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Zhang L, Yang M, Chen ZH, Ge ZY, Li SW, Yan XY, Yao LG, Liang LF, Guo YW. Cembrane Diterpenes Possessing Nonaromatic Oxacycles from the Hainan Soft Coral Sarcophyton mililatensis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031979. [PMID: 36768306 PMCID: PMC9915928 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Documents on the chemical composition of the soft coral Sarcophyton mililatensis are sparse. The present investigation of the Hainan soft coral S. mililatensis resulted in the discovery of six new cembrane diterpenes, sarcoxacyclols A-F (1-6) and four known analogs (7-10). Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis along with a comparison with the data in current literature. The nonaromatic oxacycles in their structures were the rarely found tetrahydrofuran ether across C-1 and C-12 and tetrahydropyran ether across C-1 and C-11, respectively. Moreover, the absolute configuration of compound 4 was established unambiguously by X-ray diffraction analysis using Ga Kα radiation (λ = 1.34139 Å). Based on the biogenetical consideration, the absolute configurations of other five new compounds were tentatively assumed. Assessment of the bioactivity for these secondary metabolites revealed that compound 1 exhibited significant tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α inhibitory activity (IC50 = 9.5 μmol/L), similar to the positive control dexamethasone (IC50 = 8.7 μmol/L), but no obvious cytotoxicity towards RAW264.7 cells (CC50 > 50 μmol/L). The preliminary molecular docking suggested the crucial roles of the hydroxyl and acetoxyl groups in the computational prediction of the binding mode between the diterpene and the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Min Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zi-Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zeng-Yue Ge
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Song-Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xian-Yun Yan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Li-Gong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lin-Fu Liang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
- Correspondence: (L.-F.L.); (Y.-W.G.)
| | - Yue-Wei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai 264117, China
- Open Studio for Druggability Research of Marine Natural Products, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), 1 Wenhai Road, Aoshanwei, Jimo, Qingdao 266237, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals and College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Correspondence: (L.-F.L.); (Y.-W.G.)
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2
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Kamada T, Ishii T, Sato K, Ito G, Kawano J, Takabe W, Phan CS, Ishigami S. Unusual Cembrane Diterpenoid Isolated from the Japanese Soft Coral Genus Sinularia. HETEROCYCLES 2022. [DOI: 10.3987/com-21-14613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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3
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Li G, Li H, Tang W, Yao LG, Liang LF, Guo YW. Further polyoxygenated cembranoids from South China Sea soft coral Sarcophyton ehrenbergi. Bioorg Chem 2020; 101:103993. [PMID: 32544737 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Eleven new cembrane diterpenes, namely, sarcoehrenins A-J (1-9, 11) and (2S,11S,12S)-isosarcophytoxide (10), along with six known compounds, gibberosene B (12), (13S)-cembra-1,3,7,11-tetraen-13-ol (13), (+)-sarcophtol (14), cembrene-C (15), (1R,4R,2E,7E,11E)-cembra-2,7,11-trien-4-ol (16) and (1S,4R,2E,7E,11E)-cembratrien-4-ol (17) were isolated from the soft coral Sarcophyton ehrenbergi collected from Weizhou Island, Beibu Gulf, South China Sea. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by a combination of detailed spectroscopic analyses, chemical methods, and comparison with reported data. The absolute configuration of compound 2 was established by the modified Mosher's method in association with TDDFT ECD calculation, while the absolute configuration of compound 3 was assigned by TDDFT ECD approach. In in vitro bioassays, compounds 13 and 17 showed potent TNF-α inhibitory activities being similar to that of positive control dexamethasone. A preliminary structural-activity relationship was also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Heng Li
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Li-Gong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lin-Fu Liang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 498 South Shaoshan Road, Changsha 410004, China.
| | - Yue-Wei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 498 South Shaoshan Road, Changsha 410004, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.
