. faecalis. They differentiate into mineralization-related cells in the presence of P. gingivalis and into fibroblast-like cells in the presence of E. faecalis. We identified the mechanism underlying the infection of hDPSCs by P. gingivalis and E. faecalis. Our results will improve understanding of the pathogenesis of pulpitis and periapical periodontitis. Furthermore, the presence of residual bacteria can have adverse effects on the outcomes of regenerative endodontic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- Department Cariology, Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing, China
| | - Tiansong Xu
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing, China
| | - Xueying Li
- Department Cariology, Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing, China
| | - Yifei Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoying Zou
- Department Cariology, Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing, China
- Center of Stomatology, Peking University Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Yue
- Department Cariology, Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing, China
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Pinto KP, Barbosa AFA, Silva EJNL, Santos APP, Sassone LM. What is the microbial profile in persistent endodontic infections? A scoping review. J Endod 2023:S0099-2399(23)00280-7. [PMID: 37211309 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2023.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This scoping review aimed to map the evidence about the microbiota found in persistent endodontic infections. METHODS The study protocol was prospectively registered and is available at https://osf.io/3g2cp. The electronic search was performed in MEDLINE via PubMed, Lilacs, BBO, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and EMBASE. The eligibility criteria were based on the PCC acronym, where P (Population): patients with teeth presenting persistent endodontic infection; C (Concept): microbial profile; and C (Context): undergoing endodontic retreatment. Clinical studies that evaluated the microbial profile of samples collected from root canals of teeth undergoing retreatment, using classical or molecular methods, were included. Studies that did not show a minimum period of one year between primary endodontic treatment and retreatment or did not radiographically evaluate the quality of primary root canal filling were excluded. Two reviewers independently selected the articles and collected data. RESULTS From a total of 957 articles, 161 were read in full and 32 studies were included. The most prevalent species were Enterococcus faecalis, Parvimonas micra, Porphyromonas endodontalis, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Dialister invisus, Propionibacterium acnes, Tannerella forsythia and Treponema denticola. Cases with symptomatology or inadequate root canal filling presented an increase in specific bacterial species compared to no symptomatology or adequate filling. A greater number of microorganisms was observed in teeth with inadequate coronal restoration compared to adequate restoration. CONCLUSION Persistent endodontic infections have a polymicrobial profile identified by the commonly used methods for bacterial detection/identification and are subject to the limitations present in each of those methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Pinto
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro
| | - A F A Barbosa
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro
| | - E J N L Silva
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro; Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Grande Rio University (UNIGRANRIO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - A P P Santos
- Department of Community and Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - L M Sassone
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro
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Radhika NP, S M, Raj K, Anantharaju K, R SK, Appaji A. Acmella oleracea induced nanostructured Ca 2Fe 2O 5 for evaluation of photo catalytic degradation of cardiovascular drugs and bio toxicity. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15933. [PMID: 37215805 PMCID: PMC10192539 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Biosynthesis of nanoparticles is increasingly becoming popular due to the demand for sustainable technologies worldwide. In the present investigation, Acmella oleracea plant extract fuelled combustion technique followed by calcination at 600 °C was adopted to prepare nanocrystalline Ca2Fe2O5. The prepared nano compound was characterised using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Ultra Violet (UV) spectroscopy, Infrared (IR) spectroscopy and its role was assessed for photocatalytic pollutant degradation along with bactericidal action in the concentration range of 1 μg/mL to 320 μg/mL. The photocatalytic degradation efficiency of pollutant drugs Clopidogrel Bisulphate and Asprin used for cardiovascular disorders is around 80% with 10 mg/L photocatalyst. The results showed that the photocatalytic activity increased with rising pH from 4, to 10, along with a significant antibacterial action against Enterococcus faecalis bacteria and a slight cytotoxic effect at high concentrations. The antibacterial property was reinforced by Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and Minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) studies with an average value of 0.103 at 600 nm which was further proved by significant anti-biofilm activeness. Adhesion tests in conjunction with cryogenic-scanning electron microscopy displayed a morphological change through agglomeration that caused an expansion in nano particles from 181 nm to 223.6 nm due to internalization followed by inactivation of bacteria. In addition, the non-toxicity of nano Ca2Fe2O5 was confirmed by subtle cytological changes in microscopic images of Allium Cepa root cells in the concentration range 0.01-100 μg/mL and a slight inhibition in HeLa cell proliferation indicated by IC50 value of 170.94 μg/mL. In total, the current investigation for the first time reveals the application of bio based synthesis of Nano Ca2Fe2O5 to new possibilities in bioremediation namely degrading cardiovascular pharmaceutical pollutants, endodontic antibacterial action and cytological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Malini S
- Department of Chemistry, B.M.S. College of Engineering, Bengaluru, India
| | - Kalyan Raj
- Department of Chemistry, B.M.S. College of Engineering, Bengaluru, India
| | - K.S. Anantharaju
- Department of Chemistry, Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering, Bengaluru, India
| | - Shylaja K. R
- Department of Chemistry, K.S. Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, India
| | - Abhishek Appaji
- Department of Medical Electronics Engineering, B.M.S. College of Engineering, Bengaluru, India
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Nakamura T, Hayashi M, Tamura M, Kaketani M, Ito T, Takamizawa T, Suzuki Y, Yasukawa T, Sugawara A, Takeichi O. Utility of biphasic calcium phosphate cement as a seal for root-end filling. Dent Mater J 2023. [PMID: 36935123 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2022-250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
The recently developed biphasic calcium phosphate cement (BCPC) consists of α-tricalcium phosphate-tetracalcium phosphate as the solid phase and calcium phosphate solution as the liquid phase. BCPC powder is composed of a single solid solution with a monomodal size distribution. Here, we used a bacterial leakage model to examine the utility of BCPC as a seal for root-end filling. We prepared large (median particle size=9.96 µm; BCPC-L) and small (median particle size=4.84 µm; BCPC-S) BCPC powders. In total, 45 single-rooted teeth were instrumented, resected at the root-end, and retrofilled with experimental materials. Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) was used as the control. After visual confirmation of BCPC powder size and retrofilling quality by microscopy, bacterial leakage tests were conducted using Enterococcus faecalis. The bacterial leakage tests did not reveal any significant differences between BCPC-S and MTA. Our findings suggest that BCPC-S is useful for root-end filling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Makoto Hayashi
- Department of Endodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry.,Division of Advanced Dental Treatment, Dental Research Center
| | - Muneaki Tamura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nihon University School of Dentistry
| | - Masahiro Kaketani
- Department of Dental Materials, Nihon University School of Dentistry
| | - Tomoka Ito
- Department of Complete Denture Prosthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry
| | | | - Yusuke Suzuki
- Department of Endodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry.,Division of Advanced Dental Treatment, Dental Research Center
| | - Takuya Yasukawa
- Department of Endodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry.,Division of Advanced Dental Treatment, Dental Research Center
| | | | - Osamu Takeichi
- Department of Endodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry.,Division of Advanced Dental Treatment, Dental Research Center
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Hamed SA, Shabayek S, Hassan HY. Biofilm elimination from infected root canals using four different single files. BMC Oral Health 2022; 22:660. [PMID: 36585632 PMCID: PMC9805083 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02690-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is the most commonly isolated bacterium from infected root canals. It is found in the form of a biofilm, which makes it more resistant to antimicrobials, and requires optimal chemomechanical strategies to maximize root canal disinfection. AIM To evaluate the efficacy of 4 different endodontic file systems against E. faecalis biofilm growth in root canals using colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). METHODS Eighty-five extracted human mandibular premolars with straight root canals and apical diameters not larger than the #15 K-file were randomly selected. After performing a pilot study (n = 15) to determine the ideal incubation period for E. faecalis biofilm development, sixty-five root canals were infected with E. faecalis, incubated for 3 weeks, and then mechanically prepared using one of four single files (XP-endo Shaper, Hyflex EDM, One Curve, and Fanta. AFTM F One) (n = 15). Five infected root canals were excluded for the positive control. Five non-contaminated root canals were included for the negative control. Samples were collected using sterile paper points pre- and post-instrumentation to determine the bacterial load (CFU/mL). Root canals from each group were topographically evaluated at the coronal, middle, and apical segments using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Bacterial reduction data were estimated and statistically analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests (post hoc test) (P ≤ .05). RESULTS XP-endo Shaper, Hyflex DEM, and One Curve significantly could eradicate E. faecalis biofilms in infected root canals with no significant difference among them compared to Fanta. AF™ F One. CONCLUSION None of the systems were capable of completely eliminating biofilms. XP-endo Shaper, Hyflex EDM, and One Curve mechanically eliminated E. faecalis biofilms compared to Fanta. AF™ F One from infected root canals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Hamed
