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Marine Organisms as a Prolific Source of Bioactive Depsipeptides. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21020120. [PMID: 36827161 PMCID: PMC9966715 DOI: 10.3390/md21020120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Depsipeptides, an important group of polypeptides containing residues of hydroxy acids and amino acids linked together by amide and ester bonds, have potential applications in agriculture and medicine. A growing body of evidence demonstrates that marine organisms are prolific sources of depsipeptides, such as marine cyanobacteria, sponges, mollusks, microorganisms and algae. However, these substances have not yet been comprehensively summarized. In order to enrich our knowledge about marine depsipeptides, their biological sources and structural features, as well as bioactivities, are highlighted in this review after an extensive literature search and data analysis.
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Chen S, Cai R, Liu Z, Cui H, She Z. Secondary metabolites from mangrove-associated fungi: source, chemistry and bioactivities. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 39:560-595. [PMID: 34623363 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00041a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Covering 1989 to 2020The mangrove forests are a complex ecosystem occurring at tropical and subtropical intertidal estuarine zones and nourish a diverse group of microorganisms including fungi, actinomycetes, bacteria, cyanobacteria, algae, and protozoa. Among the mangrove microbial community, mangrove associated fungi, as the second-largest ecological group of the marine fungi, not only play an essential role in creating and maintaining this biosphere but also represent a rich source of structurally unique and diverse bioactive secondary metabolites, attracting significant attention of organic chemists and pharmacologists. This review summarizes the discovery relating to the source and characteristics of metabolic products isolated from mangrove-associated fungi over the past thirty years (1989-2020). Its emphasis included 1387 new metabolites from 451 papers, focusing on bioactivity and the unique chemical diversity of these natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senhua Chen
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China. .,School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Runlin Cai
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China. .,College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Zhaoming Liu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Hui Cui
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China. .,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhigang She
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Devadatha B, Jones EBG, Pang KL, Abdel-Wahab MA, Hyde KD, Sakayaroj J, Bahkali AH, Calabon MS, Sarma VV, Sutreong S, Zhang SN. Occurrence and geographical distribution of mangrove fungi. FUNGAL DIVERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-020-00468-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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4
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Gautier C, Pinson-Gadais L, Richard-Forget F. Fusarium Mycotoxins Enniatins: An Updated Review of Their Occurrence, the Producing Fusarium Species, and the Abiotic Determinants of Their Accumulation in Crop Harvests. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:4788-4798. [PMID: 32243758 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cereal grains and their processed food products are frequently contaminated with mycotoxins produced by the Fusarium genus. Enniatins (ENNs), which belong to the so-called "emerging mycotoxins" family, are among the most frequently found in small grain cereals. Health hazards induced by a chronic exposure to ENNs or an association of ENNs with other major mycotoxins is a risk that cannot be excluded given the current toxicological data. Thus, efforts must be pursued to define efficient control strategies to mitigate their presence in cereal grains. A key condition for achieving this aim is to gain deep and comprehensive knowledge of the factors promoting the appearance of ENNs in crop harvests. After an update of ENN occurrence data, this review surveys the scientific literature on the Fusarium species responsible for ENN contamination and covers the recent advances concerning the abiotic determinants and the genetic regulation of ENN biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Gautier
- INRAE, UR 1264, Unité MycSA, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Laetitia Pinson-Gadais
- INRAE, UR 1264, Unité MycSA, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France
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Zhao P, Xue Y, Li X, Li J, Zhao Z, Quan C, Gao W, Zu X, Bai X, Feng S. Fungi-derived lipopeptide antibiotics developed since 2000. Peptides 2019; 113:52-65. [PMID: 30738838 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lipopeptide antibiotics have linear or cyclic structures with one or more hydrocarbon tails linked to the N-terminus of a short oligopeptide that may be chemically modified and/or contain unusual amino acid residues in their structures. They possess huge potential as pharmaceutical drugs and biocontrol agents, and ˜30 representative genera of fungi are known to produce them. Some chemically synthesised derivatives have already been developed into commercial products or subjected to clinical trials, including cilofungin, caspofungin, micafungin, anidulafungin, rezafungin, emodepside, fusafungine and destruxins. This review summarizes 200 fungi-derived compounds reported since 2000, including 95 cyclic depsipeptides, 67 peptaibiotics (including 35 peptaibols, eight lipoaminopeptides, and five lipopeptaibols), and 38 non-depsipeptide and non-peptaibiotic lipopeptides. Their sources, structural sequences, antibiotic activities (e.g. antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antimycobacterial, antimycoplasmal, antimalarial, antileishmanial, insecticidal, antitrypanosomal and nematicidal), structure-activity relationships, mechanisms of action, and specific relevance are discussed. These compounds have attracted considerable interest within the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengchao Zhao
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Yun Xue
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China.