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4
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Phan CS, Kamada T, Ishii T, Hamada T, Vairappan CS. Cytotoxic Sesquiterpenoids From Soft Soral Capnella imbricata. Nat Prod Commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x19857494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A new sesquiterpene, capgermacrene H (1) was isolated together with 7 other compounds, capgermacrenes A-G (2-8), from a population of soft coral Capnella imbricata collected from Mantanani Island, Sabah, Malaysia. The structure of this metabolite was elucidated based on spectroscopic data such as nuclear magnetic resonance and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Capgermacrene A (2) showed potent cytotoxicity against adult T-cell leukemia, S1T cells at half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 0.79 µg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Soon Phan
- Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry, Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Takashi Kamada
- Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Materials and Life Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Shizuoka Institute of Science and Technology, Fukuroi, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ishii
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Hamada
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Charles Santhanaraju Vairappan
- Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry, Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
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Tani K, Kamada T, Phan CS, Vairappan CS. New cembrane-type diterpenoids from Bornean soft coral Nephthea sp. with antifungal activity against Lagenidium thermophilum. Nat Prod Res 2018; 33:3343-3349. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1475387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Tani
- Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry, Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Takashi Kamada
- Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry, Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Chin-Soon Phan
- Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry, Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Charles Santhanaraju Vairappan
- Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry, Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
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6
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Bioactive Cembranoids from the Soft Coral Genus Sinularia sp. in Borneo. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16040099. [PMID: 29561805 PMCID: PMC5923386 DOI: 10.3390/md16040099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Soft corals are known to be prolific producers of a wide spectrum of biologically active cembranoids. One new cembranoid, sinularolide F (2), along with three known compounds, cembranolide (1), (E,E,E)-6,10,14-trimethyl-3-methylene-cis-3α,4,5,8,9,12,13,15α-octahydrocyclo tetradeca[β]furan-2(3H)-one (3), and denticulatolide (4), were isolated from the Bornean soft coral Sinularia sp. Compounds 2 and 4 showed potential anti-inflammatory activities against lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 with IC50 values less than 6.25 µg/mL and anticancer activity against HL60 cell lines. The compounds' mechanisms of action were investigated via the Western blot evaluation of their protein markers. These activities could be attributed to the presence of tertiary methyl at C-8 and the compounds' 3D configurations.
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7
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Phan CS, Vairappan CS. Capgermacrenes D-G, new sesquiterpenoids from a Bornean soft coral, Capnella imbricata. Nat Prod Res 2016; 31:742-748. [PMID: 27750446 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2016.1241997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Four new bicyclogermacrenes, capgermacrenes D (1) E (2) F (3) and G (4) were isolated from a population of Bornean soft coral Capnella imbricata. The structures of these metabolites were elucidated based on their nuclear magnetic resonance and high-resolution electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry spectral data. These compounds showed bacteriastatic and bacteriacidal activities against Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Soon Phan
- a Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry , Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti of Malaysia Sabah , Kota Kinabalu , Malaysia
| | - Charles Santhanaraju Vairappan
- a Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry , Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti of Malaysia Sabah , Kota Kinabalu , Malaysia
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8
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Ishii T, Phan CS, Kamada T, Vairappan CS. Capgermacrene C, a New Sesquiterpenoid from a Bornean Soft Coral, Capnella sp. Nat Prod Commun 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1601100806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A new bicyclogermacrene, capgermacrene C (1), along with a known compound, 1,4-peroxy-5-muurolene (2), were isolated from a population of Bornean soft coral Capnella sp. The structures of these metabolites were determined by extensive spectroscopic analysis, including NMR, and HRESIMS. Both compounds were subjected to antibacterial activity tests against antibiotic resistant clinical bacteria, but produced only negligible inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Ishii
- Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry, Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Chin-Soon Phan
- Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry, Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Takashi Kamada
- Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry, Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Charles Santhanaraju Vairappan
- Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry, Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
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9
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Kamada T, Phan CS, Tin HS, Vairappan CS, Muhammad TST. 16-Hydroxycembra-1,3,7,11-tetraene, a new Cembrane Diterpene from Malaysian Soft Coral Genus Sarcophyton. Nat Prod Commun 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1601100810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
One new cembrane diterpene, 16-hydroxycembra-1,3,7,11-tetraene (1), along with three known compounds, 15-hydroxycembra-1,3,7,11-tetraene (2), sarcophine (3) and sarcophytoxide (4) were isolated from Sarcophyton sp. collected from Karah Island, Terengganu, West Malaysia. Their structures were elucidated based on spectroscopic data. Activities of these compounds against antibacterial resistant clinical bacteria are reported. Only 1 exhibited inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kamada
- Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry, Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Chin-Soon Phan
- Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry, Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Hoe-Seng Tin
- Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry, Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Charles Santhanaraju Vairappan
- Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry, Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Tengku Sifzizul Tengku Muhammad