- grid.33003.330000 0000 9889 5690Endodontic Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Sarah Shabayek
- grid.33003.330000 0000 9889 5690Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Hayam Y. Hassan
- grid.33003.330000 0000 9889 5690Endodontic Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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Yasini Z, Roghanizad N, Fazlyab M, Pourhajibagher M. Ex vivo efficacy of sonodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy for inhibition of Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans biofilm. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 40:103113. [PMID: 36096436 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.103113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to assess the ex vivo efficacy of sonodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (SACT) also known as antimicrobial sonodynamic therapy for inhibition of Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans biofilm. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was conducted on 80 extracted single-canal maxillary anterior teeth. After instrumentation, the root canals were inoculated with E. faecalis and C. albicans suspensions, and the teeth were assigned to 5 groups of control (no antimicrobial therapy), nano-curcumin, ultrasound waves, 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), and SACT (nano-curcumin plus ultrasound waves). The mean biofilm thickness and number of colonies were then counted. RESULTS The E. faecalis colony count in nano-curcumin, ultrasound waves, and SACT groups was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). The C. albicans colony count in SACT group was significantly lower than that in the control and ultrasound waves groups (P<0.05). The mean biofilm thickness in NaOCl and SACT groups was significantly thinner than other groups (P<0.05). The mean biofilm thickness in SACT group was significantly thinner than that in ultrasound waves group (P<0.001). CONCLUSION In summary, SACT using nano-curcumin had an almost comparable efficacy to NaOCl, but was more effective than ultrasound waves and nano-curcumin for reduction of C. albicans and E. faecalis biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Yasini
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasrin Roghanizad
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahta Fazlyab
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Iranian Center for Endodontic Research, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Pourhajibagher
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Moryl M, Palatyńska-Ulatowska A, Maszewska A, Grzejdziak I, Dias de Oliveira S, Pradebon MC, Steier L, Różalski A, Poli de Figueiredo JA. Benefits and Challenges of the Use of Two Novel vB_Efa29212_2e and vB_Efa29212_3e Bacteriophages in Biocontrol of the Root Canal Enterococcus faecalis Infections. J Clin Med 2022; 11:6494. [PMID: 36362722 PMCID: PMC9658868 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11216494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Bacteriophage therapy has emerged as a strategy supplementing traditional disinfection protocols to fight biofilms. The aim of the study was to isolate the phages against E. faecalis and to characterize its biological features, morphology, and lytic activity in a formed biofilm model. METHODS E. faecalis ATCC 29212 strain was used for the trial. Two novel vB_Efa29212_2e and vB_Efa29212_3e virulent phages were isolated from urban wastewater and characterized. The E. faecalis biofilm was established in 15 bovine teeth for 21 days. Transmission (TEM) and scanning electron (SEM) microscopes with the colony-forming unit (CFU) counting were used for assessment. RESULTS Isolated phages differed in morphology. Taxonomy for vB_Efa29212_2e (Siphoviridae, Efquatovirus) and for vB_Efa29212_3e (Herelleviridae, Kochikohdavirus) was confirmed. Both phages were stable at a temperature range of 4-50 °C and showed a different tolerance to chemicals: 15% EDTA, 1-3% sodium hypochlorite, and chlorhexidine. SEM analysis showed distortion of bacteria cells after phage inoculation, which proved the lytic activity against E. faecalis. A 54.6% reduction in the E. faecalis biofilm confirmed bacteriophage efficacy against isolates in the ex vivo model. CONCLUSIONS Results strongly support the concept that phage therapy has a real therapeutic potential for the prevention and treatment of E. faecalis-associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Moryl
- Department of Biology of Bacteria, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Agnieszka Maszewska
- Department of Biology of Bacteria, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Iwona Grzejdziak
- Department of Biology of Bacteria, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Silvia Dias de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul–PUCRS, Porto Alegre 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Marieli Chitolina Pradebon
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul – UFRGS, Porto Allegre 90010-150, Brazil
| | - Liviu Steier
- Robert Schattner Center, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul—UFRGS, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research (CFTR), Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Antoni Różalski
- Department of Biology of Bacteria, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
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Evaluation of the Antibacterial Effect of Xylene, Chloroform, Eucalyptol, and Orange Oil on Enterococcus faecalis in Nonsurgical Root Canal Retreatment: An Ex Vivo Study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:8176172. [PMID: 36193304 PMCID: PMC9525764 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8176172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The present ex vivo study is aimed at evaluating the antibacterial efficacy of chloroform, eucalyptol, orange oil, and xylene against E. faecalis biofilm during nonsurgical root canal retreatment. Materials and Methods Eighty single-rooted teeth were instrumented. The samples were autoclaved, infected with E. faecalis for 4 weeks, and obturated with gutta-percha. Then the teeth were randomly assigned to 4 groups (n = 20): (1) chloroform, (2) eucalyptol, (3) orange oil, and (4) xylene. In all of the groups, gutta-percha removal was conducted according to the same protocol although the solvent used in each group was different. Bacterial samples were collected after gutta-percha removal and following additional apical enlargement. Intergroup and intragroup analyses were conducted using one-way ANOVA combined with the post hoc Tukey test and the paired-sample t-test, respectively. Statistical significance was set to 0.05. Results All of the groups showed more than 99% bacterial load reduction. The least bacterial load after gutta-percha removal was observed in the chloroform group (p < 0.001). The orange oil group showed a significantly lower bacterial load compared to the eucalyptol group (p = 0.001), while it was not different from the xylene group (p = 0.953). The xylene group also had a significantly lower bacterial load compared with the eucalyptol group (p = 0.017). After apical enlargement, the chloroform group had a significantly lower bacterial load compared to the other groups. The comparison of bacterial load values before and after apical enlargement in the chloroform and eucalyptol groups showed a statistically significant difference (pcholoroform = 0.011, peucalyptol = 0.001). Conclusion Chloroform was the most effective solvent in terms of antimicrobial activity against E. faecalis followed by orange oil and xylene, which were not significantly different though, and eucalyptol. All of the solvents showed more than 99% bacterial load reduction. Chloroform and xylene revealed to be associated with favorable antibiofilm activity among the examined solvents.
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Shaaban S, Hamad GM, Genena S, Meheissen MA, Moussa S. Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of Lactobacilli probiotics supernatants against Enterococcus faecalis (in-vitro study). BMC Oral Health 2022; 22:407. [PMID: 36117178 PMCID: PMC9484162 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02434-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is an increasing demand to find a potent antibacterial agent against endodontic pathogens with the least toxic effect. The study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Lactobacilli probiotics on Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) in comparison to calcium hydroxide paste. Methods The study involved two stages; (stage one): determination of the antibacterial properties of three strains of Lactobacilli probiotics supernatants (PS); Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and a cocktail mix of the three supernatants against E. faecalis using agar well diffusion method in both solution and gel phase. The formed zones of inhibition (ZOI) were measured in millimeters (mm) and compared to each other. PS solution and gel of the largest ZOI were further compared with calcium hydroxide paste (35% Ultra Cal XS Ca(OH)2) This was followed by (stage two): assessment of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the PS that showed the largest ZOI against E. faecalis by agar well diffusion assay for both PS solution and gel. Results All supernatants showed growth inhibition against E. faecalis, and the cocktail mix showed the largest ZOI. However, no significant difference was found between the supernatants in both the solution and gel phases (p > 0.05). Ca(OH)2 showed a significantly lower effect than both the cocktail mix solution and gel (p < 0.05). The MIC of the cocktail mix solution and gel against E. faecalis was 50 mg/ml. (p > 0.05). Conclusion PS has an antibacterial effect on E. faecalis and was more effective than Ca(OH)2.Lactobacilli probiotics could be a promising antibacterial agent used as an irrigant or an intracanal medication.