| | - Xin Li
- Life Science College, Yuncheng University, Yuncheng, 044000, China
| | - Jinghua Li
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Zhanqin Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Chunshan Quan
- Department of Life Science, Dalian Nationalities University, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Weina Gao
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Xiangyang Zu
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Xuefei Bai
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Shuxiao Feng
- College of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
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Wang X, Gong X, Li P, Lai D, Zhou L. Structural Diversity and Biological Activities of Cyclic Depsipeptides from Fungi. Molecules 2018; 23:E169. [PMID: 29342967 PMCID: PMC6017592 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23010169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic depsipeptides (CDPs) are cyclopeptides in which amide groups are replaced by corresponding lactone bonds due to the presence of a hydroxylated carboxylic acid in the peptide structure. These peptides sometimes display additional chemical modifications, including unusual amino acid residues in their structures. This review highlights the occurrence, structures and biological activities of the fungal CDPs reported until October 2017. About 352 fungal CDPs belonging to the groups of cyclic tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, hepta-, octa-, nona-, deca-, and tridecadepsipeptides have been isolated from fungi. These metabolites are mainly reported from the genera Acremonium, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Beauveria, Fusarium, Isaria, Metarhizium, Penicillium, and Rosellina. They are known to exhibit various biological activities such as cytotoxic, phytotoxic, antimicrobial, antiviral, anthelmintic, insecticidal, antimalarial, antitumoral and enzyme-inhibitory activities. Some CDPs (i.e., PF1022A, enniatins and destruxins) have been applied as pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xiao Gong
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Daowan Lai
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Ligang Zhou
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Renaud JB, Kelman MJ, McMullin DR, Yeung KKC, Sumarah MW. Application of C8 liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of enniatins and bassianolides. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1508:65-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.05.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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8
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Enniatin and Beauvericin Biosynthesis in Fusarium Species: Production Profiles and Structural Determinant Prediction. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9020045. [PMID: 28125067 PMCID: PMC5331425 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9020045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the fungal genus Fusarium can produce numerous secondary metabolites, including the nonribosomal mycotoxins beauvericin (BEA) and enniatins (ENNs). Both mycotoxins are synthesized by the multifunctional enzyme enniatin synthetase (ESYN1) that contains both peptide synthetase and S-adenosyl-l-methionine-dependent N-methyltransferase activities. Several Fusarium species can produce ENNs, BEA or both, but the mechanism(s) enabling these differential metabolic profiles is unknown. In this study, we analyzed the primary structure of ESYN1 by sequencing esyn1 transcripts from different Fusarium species. We measured ENNs and BEA production by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array and Acquity QDa mass detector (UPLC-PDA-QDa) analyses. We predicted protein structures, compared the predictions by multivariate analysis methods and found a striking correlation between BEA/ENN-producing profiles and ESYN1 three-dimensional structures. Structural differences in the β strand's Asn789-Ala793 and His797-Asp802 portions of the amino acid adenylation domain can be used to distinguish BEA/ENN-producing Fusarium isolates from those that produce only ENN.