- Natural Product Laboratory, Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
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10
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Ishii T, Kamada T, Vairappan CS. Three new cembranoids from the Bornean soft coral Nephthea sp. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2016; 18:415-422. [PMID: 26983053 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2016.1145670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Three new cembranoid diterpenes, 10-hydroxy-nephthenol acetate (1), 7,8-epoxy-10-hydroxy-nephthenol acetate (2), and 6-acetoxy-7,8-epoxy-10-hydroxy-nephthenol acetate (3), along with a known compound, 6-acetoxy-7,8-epoxy-nephthenol acetate (4), were isolated from the Bornean soft coral Nephthea sp. Antibacterial and anticancer activities were exhibited by compounds 1 and 2 against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538)/Escherichia coli (ATCC 13311) and Hela/MCF-7, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Ishii
- a Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry, Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation , Universiti of Malaysia Sabah , Kota Kinabalu , Malaysia
| | - Takashi Kamada
- a Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry, Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation , Universiti of Malaysia Sabah , Kota Kinabalu , Malaysia
| | - Charles S Vairappan
- a Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry, Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation , Universiti of Malaysia Sabah , Kota Kinabalu , Malaysia
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11
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Hsiao TH, Cheng CH, Wu TY, Lu MC, Chen WF, Wen ZH, Dai CF, Wu YC, Sung PJ. New cembranoid diterpenes from the cultured octocoral Nephthea columnaris. Molecules 2015. [PMID: 26197309 PMCID: PMC6332148 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200713205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Two new 15-hydroxycembranoid diterpenes, 2β-hydroxy-7β,8α-epoxynephthenol (1) and 2β-hydroxy-11α,12β-epoxynephthenol (2), were isolated from extracts of the octocoral Nephthea columnaris along with a new natural cembrane, epoxynephthenol (3) and a known sterol, nephalsterol A (4). The structures of cembranes 1–3 were elucidated by spectroscopic methods and comparison of the spectroscopic data with those of related analogues. The cytotoxicity of metabolites 1–4 against a panel of tumor cells is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Hsi Hsiao
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung 94450, Taiwan.
- National Museum of Marine Biology & Aquarium, Pingtung 94450, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Hsiao Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan.
| | - Tung-Ying Wu
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan.
| | - Mei-Chin Lu
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung 94450, Taiwan.
- National Museum of Marine Biology & Aquarium, Pingtung 94450, Taiwan.
| | - Wu-Fu Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiamen Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Xiamen 361028, China.
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, Asia-Pacific Ocean Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
| | - Zhi-Hong Wen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, Asia-Pacific Ocean Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
| | - Chang-Feng Dai
- Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Yang-Chang Wu
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan.
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan.
| | - Ping-Jyun Sung
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung 94450, Taiwan.
- National Museum of Marine Biology & Aquarium, Pingtung 94450, Taiwan.
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan.
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, Asia-Pacific Ocean Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
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12
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Phan CS, Ng SY, Kim EA, Jeon YJ, Palaniveloo K, Vairappan CS. Capgermacrenes A and B, Bioactive Secondary Metabolites from a Bornean Soft Coral, Capnella sp. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:3103-15. [PMID: 25996100 PMCID: PMC4446621 DOI: 10.3390/md13053103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Two new bicyclogermacrenes, capgermacrenes A (1) and B (2), were isolated with two known compounds, palustrol (3) and litseagermacrane (4), from a population of Bornean soft coral Capnella sp. The structures of these metabolites were elucidated based on spectroscopic data. Compound 1 was found to inhibit the accumulation of the LPS-induced pro-inflammatory IL-1β and NO production by down-regulating the expression of iNOS protein in RAW 264.7 macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Soon Phan
- Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry, Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
| | - Shean-Yeaw Ng
- Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry, Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
| | - Eun-A Kim
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Korea.
| | - You-Jin Jeon
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Korea.
| | - Kishneth Palaniveloo
- Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry, Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
| | - Charles Santhanaraju Vairappan
- Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry, Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
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13
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Wang SK, Puu SY, Duh CY. New steroids from the soft coral Nephthea chabrolii. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:571-80. [PMID: 23434799 PMCID: PMC3640399 DOI: 10.3390/md11020571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A new cytotoxic 19-oxygenated steroid, nebrosteroid Q (1) and two new cytotoxic 19-norergosterols, nebrosteroids R and S (2 and 3) were isolated from the soft coral Nephthea chabrolii collected at San-Hsian-Tai. The structures of nebrosteroids Q–S (1–3) were elucidated by spectral analysis, and their cytotoxicity against selected cancer cells as well as antiviral activity against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) were measured in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Kwei Wang
- Asia-Pacific Ocean Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; E-Mail:
- Department of Microbiology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Shyh-Yueh Puu
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Chang-Yih Duh
- Asia-Pacific Ocean Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; E-Mail:
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +886-7-525-2000 (ext. 5036); Fax: +886-7-525-5020
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14
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New 19-oxygenated steroids from the soft coral Nephthea chabrolii. Mar Drugs 2012; 10:1288-1296. [PMID: 22822372 PMCID: PMC3397439 DOI: 10.3390/md10061288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to search for novel bioactive substances from marine organisms, we investigated the acetone extract of the soft coral Nephthea chabrolii collected at San-Hsian-Tai, Taitong County, Taiwan. From this extract three new 19-oxygenated steroids, nebrosteroids N–P (1–3) were isolated. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses.