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Mason J, Kirkpatrick T, Roberts HW. Dislodgement pushout resistance of five bioceramic root-end filling materials. Dent Mater J 2022; 41:843-849. [PMID: 35934803 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2022-058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the dislodgement push-out resistance of five bioceramic materials. One hundred single-rooted teeth with one canal had the apical 3 mm and crown resected to create a 14 mm standardized length. The canals were instrumented to an apical size 80 with a 3 mm root-end preparation made with ultrasonic diamonds. The prepared roots were randomly divided into 5 root-end restorative groups (n=20). ProRoot MTA, Biodentine, EndoSequence Root Repair Material, EndoSequence Fast Set Putty, and EndoSequence BC Sealer with each material placed following manufacturer's instructions and stored at 100% humidity for 2 weeks. An apical-to-coronal static testing load with the identified dislodgement force converted into MPa with mean results analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's post hoc tests (α=0.05). ProRoot MTA and Biodentine displayed similar push-out stress resistance and exhibited significantly greater stress resistance than the similar Endosequence materials. However, all materials failed cohesively and were not dislodged from the root canal surface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy Kirkpatrick
- Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | - Howard W Roberts
- Dental Biomaterials Research, University of Kentucky College of Dentistry
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Enhanced Photodynamic Suppression of Enterococcus faecalis Using Curcumin-Loaded Zeolite. J CLUST SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-021-02085-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Saavedra FM, Pelepenko LE, Boyle WS, Zhang A, Staley C, Herzberg MC, Marciano MA, Lima BP. In vitro physicochemical characterization of five root canal sealers and their influence on an ex vivo oral multi-species biofilm community. Int Endod J 2022; 55:772-783. [PMID: 35383959 PMCID: PMC9321831 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the physicochemical properties of five root canal sealers and assess their effect on an ex vivo dental plaque-derived polymicrobial community. METHODOLOGY Dental plaque-derived microbial communities were exposed to the sealers (AH Plus [AHP], GuttaFlow Bioseal [GFB], Endoseal MTA [ESM], Bio-C sealer [BCS] and BioRoot RCS [BRR]) for 3, 6 and 18 h. The sealers' effect on the biofilm biomass and metabolic activity was quantified using crystal violet (CV) staining and MTT assay, respectively. Biofilm community composition and morphology were assessed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), 16S rRNA sequencing and scanning electron microscopy. The ISO6876:2012 specifications were followed to determine the setting time, radiopacity, flowability and solubility. Obturated acrylic teeth were used to assess the sealers' effect on pH. Surface chemical characterization was performed using SEM with coupled energy-dispersive spectroscopy. Data normality was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test. One-way anova and Tukey's tests were used to analyze data from setting time, radiopacity, flowability and solubility. Two-way anova and Dunnett's tests were used for the data analysis from CV, MTT and pH. 16S rRNA sequencing data were analyzed for alpha (Shannon index and Chao analysis) and beta diversity (Bray-Curtis dissimilarities). Differences in community composition were evaluated by analysis of similarity (p < .05). RESULTS The sealers significantly influenced microbial community composition and morphology. All sealers complied with ISO6876:2012 requirements for setting time, radiopacity and flowability. Although only AHP effectively reduced the biofilm biomass, all sealers, except BRR, reduced biofilm metabolic activity. CONCLUSION Despite adequate physical properties, none of the sealers tested prevented biofilm growth. Significant changes in community composition were observed. If observed in vivo, these changes could affect intracanal microbial survival, pathogenicity and treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia M. Saavedra
- Department of Restorative DentistrySchool of Dentistry of PiracicabaState University of CampinasPiracicabaBrazil
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological SciencesSchool of DentistryUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Lauter E. Pelepenko
- Department of Restorative DentistrySchool of Dentistry of PiracicabaState University of CampinasPiracicabaBrazil
| | - William S. Boyle
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological SciencesSchool of DentistryUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Anqi Zhang
- Minnesota Dental Research Center for Biomaterials and Biomechanics (MDRCBB)School of DentistryUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Christopher Staley
- Division of Basic & Translational ResearchDepartment of SurgeryUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Mark C. Herzberg
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological SciencesSchool of DentistryUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Marina A. Marciano
- Department of Restorative DentistrySchool of Dentistry of PiracicabaState University of CampinasPiracicabaBrazil
| | - Bruno P. Lima
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological SciencesSchool of DentistryUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
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Salem A, Tompkins G, Cathro P. Alkaline tolerance and biofilm formation of root canal isolates of Enterococcus faecalis: an in vitro study. J Endod 2022; 48:542-547.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Improving the microbial sampling and analysis of secondary infected root canals by passive ultrasonic irrigation. Clin Oral Investig 2022; 26:4575-4586. [PMID: 35218427 PMCID: PMC9203407 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-022-04424-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The persistence of pathogenic microorganisms in root canals is the most common reason for the failure of root canal treatment and the necessity of a root filling treatment, which results in an uncertain prognosis due to technical complexity and the variety of highly adaptable microorganisms. This study evaluated the effect of passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) on the outcome of the microbial analysis of root canal-treated teeth with persistent or recurrent apical inflammation in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sample collection was performed after root filling removal (sample S1, control group) and after PUI with NaCl (sample S2) using sterile paper points. In total, 19 samples were obtained. Quantification was performed by means of serial dilution of the samples. Subcultivated pure cultures were identified using MALDI-TOF MS complemented by the Vitek-2-System or PCR, followed by sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. The results of the samples (S1 and S2) were evaluated regarding their bacterial count and composition. RESULTS The total count of bacteria and the number of aerobic/facultative anaerobic microorganisms significantly increased in the S2-samples after application of PUI. The number of obligate anaerobic microorganisms showed an increase after PUI, although it was not significant. We detected 12 different aerobic/facultative anaerobic microorganisms before PUI, and in 21 cases after PUI. Two different obligate anaerobic microorganisms were found in S1 samples compared to nine different species in S2 samples. CONCLUSIONS PUI is a powerful method for detaching bacteria in infected root canals and enables a more precise analysis of the etiology of persistent endodontic infections. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study indicates that PUI exerts a positive cleansing effect and adds to the accessibility of microorganisms during the application of bactericidal rinsing solution in root canal treatments.
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Katebi K, Eskandarinezhad M, Barhaghi MS, Allameh K, Sadrhaghighi A. The comparison of calcium hydroxide, curcumin, and Aloe vera antibacterial effects on 6-week-old Enterococcus faecalis biofilm as an intracanal medicament: An in vitro study. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2022; 19:14. [PMID: 35308453 PMCID: PMC8927977 DOI: 10.4103/1735-3327.338777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to compare the antibacterial effects of calcium hydroxide, curcumin, and Aloe vera as an intracanal medicament on 6-week-old Enterococcus faecalis biofilm. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, the solution containing E. faecalis ATCC® 29212™ was inserted into the canals of 72 single-rooted teeth to produce biofilm. The samples were divided into four groups, and the antibacterial agent as an intracanal drug was used for 1 week. Calcium hydroxide, curcumin, and A. vera were used as intracanal medicaments in three groups, respectively, and the fourth group was irrigated with normal saline. The collected debris was cultured by spread plate method for the bacterial count by colony count machine, and the number of bacteria in each sample per ml was reported in colony-forming unit per ml (CFU/ml). The data were analyzed using SPSS software. KruskalWallis and MannWhitney U-tests were used for comparison of CFU/ml between the study groups. P <0.05 was considered significant. Results: The mean CFU/ml in the groups of calcium hydroxide, curcumin, and A. vera were 749.44, 630.55, and 1529.16, respectively. Compared with the control group, curcumin, calcium hydroxide, and A. vera showed 99.5%, 99.41%, and 98.79% antimicrobial effects, respectively. All three groups were significantly effective than the control group (P = 0.023, P = 0.023, and P = 0.024, respectively) but were not significantly different from each other (P = 0.057). Conclusion: All three groups showed significant antibacterial activity compared to the control group, curcumin had the most significant effect, followed by calcium hydroxide and A. vera. Therefore, herbal materials can be considered safe alternatives to synthetic medicaments for intracanal usage.
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Chandwani N, Maurya N, Nikhade P, Chandwani J. Comparative evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of calcium hydroxide, triple antibiotic paste and bromelain against Enterococcus Faecalis: An In Vitro study. J Conserv Dent 2022; 25:63-67. [PMID: 35722069 PMCID: PMC9200187 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_461_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: Considering the effectiveness and safety concerns of synthetic intracanal medicaments (ICM), alternative usage of herbal ingredients in the root canal treatment may prove to be beneficial. Hence, the naturally available potent proteolytic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial pineapple extract Bromelain as an ICMs needs to be studied. Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare the antimicrobial efficacy of calcium hydroxide (CaOH) and triple antibiotic paste (TAP) with Bromelain against Enterococcus faecalis bacteria using the turbidity method. Materials and Methods: Forty-four freshly extracted single-rooted teeth were collected and 6 mm sections were prepared. These samples were infected with E. faecalis bacteria (ATCC 29212), randomly divided into four groups. Negative control, CaOH paste, TAP, and Bromelain paste. After the removal of medicament, the optical density (OD) of the dentinal shavings was measured using a spectrophotometer. Statistical Analysis: The Chi-square and Kruskal − Wallis ANOVA test were used. The confidence interval was set to 95% at 5% significance level. Results: TAP showed less OD than CaOH2 paste which is statistically significant. (P = 0.0022). The OD reading of Bromelain paste was less than CaOH2 with P = 0.007. The OD of Bromelain and TAP were statistically insignificant (P = 0.095), indicating their comparable antibacterial efficacy. Conclusions: The antimicrobial efficiency of Bromelain was found to be more effective than Ca (OH) 2 paste and comparable to TAP against E. faecalis.