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Taevernier L, Veryser L, Roche N, Peremans K, Burvenich C, Delesalle C, De Spiegeleer B. Human skin permeation of emerging mycotoxins (beauvericin and enniatins). JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2016; 26:277-287. [PMID: 25757886 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2015.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Currently, dermal exposure data of cyclic depsipeptide mycotoxins are completely absent. There is a lack of understanding about the local skin and systemic kinetics and effects, despite their widespread skin contact and intrinsic hazard. Therefore, we provide a quantitative characterisation of their dermal kinetics. The emerging mycotoxins enniatins (ENNs) and beauvericin (BEA) were used as model compounds and their transdermal kinetics were quantitatively evaluated, using intact and damaged human skin in an in vitro Franz diffusion cell set-up and ultra high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC)-MS analytics. We demonstrated that all investigated mycotoxins are able to penetrate through the skin. ENN B showed the highest permeation (kp,v=9.44 × 10(-6) cm/h), whereas BEA showed the lowest (kp,v=2.35 × 10(-6) cm/h) and the other ENNs ranging in between. Combining these values with experimentally determined solubility data, Jmax values ranging from 0.02 to 0.35 μg/(cm(2) h) for intact skin and from 0.07 to 1.11 μg/(cm(2) h) for damaged skin were obtained. These were used to determine the daily dermal exposure (DDE) in a worst-case scenario. On the other hand, DDE's for a typical occupational scenario were calculated based on real-life mycotoxin concentrations for the industrial exposure of food-related workers. In the latter case, for contact with intact human skin, DDE's up to 0.0870 ng/(kg BW × day) for ENN A were calculated, whereas for impaired skin barrier this can even rise up to 0.3209 ng/(kg BW × day) for ENN B1. This knowledge is needed for the risk assessment after skin exposure of contaminated food, feed, indoor surfaces and airborne particles with mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lien Taevernier
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lieselotte Veryser
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Roche
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Ghent, De Pintelaan 185, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kathelijne Peremans
- Department of Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Christian Burvenich
- Department of Comparative Physiology and Biometrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Catherine Delesalle
- Department of Comparative Physiology and Biometrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bart De Spiegeleer
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, Ghent, Belgium
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Manzini M, Rodriguez-Estrada M, Meca G, Mañes J. Reduction of beauvericin and enniatins bioaccessibility by prebiotic compounds, evaluated in static and dynamic simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Taevernier L, Veryser L, Vandercruyssen K, D’Hondt M, Vansteelandt S, De Saeger S, De Spiegeleer B. UHPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of the cyclic depsipeptide mycotoxins beauvericin and enniatins in in vitro transdermal experiments. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 100:50-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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12
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A new enniatin antibiotic from the endophyte Fusarium tricinctum Corda. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2014; 68:197-200. [PMID: 25315756 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2014.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Enniatins (ENs), a group of antibiotics commonly produced by various strains of Fusarium, are six-membered cyclic depsipeptides formed by the union of three molecules of D-α-hydroxyisovaleric acid and three N-methyl-L-amino acids. The endophyte Fusarium tricinctum Corda was isolated from the fruits of Hordeum sativum Jess. and cultivated on a rice medium. The fungal metabolites were extracted with methanol and were identified, employing liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry as ENs A, A1, B, B1, B2 and Q. EN Q is a new analog of EN A and the occurrence of EN B2 is reported for the first time from this endophyte, in addition to four well-known ENs (A, A1, B and B1). The methanol extract of F. tricinctum showed mild antibacterial and antileishmanial activities. Additionally the tested extract displayed inhibition of the activity of thioredoxin reductase enzyme of Plasmodium falciparum.
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Chen ZM, Dong WB, Li ZH, Feng T, Liu JK. New chlamydosporol derivatives from the endophytic fungus Fusarium sp. #001. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2014; 16:465-470. [PMID: 24717139 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2014.904853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Two new chlamydosporol derivatives, fusarilactone A (1) and fusarilactone B (2), together with nine known compounds (3-11), have been isolated from the crude extract of endophytic fungus Fusarium sp. #001. The structures of new compounds 1 and 2 were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic methods. Compound 1 showed mild cytotoxicities against three tumor cell lines (SMMC-7721, A-549, and MCF-7).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Ming Chen
- a State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201 , China
