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Bueno ICS, Brandi RA, Fagundes GM, Benetel G, Muir JP. The Role of Condensed Tannins in the In Vitro Rumen Fermentation Kinetics in Ruminant Species: Feeding Type Involved? Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10040635. [PMID: 32272600 PMCID: PMC7222832 DOI: 10.3390/ani10040635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal feeding behavior and diet composition determine rumen fermentation responses and its microbial characteristics. This study aimed to evaluate the rumen fermentation kinetics of domestic ruminants feeding diets with or without condensed tannins (CT). Holstein dairy cows, Nelore beef cattle, Mediterranean water buffalo, Santa Inês sheep and Saanen goats were used as inoculum donors (three animals of each species). The substrates were maize silage (Zea mays), fresh elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum), Tifton-85 hay (Cynodon spp.) and fresh alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Acacia (Acacia molissima) extract was used as the external CT source. The in vitro semi-automated gas production technique was used to assess the fermentation kinetics. The experimental design was completely randomized with five inoculum sources (animal species), four substrates (feeds) and two treatments (with or without extract). The inclusion of CT caused more severe effects in grazing ruminants than selector ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ives C. S. Bueno
- Department of Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo 1365-900, Brazil; (I.C.S.B.); (R.A.B.); (G.B.)
| | - Roberta A. Brandi
- Department of Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo 1365-900, Brazil; (I.C.S.B.); (R.A.B.); (G.B.)
| | - Gisele M. Fagundes
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Roraima—UFRR, BR 174, km 12, Boa Vista, Roraima 69300-000, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-95-3627-2898
| | - Gabriela Benetel
- Department of Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo 1365-900, Brazil; (I.C.S.B.); (R.A.B.); (G.B.)
| | - James Pierre Muir
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University, Stephenville, TX 76401, USA;
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Krizsan SJ, Mateos-Rivera A, Bertilsson S, Felton A, Anttila A, Ramin M, Vaga M, Gidlund H, Huhtanen P. An in vitro evaluation of browser and grazer fermentation efficiency and microbiota using European moose spring and summer foods. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:4183-4196. [PMID: 29721290 PMCID: PMC5916270 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary morphological and physiological differences between browsers and grazers contribute to species‐specific digestion efficiency of food resources. Rumen microbial community structure of browsers is supposedly adapted to characteristic nutrient composition of the diet source. If this assumption is correct, domesticated ruminants, or grazers, are poor model animals for assessing the nutritional value of food consumed by browsing game species. In this study, typical spring and summer foods of the European moose (Alces alces) were combined with rumen fluid collected from both dairy cows (Bos taurus) and from moose, with the aim of comparing fermentation efficiency and microbial community composition. The nutritional value of the food resources was characterized by chemical analysis and advanced in vitro measurements. The study also addressed whether or not feed evaluation based on in vitro techniques with cattle rumen fluid as inoculum could be a practical alternative when evaluating the nutritional value of plants consumed by wild browsers. Our results suggest that the fermentation characteristics of moose spring and summer food are partly host‐specific and related to the contribution of the bacterial phyla Firmicutes and Bacteriodetes to the rumen microbial community. Host‐specific adaptations of the ruminal microbial community structure could be explained from the evolutionary adaptations related to feeding habitats and morphophysiological differences between browsers and grazers. However, the observed overall differences in microbial community structure could not be related to ruminal digestion parameters measured in vitro. The in vitro evaluation of digestion efficiency reveals that equal amounts of methane were produced across all feed samples regardless of whether the ruminal fluid was from moose or dairy cow. The results of this study suggested that the nutritional value of browsers' spring and summer food can be predicted using rumen fluid from domesticated grazers as inoculum in in vitro assessments of extent of digestion when excluding samples of the white water lily root, but not of fermentation characteristics as indicated by the proportions of individual fermentation fatty acids to the total of volatile fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie J Krizsan
- Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Umeå Sweden
| | - Alejandro Mateos-Rivera