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Davoudi A, Barakatein B, Farhad A, Shadmehr E, Sharifi H, Mohamad Sharif MH. Cytotoxicity of two different intercanal medicaments on human gingival fibroblasts - A Laboratory study. ENDODONTOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/endo.endo_107_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Toia CC, Khoury RD, Corazza BJM, Orozco EIF, Valera MC. Effectiveness of 1-Visit and 2-Visit Endodontic Retreatment of Teeth with Persistent/Secondary Endodontic Infection: A Randomized Clinical Trial with 18 Months of Follow-up. J Endod 2021; 48:4-14. [PMID: 34555421 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This randomized clinical trial aimed to compare the effectiveness of endodontic retreatment of teeth with posttreatment apical periodontitis (PTAP) performed in 1 visit versus 2 visits on the reduction of cultivable bacteria (colony-forming units [CFUs]), lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), lipoteichoic acid (LTA), and the periapical lesion volume (mm3) after 18 months of follow-up. METHODS Forty patients diagnosed with PTAP were selected and randomly divided into the following 2 groups: 1-visit retreatment and 2-visit retreatment with the placement of calcium hydroxide medication for 14 days. Cone-beam computed tomographic scans were performed at 2 stages: preoperatively and after 18 months of follow-up. Samples were collected before and after root canal procedures. A chromogenic limulus amebocyte lysate assay test was used to quantify endotoxins (EU/mL). LTA levels were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (pg/mL). Culture techniques were used to determine cultivable bacteria by counting the CFU (CFU/mL). The volume of the periapical lesions at the onset of the trial and at the 18-month posttreatment follow-up was obtained by the ITK-SNAP program (Cognitica, Philadelphia, PA). RESULTS All samples showed baseline values greater than those collected after the retreatment protocol for all investigated parameters. A higher bacterial load and lower LTA level were found in the 2-visit group after the retreatment protocol (P < .05), with no statistical differences between the groups regarding endotoxin levels and periapical lesion volume (mm³) at the 18-month follow-up analyzed by cone-beam computed tomographic imaging (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS Endodontic retreatment in 1 or 2 visits exhibited equally favorable periapical healing at 18 months, with no statistically significant differences between groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassia Cestari Toia
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics Division, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rayana Duarte Khoury
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics Division, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna Jordão Motta Corazza
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics Division, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Esteban Isai Flores Orozco
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics Division, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcia Carneiro Valera
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics Division, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Higuchi N, Hayashi JI, Fujita M, Iwamura Y, Sasaki Y, Goto R, Ohno T, Nishida E, Yamamoto G, Kikuchi T, Mitani A, Fukuda M. Photodynamic Inactivation of an Endodontic Bacteria Using Diode Laser and Indocyanine Green-Loaded Nanosphere. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168384. [PMID: 34445089 PMCID: PMC8395049 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Apical periodontitis, an inflammatory lesion causing bone resorption around the apex of teeth, is treated by eradicating infectious bacteria from the root canal. However, it has a high recurrence rate and often requires retreatment. We investigated the bactericidal effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT)/photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) using indocyanine green (ICG)-loaded nanospheres coated with chitosan and a diode laser on a biofilm of Enterococcus faecalis, a pathogen of refractory apical periodontitis. Biofilm of E. faecalis was cultured in a porcine infected root canal model. ICG solution was injected into the root canal, which was then irradiated with a laser (810 nm wavelength) from outside the root canal. The bactericidal effect was evaluated by colony counts and scanning electron microscopy. The result of the colony counts showed a maximum 1.89 log reduction after irradiation at 2.1 W for 5 min. The temperature rise during aPDT/PACT was confirmed to be within a safe range. Furthermore, the light energy transmittance through the root was at a peak approximately 1 min after the start of irradiation, indicating that most of the ICG in the root canal was consumed. This study shows that aPDT/PACT can suppress E. faecalis in infected root canals with high efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Higuchi
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya 464-8651, Aichi, Japan; (N.H.); (M.F.)
| | - Jun-ichiro Hayashi
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya 464-8651, Aichi, Japan; (Y.I.); (Y.S.); (R.G.); (T.O.); (E.N.); (G.Y.); (T.K.); (A.M.); (M.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Masanori Fujita
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya 464-8651, Aichi, Japan; (N.H.); (M.F.)
| | - Yuki Iwamura
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya 464-8651, Aichi, Japan; (Y.I.); (Y.S.); (R.G.); (T.O.); (E.N.); (G.Y.); (T.K.); (A.M.); (M.F.)
| | - Yasuyuki Sasaki
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya 464-8651, Aichi, Japan; (Y.I.); (Y.S.); (R.G.); (T.O.); (E.N.); (G.Y.); (T.K.); (A.M.); (M.F.)
| | - Ryoma Goto
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya 464-8651, Aichi, Japan; (Y.I.); (Y.S.); (R.G.); (T.O.); (E.N.); (G.Y.); (T.K.); (A.M.); (M.F.)
| | - Tasuku Ohno
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya 464-8651, Aichi, Japan; (Y.I.); (Y.S.); (R.G.); (T.O.); (E.N.); (G.Y.); (T.K.); (A.M.); (M.F.)
| | - Eisaku Nishida
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya 464-8651, Aichi, Japan; (Y.I.); (Y.S.); (R.G.); (T.O.); (E.N.); (G.Y.); (T.K.); (A.M.); (M.F.)
| | - Genta Yamamoto
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya 464-8651, Aichi, Japan; (Y.I.); (Y.S.); (R.G.); (T.O.); (E.N.); (G.Y.); (T.K.); (A.M.); (M.F.)
| | - Takeshi Kikuchi
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya 464-8651, Aichi, Japan; (Y.I.); (Y.S.); (R.G.); (T.O.); (E.N.); (G.Y.); (T.K.); (A.M.); (M.F.)
| | - Akio Mitani
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya 464-8651, Aichi, Japan; (Y.I.); (Y.S.); (R.G.); (T.O.); (E.N.); (G.Y.); (T.K.); (A.M.); (M.F.)
| | - Mitsuo Fukuda
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya 464-8651, Aichi, Japan; (Y.I.); (Y.S.); (R.G.); (T.O.); (E.N.); (G.Y.); (T.K.); (A.M.); (M.F.)