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Fanelli F, Ferracane R, Ritieni A, Logrieco AF, Mulè G. Transcriptional regulation of enniatins production by Fusarium avenaceum. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 116:390-9. [PMID: 24138702 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to analyse the transcriptional regulation of enniatins (ENs) production in Fusarium avenaceum. METHODS AND RESULTS We develop a new method to quantify ENs in FDM agar medium. We performed an LC/MS/MS analysis to evaluate enniatin A, A1, B, B1 and B4 production by seven F. avenaceum strains and, in a time-course experiment, by ITEM 3404 to analyse the transcriptional regulation of the esyn1 gene. The expression profile, achieved by Real time reverse transcriptase assay, showed an activation of gene transcription at the seventh day of incubation, corresponding to the higher increase of total ENs production. Enniatin B was the most abundant ENs analogues, representing the 90% of total ENs. The relative percentage of ENs remained unaltered during the experiment. CONCLUSIONS We reported a transcriptional regulation of esyn1 responsible for the modulation of ENs biosynthesis. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Enniatins are cyclic depsipeptides metabolites with a wide range of biological activities. They are also widespread contaminants in grains and cereals due to infection by enniatin-producing Fusarium species. This is the first article describing the transcriptional regulation of esyn1 gene that modulates ENs production in Fusarium avenaceum and provides new knowledge about the molecular mechanism underlying the biosynthesis of these important fungal metabolites in this toxigenic fungal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Fanelli
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, CNR, Bari, Italy
| | - R Ferracane
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - A Ritieni
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - A F Logrieco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, CNR, Bari, Italy
| | - G Mulè
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, CNR, Bari, Italy
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Cuomo V, Randazzo A, Meca G, Moretti A, Cascone A, Eriksson O, Novellino E, Ritieni A. Production of enniatins A, A1, B, B1, B4, J1 by Fusarium tricinctum in solid corn culture: Structural analysis and effects on mitochondrial respiration. Food Chem 2013; 140:784-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.10.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Lu H, Fernández-Franzón M, Font G, Ruiz M. Toxicity evaluation of individual and mixed enniatins using an in vitro method with CHO-K1 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:672-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Sy-Cordero AA, Pearce CJ, Oberlies NH. Revisiting the enniatins: a review of their isolation, biosynthesis, structure determination and biological activities. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2012; 65:541-9. [PMID: 22990381 PMCID: PMC3573854 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2012.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Enniatins are cyclohexadepsipeptides isolated largely from Fusarium species of fungi, although they have been isolated from other genera, such as Verticillium and Halosarpheia. They were first described over 60 years ago, and their range of biological activities, including antiinsectan, antifungal, antibiotic and cytotoxic, drives contemporary interest. To date, 29 enniatins have been isolated and characterized, either as a single compound or mixtures of inseparable homologs. Structurally, these depsipeptides are biosynthesized by a multifunctional enzyme, termed enniatin synthetase, and are composed of six residues that alternate between N-methyl amino acids and hydroxy acids. Their structure elucidation can be challenging, particularly for enniatins isolated as inseparable homologs; however, several strategies and tools have been utilized to solve these problems. Currently, there is one drug that has been developed from a mixture of enniatins, fusafungine, which is used as a topical treatment of upper respiratory tract infections by oral and/or nasal inhalation. Given the range of biological activities observed for this class of compounds, research on enniatins will likely continue. This review strives to digest the past studies, as well as, describe tools and techniques that can be utilized to overcome the challenges associated with the structure elucidation of mixtures of enniatin homologs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlene A Sy-Cordero
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA
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Biodiversity and biotechnological potential of microorganisms from mangrove ecosystems: a review. ANN MICROBIOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-012-0442-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Taxol producing mangrove endophytic fungi Fusarium oxysporum from Rhizophora annamalayana. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(12)60365-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Toxigenicity of enniatins from Western Australian Fusarium species to brine shrimp (Artemia franciscana). Toxicon 2011; 57:817-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Revised: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Tan DC, Flematti GR, Ghisalberti EL, Sivasithamparam K, Chakraborty S, Obanor F, Barbetti MJ. Mycotoxins produced by Fusarium species associated with annual legume pastures and 'sheep feed refusal disorders' in Western Australia. Mycotoxin Res 2011; 27:123-35. [PMID: 23605703 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-010-0085-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Revised: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Sheep grazing in Western Australia can partially or completely refuse to consume annual Medicago pods contaminated with a number of different Fusarium species. Many Fusarium species are known to produce trichothecenes as part of their array of toxigenic secondary metabolites, which are known to cause feed refusal in animals. This study reports the identity of Fusarium species using species-specific PCR primers and a characterization of the toxigenic secondary metabolites produced by 24 Fusarium isolates associated with annual legume-based pastures and particularly those associated with sheep feed refusal disorders in Western Australia. Purification of the fungal extracts was facilitated by a bioassay-guided fractionation using brine shrimp. A number of trichothecenes (3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, deoxynivalenol, fusarenon-X, monoacetoxyscirpenols, diacetoxyscirpenol, scirpentriol, HT-2 toxin and T-2 toxin), enniatins (A, A1, B, and B1), chlamydosporol and zearalenone were identified using GC/MS and/or NMR spectroscopy. Some of the crude extracts and fractions showed significant activity against brine shrimp at concentrations as low as 5 μg ml(-1), and are likely to be involved in the sheep feed refusal disorders. This is the first report of chlamydosporol production by confirmed Fusarium spp.; of the incidence of F. brachygibbosum and F. venenatum in Australia and of F. tricinctum in Western Australia; and of mycotoxin production by Fusarium species from Western Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana C Tan
- School of Plant Biology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
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Mahnine N, Meca G, Elabidi A, Fekhaoui M, Saoiabi A, Font G, Mañes J, Zinedine A. Further data on the levels of emerging Fusarium mycotoxins enniatins (A, A1, B, B1), beauvericin and fusaproliferin in breakfast and infant cereals from Morocco. Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zinedine A, Meca G, Mañes J, Font G. Further data on the occurrence of Fusarium emerging mycotoxins enniatins (A, A1, B, B1), fusaproliferin and beauvericin in raw cereals commercialized in Morocco. Food Control 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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Süssmuth R, Müller J, von Döhren H, Molnár I. Fungal cyclooligomerdepsipeptides: From classical biochemistry to combinatorial biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2011; 28:99-124. [DOI: 10.1039/c001463j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Huang Z, Yang R, Guo Z, She Z, Lin Y. A new xanthone derivative from mangrove endophytic fungus No. ZSU-H16. Chem Nat Compd 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-010-9614-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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27
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Huang Z, Yang R, Guo Z, She Z, Lin Y. A new naphtho-γ-pyrone from mangrove endophytic fungus ZSU-H26. Chem Nat Compd 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-010-9514-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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28
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Chemistry and cytotoxic activities of polyketides produced by the mangrove endophytic fungus Phomopsis SP. ZSU-H76. Chem Nat Compd 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-009-9446-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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29
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Song HH, Lee HS, Lee GP, Ha SD, Lee C. Structural analysis of enniatin H, I, and MK1688 and beauvericin by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and their production byFusarium oxysporumKFCC 11363P. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2009; 26:518-26. [DOI: 10.1080/02652030802562904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Apoptosis induced by enniatins H and MK1688 isolated from Fusarium oxysporum FB1501. Toxicon 2009; 53:723-8. [PMID: 19248798 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Revised: 02/12/2009] [Accepted: 02/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Enniatins are cyclic peptides isolated from bacteria, fungi, and plants, with numerous biological effects on animal systems. Recently, we have reported that certain enniatins (ENs), such as EN H and EN MK1688, have cytotoxic effects on several adenocarcinoma cell lines. In an effort to understand the mechanism behind their cytotoxicity, we investigated whether ENs can induce apoptosis in human colorectal carcinoma cells (HCT-15 cells). Treatment with the ENs H and MK1688 resulted in an alteration of cellular and nuclear morphology, leading to an increase in the number of the cells with apoptotic nuclei (seen as condensed or fragmented nuclei). Furthermore, it was observed that cellular DNA fragmentation increased in a dose-dependent manner in EN treated cells. These cells have elevated activity levels for caspase-3, the enzyme responsible for initiating cell death, compared with the untreated cells. Normal caspase-3 activity levels were observed when Z-VAD-FMK, a caspase inhibitor, was added simultaneously with the ENs. Based on our results, we propose that the new ENs H and MK1688 induce cytotoxicity via an apoptotic pathway.