- Limnology and Science for Life Laboratory Department of Ecology and Genetics Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden.,Present address: Department of Science and Technology Høgskulen i Sogn og Fjordane Sogndal Norway
| | - Stefan Bertilsson
- Limnology and Science for Life Laboratory Department of Ecology and Genetics Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Annika Felton
- Department of Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Alnarp Sweden
| | - Anne Anttila
- Department of Agricultural Sciences Helsinki University Helsinki Finland
| | - Mohammad Ramin
- Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Umeå Sweden
| | - Merko Vaga
- Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Umeå Sweden
| | - Helena Gidlund
- Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Umeå Sweden
| | - Pekka Huhtanen
- Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Umeå Sweden
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Mengistu G, Hendriks WH, Pellikaan WF. In vitro methane and gas production with inocula from cows and goats fed an identical diet. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:1332-1338. [PMID: 28758214 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fermentative capacity among ruminants can differ depending on the type of ruminant species and the substrate fermented. The aim was to compare in vitro cow and goat rumen inocula in terms of methane (CH4 ) and gas production (GP), fermentation kinetics and 72 h volatile fatty acids (VFA) production using the browse species Acacia etbaica, Capparis tomentosa, Dichrostachys cinerea, Rhus natalensis, freeze-dried maize silage and grass silage, and a concentrate as substrates. RESULTS Total GP, CH4 and VFA were higher (P ≤ 0.008) in goat inoculum than cows across substrates. The half-time for asymptotic GP was lower (P < 0.0001) in phase 1 and higher (P < 0.012) in phase 2, and the maximum rate of GP was higher (P < 0.0001) in phase 1 and phase 3 (P < 0.0001) in goats compared to cows. Methane production and as a percentage of total GP was higher (P < 0.0001) and the half-time tended (P = 0.059) to be at a later time for goats compared to cows. CONCLUSION Goat inoculum showed higher fermentative activity with a concomitant higher CH4 production compared to cows. This difference highlights the ability of goats to better utilise browse species and other roughage types. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genet Mengistu
- Wageningen University & Research, Department of Animal Sciences, Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Animal, Rangeland and Wildlife Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Wouter H Hendriks
- Wageningen University & Research, Department of Animal Sciences, Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Wilbert F Pellikaan
- Wageningen University & Research, Department of Animal Sciences, Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Ritz J, Hofer K, Hofer E, Hackländer K, Immekus D, Codron D, Clauss M. Forestomach pH in hunted roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in relation to forestomach region, time of measurement and supplemental feeding and comparison among wild ruminant species. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-013-0698-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Codron D, Clauss M. Rumen physiology constrains diet niche: linking digestive physiology and food selection across wild ruminant species. CAN J ZOOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1139/z10-077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We propose a hypothesis for digestive constraints on the browsing and grazing options available to ruminants: that the diet-niche range (maximum and minimum grass intake) of a species is dependent upon its predisposition to stratified rumen contents, based on observations that this characteristic is a critical step towards enhanced fibre digestion and greater fluid throughput. We compare a physiological (heterogeneity of ingesta fluid content) and an anatomical (the intraruminal papillation pattern) measure with dietary evidence for a range of African and temperate species. Both measures are strongly related to the mean percentage of grass in species’ natural diets, as well as to the maximum and minimum levels of grass intake, respectively. The nature of these effects implies a stratification-level threshold, below which a species will not use a grass-based diet, but above which grass consumption can increase exponentially. However, above this threshold, a minimum percentage of grass in the diet is a prerequisite for optimal performance. We argue that this second constraint is crucial, as it depicts how a greater fluid throughput reduces potential for detoxification of plant secondary compounds, and therefore limits the maximum amount of browse a stratifying species will consume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryl Codron
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 260, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa
- Florisbad Quaternary Research, National Museum, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
| | - Marcus Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 260, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa