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Alberti A, Corbella S, Taschieri S, Francetti L, Fakhruddin KS, Samaranayake LP. Fungal species in endodontic infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255003. [PMID: 34293029 PMCID: PMC8297845 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections are common on oral mucosae, but their role in other oral sites is ill defined. Over the last few decades, numerous studies have reported the presence of fungi, particularly Candida species in endodontic infections, albeit in relatively small numbers in comparison to its predominant anaerobic bacteriome. Here, we review the fungal biome of primary and secondary endodontic infections, with particular reference to the prevalence and behavior of Candida species. Meta-analysis of the available data from a total of 39 studies fitting the inclusion criteria, indicate the overall weighted mean prevalence (WMP) of fungal species in endodontic infections to be 9.11% (from a cumulative total of 2003 samples), with 9.0% in primary (n = 1341), and 9.3% in secondary infections (n = 662). Nevertheless, WMP for fungi in primary and secondary infections which were 6.3% and 7.5% for culture-based studies, increased to 12.5% and 16.0% in molecular studies, respectively. The most prevalent fungal species was Candida spp. The high heterogeneity in the reported fungal prevalence suggests the need for standardized sampling, and speciation methods. The advent of the new molecular biological analytical platforms, such as the next generation sequencing (NGS), and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF), that enables identification and quantitation of a broad spectrum of hitherto unknown organisms in endodontic infections should radically alter our understanding of the endodontic mycobiome in the future. Candida spp. appear to be co-pathogens with bacteria in approximately one in ten patients with endodontic infections. Hence, clinicians should comprehend the importance and the role of fungi in endodontic infections and be cognizant of the need to eradicate both bacteria and fungi for successful therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Alberti
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Stefano Corbella
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
- Institute of Dentistry, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Silvio Taschieri
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
- Institute of Dentistry, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Luca Francetti
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Lakshman Perera Samaranayake
- College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
- The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
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Bhandi S, Mashyakhy M, Abumelha AS, Alkahtany MF, Jamal M, Chohan H, Raj AT, Testarelli L, Reda R, Patil S. Complete Obturation-Cold Lateral Condensation vs. Thermoplastic Techniques: A Systematic Review of Micro-CT Studies. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:4013. [PMID: 34300930 PMCID: PMC8304925 DOI: 10.3390/ma14144013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
To prevent re-infection and provide a hermetic seal of the root canal system, an endodontist must aim to produce a void-free obturation. This review aimed to compare the completeness of root canal obturation between the two most prevalent methods-cold lateral condensation and warm gutta-percha techniques-using micro-CT (PROSPERO reg no. 249815). MATERIALS AND METHODS A search of Scopus, Embase, PubMed (Medline via PubMed), and Web of Science databases was done without any time restriction according to the PRISMA protocol. Articles that compared both techniques and were published in English were included. Data was extracted and the risk of bias was assessed using an adapted tool based on previous studies. RESULTS A total of 141 studies were identified by the search. Following the screening and selection of articles, 9 studies were included for review. Data was extracted manually and tabulated. Most studies had a moderate risk of bias. None determined operator skill in both methods before comparison. The data extracted from the included studies suggests that both techniques produce voids in the obturation. The thermoplasticized gutta-percha techniques may result in fewer voids compared to cold lateral condensation. CONCLUSION Considering the limitations of the included studies, it was concluded that neither technique could completely obturate the root canal. Thermoplasticized gutta-percha techniques showed better outcomes despite a possible learning bias in favor of cold lateral condensation. Establishing operator skills before comparison may help reduce this bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Bhandi
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45412, Saudi Arabia; (S.B.); (M.M.); (H.C.)
| | - Mohammed Mashyakhy
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45412, Saudi Arabia; (S.B.); (M.M.); (H.C.)
| | - Abdulaziz S. Abumelha
- Department of Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mazen F. Alkahtany
- Department of Restorative Dental Science, Division of Endodontics, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohamed Jamal
- Department of Endodontics, Hamdan Bin Mohamed College of Dental Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai Health Care City, Dubai 505055, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Hitesh Chohan
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45412, Saudi Arabia; (S.B.); (M.M.); (H.C.)
| | - A. Thirumal Raj
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sri Venkateswara Dental College and Hospital, Chennai 600130, India;
| | - Luca Testarelli
- Department of Oral and Maxillo Facial Sciences, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00161 Rome, Italy; (L.T.); (R.R.)
| | - Rodolfo Reda
- Department of Oral and Maxillo Facial Sciences, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00161 Rome, Italy; (L.T.); (R.R.)
| | - Shankargouda Patil
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Division of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
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Blancas B, Lanzagorta MDL, Jiménez‐Garcia LF, Lara R, Molinari JL, Fernández AM. Study of the ultrastructure of Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus mutans incubated with salivary antimicrobial peptides. Clin Exp Dent Res 2021; 7:365-375. [PMID: 33951334 PMCID: PMC8204031 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Enterococcus faecalis has been associated with root canal infections, while Streptococcus mutans has a central role in the etiology of dental caries. One of the main reasons of endodontic failure has been associated to the presence of E. faecalis and the formation of biofilms. S. mutans inhabits the oral cavity, specifically the dental plaque, which is a multispecies biofilm formed on the hard surfaces of the tooth. The biofilm formation is the main factor determining the pathogenicity of numerous bacteria. Natural antimicrobial peptides in the saliva protect against pathogenic bacteria and biofilms. The aim of this study was to assess the ultrastructural damage induced by salivary peptides in bacteria involved in biofilms has not been previously studied. MATERIAL AND METHODS Enterococcus faecalis and S. mutans incubated with cystatin C, chromogranin A, or histatin 5 were morphologically analyzed and counted. The ultrastructural damage was evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). RESULTS A decrease in bacterial numbers was observed after incubation with cystatin C, chromogranin A, or histatin 5, compared to the control group (P < 0.001). Ultrastructural damage in E. faecalis and S. mutans incubated with salivary peptides was found in the cell wall, plasma membrane with a decreased distance between the bilayers, a granular pattern in the cytoplasm, and pyknotic nucleoids. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that salivary peptides exert antibacterial activity and induce morphological damage on E. faecalis and S. mutans. Knowledge on the ultrastructural damage inflicted by salivary antimicrobial peptides on two important bacteria causing dental caries and root canal infections could aid the design of new therapeutic approaches to facilitate the elimination of these bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Blancas
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de MedicinaCol. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico CityMexico
| | | | - Luis Felipe Jiménez‐Garcia
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de CienciasUNAM, Col. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico CityMexico
| | - Reyna Lara
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de CienciasUNAM, Col. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico CityMexico
| | - José Luis Molinari
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología EstructuralInstituto de Fisiología Celular, Col. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico CityMexico
| | - Ana María Fernández
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de MedicinaCol. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico CityMexico
- Instituto de Estudios Avanzados en Odontologia Dr. Yury Kuttler, Maestria en EndodonciaMexico CityMexico
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), FCSUniversidad Anáhuac México Campus NorteHuixquilucanMexico
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Bharti R, Tikku AP, Chandra A, Gupta P. Antimicrobial Effectiveness of Photodynamic Therapy, 5% Sodium Hypochlorite and 2% Chlorhexidine Gluconate in Root Canal Treated Teeth: A Clinical Study. JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ORAL RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/23202068211018984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy (PDT), sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and chlorhexidine gluconate (CHO) in the endodontic re-treatment in the removing of microorganisms from previously filled infected root canals. Materials and Methods: The study samples consist of 54 root canal treated anterior teeth with apical periodontitis were randomly divided into three groups according to the disinfection protocol. Microbiological samples from the root canals were collected after removing the gutta-percha (S1) and following the endodontic re-treatment (S2) with either 5% NaOCl, 2% CHO or PDT procedure for 1 minute. Microbiological samples were cultivated on selective plates to assess the presence or absence of microbial growth and determine the average reduction of viable microorganisms. Results: Significant reduction in the total bacterial count in all the groups at post treatment ( P < .001). PDT provided statistically higher (99.74%) elimination of Enterococcus faecalis in comparison to NaOCl (95%) and CHO (88%). Conclusions: The use of PDT in endodontic re-treatment led to the significant reduction of the remaining bacterial species. So, PDT can be used for routine endodontic disinfection in failed root canal cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Bharti
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, King George’s Medical University Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Aseem Prakash Tikku
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, King George’s Medical University Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anil Chandra
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Prashant Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, King George’s Medical University Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Antimicrobial Efficacy of Silver Nanoparticles as Root Canal Irrigant's: A Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10061152. [PMID: 33801820 PMCID: PMC7999954 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10061152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Removal of microbes is imperative during endodontic therapy. Due to their antimicrobial property, silver nanoparticles have been used for endodontic irrigation of the root canals. The objective of the present study was to provide a qualitative analysis of the published literature assessing silver nanoparticles as root canal irrigants. A search of PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and Embase databases was done without any time restriction. Articles published in English were included. Data were extracted and the risk of bias was assessed. Of the 154 studies identified, after screening according to the inclusion criteria, five in vitro studies were included. The results indicate that silver nanoparticles have an anti-microbial effect to varying degrees depending on certain factors. Within the limitations of the present studies that have a moderate to low risk of bias, an antimicrobial effect of silver nanoparticles is observed. Silver nanoparticles have the potential to be used as endodontic irrigants, although their efficacy depends on particle size and the duration of contact which require further investigation.