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Lee HS, Song HH, Jeong JH, Shin CG, Choi SU, Lee C. Cytotoxicities of enniatins H, I, and MK1688 from Fusarium oxysporum KFCC 11363P. Toxicon 2008; 51:1178-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2007] [Revised: 02/02/2008] [Accepted: 02/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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32
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Song HH, Lee HS, Jeong JH, Park HS, Lee C. Diversity in Beauvericin and Enniatins H, I, and MK1688 by Fusarium oxysporum isolated from potato. Int J Food Microbiol 2008; 122:296-301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2006] [Revised: 01/12/2008] [Accepted: 01/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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33
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BIOACTIVE METABOLITES FROM MARINE MICROORGANISMS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-5995(08)80007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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34
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A new isocoumarin from mangrove endophytic fungus (No. dz17) on the South China Sea coast. Chem Nat Compd 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-007-0221-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Huang H, She Z, Lin Y, Vrijmoed LLP, Lin W. Cyclic peptides from an endophytic fungus obtained from a mangrove leaf (Kandelia candel). JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2007; 70:1696-1699. [PMID: 17944538 DOI: 10.1021/np0605891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Two new cyclic depsipeptides, 1962A (1) and 1962B (2), along with the three known cyclodipeptides cyclo-(Leu-Tyr) (3), cyclo-(Phe-Gly) (4), and cyclo-(Leu-Leu) (5) were isolated from the fermentation broth of the mangrove endophytic fungus (No. 1962) isolated from an old leaf of Kandelia candel collected in Hong Kong. Through spectroscopic experimentation, X-ray crystallographic analysis, and acid hydrolysis followed by chiral HPLC analysis, their structures were established to be 1962A, cyclo-(D-Leu-Gly-L-Tyr-L-Val-Gly-S-O-Leu) (1), and 1962B, cyclo-(D-Leu-Gly-L-Phe-L-Val-Gly-S-O-Leu) (2), respectively. Both of these new cyclo-depsipeptides were found to contain one d-amino acid. In the MTT bioassay, 1962A (1) showed weak activity against human breast cancer MCF-7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huarong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
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Feifel SC, Schmiederer T, Hornbogen T, Berg H, Süssmuth RD, Zocher R. In Vitro Synthesis of New Enniatins: Probing the α-D-Hydroxy Carboxylic Acid Binding Pocket of the Multienzyme Enniatin Synthetase. Chembiochem 2007; 8:1767-70. [PMID: 17712809 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200700377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sven C Feifel
- Technische Universität Berlin, Fakultät II-Institut für Chemie, Strasse des 17. Juni 124, 10629 Berlin, Germany
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Li CY, Yang RY, Lin YC, She ZG, Zhou SN. A new nonadride derivative from mangrove fungus (strain No. k38). JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2007; 9:285-91. [PMID: 17566923 DOI: 10.1080/10286020600727418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A new nonadride derivative, ( - )-1-hydroxybyssochlamic acid (1) and the known ( - )-byssochlamic acid (2) were isolated from mangrove fungus (strain No. k38) collected from the South China Sea coast. The structure and relative configuration of 1 were elucidated by spectral data and X-ray diffraction analysis. Primary bioassays showed that 2 had medium cytotoxic activity against HEp-2 and HepG2 Cells, and 1 exhibited weak activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-Y Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhongshan University, 510275 Guangzhou, China
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39
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40
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Marinamide, a novel alkaloid and its methyl ester produced by the application of mixed fermentation technique to two mangrove endophytic fungi from the South China Sea. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-006-1426-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Ivanova L, Skjerve E, Eriksen GS, Uhlig S. Cytotoxicity of enniatins A, A1, B, B1, B2 and B3 from Fusarium avenaceum. Toxicon 2006; 47:868-76. [PMID: 16730043 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2005] [Revised: 02/03/2006] [Accepted: 02/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The enniatins A, A1, B, B1, B2 and B3 were purified from hexane-extracts of Fusarium avenaceum rice cultures, using semi-preparative HPLC, after precipitation of lipids. Their toxicity, as well as the toxicity of the related fungal metabolite beauvericin (Bea) and the trichothecenes deoxynivalenol (DON) and T-2 toxin, was tested in two cell lines of human origin (hepatocellular carcinoma-line Hep G2 and fibroblast-like foetal lung cell line MRC-5) by using the BrdU and Alamar Blue assays. All the compounds evoked toxicity in the in vitro assays at the concentrations tested. The MRC-5 cell line in combination with the BrdU assay resulted in the lowest inhibitory concentrations (IC(50)) for exposure with enniatins in the range 0.8 microM (enniatin A) to 3.6 microM (enniatin B). The cytotoxicity of DON in the BrdU assay was comparable to the cytotoxicity of enniatins A, B and Bea in a multiple regression model, while DON was significantly more cytotoxic than the enniatins in the Alamar assay. This study indicates that enniatins, fungal metabolites that are commonly found in grain in Northern Europe, may have an underestimated toxic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lada Ivanova
- National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 8156 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway
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43
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Isolation and crystal structure of (−)-byssochlamic acid from mangrove fungus (strain no. k38). Chem Nat Compd 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-006-0101-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Nilanonta C, Isaka M, Chanphen R, Thong-orn N, Tanticharoen M, Thebtaranonth Y. Unusual enniatins produced by the insect pathogenic fungus Verticillium hemipterigenum: isolation and studies on precursor-directed biosynthesis. Tetrahedron 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(02)01631-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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