- Florisbad Quaternary Research, National Museum, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
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Clauss M, Müller K, Fickel J, Streich WJ, Hatt JM, Südekum KH. Macroecology of the host determines microecology of endobionts: protozoal faunas vary with wild ruminant feeding type and body mass. J Zool (1987) 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2010.00759.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Brenneman RA, Bagine RK, Brown DM, Ndetei R, Louis EE. Implications of closed ecosystem conservation management: the decline of Rothschild’s giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi) in Lake Nakuru National Park, Kenya. Afr J Ecol 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2028.2008.01029.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Clauss M, Fritz J, Bayer D, Hummel J, Streich WJ, Südekum KH, Hatt JM. Physical characteristics of rumen contents in two small ruminants of different feeding type, the mouflon (Ovis ammon musimon) and the roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). ZOOLOGY 2009; 112:195-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2008.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2008] [Revised: 08/04/2008] [Accepted: 08/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Physical characteristics of rumen contents in four large ruminants of different feeding type, the addax (Addax nasomaculatus), bison (Bison bison), red deer (Cervus elaphus) and moose (Alces alces). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2009; 152:398-406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2008] [Revised: 11/12/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Ammar H, López S, Andrés S, Ranilla M, Bodas R, González J. In vitro digestibility and fermentation kinetics of some browse plants using sheep or goat ruminal fluid as the source of inoculum. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Waghorn G. Beneficial and detrimental effects of dietary condensed tannins for sustainable sheep and goat production—Progress and challenges. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 415] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Waghorn GC, McNabb WC. Consequences of plant phenolic compounds for productivity and health of ruminants. Proc Nutr Soc 2008; 62:383-92. [PMID: 14506885 DOI: 10.1079/pns2003245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Plant phenolic compounds are diverse in structure but are characterised by hydroxylated aromatic rings (e.g. flavan-3-ols). They are categorised as secondary metabolites, and their function in plants is often poorly understood. Many plant phenolic compounds are polymerised into larger molecules such as the proanthocyanidins (PA; condensed tannins) and lignins. Only the lignins, PA, oestrogenic compounds and hydrolysable tannins will be considered here. Lignins slow the physical and microbial degradation of ingested feed, because of resilient covalent bonding with hemicellulose and cellulose, rather than any direct effects on the rumenper se. The PA are prevalent in browse and are expressed in the foliage of some legumes (e.g.Lotusspp.), but rarely in grasses. They reduce the nutritive value of poor-quality diets, but can also have substantial benefits for ruminant productivity and health when improved temperate forages are fed. Beneficial effects are dependent on the chemical and physical structure, and concentration of the PA in the diet, but they have been shown to improve live-weight gain, milk yield and protein concentration, and ovulation rate. They prevent bloat in cattle, reduce gastrointestinal nematode numbers, flystrike and CILt production. Some phenolic compounds (e.g. coumestans) cause temporary infertility, whilst those produced byFusariumfungi found in pasture, silage or stored grains can cause permanent infertility. The HT may be toxic because products of their metabolism can cause liver damage and other metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garry C Waghorn
- Nutrition and Behaviour, AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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Hofmann RR, Streich WJ, Fickel J, Hummel J, Clauss M. Convergent evolution in feeding types: salivary gland mass differences in wild ruminant species. J Morphol 2008; 269:240-57. [PMID: 17957712 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In the ongoing debate about divergent evolutionary morphophysiological adaptations of grazing and browsing ruminants, the size of the salivary glands has received special attention. Here, we report the most comprehensive dataset on ruminant salivary glands so far, with data on the Glandula parotis (n=62 species), Gl. mandibularis (n=61), Gl. buccalis ventralis (n=44), and Gl. sublingualis (n=30). All four salivary gland complexes showed allometric scaling with body mass (BM); in all cases, the 95% confidence interval for the allometric exponent included 0.75 but did not include 1.0 (linearity); therefore, like other parameters linked to the process of food intake, salivary