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36
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Rafi Shaik M, Sharaf MAF, Li X, Yousuf S, Pan SS. In vitro antimicrobial activity and comparison of the herbal extracts and sodium hypochlorite against primary plaque colonizers. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2021; 368:6136274. [PMID: 33587119 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnab017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
NaClO is not suitable as a root canal irrigant because of its cytotoxicity. Good biocompatibility irrigants are required to have antibacterial activity. Many herbal products like Bee glue, Noni juice and Azadirachta indica have such properties. This study aims to investigate the possible effects of propolis, MCJ and Neem on bacterial infections and cytotoxicity in primary plaque colonizers. Direct contact and agar diffusion tests evaluated the antibacterial activity of herbal products against Fusobacterium, Candida albicans and Prevotella. The CCK 8 test determined the influence of these herbal products on the proliferation of human apical papilla stem cells (hSCAPs) and human periodontal fibroblasts (hPDLFs). A migration assay test was performed in addition to quantitative real-time PCR which measured osteogenic differentiation in hSCAPs. All herbal extracts tested in this study exhibited antibacterial activity comparable to NaClO against bacterial infections, while the strongest bacteriostatic effect was shown in the herbal treated group. These extracts had much weaker effects on the proliferation and migration of hSCAPs and hPDLFs as calculated by the CCK-8 assay against NaClO. Bee glue treatment had the most potent effect on osteogenic differentiation, followed by treatment with Noni juice and Azadirachta indica (Neem), while NaClO showed the lowest effect. For primary plaque colonizers of immature or advanced permanent teeth, Bee glue, Noni juice, and Azadirachta indica can be promising irrigants with good biocompatibility. Direct contact process and agar diffusion studies have tested the antibacterial activity against Fusobacterium, Candida albicans and Prevotella. The CCK 8 test determined the influence of these three plants on the proliferation of human apical papilla stem cells (hSCAPs) and human periodontal fibroblasts (hPDLFs). In order to examine migration ability, migration assay test was performed. Alizarin red staining, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and quantitative real-time PCR measured osteo-/odontogenic differentiation in hSCAPs. All herbal extracts tested in this study exhibited antibacterial activity comparable to NaClO against bacterial infections, while the strongest bacteriostatic effect was shown in the treated group. These extracts had much weaker effects on the proliferation and migration of hSCAPs and hPDLFs as calculated by the CCK-8 assay against NaClO. Bee glue treatment had the most potent effect on osteo-odontogenic differentiation, followed by treatment with Noni juice and Azadirachta indica (Neem), while NaClO showed the lowest effect. For primary plaque colonizers of immature or advanced permanent teeth, Bee glue, Noni juice and Azadirachta indica (Neem) can be promising irrigants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Rafi Shaik
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A F Sharaf
- Department of Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh-11421, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Xianping Li
- Harbin Medical University, Institute of Biological Information Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Province, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Syed Yousuf
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Su-Shuang Pan
- Harbin Medical University, Institute of Biological Information Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Province, 150001, People's Republic of China
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Mohamed Elashiry M, Tian F, Elashiry M, Zeitoun R, Elsayed R, Andrews ML, Bergeon BE, Cutler C, Tay F. Enterococcus faecalis shifts macrophage polarization toward M1-like phenotype with an altered cytokine profile. J Oral Microbiol 2021; 13:1868152. [PMID: 33488991 PMCID: PMC7801083 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2020.1868152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The macrophage is an innate immune defense cell involved in pathogen recognition and clearance. Aim: In view of the diversity of the macrophage phenotype and function, the present study investigated how Enterococcus faecalis infection affects the differentiation, phenotype and cytokine profile of macrophages. Methods: Murine bone marrow-derived stem cells were co-cultured with E. faecalis before and after differentiation. Macrophage M0 polarization towards M1 or M2 was initiated at day 6 by addition of LPS and INF-γ, or IL-4 and IL-13, respectively. Results: E. faecalis did not inhibit macrophage differentiation and were identified within macrophages. Viability of the macrophages infected with E. faecalis prior to differentiation was enhanced, evidenced by apoptosis inhibition, as was expression of CD38 and IRF5 proteins, indicators of M1-like polarization. These M1-like macrophages expressed an aberrant cytokine mRNA profile, with reduction in inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-12 and increase in regulatory cytokine IL-10. No changes in TNF-α or TGF-β1 were detected, compared with the control groups. This atypical M1-like phenotype was retained even upon stimulation with growth factors that normally trigger their development into M2 macrophages. Conclusions: These findings suggested that E. faecalis infection of bone marrow-derived stem cells during differentiation into macrophages induces an atypical M1-like phenotype associated with intracellular bacterial survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mohamed Elashiry
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.,Department of Periodontics, The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Fucong Tian
- Department of Endodontics, The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Mahmoud Elashiry
- Department of Periodontics, The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Rana Zeitoun
- Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.,Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Science, The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Ranya Elsayed
- Department of Periodontics, The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Matthew L Andrews
- Department of Endodontics, The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Brian E Bergeon
- Department of Endodontics, The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Christopher Cutler
- Department of Periodontics, The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Franklin Tay
- Department of Endodontics, The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
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Al-Sakati H, Kowollik S, Gabris S, Balasiu A, Ommerborn M, Pfeffer K, Henrich B, Raab WHM. The benefit of culture-independent methods to detect bacteria and fungi in re-infected root filled teeth: a pilot study. Int Endod J 2020; 54:74-84. [PMID: 32894604 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM To identify dominant microorganisms in root filled teeth with apical periodontitis by Pan-PCRs in comparison with a culture-dependent approach, focusing on fungal species profiling. METHODOLOGY The root filling material (gutta-percha) removed from 42 teeth with periapical radiolucencies undergoing root canal retreatments was analysed by molecular genetics techniques. Real-Time Pan-PCRs were conducted for the diagnosis of predominant bacteria (targeting 16S rDNA) and fungi (targeting ITS1-2 region). Identification of microorganisms was performed by Sanger sequencing of the PCR products and BLAST analysis. Additionally, subgingival plaque samples were collected and cultured to review the composition of the microbial flora. The McNemar test and the repeated measures anova were used for statistical analyses (significance level was set at P < 0.05). RESULTS Overall, 42/42 plaque samples had bacterial growth, whereas 32/42 gutta-percha samples had bacterial growth with a dominance of Streptococcus spp. (12/42) and Enterococcus faecalis (9/42). The mean number of bacterial taxa per gutta-percha sample was 1.6 cultivatable taxa, significantly lower than in the plaque sample that had six taxa/sample (P < 0.001). Fungus-specific cultures were negative for gutta-percha samples, and only one plaque sample had growth of a fungus. In total, 36/42 plaque samples were positive in bacterial Pan-PCRs. In bacterial Pan-PCRs of 31/42 gutta-percha samples, dominant microorganisms were identified including Streptococcus spp. (5/42) and E. faecalis (4/42). Moreover, in 7/42 gutta-percha samples, DNA of bacteria which are difficult-to-cultivate in microbiology routine culture (Acinetobacter,Pyramidobacter,Bacteroidetes,Synergistes,Atopobium and Pseudoramibacter) was found. DNA of Candida spp. was detected in 5/42 root canals by fungal Pan-PCR (1/5) and genus-specific Candida-PCR (5/5). CONCLUSIONS Pan-PCR assays remain appropriate as a broad-range approach for the detection of a dominant pathogen in gutta-percha samples which have less diverse microbial composition. The molecular genetic Pan-PCR approach has the advantage of detecting microorganisms that are as-yet-uncultivable or difficult-to-cultivate and should be therefore complement conventional microbiological diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Al-Sakati
- Department of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Endodontology, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany.,Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - S Kowollik
- Department of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Endodontology, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - S Gabris
- Department of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Endodontology, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - A Balasiu
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - M Ommerborn
- Department of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Endodontology, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - K Pfeffer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - B Henrich
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - W H-M Raab
- Department of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Endodontology, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
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Djorić D, Minton NE, Kristich CJ. The enterococcal PASTA kinase: A sentinel for cell envelope stress. Mol Oral Microbiol 2020; 36:132-144. [PMID: 32945615 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Enterococci are Gram-positive, opportunistic pathogens that reside throughout the gastrointestinal tracts of most terrestrial organisms. Enterococci are resistant to many antibiotics, which makes enterococcal infections difficult to treat. Enterococci are also particularly hardy bacteria that can tolerate a variety of environmental stressors. Understanding how enterococci sense and respond to the extracellular environment to enact adaptive biological responses may identify new targets that can be exploited for development of treatments for enterococcal infections. Bacterial eukaryotic-like serine/threonine kinases (eSTKs) and cognate phosphatases (STPs) are important signaling systems that mediate biological responses to extracellular stimuli. Some bacterial eSTKs are transmembrane proteins that contain a series of extracellular repeats of the penicillin-binding and Ser/Thr kinase-associated (PASTA) domain, leading to their designation as "PASTA kinases." Enterococcal genomes encode a single PASTA kinase and its cognate phosphatase. Investigations of the enterococcal PASTA kinase revealed its importance in resistance to antibiotics and other cell wall stresses, in enterococcal colonization of the mammalian gut, clues about its mechanism of signal transduction, and its integration with other enterococcal signal transduction systems. In this review, we describe the current state of knowledge of PASTA kinase signaling in enterococci and describe important gaps that still need to be addressed to provide a better understanding of this important signaling system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dušanka Djorić
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Nicole E Minton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Christopher J Kristich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Meena B, Anburajan L, Varma KS, Vinithkumar NV, Kirubagaran R, Dharani G. A multiplex PCR kit for the detection of three major virulent genes in Enterococcus faecalis. J Microbiol Methods 2020; 177:106061. [PMID: 32950564 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2020.106061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A multiplex PCR kit that detects three major virulence genes, gelE, hyl and asaI, in Enterococcus faecalis was developed. Analyses of the available sequences of three major virulence genes and designed primers allowed us to develop the three-gene, multiplex PCR protocol that maintained the specificity of each primer pair. The resulting three amplicon bands for gelE, hyl and asaI were even and distinct with product sizes of 213, 273 and 713 bp, respectively. The multiplex PCR procedure was validated with a total of 243 E. faecalis strains that included 02 ATCC strains, 109 isolates from marine samples (sediment, water and sea foods), 22 isolates from cattle fodder, 79 isolates fresh water samples and 31 isolates from nosocomial samples. Specificity of the kit was indicated by amplification of only three major virulent genes gelE, hyl and asaI without any nonspecific bands. Tests for the limit of detection revealed that amplified genes from the sample with a minimum of 104 CFU/g or CFU/mL (10 cells/reaction) of E. faecalis and lower cell load samples, after a 3 h enrichment in NIOT-E. faecalis enrichment medium at 37 °C, a sensitivity level of 10 CFU/g or CFU/mL was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balakrishnan Meena
- Atal Centre for Ocean Science and Technology for Islands, National Institute of Ocean Technology, Port Blair 744103, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India.