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15
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Wang CY, Chen AN, Shao CL, Li L, Xu Y, Qian PY. Chemical constituents of soft coral Sarcophyton infundibuliforme from the South China Sea. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2011.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Coll JC, Bowden BF, König GM, Braslau R, Price IR. Studies of Australian Soft Corals. XXXX.1 The Natural Products Chemistry of Alcyonacean Soft Corals with Special Reference to the Genus Lobophytum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bscb.19860950909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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17
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Ishii T, Zhaoqi Z, Vairappan CS. A new cembrane diterpene from the Bornean soft coral Nephthea sp. Molecules 2010; 15:3857-62. [PMID: 20657412 PMCID: PMC6264605 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15063857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Revised: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A new cembrane diterpene, 6-acetoxy-7,8-epoxynephthenol acetate (1) was isolated along with a known compound, epoxynephthenol acetate (2), from the organic extract of a Bornean soft coral Nephthea sp. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analyses and comparison with those previous literature data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Ishii
- Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry, Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88999 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia; E-Mail: (T.I.)
| | - Zhan Zhaoqi
- Shimadzu (Asia Pacific) Pte Ltd, 16 Science Park Drive, #01-01, The Pasteur Singapore Science Park, Singapore 118227, Singapore; E-Mail: (Z.Z.)
| | - Charles Santhanaraju Vairappan
- Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry, Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88999 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia; E-Mail: (T.I.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel: +60-88-320000 (ext. 2384); Fax: +60-88-320291
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18
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Cheng SY, Huang YC, Wen ZH, Hsu CH, Wang SK, Dai CF, Duh CY. New 19-oxygenated and 4-methylated steroids from the Formosan soft coral Nephthea chabroli. Steroids 2009; 74:543-7. [PMID: 19428443 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2009.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2009] [Revised: 02/10/2009] [Accepted: 02/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chemical investigation of the Formosan soft coral Nephthea chabroli resulted in the isolation of four new 19-oxygenated steroids, nebrosteroids I-L (1-4), together with a new 4alpha-methylated steroid, nebrosteroid M (5). The molecular structures of these isolated metabolites were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis and by comparison of the data with those of related metabolites. Compounds 1-5 were evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity using RAW 264.7 macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yie Cheng
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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19
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Cheng SY, Wen ZH, Wang SK, Chiang MY, El-Gamal AAH, Dai CF, Duh CY. Revision of the absolute configuration at C(23) of lanostanoids and isolation of secondary metabolites from formosan soft coral Nephthea erecta. Chem Biodivers 2009; 6:86-95. [PMID: 19180458 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200800015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Three new oxygenated ergostanoids, 1-3, one known ergostanoid, 4, one new trinoreudesmadienone, 5, one new calamenene type sesquiterpene, 6, and one known aristolane-type sesquiterpene, (-)-aristolone (7), have been isolated from the AcOEt extract of the soft coral Nephthea erecta. The structures of these compounds were determined by extensive spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic analysis, as well as Mosher's method. We revised the absolute configuration at C(23) in the side chain of some lanostanoids as a result of the Mosher's products of 1 (i.e., 1a and 1b). The cytotoxicities against selected cancer cells and the anti-inflammatory effects of these tested metabolites 1-7 were determined in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yie Cheng
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
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20
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Huang YC, Wen ZH, Wang SK, Hsu CH, Duh CY. New anti-inflammatory 4-methylated steroids from the Formosan soft coral Nephthea chabroli. Steroids 2008; 73:1181-6. [PMID: 18585746 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2008.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2008] [Revised: 05/14/2008] [Accepted: 05/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Eight new 4-methylated steroids, nebrosteroids A-H (1-8) were isolated from the acetone solubles of the Formosan soft coral Nephthea chabroli. The structures were elucidated by extensive NMR spectroscopic analysis and their anti-inflammatory activity was measured in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ching Huang
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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21
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Yan XH, Jia R, Shen X, Guo YW. A new dolabellane diterpenoid from the Hainan soft coralSpongodessp. Nat Prod Res 2007; 21:897-902. [PMID: 17680500 DOI: 10.1080/14786410601130034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A new dolabellane diterpenoid (1R*,3E,7E,9S*,11S*,12Z)-9-hydroxydolabella-3,7,12-triene (1), along with seven known compounds (2-8), has been isolated from the Hainan soft coral Spongodes sp. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis and compared with those previously reported in literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, PR China