gland mass appears to be correlated to metabolic body weight (BM0.75), and comparisons of relative salivary gland mass between species should rather be made on the basis of BM0.75 than as a percentage of BM. In the subsequent analyses, the percentage of grass (%grass) in the natural diet was used to characterize the feeding type; the phylogenetic tree used for a controlled statistical evaluation was entirely based on mitochondrial DNA information. Regardless of phylogenetic control in the statistical treatment, there was, for all four gland complexes, a significant positive correlation of BM and gland mass, and a significant negative correlation between %grass in the natural diet and gland mass. If the Gl. parotis was analyzed either for cervid or for bovid species only, the negative correlation of gland mass and %grass was still significant in either case; an inspection of certain ruminant subfamilies, however, suggested that a convergent evolutionary adaptation can only be demonstrated if a sufficient variety of ruminant subfamilies are included in a dataset. The results support the concept that ruminant species that ingest more grass have smaller salivary glands, possibly indicating a reduced requirement for the production of salivary tannin-binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinold R Hofmann
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), Berlin 10315, Germany
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Duncan AJ, Poppi DP. Nutritional Ecology of Grazing and Browsing Ruminants. ECOLOGICAL STUDIES 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-72422-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Clauss M, Kaiser T, Hummel J. The Morphophysiological Adaptations of Browsing and Grazing Mammals. ECOLOGICAL STUDIES 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-72422-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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HUMMEL J, SÜDEKUM KH, STREICH WJ, CLAUSS M. Forage fermentation patterns and their implications for herbivore ingesta retention times. Funct Ecol 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2006.01206.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hummel J, Nogge G, Clauss M, Nørgaard C, Johanson K, Nijboer J, Pfeffer E. Energy supply of the okapi in captivity: fermentation characteristics of feedstuffs. Zoo Biol 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.20101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Dearing MD, Foley WJ, McLean S. The Influence of Plant Secondary Metabolites on the Nutritional Ecology of Herbivorous Terrestrial Vertebrates. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2005. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102003.152617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Denise Dearing
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112;
| | - William J. Foley
- School of Botany and Zoology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia;
| | - Stuart McLean
- School of Pharmacy, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7005, Australia;
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Gordon IJ, Pérez-Barbería FJ, Cuartas P. The influence of adaptation of rumen microflora on in vitro digestion of different forages by sheep and red deer. CAN J ZOOL 2002. [DOI: 10.1139/z02-179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The rumen microflora ecosystem adapts to the diet consumed by the animal. We tested the extent to which this adaptation facilitates or retards the digestion of plant-based forages. Following adaptation of sheep (Ovis aries) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) to diets containing different mixtures of alfalfa, grass, and heather (a dwarf shrub), an in vitro digestion technique was used to compare the ability of the rumen microflora to digest the mixtures of substrates to which they were adapted with their ability to digest different mixtures of the same substrates. In vitro digestion of different substrates was slightly greater in rumen liquor derived from sheep than in that derived from red deer for each of the different substrates, but the effect was not significant. Digestibility in sheep was independent of how the feed was presented (diet of equal proportions of alfalfa, grass, and heather in each meal (D-EQ): mean in vitro digestibility = 37.3%; alfalfa, grass, and heather presented sequentially on different days (D-SEQ): mean in vitro digestibility = 37.7%, SE of differences = 1.30%, p > 0.05). However, in red deer there was a significant effect of method of diet presentation (D-EQ: mean in vitro digestibility = 36.9%; D-SEQ: mean in vitro digestibility = 34.2%, SE of differences = 1.30%, p < 0.05), digestibility being substantially lower for D-SEQ than for D-EQ. Overall, the results demonstrated that whilst there were no species-specific differences in overall digestion efficiency, dietary adaptation had an effect on substrate digestion efficiency, with rumen microbes adapted to high-quality diets digesting these more efficiently than low-quality diets.
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