| | - Lawrance Anburajan
- Atal Centre for Ocean Science and Technology for Islands, National Institute of Ocean Technology, Port Blair 744103, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India.
| | | | - Nambali Valsalan Vinithkumar
- Atal Centre for Ocean Science and Technology for Islands, National Institute of Ocean Technology, Port Blair 744103, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - Ramalingam Kirubagaran
- Marine Biotechnology Division, Ocean Science and Technology for Islands Group, National Institute of Ocean Technology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India, Chennai 600100, India
| | - Gopal Dharani
- Marine Biotechnology Division, Ocean Science and Technology for Islands Group, National Institute of Ocean Technology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India, Chennai 600100, India
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Improving the Efficiency of Photodynamic Chemotherapy in Root Canals against Enterococcus faecalis In Vitro. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9090543. [PMID: 32859004 PMCID: PMC7560177 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9090543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT) on Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) biofilms in root canals using an 90% isopropanol (IPA)-based photosensitizer and removing excess photosensitizer before light incubation. Three hundred and seven extracted human teeth with one root canal were infected with E. faecalis for 72 h and treated in groups: IPA irrigation; PACT; PACT and final rinse with IPA; PACT with photosensitizer removal using either 0.9% NaCl solution or sterile paper points or both; PACT using IPA-based photosensitizer with and without a final rinse of IPA. Root canals were sampled using sterile paper points and dentin chips collected from the root canal walls. Additionally, SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) images of the specimens were taken to evaluate the root canal walls for residue bacterial contamination. In all antimicrobial treatment groups treatments E. faecalis counts were significantly reduced in the root canals. Using IPA-based photosensitizer the antimicrobial effect of PACT was significantly enhanced. Irrigation with IPA alone or after PACT significantly increased the antimicrobial effect compared to PACT alone. The collected dentin chips revealed the highest amount of culture negative root canals (10%) after PACT using IPA-based photosensitizer. In the other groups, the culture negative samples ranged from only 0–2 specimens of 30 specimens. REM images show remaining E. faecalis cells on the root canal wall and inside dentin tubules. Using IPA-based photosensitizer significantly enhanced the antimicrobial effect of PACT against E. faecalis in the root canals.
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Sin JH, Walsh LJ, Figueredo CM, George R. Evaluation of effectiveness of photosensitizers used in laser endodontics disinfection: A systematic review. TRANSLATIONAL BIOPHOTONICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/tbio.202000007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurence J. Walsh
- School of Dentistry The University of Queensland Queensland Australia
| | | | - Roy George
- School of Dentistry and Oral Health Griffith University Queensland Australia
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Derikvand N, Hatami M, Chiniforush N, Ghasemi SS. The Use of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy to Maintain a Hopeless Tooth With a PeriodonticEndodontic Lesion: A Case Report. J Lasers Med Sci 2020; 11:355-360. [PMID: 32802298 DOI: 10.34172/jlms.2020.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: In spite of some advances in periodontal generative methods, it is impossible to stop progressive Loss of supporting alveolar bone in some end-stage periodontitis. The aim of this study is to report a kind of treatment modality which was seemed to be successes full in maintaining teeth. In this case-report, a hopeless tooth was saved by combined non-surgical periodontalendodontal treatment and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT). Case Report: A 58-year-old male presented with a chief complaint of pain and mobility of tooth number 38. Clinical examinations revealed a periodontic-endodontic lesion with clinical attachment loss exceeding 10 mm and grade III mobility. To preserve the tooth, we operated nonsurgical periodontal treatment including scaling and root planning (SRP) plus root canal therapy (RCT) combined with intra-root canal non-aPDT laser decontamination. Then we applied laser pocket therapy with and without aPDT. Following 6 months of the aPDT treatment, the mobility and pocket depth of the tooth improved from grade III to I and from 10 to 3 millimeters respectively. Conclusion: aPDT is a novel adjunctive therapy that can be used for various conditions with microbial etiology. This case report demonstrated that aPDT might be effective in the treatment of periodontic-endodontic lesions in a hopeless tooth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Derikvand
- Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Borujerd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Borujerd, Iran
| | - Masoud Hatami
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine, School of Dentistry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Nasim Chiniforush
- Dental Implant Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Wu S, Liu Y, Lei L, Zhang H. Nanographene oxides carrying antisense walR RNA regulates the Enterococcus faecalis biofilm formation and its susceptibility to chlorhexidine. Lett Appl Microbiol 2020; 71:451-458. [PMID: 32654154 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is the dominant pathogen for persistent periapical periodontitis. The chlorhexidine (CHX) is used as conversional irrigation agents during endodontic root canal therapy. It was reported that the antisense walR RNA (ASwalR) suppressed the biofilm organization. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial effects of novel graphene oxide (GO)-polyethylenimine (PEI)-based antisense walR (ASwalR) on the inhibition of E. faecalis biofilm and its susceptibility to chlorhexidine. The recombinant ASwalR plasmids were modified with a gene encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (ASwalR-eGFP) as a reporter gene so that the transformation efficiency could be evaluated by the fluorescence intensity. The GO-PEI-based ASwalR vector transformation strategy was developed to be transformed into E. faecalis and to over-produce ASwalR in biofilms. Colony forming units (CFU) and confocal laser scanning microscopy were used to investigate whether the antibacterial properties of antisense walR interference strategy sensitize E. faecalis biofilm to the CHX. The results indicated that overexpression of ASwalR by GO-PEI-based transformation strategy could inhibit biofilm formation, decrease the EPS synthesis and increase the susceptibility of E. faecalis biofilms to CHX. Our reports demonstrated that antisense walR RNA will be a supplementary strategy in treating E. faecalis with irrigation agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Y Liu
- West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - L Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - H Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Dioguardi M, Quarta C, Alovisi M, Crincoli V, Aiuto R, Crippa R, Angiero F, Laneve E, Sovereto D, De Lillo A, Troiano G, Lo Muzio L. Microbial Association with Genus Actinomyces in Primary and Secondary Endodontic Lesions, Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E433. [PMID: 32707891 PMCID: PMC7460180 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9080433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The main reason for root canal treatment failure is the persistence of microorganisms after therapy, or the recontamination of the root canal system due to an inadequate seal. In the mouth, Actinomyces spp. constitute a significant part of the normal flora, which is indicative of their ability to adhere to oral tissue and resist cleansing mechanisms, such as salivary flow. This review, performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA), aims to clarify the prevalence of microbial genera that are associated with the genus Actinomyces in primary and secondary endodontic infections (primary outcome), and to identify the most prevalent species of the Actinomyces genus in endodontic lesions (secondary outcome). A total of 11 studies were included in the qualitative and quantitative analysis, and a total of 331 samples were analyzed. Bacteria of the genus Actinomyces were found in 58 samples, and 46 bacterial genera were detected in association with bacteria of the genus Actinomyces. Bacteria of the genus Streptococcus and Propionibacterium were those most frequently associated with Actinomyces in the endodontic lesions considered, and Actinomyces israelii was the most frequently involved species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Dioguardi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (C.Q.); (E.L.); (D.S.); (A.D.L.); (G.T.); (L.L.M.)