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22
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Cheng SY, Dai CF, Duh CY. New 4-methylated and 19-oxygenated steroids from the Formosan soft coral Nephthea erecta. Steroids 2007; 72:653-9. [PMID: 17585977 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2007.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2007] [Revised: 04/11/2007] [Accepted: 05/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Two new 4-methylated steroids, erectasteroids A and B (1 and 2), six new 19-oxygenated steroids, erectasteroids C-H (3-8) and two known 19-oxygenated steroids (9 and 10) were isolated from the acetone solubles of the Formosan soft coral Nephthea erecta. The structures were elucidated by extensive NMR spectroscopic analysis and their cytotoxicity against selected cancer cells was measured in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yie Cheng
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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23
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Wang SK, Duh CY. Nardosinane Sesquiterpenoids from the Formosan Soft Coral Nephthea elongata. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2007; 55:762-5. [PMID: 17473464 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.55.762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Seven new nardosinane sesquiterpenoids, elongatols A-G (1-7) were isolated from the methylene chloride solubles of the Formosan soft coral Nephthea elongata. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis and their cytotoxicity against selected cancer cells was measured in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Kwei Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807 Taiwan
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24
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El-Gamal AAH, Wang SK, Duh CY. Prenylbicyclogermacrane Diterpenoids from the Formosan Soft Coral Nephthea elongata. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2007; 55:890-3. [PMID: 17541187 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.55.890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Seven new prenylbicyclogermacrane diterpenoids, pacificins K--Q (1--7), were isolated from the methylene chloride solubles of the Formosan soft coral Nephthea elongata. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis and their cytotoxicity against selected cancer cells was measured in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ali Hassan El-Gamal
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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25
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Laurent P, Daloze D, Pasteels JM, Braekman JC. Trinervitene diterpenes from soldiers of two Nasutitermes species from French Guyana. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2005; 68:532-536. [PMID: 15844942 DOI: 10.1021/np040243v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Methanolic extracts of soldiers of Nasutitermes guayanae and N. surinamensis have been shown to contain complex mixtures of diterpenes and monoterpenes. Eighteen diterpenes have been isolated and identified; twelve of them are previously known nasute termite diterpenes, while six are new trinervitene diterpenes. 2alpha,9beta-Dihydroxy-3beta,8beta-oxido-1(15)-trinervitene has been isolated from N. guayanae, while 3alpha,14alpha-diacetoxy-2beta-hydroxy-1(15),8(19),9-trinervitatriene, 14alpha-acetoxy-2beta,3alpha-dihydroxy-1(15),8(19),9-trinervitatriene, 2beta,3alpha-diacetoxy-11beta,14alpha-dihydroxy-1(15),8(19)-trinervitadiene, 9alpha,14alpha-diacetoxy-2beta,3alpha-dihydroxy-1(15),8(19)-trinervitadiene, and 2beta,9alpha,14alpha-triacetoxy-3alpha-hydroxy-1(15),8(19)-trinervitadiene have been isolated from N. surinamensis. Their structures were determined on the basis of their spectroscopic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Laurent
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, CP 160/06, University of Brussels, 50 Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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26
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El-Gamal AAH, Wang SK, Dai CF, Chen IG, Duh CY. Prenylbicyclogermacrane diterpenoids from the formosan soft coral Nephthea pacifica. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2005; 68:74-77. [PMID: 15679321 DOI: 10.1021/np040160e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Ten new prenylbicyclogermacrane diterpenoids, pacificins A-J (1-10), were isolated from the methylene chloride solubles of the Formosan soft coral Nephthea pacifica. The structures were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR spectral analysis, and their cytotoxicity against selected cancer cells was measured in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A H El-Gamal
- Department of Marine Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
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27