| | - Cristian Quarta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (C.Q.); (E.L.); (D.S.); (A.D.L.); (G.T.); (L.L.M.)
| | - Mario Alovisi
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dental School, University of Turin, 10127 Turin, Italy;
| | - Vito Crincoli
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, Division of Complex Operating Unit of Dentistry, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Riccardo Aiuto
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical, and Dental Science, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Rolando Crippa
- Department of Oral Pathology, Italian Stomatological Institute, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Francesca Angiero
- Department of Medical Sciences and Diagnostic Integrated, S. Martino Hospital, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy;
| | - Enrica Laneve
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (C.Q.); (E.L.); (D.S.); (A.D.L.); (G.T.); (L.L.M.)
| | - Diego Sovereto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (C.Q.); (E.L.); (D.S.); (A.D.L.); (G.T.); (L.L.M.)
| | - Alfredo De Lillo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (C.Q.); (E.L.); (D.S.); (A.D.L.); (G.T.); (L.L.M.)
| | - Giuseppe Troiano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (C.Q.); (E.L.); (D.S.); (A.D.L.); (G.T.); (L.L.M.)
| | - Lorenzo Lo Muzio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (C.Q.); (E.L.); (D.S.); (A.D.L.); (G.T.); (L.L.M.)
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Buurma HA, Buurma BJ. The effect of smear layer on bacterial penetration through roots obturated using zinc oxide eugenol-based sealer. BMC Oral Health 2020; 20:88. [PMID: 32216774 PMCID: PMC7098078 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-020-01069-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smear layer removal has been shown to reduce bacterial penetration through root canal obturations when resin-based endodontic sealer is used. The purpose of this in vitro study was to test this effect when a non-resin-based sealer is used. MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty root segments were assigned to the following groups: Smear layer removed (n = 8); smear layer retained (n = 8); negative controls (n = 10; 5 with smear layer, 5 without); and positive controls (n = 4; 2 with smear layer, 2 without). After rotary instrumentation, smear layers were removed in the treatment group and half of controls using 17% ethylenediamenetetraacetic acid (EDTA) prior to obturation. Each obturated root was affixed into a dual-chamber leakage model employing Streptococcus mutans. Roots were incubated at 37 °C for 120 d. Days until lower chamber turbidity occurred was recorded for each sample, and data were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis (p = 0.05). RESULTS No negative controls leaked, while all positive controls were turbid within 1 day. Mean days to leakage for roots with smear layer intact was 82.75 (+/- 33.29, 95% CI), although three never leaked. Mean days to leakage through roots with smear layer removed was 46.25 (+/- 26.67, 95% CI), and all leaked. Treatment survival curves were significantly different (p = 0.048). CONCLUSIONS Under the conditions and limitations of this study, retaining the smear layer reduced the rate of bacterial penetration through canals which had been obturated using zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE) -based sealer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilbrand A Buurma
- Mathematics & Sciences Department, St. Leo University, 33701 State Road 52, Saint Leo, FL, 33574, USA
| | - Brian J Buurma
- Private Practice Limited to Endodontics, 3290 N Wellness Dr, Ste 270, Holland, MI, USA.
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Assessment of Nitrofurantoin as an Experimental Intracanal Medicament in Endodontics. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:2128473. [PMID: 32149086 PMCID: PMC7049449 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2128473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives. Multiple antibacterial agents have been mixed and used as an intracanal medicament-like modified triple antibiotic paste (MTAP) to eliminate Enterococcus faecalis (EF), which has been most frequently identified in the cases of failed root canal treatment and periapical lesions. This study is aimed at using a single antibacterial agent, nitrofurantoin (Nit), as an experimental intracanal medicament paste against different clinical isolates of EF), which has been most frequently identified in the cases of failed root canal treatment and periapical lesions. This study is aimed at using a single antibacterial agent, nitrofurantoin (Nit), as an experimental intracanal medicament paste against different clinical isolates of Materials and Methods. Three strains of EF), which has been most frequently identified in the cases of failed root canal treatment and periapical lesions. This study is aimed at using a single antibacterial agent, nitrofurantoin (Nit), as an experimental intracanal medicament paste against different clinical isolates of n = 90), group M (MTAP) (n = 90), group M (MTAP) (n = 90), group M (MTAP) (EF), which has been most frequently identified in the cases of failed root canal treatment and periapical lesions. This study is aimed at using a single antibacterial agent, nitrofurantoin (Nit), as an experimental intracanal medicament paste against different clinical isolates of n = 90), group M (MTAP) (n = 90), group M (MTAP) (n = 90), group M (MTAP) (EF), which has been most frequently identified in the cases of failed root canal treatment and periapical lesions. This study is aimed at using a single antibacterial agent, nitrofurantoin (Nit), as an experimental intracanal medicament paste against different clinical isolates of
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Prevalence of Bacteria of Genus Actinomyces in Persistent Extraradicular Lesions-Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9020457. [PMID: 32046071 PMCID: PMC7074192 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinomyces are anaerobic, rod-shaped, Gram-positive bacteria. They are associated with persistent extraradicular endodontic infections, with possible involvement of the soft tissues of the maxillofacial district. Many studies reported conflicting data on the presence of bacteria of the genus Actinomyces in endodontic infections. The aim of this systematic review of the literature was to determine the real prevalence of such bacteria in primary and/or secondary endodontic infections and in cases of persistence with extraradicular involvement. This systematic review was performed according to the PRISMA protocol. A search was carried out through the Scopus and PubMed databases of potentially eligible articles through the use of appropriate keywords. The literature research resulted in preliminary 2240 records which, after the elimination of overlaps and the application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, led to the inclusion of 46 articles focusing on three outcomes (primary outcome: number of teeth with the presence of a persistent extraradicular infection in which the presence of Actinomyces was ascertained; secondary outcome: number of teeth with endodontic infection in which the presence of Actinomyces was assessed; tertiary outcome: difference in the prevalence of bacteria of the genus Actinomyces between primary endodontic infections and secondary endodontic infections). Results of the meta-analysis show how bacteria of the genus Actinomyces are present in primary and secondary intraradicular infections and in those with persistence with a prevalence (ratio between teeth with actinomyces and teeth with infection) ranging from 0.091 up to 0.130 depending on the subgroups analyzed.
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Long J, Kreft JU, Camilleri J. Antimicrobial and ultrastructural properties of root canal filling materials exposed to bacterial challenge. J Dent 2020; 93:103283. [PMID: 32014453 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2020.103283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chemo-mechanical preparation of the root canal leaves behind viable bacteria which can lead to treatment failure. Materials used inside the root canal should possess antimicrobial properties and also resist disintegration in the presence of biofilm. METHODS Gutta-percha, three root canal sealers (Pulp Canal Sealer, AH Plus and BioRoot RCS) and materials used to make posts (a metal and a resin) were evaluated. Their antimicrobial activity against Enterococcus faecalis in direct contact was assessed by scanning electron microscopy and live-dead staining using confocal microscopy over a period of eight weeks. The materials' structural integrity was assessed by scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS The antimicrobial activity of the materials varied. The metal alloy posts as well as BioRoot RCS sealer did not allow any biofilm accumulation; but gutta-percha, Pulp Canal Sealer and resin from fibre-reinforced posts encouraged thick biofilm accumulation. Microstructural changes were observed in AH Plus (washout) and BioRoot (crystal deposition) in contact with biofilm. The Pulp Canal and BioRoot RCS sealers exhibited a modified ion leaching pattern in contact with microbially loaded media. CONCLUSIONS The microbial challenge affected the material microstructure in some of the materials tested and allowed biofilm accumulation. Although clinical success depends on a number of factors, materials that are structurally sound and exhibit antimicrobial properties are preferable for endodontic therapy and tooth restoration involving entry in the root canal.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Long
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection & Centre for Computational Biology & School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - J U Kreft
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection & Centre for Computational Biology & School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
| | - J Camilleri
- School of Dentistry, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
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