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Sawant SS, Sylvester PW, Avery MA, Desai P, Youssef DTA, El Sayed KA. Bioactive rearranged and halogenated semisynthetic derivatives of the marine natural product sarcophine. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2004; 67:2017-2023. [PMID: 15620244 DOI: 10.1021/np0497393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Cembranoids are natural diterpenes with 14-membered macrocyclic rings. The simplest natural cembranoid, (+)-cembrene, was isolated from pine oleoresin. Sarcophytols A and B are known cembranoids that inhibit tumor promotion. Sarcophine is a related cembranoid isolated from the Red Sea soft coral Sarcophyton glaucum. Sarcophine and its bioconversion products and semisynthetic derivatives are reported to possess cancer chemopreventive activity. Oxymercuration-demercuration of sarcophine using Hg(OAc)2 and NaBH4 afforded four new rearranged and hydroxylated products. Bromination of sarcophine with N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) furnished two new brominated and rearranged products. Reaction with iodine gave the known iso-sarcophinone and (+)-sarcophytoxin B. Structure elucidation was based on a combination of transition state modeling, molecular dynamics, mechanistic considerations, and 2D NMR data. The antiproliferative activity of the new products is also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapnali S Sawant
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, 700 University Avenue, Monroe, Louisiana 71209, USA
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28
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El-Gamal AAH, Wang SK, Dai CF, Duh CY. New nardosinanes and 19-oxygenated ergosterols from the soft coral Nephthea armata collected in Taiwan. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2004; 67:1455-1458. [PMID: 15387641 DOI: 10.1021/np0400858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Five new nardosinane sesquiterpenoids, armatins A-E, lemnal-1(10)-ene-2,12-dione (a new natural product), and two new cytotoxic 19-oxygenated ergosterols, armatinols A and B, were isolated from the methylene chloride extract of the soft coral Nephthea armata, collected in Taiwan. The structures were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR spectral analysis, and their cytotoxicity was determined against selected cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A H El-Gamal
- Department of Marine Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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29
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Zhang WH, Williams ID, Che CT. Chabrolols A, B and C, three new norditerpenes from the soft coral Nephthea chabroli. Tetrahedron Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)00837-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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30
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31
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Rodríguez A, Acosta AL. New cembranoid diterpenes and a geranylgeraniol derivative from the common Caribbean sea whip Eunicea succinea. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 1997; 60:1134-1138. [PMID: 9392882 DOI: 10.1021/np970373m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A recent collection and extraction of the common Caribbean sea whip Eunicea succinea from Puerto Rico has produced four previously undescribed representatives of the cembrane family of diterpenes (2, 3, 4, and 6). A new geranylgeraniol derivative, 8, was also isolated as a minor constituent. The chemical structures of the new compounds were carefully established by spectroscopic and chemical methods in addition to detailed NMR spectral comparisons with known cembranoid models from Eunicea.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rodríguez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras 00931-3346.
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32
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33
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Li Y, Li W, Li Y. Studies on macrocyclic diterpenoids. Part 10. First total synthesis of (±)-isosarcophytol-A. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1039/p19930002953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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34
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35
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Wahlberg I, Eklund AM. Cembranoids, Pseudopteranoids, and Cubitanoids of Natural Occurrence. FORTSCHRITTE DER CHEMIE ORGANISCHER NATURSTOFFE / PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-9150-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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36
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Guerriero A, D'Ambrosio M, Pietra F. Isolation of the Cembranoid Preverecynarmin Alongside Some Briaranes, the Verecynarmins, from Both the Nudibranch MolluscArmina maculata and the OctocoralVeretillum cynomorium of the East Pyrenean Mediterranean Sea. Helv Chim Acta 1990. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19900730206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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37
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38
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Raldugin VA, Shevtsov SA. Polycyclic diterpenoids biogenetically related to the cembranoids. Chem Nat Compd 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00600822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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39
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Krebs HC. Recent developments in the field of marine natural products with emphasis on biologically active compounds. FORTSCHRITTE DER CHEMIE ORGANISCHER NATURSTOFFE = PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS. PROGRES DANS LA CHIMIE DES SUBSTANCES ORGANIQUES NATURELLES 1986; 49:151-363. [PMID: 2877925 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-8846-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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40
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Coll JC, Bowden BF, Tapiolas DM, Willis RH, Djura P, Streamer M, Trott L. Studies of australian soft corals—XXXV. Tetrahedron 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)96476-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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